| effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on expression of interleukin-16 in goats. | to determine the effect of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection on expression of interleukin-16 (il-16). | 2002 | 12371770 |
| the role of retroviral dutpases in replication and virulence. | several retroviruses, including equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), visna virus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) encode dutpase. the role of this enzyme in the replication of these viruses has been scrutinized, with particular emphasis on potential roles for dutpase in virulence and viral mutation rate. overall, the results of these studies have indicated a central role for dutpase in facilitating productive viral replication in non-dividing ... | 2001 | 12374097 |
| production of monospecific antibody to immunodominant epitopes of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus transmembrane glycoprotein and analysis of their activity in vitro. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev)-infected goats develop high titers of nonneutralizing antibody to several immunodominant epitopes of the viral envelope glycoprotein. antibodies directed to these structures, and especially the principal immunodominant domain (pid) of the transmembrane portion of the envelope glycoprotein, have been implicated in the immunopathological mechanisms leading to the development of arthritis. we previously mapped the pid and additional epitopes of caev gp38 ... | 2002 | 12403923 |
| analysis of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) temporal gene expression in infected cells. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus that is closely related to visna virus and more distantly related to the human lentivirus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). the caev genome contains several small open reading frames (orfs) that encode viral regulatory proteins. one of these non-structural proteins, rev-c, is required for cytoplasmic transport of viral un/incompletely spliced mrnas and efficient viral replication. in hiv-1 and visna virus, rev is responsible ... | 2002 | 12457961 |
| eiav, caev and other lentivirus vector systems. | lentiviruses that infect non-primates make up a diverse collection of viruses. although these viruses have some features in common with hiv and other primate viruses, differences in genome organization and viral gene function have made the successful derivation of vectors from non-primate lentiviruses unpredictable. this chapter discusses the construction and application of gene transfer systems derived from four non-primate lentiviruses including equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), caprine a ... | 2001 | 12465465 |
| presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) proviral dna in genital tract tissues of superovulated dairy goat does. | transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) is not completely understood and the vertical route of infection from the goat to the embryo or to the fetus needs to be investigated. this route of infection involves the presence of caev in the genital tract tissues. prior studies have detected caev-infected cells in genital secretions and in flushing media recovered during embryo collection from infected goats. to specify the origin of these cells, we conducted a double-nested polyme ... | 2003 | 12559456 |
| characterization of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) rev n-terminal elements required for efficient interaction with the rre. | the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) genome encodes three structural (gag, pol, and env) and three accessory (rev, tat, and vif) genes. the rev-c protein regulates gag, pol and env expression by transporting their mrnas to the cytoplasm. rev trans-activation requires binding of rev to an rna structure called the rev response element (rre-c). previous mutational analyses have shown that two domains of rev are required for its function. the basic domain mediates rre binding and multimer ... | 2003 | 12606073 |
| prime-boost vaccination with plasmid dna encoding caprine-arthritis encephalitis lentivirus env and viral su suppresses challenge virus and development of arthritis. | this study evaluated the efficacy of prime-boost vaccination for immune control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), a macrophage tropic lentivirus that causes progressive arthritis in the natural host. vaccination of saanen goats with puc-based plasmid dna expressing caev env induces t helper type 1 (th1) biased immune responses to vector-encoded surface envelope (su), and the plasmid-primed th1 response is expanded following boost with purified su in freund's incomplete adjuvant (su ... | 2003 | 12620804 |
| competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of serum antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: diagnostic tool for successful eradication. | a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was evaluated for the detection of serum antibodies to the surface envelope (su) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in goats. this assay utilized 96-well microtiter plates containing caev-63 su captured by monoclonal antibody (mab) f7-299 and measured the competitive displacement of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated mab gpb 74a binding by undiluted goat sera (f. ozyörük, w. p. cheevers, g. a. hullinger, t. c. mcguire ... | 2003 | 12626453 |
