| farm and slaughter survey of bovine tuberculosis in captive deer in switzerland. | in 1998, a survey was conducted by postal questionnaire to gather basic knowledge about the management, health and productivity of captive deer in switzerland. in addition, lymph nodes were collected from slaughtered deer from 124 of the 262 holdings surveyed, and tested for mycobacterium bovis and mycobacterium tuberculosis. the total farmed deer population was 8389 animals kept on 485 holdings; 87 per cent were fallow deer, 8 per cent red deer, 4 per cent sika deer, and there were small number ... | 2000 | 11140930 |
| different functional modulation by heterotropic ligands (2,3-diphosphoglycerate and chlorides) of the two haemoglobins from fallow-deer (dama dama). | two haemoglobin components have been identified and purified from fallow-deer (dama dama) erythrocytes. they are present in similar amounts and the two tetrameric molecules share the same alpha chain, while two different beta chains are detected in the two components. the beta chains differ by 14 residues, even though they both have 145 amino-acid residues, which account for a molecular mass of 16,023 and 16,064 da, respectively, while alpha chain has 141 residues, yielding a molecular mass of 1 ... | 2001 | 11168399 |
| expression of the na+/glucose co-transporter (sglt1) in the intestine of domestic and wild ruminants. | the activity and abundance of the na+/glucose co-transporter (sglt1) was assessed in brush-border-membrane vesicles (bbmv) isolated from the intestine of grass- and roughage- (gr) consuming ruminants (sheep and dairy cattle), during the transition from the pre-ruminant to the mature ruminant state. the abundance of sglt1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) was also compared in the intestinal tissue of the same animals. the dramatic developmental decline in the activity and expression of sglt1 appe ... | 2000 | 11205056 |
| glycoconjugate histochemistry in the duodenum of fetal and adult fallow deer. | this work aimed to characterize the complex carbohydrates in the duodenum of fetal and adult fallow deer. the proximal parts of the duodenum were removed from the intestine of 12- and 16-week-old fetuses and of adult fallow deer. sections were assessed by conventional carbohydrate histochemistry combined with glycosidase digestions and treatment with koh. during development, there was an increase in the acid carboxylated components of the glycoconjugates in goblet cells, while the duodenal gland ... | 2001 | 11214670 |
| energy level in winter diets of fallow deer: effect on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-i and sex ratio of their offspring. | to determine the effect of dietary energy level in the first winter on subsequent puberty onset, pregnancy, growth, and secretion of progesterone and insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in fallow deer, prepubertal deer were fed either a high (h) or a low (l) energy diet in a randomised complete block design. june-born female fallow deer were fed ad libitum either 12.5mj/kg dm (h, n=29) or 10mj/kg dm (l, n=29) in pelleted rations once per day during the winter (approximately 4-10 months of age) ... | 2001 | 11230961 |
| intraocular pressure and tear production in captive eland and fallow deer. | applanation tonometry was used to estimate intraocular pressure (iop) and schirmer tear test (stt) i was used to estimate tear production in both eyes of 12 juvenile elands (taurotragus oryx) and one eye each of 15 asian fallow deer (dama mesopotamica). mean (+/- standard deviation) iop was 14.6 +/- 4.0 mm hg in the eland and 11.9 +/- 3.3 mm hg in the deer. mean tear production was 18.7 +/- 5.9 mm/min in the eland and 10.5 +/- 6.5 mm/min in the deer. the large variation in iop between two member ... | 2001 | 11310895 |
| [content of minerals (na,k,ca,mg) and of trace elements (fe,cu and zn) in 13 different tissues of fallow deer (dama dama l.) of various ages]. | at male deer in the age of 15 and 27 months, at experimentally induced cryptorchids and at castrated animals analyses of the content of na, k, ca, mg, fe, cu and zn in 13 different tissues were performed. in the liver of newborn animals solely the content of fe, cu and zn was determined. the significance of the content of the mentioned elements in the various tissues is described. in the liver of the newborn animals stores of fe, cu an zn were identified. the values can be used as a basis for an ... | 2001 | 11314584 |
| evaluation of membrane integrity of frozen/thawed deer spermatozoa: short communication. | a simultaneous live/dead and acrosome staining, originally described for domestic mammals, was successfully applied on red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) spermatozoa collected from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens of shot stags. the staining is simple enough for routine application. seven classes of spermatozoa were distinguished in the smears of frozen/thawed semen samples. morphology, including cytoplasmic droplets, was evaluated as well. percentage of live cells with ... | 2001 | 11402651 |
| concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-i in adult male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus): associations with serum testosterone, morphometrics and age during and after the breeding season. | our understanding of insulin-like growth factor-i (igf-i) in cervids has been limited mostly to its effects on antler development in red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (dama dama), and pudu (pudu puda). although igf-i has been found to play a critical role in reproductive function of other mammals, its role in reproduction of deer is unknown. the objectives of the present study were to determine if serum levels of igf-i change during the breeding season, asses ... | 2001 | 11440874 |
| morphological variability of forestomach mucosal membrane in red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon. | the number and size of ruminal papillae, reticular cells and omasal laminae in free-living game deer (red deer, fallow deer, roe deer and mouflon) were examined. mucosal membrane (mm) specimens were collected from the forestomachs of hunted deer. these parameters were assessed as related to the grazing environment, sex and age of animals. the number and size of ruminal papillae corresponded the best to the feeding specialization of the respective deer species and affecting factors. in two areas ... | 2001 | 11445418 |
| in vitro metabolism of 14c-moxidectin by hepatic microsomes from various species. | moxidectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in cattle, sheep and companion animals. no data were available on its metabolism in wild species or in monogastrics. the in vitro metabolism of 14c-moxidectin was studied using hepatic microsomes from several different species: cow (bos taurus). sheep (ovis ovis), goat (capra hircus), deer (cervus dama), rat (rattus norvegicus), pig (sus scrofa and rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus). after separation and quantification by hplc, the extent of metabolism ... | 2001 | 11469506 |