| host differences in serum antibody response during infection of goats by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | the response of goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus was evaluated by estimating the binding antibodies in serum. the immunoreactive proteins of the caev, strain 63, were determined by immunobloting the lysate against the serum of the infected goat. the major proteins identified were of the molecular weights of 135, 120, 56, 44, 38, 28, 20 and 13 kda. proteins with less prominence were of the molecular weights of 96, 32 and 30 kda. the responses to the viral proteins at sever ... | 2002 | 12643448 |
| lack of trans-activation function for maedi visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus tat proteins. | all lentiviruses contain an open reading frame located shortly upstream or inside of the env gene and encoding a small protein which has been designated tat. this designation was mainly with respect to the positional analogy with the first exon of the trans-activator protein of the well studied human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). in this work we comparatively studied the trans- activation activity induced by tat proteins of the small ruminant maedi visna virus (mvv) of sheep and caprine ... | 2003 | 12667801 |
| specific g2 arrest of caprine cells infected with a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing vpr and vpx genes from simian immunodeficiency virus. | primate lentivirus (hiv and siv) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kda proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the g2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. members of the hiv-2/sivmac/sivsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called vpx. vpx and hiv vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participation in nuclear import of the preintegration complex. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and mae ... | 2003 | 12726725 |
| clearance of a productive lentivirus infection in calves experimentally inoculated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | lentiviruses have long been considered host-specific pathogens, but several recent observations demonstrated their capacity to conquer new hosts from different species, genera, and families. from these cross-species infections emerged new animal and human infectious diseases. the successful colonization and adaptation of a lentivirus to a nonnatural host depends on unspecific and specific host barriers. some of those barriers exert a relative control of viral replication (i.e., cytotoxic t-lymph ... | 2003 | 12743300 |
| in vitro infection of aortic endothelial cells by caprine arthritis encephalitis virus enhances in vitro transmigration of peripheral blood leukocytes and modulates their phenotypic expression. | infection of goats by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) provides a convenient example of the infiltration of various tissues by leukocytes following a natural lentiviral infection. this event is important in determining organ susceptibility and local immunity. caprine vascular endothelial cells are susceptible to infection by caev in vitro, so we have investigated the consequences of this infection on the transmigration of uninfected leukocytes in an in vitro model. after in vitro infe ... | 2003 | 12791237 |
| maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genomes encode a vpr-like but no tat protein. | a small open reading frame (orf) in maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) was initially named "tat" by analogy with a similarly placed orf in the primate lentiviruses. the encoded "tat" protein was ascribed the function of up regulation of the viral transcription from the long terminal repeat (ltr) promoter, but we have recently reported that mvv and caev tat proteins lack trans-activation function activity under physiological conditions (s. villet, c. faure, b. ... | 2003 | 12915575 |
| the tat protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus interacts with the notch2 egf-like repeats and the epithelin/granulin precursor. | using the yeast two-hybrid system, we screened a human placenta cdna library and identified two proteins that interacted with the tat protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev): the egf-like repeats 1-6 of the extracellular domain of the human notch2 receptor and the epithelin/granulin growth factor precursor. this interaction was also confirmed in mammalian cells. using in vitro mutagenesis assays, we showed that each one of the three cysteine residues located within the cystein ... | 2003 | 12931033 |
| detection of serum antibodies to ovine progressive pneumonia virus in sheep by using a caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) for detection of antibodies to the surface envelope (su) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was recently reported (l. m. herrmann, w. p. cheevers, t. c. mcguire, d. scott adams, m. m. hutton, w. g. gavin, and d. p. knowles, clin. diagn. lab. immunol. 10:267-271, 2003). the celisa utilizes caev-63 su captured on microtiter plates using the monoclonal antibody (mab) f7-299 and measures competitive displacement of bindi ... | 2003 | 12965917 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope surface glycoprotein regions interacting with the transmembrane glycoprotein: structural and functional parallels with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120. | a sequence similarity between surface envelope glycoprotein (su) gp135 of the lentiviruses maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) gp120 has been described. the regions of sequence similarity are in the second and fifth conserved regions of gp120, and the similarity is highest in sequences coinciding with beta-strands 4 to 8 and 25, which are located in the most virion-proximal region of the gp120 inner domain. a subset of ... | 2003 | 14557643 |
| caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats can generate human immunodeficiency virus-gp120 cross-reactive antibodies(1). | lentiviruses display surprisingly disparate clinical manifestations in their specific hosts, share complex genetic structures, and exhibit extensive diversity, particularly in their envelope genes. the envelope protein, gp135, of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) has minimal primary sequence homology to gp120, the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). nevertheless, they bear certain similarities in that they both possess five variable regions, both are heavily glycosy ... | 2003 | 14592773 |
| cross-reactivity between caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and type 1 human immunodeficiency virus. | caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) is caused by the lentivirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), a member of the retroviridae family that also includes the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). serum of caev-infected goats cross-reacts with hiv-1 antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests. we attempted to identify the proteins responsible for this cross-reactivity. | 2003 | 14602501 |
| lack of enhancement of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus infection in monocyte-derived macrophage cultures by sera from goats that developed severe arthritis after vaccination and virus challenge. | we examined sera from goats that developed more rapid and severe clinical disease after vaccination with inactivated caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and virus challenge for caev infection-enhancing antibodies. sera from one control and two vaccinated goats were examined for neutralization or enhancement of virus infection in caprine macrophages. macrophage cultures were incubated with virus-serum mixtures, then washed and fed with fresh media and incubated. culture fluid was collecte ... | 2003 | 14682401 |
| establishment and characterization of a goat synovial membrane cell line susceptible to small ruminant lentivirus infection. | primary goat synovial membrane (gsm) cells are widely used to study small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv), i.e. maedi visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), but their limited life-span of 15-20 passages in vitro is problematic. here, we report that ectopic expression of the catalytic subunit of human telomerase (htert) was sufficient to immortalize primary gsm cells. cultures of htert-transfected gsm cells have been passaged for 2 years without showing any phenotypic dif ... | 2004 | 15081607 |
| seven new ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) field isolates from dubois idaho sheep comprise part of oppv clade ii based on surface envelope glycoprotein (su) sequences. | seven new ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) field isolates were derived from colostrum and milk of 10 naturally oppv-infected sheep from the us sheep experiment station in dubois, idaho, usa. sixteen sequences of the surface envelope glycoprotein (su) from these seven dubois oppv field isolates and su sequence from oppv wlc1 were obtained, aligned with published srlv su sequences, and analyzed using phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (paup). percent nucleotide identity in su was greate ... | 2004 | 15084404 |
| the use of phenothiazine dyes to inactivate bovine viral diarrhea virus in goat colostrum. | the objectives of this study were to determine the optimal concentration of phenothiazine dye required to inactivate bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in goat colostrum following 60 min of illumination and determine if immunoglobulin concentration is affected by this technique. in addition, the potential of continuous agitation of colostrum during illumination to affect viral kill was investigated. this experiment was designed to more closely approximate on-farm use than a previous pilot study ... | 2004 | 15188954 |
| influence of intramammary infection and non-infection factors on somatic cell counts in dairy goats. | a total of 1304 goat udder halves were sampled monthly during an entire lactation (6262 samples) with the aim of identifying factors affecting milk somatic cell count (scc). bacteriological analyses for identification of mastitis pathogens were carried out on all samples and scc was also determined. all animals were examined for infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) using a commercial elisa test kit. results obtained were arranged in two databases (whole-lactation average half ... | 2004 | 15190944 |
| direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype a4 from goats to sheep and vice versa. | small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv), which include the caprine arthritis-encephalitis and the maedi-visna virus, cause persistent inflammatory infections in goats and sheep. srlv are mainly transmitted from mother to offspring through milk. transmission after prolonged contact between adult animals has also been observed. the observation that certain srlv subtypes are found in both goats and sheep suggests that interspecies transmission has occurred on several occasions in the past. we investigat ... | 2004 | 15220425 |