| experimental trichinellosis in fallow-deer (dama dama l.). | herbivora can play a very important role in spreading trichinellosis, as showed by the massive epidemics in man, caused by the consumption of horse meat in the last years. in this context, the present study has been undertaken to verify, through an experimental infection, the susceptibility, together with other biological parameters, of fallow-deer to trichinella infection. the four animals, 8-9 months of age and 18-25 kg body weight, were orally infected with low doses of trichinella britovi an ... | 2001 | 11484355 |
| the descended larynx is not uniquely human. | morphological modifications of vocal anatomy are widespread among vertebrates, and the investigation of the physiological mechanisms and adaptive functions of such variants is an important focus of research into the evolution of communication. the "descended larynx" of adult humans has traditionally been considered unique to our species, representing an adaptation for articulate speech, and debate concerning the position of the larynx in extinct hominids assumes that a lowered larynx is diagnost ... | 2001 | 11506679 |
| effect of ivermectin on activities of cytochrome p450 isoenzymes in mouflon (ovis musimon) and fallow deer (dama dama). | ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in veterinary and human medicine. we have found earlier that repeated treatments of rats with high doses of this drug led to significant increase of cytochrome p450-dependent 7-methoxyresorufin o-demethylase (mrod) and 7-ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase (erod) activities in hepatic microsomes. in the present study, the effects of ivermectin on cytochrome p450 (cyp) activities were investigated in mouflon (ovis musimon) and fallow deer (dama dama). this ... | 2001 | 11551531 |
| ethmoturbinate adenocarcinoma in a persian fallow deer (cervus dama mesopotamica). | | 2001 | 11700931 |
| malignant melanoma of the palpebral conjunctiva in a captive fallow deer. | a case of malignant melanoma in the conjunctiva of the eyelid of a captive 13-yr-old female fallow deer (dama dama) was studied. the black tumor that protruded to the palpebral conjunctiva of the right lower eyelid consisted of an infiltrative growth of melanin-containing neoplastic cells with marked cytological atypia. the tumor involved the conjunctiva of the right lower eyelid and infiltrated to the conjunctival epithelial layer, but did not reach the palpebral skin. numerous mitotic figures ... | 2001 | 11763747 |
| effect of antiandrogen cyproterone acetate on the development of the antler cycle in southern pudu (pudu puda). | the antler cycle of pudu is similar to other cervids, but unlike most boreal deer, male southern pudu (pudu puda) exhibits two seasonal peaks of lh and testosterone. in that respect, pudu is similar to roe deer. whereas the antler cycle in some deer species, such as roe deer or white-tailed deer, is very sensitive to variation of testosterone, in other cervids, such as fallow deer or reindeer, a blockade of androgens with cyproterone acetate (ca) has little or no effect on the timing of the antl ... | 2002 | 11857473 |
| age-specific survival and reproductive probabilities: evidence for senescence in male fallow deer (dama dama). | survival and reproduction are key features in the evolution of life-history strategies. in this study, we use capture-mark-resighting and multi-state models to examine survival senescence and reproductive senescence in six successive cohorts of fallow bucks that were studied for 16 years. we found that the overall age-specific survival probabilities of males were highly variable and the best-fitting model revealed that fallow bucks have four life-history stages: yearling, pre-reproductive, prime ... | 2002 | 12061956 |
| evaluation of a porcine zona pellucida vaccine for the immunocontraception of domestic kittens (felis catus). | with a seasonally polyestrus breeding structure, the unwanted domestic cat population has proven difficult to control. various lethal methods have been used in an attempt to lower this population of cats. recently, humane attempts to control "pest species," such as the feral cat, have focused on immunocontraception. spayvactm is a vaccine that uses antibodies raised against porcine (zp) antigens to prevent fertilization of the ovum. spayvac, delivered in a single dose, has been evaluated in fall ... | 2002 | 12182357 |
| histochemical and ultrastructural studies of cartilage resorption and acid phosphatase activity during antler growth in fallow deer (dama dama). | cartilage resorption in forming primary fallow deer antlers was studied by histochemistry and electron microscopy. a high activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (trap), a histochemical marker of skeletal resorbing cells, was first detected in cells located in the mesenchymal tissue separating the columns of hypertrophic cartilage. no cartilage resorption was observed in this region. intense trap staining occurred in large multinucleated cells (identified as inactive osteoclasts) as well ... | 2002 | 12209566 |
| paratuberculosis in free-ranging fallow deer in spain. | paratuberculosis was diagnosed in a population of approximately 1,000 free-ranging fallow deer (dama dama) sampled from 1997-98 in the regional hunting reserve of el sueve (asturias, spain). five of eight animals observed with diarrhea were diagnosed as having paratuberculosis on the basis of gross lesions at postmortem examination and histopathology. in two deer, mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured and identified by polymerase chain reaction. indirect enzyme-linked immunoso ... | 2002 | 12238386 |
| sodium glucose-linked transport in the ruminal epithelium of fallow deer -- comparison to sheep. | a higher expression of the sodium glucose-linked transporter, sglt-1, has been previously demonstrated in the intestine of adult fallow deer compared to sheep. the functional presence of sglt-1 in the rumen of both species was investigated in the present study. isolated ruminal epithelia were incubated in ussing chambers. d-glucose or 3-o-methyl-alpha-d-glucose (3-omg) were applied at 10 mmol x l-1 to the mucosal side of tissues and the changes in short-circuit current (delta i(sc)) were recorde ... | 2002 | 12355224 |
| [animal welfare-conforming fallow deer farming in germany--a review]. | fallow deer farming for venison production on pasture and fallow land has gained importance in germany during recent years. as fallow deer farming constitutes a relatively young farming practice, many questions concerning a welfare-conforming and ecologically sound keeping of fallow deer are still open. based on the recommendations on the keeping of fallow deer in enclosures for the purpose of venison meat production including by-products from 2 november 1979, a critical comparative review consi ... | 2002 | 12395579 |
| molecular identification and prevalence of dictyocaulus spp. (trichostrongyloidea: dictyocaulidae) in swedish semi-domestic and free-living cervids. | lungs of 102 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 136 moose (alces alces), 68 fallow deer (dama dama), and six red deer (cervus elaphus) were examined during hunting seasons from 16 september 1997 to 1 march 2000. the aim was to determine the species composition and prevalence of dictyocaulus lungworms in these hosts in sweden. worms were identified following polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal dna (its2), followed by hybridization with four s ... | 2002 | 12528445 |
| [character identification of 12 kinds of pilose antler medicinal materials]. | in this paper, commercial medicinal materials of 12 kinds of pilose antler, cervus nippon, c. elaphus, c. albirostris, c. unicolor, c. eldihainanus, c. timorensis c. porinus, dama dama, rangifer farandus, alces alces, elaphurus davidianus, capreolus capreolus were compared and identified. a key and simple character illustration were listed. | 1999 | 12571919 |
| fasciola hepatica: effects on blood constituents and liver minerals in fallow deer (dama dama). | haematological and serum biochemical constituents as well as the liver mineral concentrations can be affected by fasciola hepatica. the present study compares the blood and liver constituents in 19 fallow deer with fascioliosis and in 43 without it. blood samples, gastro-intestinal tract, lungs and liver were taken from 62 male and female fallow deer that were shot, aged 6 months and over, in enclosures, between 1999 and 2001 in slovenia. samples were analysed and the means of various parameters ... | 2003 | 12581584 |
| effect of thawing procedure on cryosurvival of deer spermatozoa: work in progress. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the thawing procedure on deer semen freezability. frozen semen from the genetic resource bank (grb) of the zoological park of buenos aires (argentina) was used. seven mature stags (two red deer, two père david's deer and three fallow deer) were used as semen donors. semen was diluted with a tris-egg yolk medium, packed in 0.25 ml straws and frozen in nitrogen vapour. for thawing, the frozen straws were subjected to the following procedure ... | 2003 | 12763164 |
| histological studies of bone formation during pedicle restoration and early antler regeneration in roe deer and fallow deer. | the purpose of the present study was to examine the process of bone formation in the regenerating cranial appendages of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) during the early postcasting period. after the antlers are cast, osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities lead to a smoothing of the pedicle's separation surface, a strengthening of the pedicle bone, and a partial restoration of the distal pedicle portion that was lost along with the cast antler. initially, bone formati ... | 2003 | 12845710 |
| phylogeny of dictyocaulus (lungworms) from eight species of ruminants based on analyses of ribosomal rna data. | in this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of nematode parasites within the genus dictyocaulus (superfamily trichostrongyloidea). lungworms from cattle (bos taurus), domestic sheep (ovis aries), european fallow deer (dama dama), moose (alces alces), musk ox (ovibos moschatus), red deer (cervus elaphus), reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) were obtained and their small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) sequences analysed. in th ... | 2003 | 12954019 |
| genetic and behavioural estimates of reproductive skew in male fallow deer. | populations of fallow deer, in general, have low genetic diversity. nevertheless, we screened 39 microsatellite loci and identified 20 that were polymorphic and suitable to determine paternity of fallow deer. to date, paternity has been studied for 87, 110 and 152 fallow deer fawns born between 2000 and 2002. our results confirm the existence of a strong polygynous mating system in our population and confirm that the number of copulations performed by males is globally a good estimator of their ... | 2003 | 12969481 |
| the development and growth of the placentomes in the fallow deer (dama dama l.). | | 1954 | 13192021 |
| [attempted determination of the rate of passage of gastrointestinal contents in wild ruminating animals; cervus elaphus l., dama dama l. and lama glama l]. | | 1957 | 13532794 |
| the effect of prolonged emotional disturbance on the vasopressor and oxytocic activities contained in the posterior pituitary glands of fallow deer. | | 1961 | 13778863 |
| inter-species comparisons of hepatic cytochrome p450 enzyme levels in male ruminants. | our current knowledge about the biotransformation enzymes in wild ruminants is limited. the present study aimed to compare basic levels and specific activities of cytochrome p450 isoforms (cyp1a, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 3a, 4a) in males of red deer ( cervus elaphus), fallow deer ( dama dama), roe deer ( capreolus capreolus) and mouflon ( ovis musimon). the proteins from the major cytochrome p450 (cyp) subfamilies were detected in all ruminant species by western blotting, using polyclonal antibodies ... | 2003 | 14574442 |
| mating success and fidelity to territories in a fallow deer lek: a female removal experiment. | a lek is a clump of male territories that females visit only for mating; it is quite a rare mating system among mammals. as we wanted to investigate the role of past male mating success on their fidelity to lek territories, we displaced fallow deer females by a lek (lek a), i.e. we removed the resources for rutting males. they moved to a new area followed by some of the territorial males ('mobile' males) where they established a new lek (lek b). other males ('faithful' males) stayed on lek a. th ... | 2003 | 14676951 |
| immunohistochemical investigations of the autonomous innervation of the cervine testis. | the innervation of the cervine testis was studied in 6 roe deers, 7 red deers and 14 fallow deers. the results for the three species are rather similar. with anti-sera to neurofilament (nf) and neuron specific enolase (nse), all small and large nerve fascicles can be demonstrated, but single fibers are incompletely stained. immunoreactions against protein gene product-9.5 (pgp-9.5) and gap-43 (growth-associated protein-43) are better suited to depict the complete innervation pattern. bundles of ... | 2003 | 14703994 |
| protein a/g dependent elisa a promising diagnostic tool in lyme disease seroprevalence in game animals and hunting dogs. | one of the major problems in serodiagnosis in wild animals is unavailability of specific antiglobulin conjugate. our study focuses on validation of protein a/g dependent elisa in game animals like deer and mouflons as well as in hunting dogs. binding ability of protein a/g-conjugate to antibodies was the highest in dogs followed by fallow deer and mouflons. three different whole cell borrelia antigens were used to evaluate antigen dependent variation. in new protein a/g-elisa the highest sensiti ... | 2004 | 15001314 |