| antibody response to the surface envelope of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus: disease status is predicted by su antibody isotype. | this study evaluated the hypothesis that the disease status of saanen goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) is associated with the focus of immune responses to viral antigens, particularly the surface envelope glycoprotein (su). specifically, we have proposed that th2 responses promote progressive immune-mediated arthritis, whereas th1 responses restrict virus replication and development of clinical disease. the present study determined the isotype of su antibodies ... | 2004 | 15231392 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus vpr/vpx proteins kill bystander noninfected cd4+ t-lymphocytes by induction of apoptosis. | the depletion of cd4+ t-lymphocytes central to the immunodeficiency in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is largely mediated by apoptosis of both infected and uninfected cells, but the mechanisms involved and the viral proteins responsible are still poorly characterized. it has recently been suggested that, in human and simian immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and siv, vpr is a major modulator of apoptosis in infected cells. recently, we have reported on a chimera of caprine arthritis-encepha ... | 2004 | 15262494 |
| genomic characterization of a slow/low maedi visna virus. | the complete genomic sequence of a sheep lentivirus isolate that presents a slow/low phenotype in vitro has been determined. the virus, designated p1olv, was isolated from lung cells of a naturally infected sheep in portugal. three overlapping dna fragments amplified by pcr, and encompassing the entire viral genome were cloned and sequenced. this isolate has an overall similarity of approximately 80% with the k1514 maedi visna virus (mvv) and approximately 70% with the caprine arthritis encephal ... | 2004 | 15284480 |
| glycosylation of immunodominant linear epitopes in the carboxy-terminal region of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface envelope enhances vaccine-induced type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses. | this study evaluated type-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies induced by immunization with modified surface glycoproteins (su) of the 63 isolate of caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev-63). epitope mapping of sera from caev-infected goats localized immunodominant linear epitopes in the carboxy terminus of su. two modified su (su-m and su-t) and wild-type caev-63 su (su-w) were produced in vaccinia virus and utilized to evaluate the effects of glycosylation or the delet ... | 2004 | 15308714 |
| an epidemic of caprine arthritis encephalitis in japan: isolation of the virus. | a disease characterized by arthritis of carpal joints and occasionally by pneumonia was seen among goats on a farm in nagano prefecture of japan in the summer of 2002. serological investigation was done on 30 goats, that is one group on the farm by agar gel immunodiffusion tests using maedi-visna virus as the antigen, and 19 goats were positive. the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome was detected in peripheral blood leukocytes from several antibody-positive goats. two goats among them w ... | 2004 | 15353840 |
| viral expression and leukocyte adhesion after in vitro infection of goat mammary gland cells with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | a characteristic lesion in goats infected by the lentivirus caev is mastitis with lymphoid hyperplasia. in order to investigate the mechanism of lesion formation, cultures highly enriched in microvascular endothelial cells, mature and immature luminal epithelial cells, fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells were established from goat mammary gland biopsies. their susceptibility to in vitro infection with two distinct types of caev was investigated by pcr, antigen expression and cytopathy. the capac ... | 2005 | 15626465 |
| goat endothelial cells may be infected in vitro by transmigration of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected leucocytes. | the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (caev) causes a lifelong persistent infection in goats, and induces infiltrations of leucocytes and tissue reorganization in target organs, with a cyclical pattern of viral expression. the mammary gland is an important site of infection, associated with mother-to-kid transmission by infected cells in colostrum and milk. the monocyte/macrophage is the principal target cell, but other cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells and fibroblas ... | 2005 | 15734546 |
| genetic and antigenic characterization of the matrix protein of two genetically distinct ovine lentiviruses. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are a group of non-oncogenic retroviruses including maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), which cause a chronic, multisystemic disease in sheep and goats, respectively. phylogenetic analyses of srlv are based in most cases on partial pol sequences. several reports indicate that the species specificity of these viruses is not as strict as previously thought; mvv-like viruses have been found in goat populations and vice versa. r ... | 2005 | 15778023 |
| diagnostic tests for small ruminant lentiviruses. | maedi visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus are closely related retroviruses that cause chronic inflammatory disease in small ruminants. the infections are characterised by insidious onset and slow progression. diagnosis of infection is usually by serological testing. a variety of assays are available for this purpose, though the relative sensitivity and specificity of these assays has not been compared systematically. here we review recent developments in laboratory diagnostic me ... | 2005 | 15795077 |
| immunohistochemical detection of the p27 capsid protein of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in bone-marrow cells of seropositive goats. | bone-marrow samples were collected from 48 caev-seropositive, symptomless goats (30 kids, 18 adults). the samples were formalin-fixed and processed for histological examination. in addition, all samples were examined immunohistochemically with a monoclonal antibody (1a7) against the p27 capsid protein of maedi-visna virus, an antibody which cross-reacts with the ca-p27 of caev. samples from 16 goats (10/30 kids, 6/18 adults) showed positive immunolabelling of bone-marrow stromal cells (fibrocyte ... | 2005 | 15899495 |