| immunoglobulin g antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in game animals and small mammals in eastern slovakia. | in a survey of game animals and small mammals, the sera of 185 animals were examined for the presence of immunoglobulin g antibodies to the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which causes lyme borreliosis. these animals comprised 59 fallow deer (dama dama), 56 mouflons (ovis musimon) and 70 small mammals of six different species. the sera of the fallow deer and the mouflons were examined by indirect haemagglutination assay. the sera of the small mammals were examined by modified enzyme- ... | 2003 | 15005560 |
| bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in wildlife in spain. | mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife and feral species is a potential source of infection for livestock and a threat to protected and endangered species. the aim of this study was to identify spanish wild animal species infected with m. bovis through bacteriological culture and spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) of isolates for epidemiological purposes. this study included samples from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), wild boar (sus scrofa), iberian lynx (lynx ... | 2004 | 15184440 |
| paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the czech republic (1999-2001). | due to the occurrence of the infection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis among domestic ruminants and the rapid development of farmed deer industry and the market of cloven-hoofed game we have carried surveys of paratuberculosis, beginning in 1997, in the most common four species of wild ruminants in the czech republic [pavlik et al., vet. microbiol. 77 (2000) 231-251]. from 1999 the prevalence of paratuberculosis has been slightly reduced in all three types of husbandry of wild ... | 2004 | 15261995 |
| cardiac rhabdomyoma in a juvenile fallow deer (dama dama). | a cardiac rhabdomyoma is described in a 6-wk-old captive fallow deer (dama dama) that died suddenly without previous clinical signs. the tumor was characterized by multiple nodules composed of large atypical vacuolated myoblastic cells. as previously reported in humans and other animal species, there is compelling evidence that the cardiac rhabdomyoma is a congenital developmental anomaly rather than a true neoplasm. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a cardiac tumor and a rhabdomyoma ... | 2004 | 15465735 |
| foot infections associated with arcanobacterium pyogenes in free-living fallow deer (dama dama). | we describe foot infection associated with arcanobacterium pyogenes in three adult male free-living fallow deer (dama dama) from sueve regional hunting reserve (principality of asturias, spain). affected fallow deer were culled in november 1997 and 1998 during the hunting season. necropsy, radiography, and microbiologic analysis were carried out for each animal. unilateral swelling of one extremity at the coronary band was observed in all three cases. areas of bone loss, severe periosteal reacti ... | 2004 | 15465736 |
| feeding and reproductive behaviour in fallow bucks (dama dama). | observations on individually marked fallow deer (dama dama) in central italy were performed over 2 years in order to analyse time budgets of four age and sex classes. the aim was to test whether feeding activity was influenced by mating activity, forage quality or physiological constraints during the rut. only adult males (bucks) completely ceased feeding during the rutting season, well before the actual start of mating behaviour and concurrently with the phenomenon of scent-urination, and spend ... | 2004 | 15480524 |
| meningoencephalomyelitis caused by neospora caninum in a juvenile fallow deer (dama dama). | neosporosis, caused by the protozoan parasite neospora caninum, is a serious cause of bovine abortion, stillbirth and perinatal death. this paper reports a clinical neosporosis in a 3-week-old fallow deer (dama dama). the fawn was full term and appeared normal at birth. histological lesions consisted of a multifocal necrotizing and granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, with intralesional protozoal cysts. positive immunohistochemical staining and characteristic pcr products confirmed the diagno ... | 2004 | 15485563 |
| histological structure of antlers in castrated male fallow deer (dama dama). | antlers are periodically replaced cranial appendages that, except for the reindeer, are grown only by male deer. the annual antler cycle is controlled by seasonal fluctuations of sex steroid concentrations in the blood, and accordingly castration of male deer causes deviations from normal antler growth. the present study investigated antler histology of castrated fallow bucks (dama dama). castration in early spring was followed by casting of the hard antlers carried by the bucks and the growth o ... | 2004 | 15523621 |
| pestivirus exposure in free-living and captive deer in austria. | during the hunting season of 2001-02, blood and spleen samples from 59 red deer (cervus elaphus), 77 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), four fallow deer (dama dama), and five chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) were collected from nine hunting districts (n = 133) and one deer farm (n = 12) in southern austria. sera were tested for antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and virus neutralization tests against three bvdvs and one border diseas ... | 2004 | 15650102 |
| sensitivity of borrelia genospecies to serum complement from different animals and human: a host-pathogen relationship. | different borrelia species and serotypes were tested for their sensitivity to serum complement from various animals and human. complement-mediated borrelia killing in cattle, european bison and deer was higher irrespective of the borrelia species whereas in other animals and human it was intermediate and borrelia species-dependent. activation of the alternative complement pathway by particular borrelia strain was in correlation with its sensitivity or resistance. these results support the incomp ... | 2005 | 15681146 |
| rectal and colonic diverticulosis in a fallow deer (dama dama). | | 2005 | 15704554 |
| abomasal parasites in wild sympatric cervids, red deer, cervus elaphus and fallow deer, dama dama, from three localities across central and western spain: relationship to host density and park management. | a survey of abomasal parasites in cervids from central spain was conducted at 3 sites, quintos de mora (toledo), maluéñez de arriba (cáceres), and la herguijuela (cáceres). commonly occurring helminths belonged to 3 polymorphic species of the ostertagiinae: spiculopteragia asymmetricals. quadrispiculata, ostertagia leptospicularis/o. kolchida, and o. drozdzi/o. ryjikovi. trichostrongylus axei was found in very few cases. ostertagia drozdzi/o. ryjikovi and the minor male morphotype, s. quadrispic ... | 2004 | 15715232 |
| mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in fallow deer and wild boar in spain. | | 2005 | 15747660 |
| high levels of blood lead in griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) from cazorla natural park (southern spain). | the blood lead of 23 griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) trapped in 2003 was analyzed in order to evaluate exposure to lead in the vulture population of cazorla natural park (in southern spain). in 2001 the use of leaded gasoline in vehicles was banned in the european union; however, lead ammunition is still used in spain in big-game hunting for red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar, which are ingested by vultures from september to march. the mean concentration of lead in blood was 43.07 +/- ... | 2005 | 16007647 |
| a cross-sectional study of reproductive indices and fawn mortality in farmed white-tailed deer. | data were obtained from a questionnaire administered to a random sample of canadian and united states white-tailed deer (wtd) farmers. reproductive indices and survival of fawns from birth until 1 y of age were examined. major factors in limiting herd increase were a low reproductive rate (88 fawns per 100 does exposed to bucks) and a 30% mortality of fawns from birth until 1 y of age. the latter figure differs from reported mortality rates in fallow deer and red deer/wapiti. the unacceptably hi ... | 2005 | 16018560 |
| survey of internal parasitism and anthelmintic use in farmed deer. | faecal samples and questionnaires from 115 and 130 farms respectively were used to survey the internal parasite status of the national deer herd and examine current drenching practices. the survey included farms with red deer and wapiti-red deer crosses (cervus elaphus), and fallow deer (dama dama). gastrointestinal nematode eggs were recorded from 84% of all farms, dictyocaulus viviparus larvae from 85% of all farms, and elaphostrongylus cervi larvae from 35% of the farms with c. elaphus. faeca ... | 1983 | 16030938 |
| the isolation of yersinia sp. from feral and farmed deer faeces. | faecal samples from clinically normal farmed red deer, wapiti, fallow deer; and feral red deer and white tail deer were examined for members of the genus yersinia. from 922 samples 176 strains of y.enterocolitica, 56 strains of y.frederiksenii, 29 strains of y.kristensenii, eight strains of y.intermedia, and seven strains of y.pseudotuberculosis were isolated. high isolation rates of yersinia sp. were recorded from some farms. two herds had isolation rates of 33.3% and 36.8%. sixteen strains of ... | 1984 | 16031058 |
| blood coagulation parameters in clinically normal intensively farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama). | reference ranges for five parameters of blood coagulation were established in clinically normal farmed fallow deer (dama dama) and red deer (cervus elaphus). storage of plasma at -15 degrees c resulted in small increases in activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) for both species, and in the one stage prothrombin time (ospt) of fallow deer, between days 1 and 30. these times were then stable between days 30 and 60. the fibrinogen levels of fallow deer plasma showed a small apparent increase ... | 1985 | 16031096 |
| laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of fallow deer with frozen-thawed or fresh semen after synchronisation with cidr devices. | this study investigated the efficacy of fixed-time laparoscopic intra-uterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) with frozen-thawed or fresh semen. in the trials with frozen-thawed semen, a total of 547 mature non-lactating does across five new zealand farms were used. for oestrous synchronisation and artificial insemination, a standard control regimen was applied to at least 30% of the does on each farm, involving the insertion of single cidr type-g devices intravaginally for 14 day ... | 1992 | 16031649 |
| electrical head-only stunning of fallow deer (dama dama). | | 1994 | 16031743 |
| minimum duration of effective head-only electrical stunning of fallow deer (dama dama) and time to loss of consciousness following a throat-cut. | | 1994 | 16031770 |
| hepatogenous photosensitisation in fallow deer (dama dama) in new zealand. | an outbreak of hepatogenous photosensitisation occurred in fallow deer and was diagnosed as facial eczema on the basis of liver lesions and plasma enzyme changes over 56 weeks. clinical signs of photosensitisation were not as obvious as they are in sheep and cattle. the condition occurred over autumn and in the following spring. six of 23 deer died or were destroyed. concentrations of plasma total bilirubin, total bile acids and cholesterol increased, as well as the activities of aspartate trans ... | 1997 | 16031961 |
| advances in health and welfare of farmed deer in new zealand. | new zealand has lead the world in pastoral farming of red, wapiti and fallow deer since this was first sanctioned in 1970. among technological advances in deer production systems have been milestones in our understanding of deer health and welfare in an intensive pastoral farming environment, contributed by the combined efforts of veterinary practitioners, producers and researchers. these advances have impacted enormously on the health and wellbeing of new zealand's farmed deer population, and c ... | 2002 | 16032253 |
| [mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in wild animal species and cattle in styria/austria]. | infections with mycobacterium ovium ssp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) are increasingly recognised worldwide. in addition to an increased prevalence of paratuberculosis in austrian cattle herds, recent years have also shown a rise in infections with m. paratuberculosis in wild red and roe deer, chamois and mouflon. during the period from june 2002 to september 2004, mesenteric lymph nodes were taken from a total of 483 wild animals hunted or found dead and from 338 deceased cattle. samp ... | 2005 | 16048043 |
| the corpus fibulae in sheep (ovis ammon f. aries)--ontogeny, persistence, size and shape from the fetal period to adulthood. | osteological characteristics are often used to identify animal species. in this regard it is believed that the corpus fibulae of the sheep is represented by a tight cord of connective tissue--the so-called "ligamentum fibulare". the results of the present morphometric study indicate, however, that in 67% of the fetuses, 61% of the lambs or 48% of the adult sheep out of the 160 examined animals, the corpus fibulae is represented by a pin-shaped flattened piece of bone. the length of the corpus fi ... | 2005 | 16130830 |
| the phylogenetic position of the 'giant deer' megaloceros giganteus. | the giant deer, or 'irish elk', has featured extensively in debates on adaptation, sexual selection, and extinction. its huge antlers--the largest of any deer species, living or extinct--formed a focus of much past work. yet the phylogenetic position of the giant deer has remained an enigma. on the basis of its flattened antlers, the species was previously regarded as closely related to the living fallow deer. recent morphological studies, however, have challenged that view and placed the giant ... | 2005 | 16148942 |
| associational effects of plant defences in relation to within- and between-patch food choice by a mammalian herbivore: neighbour contrast susceptibility and defence. | a basic idea of plant defences is that a plant should gain protection from its own defence. in addition, there is evidence that defence traits of the neighbouring plants can influence the degree of protection of an individual plant. these associational effects depend in part on the spatial scale of herbivore selectivity. a strong between-patch selectivity together with a weak within-patch selectivity leads to a situation where a palatable plant could avoid being grazed by growing in a patch with ... | 2006 | 16187104 |