| establishment and partial characterization of an ovine synovial membrane cell line obtained by transformation with simian virus 40 t antigen. | the small ruminant lentiviruses, namely caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi visna virus (mvv) are grown currently in secondary synovial membrane cells. primary and secondary cell cultures are sometimes difficult to obtain and support a low number of passages and, therefore, permissive cell lines are needed. a transformed cell line was obtained by transfection of ovine synovial membrane secondary cell culture with a plasmid containing the sv40 large t antigen gene. the transform ... | 2005 | 15904982 |
| mutations increasing exposure of a receptor binding site epitope in the soluble and oligomeric forms of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus envelope glycoprotein. | the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (caev) and ovine maedi-visna (mvv) viruses are resistant to antibody neutralization, a feature shared with all other lentiviruses. whether the caev gp135 receptor binding site(s) (rbs) in the functional surface envelope glycoprotein (env) is protected from antibody binding, allowing the virus to resist neutralization, is not known. two caev gp135 regions were identified by extrapolating a gp135 structural model that could affect binding of antibodies to the rbs ... | 2005 | 15992850 |
| isolation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus from a goat. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis-virus (caev) was isolated from the carpal joint of an anglo-nubian yearling goat with chronic progressive pneumonia and subclinical carpal arthritis. anti-caev antibody was detected in this goat and in nine of 69 goat sera tested from two herds. | 1982 | 16030824 |
| experimental infection of sheep and goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | | 1982 | 16030828 |
| transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus to sheep. | | 1984 | 16031021 |
| biochemical characterisation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | | 1984 | 16031041 |
| a successful attempt to raise goat kids free of infection with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in an endemically infected goat herd. | goat kids from a herd endemically infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) virus were raised according to 3 methods. one group of ten goat kids was removed from infected does at birth before suckling or licking by the doe could occur (snatch birth technique). kids were fed on goat colostrum, which had been heated to 57 degrees c for ten minutes and then held in a thermos flask for one hour. subsequently the kids were fed reconstituted spray dried cows' milk powder. they were raised apa ... | 1987 | 16031341 |
| experimental infection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in sheep. | | 1988 | 16031453 |
| risk factors for the infection of swiss goat herds with small ruminant lentivirus: a case-control study. | in the mid-1980s, switzerland started a programme to eradicate caprine arthritis-encephalitis - an infectious disease of goats caused by the small ruminant lentivirus (srlv). since 1996, progress towards eradication has slowed down, owing to infections occurring on farms from which the infection had previously been eliminated. to investigate specific risk factors for these new infections and to improve the eradication programme, a case-control study was conducted. cases consisted of farms that h ... | 2005 | 16113168 |
| a serological study on brucella abortus, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and leptospira in dairy goats in rio de janeiro, brazil. | in spite of the large number of goats found in several developing tropical countries, milk production remains unsatisfactory. the occurrence of infectious diseases, such as leptospirosis, brucellosis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis (cae) may in part be responsible for sub-optimal production. in this study, 1000 serum samples were tested for leptospirosis, 953 for brucellosis and 562 for cae. all tested flocks presented at least one seroreactive animal for leptospirosis and for cae. reactivity ... | 2007 | 16455276 |
| viral load, organ distribution, histopathological lesions, and cytokine mrna expression in goats infected with a molecular clone of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus of goats that causes persistent infection characterized by the appearance of inflammatory lesions in various organs. to define the sites of persistence, 5 goats were infected with a molecular clone of caev, and the viral load was monitored by real-time-pcr and rt-pcr in different sites 8 years after infection. the lymph nodes proved to be an important virus reservoir, with moderate virus replication relative to what is reported for lent ... | 2006 | 16537085 |
| distribution and heterogeneity of small ruminant lentivirus envelope subtypes in naturally infected french sheep. | small ruminants lentiviruses (srlv) nucleotide sequences spanning the v1v2 variable regions of the env gene were amplified by nested-pcr from 38 blood samples collected from 16 naturally infected sheep flocks in france. for the rapid srlv group determination of field isolates, the pcr-amplified fragments were subjected to a srlv-adapted heteroduplex mobility assay (hma). all viral sequences were clearly assignable to the srlv group b by hma analysis. twenty-seven srlv isolates were selected for ... | 2006 | 16616391 |