| phylogeny of trypanosoma ( megatrypanum ) theileri and related trypanosomes reveals lineages of isolates associated with artiodactyl hosts diverging on ssu and its ribosomal sequences. | ssu ribosomal sequences of trypanosomes from brazilian cattle and water buffalo were used to infer phylogenetic relationships between non-pathogenic t. theileri and allied species parasitic in artiodactyls. t. theileri trypanosomes from distinct geographical regions in brazil and from other countries were tightly clustered into the 'clade t. theileri' distant from the 't. brucei clade' of pathogenic parasites of artiodactyls, and also distinct from trypanosomes of other mammals. the existence of ... | 2006 | 16197590 |
| a novel subgroup of rhadinoviruses in ruminants. | in the course of investigating the malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) subgroup of rhadinoviruses, seven novel rhadinoviruses were identified in a variety of ruminants, including domestic sheep, bighorn sheep, bison, black-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk and addax. based on the dna polymerase gene sequences, these newly recognized viruses clustered into a second distinct subgroup in ruminants with three members identified previously in cattle, goats and oryx. phylogenetic analysis revealed ... | 2005 | 16227223 |
| pcr detection of bovine herpesviruses from nonbovine ruminants in hungary. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to test six different nonbovine ruminant species for five bovine herpesviruses including infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (bohv-1), bovine herpes mammillitis virus (bohv-2), movar-type herpesvirus (bohv-4), bovine herpesvirus type 5 (bohv-5), and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). species tested included 56 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 66 red deer (cervus elaphus), 20 fallow deer (dama dama), 16 mouflon (ovis musimon), 34 domestic sheep, and 44 ... | 2005 | 16244057 |
| management of wild ungulate populations in italy: captive-breeding, hybridisation and genetic consequences of translocations. | captive-reproduced stocks of some species of ungulates (artiodactyla), and particularly the red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and the wildboar (sus scrofa) are more or less extensively translocated in italy, mainly for local reintroductions or restocking of exploited wild populations. however, captive breeding often involves the reproduction of non-indigenous individuals or the production of artificial hybrids. consequently, translocations of capt ... | 2005 | 16244928 |
| experiences in deer sperm cryopreservation under practical conditions--a pilot study. | the genetic potential of the red and fallow deer populations in hungary is well known. conserving the variability in this excellent genetic material for game preservation is one of our most important task. the aim of the present pilot study was to test the logistical steps of a sperm processing and storing system in which deer sperm can be stored at a level that meets quality standards accepted for domestic animals. moreover, two different semen extenders, commercially used for freezing bull sem ... | 2005 | 16257607 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in red deer (cervus elaphus) and other wild ruminants from spain. | serum samples from 441 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 161 other wild ruminant species, collected between 1993 and 2005 from six regions of spain were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii by the modified agglutination test (mat). antibodies to t. gondii (mat 1:25 or higher) were detected in 15.6% of red deer. statistically significant differences were observed among sampling sites with seroprevalence in red deer from catalonia (42.2%) being significantly higher compared with other spani ... | 2006 | 16359801 |
| bovine tuberculosis infection in wild mammals in the south-west region of england: a survey of prevalence and a semi-quantitative assessment of the relative risks to cattle. | in the united kingdom, badgers are implicated in the transmission of mycobacterium bovis to cattle, but little information is available on the potential role of other wild mammals. this paper presents the results of the largest systematic uk survey of m. bovis infection in other wild mammals. mammal carcasses (4715) from throughout the south-west region of england were subjected to a systematic post mortem examination, microbiological culture of tissues and spoligotyping of isolates. infection w ... | 2007 | 16434219 |
| detection of lawsonia intracellularis in wild boar and fallow deer bred in one game enclosure in the czech republic. | the prevalence of lawsonia intracellularis between wild boar (sus scrofa) and fallow deer (dama dama) bred in one game reserve was investigated using the nested pcr method. in the study, 88 clinically healthy wild boars of different age categories and two fallow deer bagged in the game reserve were examined. lawsonia intracellularis was demonstrated in the mucous membrane of the intestine of eight (9.1%) wild boars and one fallow deer. of the nine wild boar whose tissues of corresponding lymph n ... | 2006 | 16460355 |
| pcr-rflp authentication of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), and goat (capra hircus). | pcr-rflp analysis has been applied to the identification of meats from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), cattle (bos taurus), sheep (ovis aries), and goat (capra hircus). pcr amplification was carried out using a set of primers flanking a conserved region of approximately 712 base pairs from the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene. restriction site analysis based on sequence data from this dna fragment permitted the selection of msei, mboii, bsli, and ap ... | 2006 | 16478229 |
| surveillance for prion disease in cervids, germany. | an active survey on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies was performed from 2002 to 2005 on 4,255 roe deer, 1,445 red deer, and 1,604 fallow deer in germany. all cervids tested negative. this survey has been the largest in european wildlife and provides no evidence of prion diseases in free-living german cervids. | 2006 | 16494763 |
| evidence for an increased geographical distribution of dermacentor reticulatus in germany and detection of rickettsia sp. rpa4. | two studies were performed to elucidate the current distribution of the tick dermacentor reticulatus in germany. in the first one in 2003, a total of 365 dogs from 171 sites in the states of berlin and brandenburg was screened for ticks, and the corresponding outdoor sites that the dogs usually visited were searched for host-seeking ticks by the flagging method. a total of 1155 ticks was removed from the dogs. the majority were ixodes ricinus (88.5%), followed by d. reticulatus (9.1%) and i. hex ... | 2006 | 16524777 |
| farmers' perception on the importance of variegated grasshopper (zonocerus variegatus (l.)) in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of southern cameroon. | zonocerus variegatus (linnaeus, 1758) (orthoptera: pyrgomorphidae) is known as an agricultural pest in west and central africa. however, its importance in the agricultural production system in cameroon has not been investigated. the study assesses farmers' perception on the importance of z. variegatus in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of southern cameroon. | 2006 | 16573815 |
| successful uterine insemination of fallow deer with fresh and frozen semen. | six fallow does were inseminated directly into the uterine horns 72 h (three does) or 78 h (three does) after the removal of progestagen intravaginal sponges. three does were inseminated with fresh (two at 72 h and one at 78 h) or frozen-thawed (one at 72 h and two at 78 h) semen. the semen used had been collected by electroejaculation and had been stored for 2 yr in liquid nitrogen in a tris, citric acid, glycerol diluent containing 2.25% egg yolk. three does each produced a live fawn to insemi ... | 1988 | 16726438 |
| intrauterine insemination of farmed fallow deer (dama dama) with frozen-thawed semen via laparoscopy. | estrus and ovulation of mature fallow does (n=155) on two north american farms were synchronized by intravaginal silastic devices containing 0.3 g progesterone (cidr-type g) for 14 d. each of 151 does received laparoscopic intrauterine inseminations of either 50x10(6) (n=125) or 25x10(6) (n=26) frozen-thawed spermatozoa, 65 to 68 h after cidr device withdrawal. four does received intrauterine inseminations per vaginam of 50x10(6) spermatozoa 68 to 69 hours after cidr device withdrawal. semen fro ... | 1990 | 16726861 |
| use of pregnancy-specific protein-b and estrone sulfate for determination of pregnancy on day 49 in fallow deer (dama dama ). | the objective of this study was to determine if pregnancy specific protein-b (pspb) and estrone sulfate (e(1)so(4)) could be used to determine pregnancy status in fallow deer (dama dama ). forty mature does were synchronized for estrus with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (cidr) and then artificially inseminated via laparoscopy with frozen semen on one day. ultrasound examination and jugular blood sampling were done 49 days later. transrectal ultrasonography was done to presumptive ... | 1993 | 16727316 |
| embryo transfer in fallow deer (dama dama): superovulation, embryo recovery and laparoscopic transfer of fresh and cryopreserved embryos. | multiple ovulation-embryo transfer (moet) protocols for farmed fallow deer (dama dama) were investigated in a series of 3 experiments. a total of 37 donors, of either european (d.d. dama ; n = 30) or mesopotamian hybrid (d.d. mesopotamica x d.d. dama ; n =7) genotype, each received an intravaginal silastic device containing 0.3 g progesterone (cidr-type g device) for 14 d and injections of 0.5 units ovine fsh (8 x 0.06 unit injections from days 10 to 14 of device insertion) and 100 iu pmsg (eith ... | 1994 | 16727564 |
| dynamics and management of infectious disease in colonizing populations. | the introduction of chronic, infectious diseases by colonizing populations (invasive or reintroduced) is a serious hazard in conservation biology, threatening the original host and other spillover species. most research on spatial invasion of diseases has pertained to established host populations, either at steady state or fluctuating through time. within a colonizing population, however, the spread of disease may be influenced by the expansion process of the population itself. here we explore t ... | 2006 | 16761600 |
| sexual segregation in fallow deer: are mixed-sex groups especially unstable because of asynchrony between the sexes? | in gregarious ruminants, females and males tend to live in separate groups outside the rutting season. according to the 'activity budget' hypothesis, this is due to an activity asynchrony between the two sexes reducing the lifetime of mixed-sex groups. we tested this hypothesis in a fallow deer population. activity asynchrony was more frequent in mixed-sex than in single-sex groups. in addition, mixed-sex groups had a higher probability of splitting-up than all-female groups, and they mainly spl ... | 2006 | 16797461 |
| [range and ecology of dermacentor reticulatus (fabricius, 1794) in mazuria focus. iv. host specificity]. | during two consecutive open seasons, i.e. in the fall of 1998 and the fall of 1999, a host specificity study was conducted in the vicinity of mikolajki. host specificity was assessed by calculating the prevalence and mean intensity indices of infection. the total of 87 game beasts were examined, including 53 deers, 18 wild boars, 15 roe deer and 1 elk. in deer the prevalence of infection was 67.9%, with mean intensity at the level of 10.2. in wild boars the indices were 22.2% and 12.8, respectiv ... | 2005 | 16841689 |
| [damalinia meyeri (tasch.) (mallophaga) of fallow deer (dama dama) from pomerania]. | after examination of 202 fallow deers, in 15 of them d. meyeri was founded. prevalence amounted to 7% intensity ca. 5.5 specimens. | 2000 | 16886346 |
| [dynamics of infestation of the lipoptena cervi (l.) (diptera, hippoboscidae) with the fallow deer from pomerania]. | in yers 1996 - 2000 fallow deer were examined in the area of north-western part of poland (pomeranian lakeland). 295 fallow deer were examined and lipoptena cervi was found on 220 of them; the prevalence was 75%, intensity ca 9.9 individuals. | 2001 | 16888953 |
| [attempt of deworming of red and fallow deer in deer farm with rintal premix]. | rintal 2.4% premix (bayer) in single dose 7.5 mg of active substance on kg body weight was given to the calves of red and fallow deer. effectiveness of deworming against nematodes from family trichostrongylidae was 85.2% in red and 97.8% in fallow deer. against namatodes from genus trichocephalus the effectiveness was higher extending in red deer 98.1%, and in fallow deer 99.5%. anthelmintic was not effective against nematodes varestrongylus sagittatus and elaphostrongylus cervi. | 1999 | 16888990 |
| mother-young recognition in an ungulate hider species: a unidirectional process. | parent-offspring recognition is usually crucial for survival of young. in mammals, olfaction often only permits identification at short range, and vocalizations are important at longer distances. following and hiding antipredator strategies found in newborn mammals may also affect parental recognition mechanisms. we investigated mother-offspring recognition in fallow deer, an ungulate hider species. we analyzed the structure of adult female and fawn contact calls to determine whether they are in ... | 2006 | 16947115 |
| seroprevalence of neospora caninum in non-carnivorous wildlife from spain. | serum samples from 1034 non-carnivorous wildlife from spain were tested for antibodies to neospora caninum by competitive screening enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). high agreement was observed between results in both techniques (kappa value higher than 0.9). prevalences of n. caninum antibodies positive by both techniques were 11.8% of 237 red deer (cervus elaphus), 7.7% of 13 barbary sheep (ammotragus lervia), 6.1% of 33 ro ... | 2007 | 16962706 |
| the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna (bassi 1875) in cervids in the czech republic and potential of its spreading to germany. | the giant liver fluke fascioloides magna is an important parasite of cervids in europe. from september 2003 to december 2005, faecal samples and livers of red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) were investigated to determine the current distribution of the fluke in the czech republic. faecal samples were collected from 20 different areas, and livers of hunted deer were dissected from each locality to confirm f. magna infection. the prevalence of f. magna in examined areas determin ... | 2007 | 17016724 |
| presence of shiga toxin-producing e. coli o157:h7 in a survey of wild artiodactyls. | this study was carried out to evaluate the role of wild artiodactyls as reservoirs of escherichia coli o157:h7 for livestock and humans. retroanal mucosal swabs samples from 206 red deer (cervus elaphus), 20 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 6 fallow deer (dama dama) and 11 mouflon (ovis musimon), collected during the hunting season (autumn-winter) in south-western spain, were screened. samples were pre-enriched in modified buffered peptone water, concentrated by an immunomagnetic separation techn ... | 2007 | 17229534 |
| serological survey for potential disease agents of free-ranging cervids in six selected national parks from germany. | a total of 164 blood samples, collected from free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (dama dama) in six german national parks (np) between 2000 and 2002, were assayed for antibodies against nine viral disease agents. antibodies were only detected against the alpha-herpesviruses; specifically, bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) (22 of 157, 14%), cervid herpesvirus-1 (17 of 157, 10.8%), and caprine herpesvirus-1 (11 of 159, 6.9%). titers ranged from 4 to 10 ... | 2006 | 17255452 |
| a 12-month survey of gastrointestinal helminth infections of cervids kept in two zoos in belgium. | infections with helminths are a major health issue in captive and wild deer. in this study, fecal egg count patterns and clinical signs associated with gastrointestinal nematodes were assessed for 12 mo in nine cervid herds kept under different husbandry conditions at two sites. at site 1, an urban zoo, fecal egg counts remained low and no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were seen in the herds of fallow deer (dama dama), dybowski's deer (cervus nippon dybowski), pudu (pudu pudu), and ... | 2005 | 17312767 |
| polioencephalomalacia in a captive fallow deer. | | 1990 | 17423563 |
| estimation of the probability of fighting in fallow deer (dama dama) during the rut. | fighting between males is a frequent component of the rutting behavior of cervidae. frequent conflicts are exhausting; fighting may be risky and can lead to serious injuries or even death. we focused on the process of assessment of the opponent's fighting ability and escalation of the combat, estimating the probability of fighting based on the encounter components such as groaning and parallel walk. in this study, we observed the agonistic behavior of fallow deer bucks (dama dama) during the rut ... | 2007 | 17441001 |
| accumulation of polonium 210po in tissues and organs of deer carvidae from northern poland. | this study was undertaken to provide information on accumulation of polonium in tissues and organs of deer carvidae in order to assess the potential transport of this element via food-chain to game meat consumers. livers, kidneys and muscles of large herbivorous animals belonging to three species: roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama), collected in northern poland, were the subject of the present investigation. activities of (210)po were determined ... | 2007 | 17454388 |
| a novel giardia duodenalis assemblage a subtype in fallow deer. | the molecular identification of species and genotypes of giardia spp. infecting wild mammals represents the most reliable tool to understand the role played by these animals as reservoirs of cysts infectious for human and other animals. of 139 fecal samples collected from fallow deer (dama dama l.) hunted in a natural reserve of northern italy, the prevalence of giardia sp. was 11.5% (16 of 139 animals), and it was higher in fawns than in older animals. fragments of the betagiardin and triose ph ... | 2007 | 17539431 |
| evidence for habitual use of fire at the end of the lower paleolithic: site-formation processes at qesem cave, israel. | the amudian (late lower paleolithic) site of qesem cave in israel represents one of the earliest examples of habitual use of fire by middle pleistocene hominids. the paleolithic layers in this cave were studied using a suite of mineralogical and chemical techniques and a contextual sedimentological analysis (i.e., micromorphology). we show that the lower ca. 3m of the stratigraphic sequence are dominated by clastic sediments deposited within a closed karstic environment. the deposits were formed ... | 2007 | 17572475 |
| histological observations of bovine tuberculosis in lung and lymph node tissues from british deer. | deer are recognized as hosts of mycobacterium bovis and assessing the role of wild cervids in perpetuating tuberculosis among cattle has motivated extensive research on several continents. in this paper, the histopathology of lymph node and lung tuberculous granulomas in m. bovis positive british deer is presented. the overall aim was to seek further insights into the potential for onward transmission from infected deer to other species, including cattle. samples were obtained from an extensive ... | 2008 | 17584504 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a fallow deer (dama dama) population in a preserve of central italy. | from autumn 2004 to spring 2005, 70 fallow deer (dama dama), 27 female and 43 male, living in a natural preserve of central italy were examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) to detect specific antibodies to anaplasma phagocytophilum. thirty-one (44.28%) sera scored positive: in particular 10 fallow deer (8 male and 2 female) scored positive at 40 antibody titer, 21 deer (8 male and 13 female) at > or = 80 titer. edta anticoagulated blood samples collected from 29 of the 70 deer exam ... | 2007 | 17619261 |
| the dispersal of vascular plants in a forest mosaic by a guild of mammalian herbivores. | endozochorous seed dispersal by herbivores can affect plant spatial dynamics and macroecological patterns. we have investigated the number and species composition of viable seeds deposited in faeces of a full guild of macroherbivores (four deer and two lagomorph species) in a forest in eastern britain. one hundred and one plant species germinated from faecal pellet material, 85 of which were among the 247 vascular plant species recorded in the forest. however, three species - chenopodium album, ... | 2007 | 17661087 |