| development of a semi-nested pcr using degenerate primers for the generic detection of small ruminant lentivirus proviral dna. | a pcr assay was developed for the reliable detection of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) proviral dna. the method involved the use of degenerate deoxyinosine-substituted primers and a second semi-nested pcr step that increased the polyvalency and sensitivity of the detection, respectively. primers were designed from the pol gene conserved motifs of 85 srlv isolates and were evaluated using different srlv isolates together with maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (cae ... | 2006 | 16650487 |
| tnfalpha and gm-csf-induced activation of the caev promoter is independent of ap-1. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the long terminal repeat. previous studies with the closely related maedi visna lentivirus have indicated that viral transcription is dependent upon the ap-1 transcription factor. other studies have indicated a potential role for the cytokines tnfalpha and gm-csf in caev pathogenesis by increasing viral loads in infected tissues. the hypotheses that ap-1 transcription factors are necessary for tr ... | 2006 | 16716376 |
| gene transfer system derived from the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. | lentiviruses are attractive candidates for therapeutic vectors, because of their ability to infect non-dividing target cells. vectors based on hiv-1 efficiently transfer gene expression to a variety of dividing or quiescent cells, but are subject to reservations on safety grounds. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a lentivirus inducing only minor pathology in its natural host and in related species after cross-species transmission. to test the caev potential as vector for gene trans ... | 2006 | 16797087 |
| molecular characterization of lentiviruses from goats from poland based on gag gene sequence analysis. | caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection in goats is worldwide but with higher prevalence in industrialized countries. while positive serology of caev in polish goats was reported there was no genetic study of this virus. in this study, we described the molecular characterization of lentiviruses isolated from seropositive goats from poland. we cloned and sequenced a fragment from the gag gene covering part of the coding sequences for the matrix (ma) p17 and for the capsid (ca) p25 p ... | 2007 | 17337054 |
| demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats. | recombination of different strains and subtypes is a hallmark of lentivirus infections, particularly for human immunodeficiency virus, and contributes significantly to viral diversity and evolution both within individual hosts and within populations. recombinant viruses are generated in individuals coinfected or superinfected with more than one lentiviral strain or subtype. this, however, has never been described in vivo for the prototype lentivirus maedi-visna virus of sheep and its closely rel ... | 2007 | 17344293 |
| vaccination with a t-cell-priming gag peptide of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus enhances virus replication transiently in vivo. | cd4+ t cells are involved in several immune response pathways used to control viral infections. in this study, a group of genetically defined goats was immunized with a synthetic peptide known to encompass an immunodominant helper t-cell epitope of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). fifty-five days after challenge with the molecularly cloned caev strain co, the vaccinated animals had a higher proviral load than the controls. the measurement of gamma interferon and interleukin-4 gene ex ... | 2007 | 17412991 |
| activation/proliferation and apoptosis of bystander goat lymphocytes induced by a macrophage-tropic chimeric caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing siv nef. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is the natural lentivirus of goats, well known for its tropism for macrophages and its inability to cause infection in lymphocytes. the viral genome lacks nef, tat, vpu and vpx coding sequences. to test the hypothesis that when nef is expressed by the viral genome, the virus became toxic for lymphocytes during replication in macrophages, we inserted the sivsmm pbj14 nef coding sequences into the genome of caev thereby generating caev-nef. this recombin ... | 2007 | 17442361 |
| evaluation of five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and an agar gel immunodiffusion test for detection of antibodies to small ruminant lentiviruses. | in the framework of the dutch control program for small ruminant lentiviral (srlv) infections, too many drawbacks were encountered with respect to serological testing. to improve the quality of testing, five enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) and an agar gel immunodiffusion test (agidt) were evaluated. the focus was on the sensitivity, specificity, and variances of the commercially available tests. clear differences were found among the tests in analytical and diagnostic sensitivity and ... | 2007 | 17609394 |
| although macrophage-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses can exhibit a range of pathogenic phenotypes, a majority of isolates induce no clinical disease in immunocompetent macaques. | unlike prototypical lentiviruses like visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses, which are mainly macrophage tropic (m-tropic), primate lentiviruses primarily target cd4+ t lymphocytes. we previously reported that during the late phase of highly pathogenic chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) infections of rhesus macaques, when cd4+ t cells have been systemically eliminated, high levels of viremia are maintained from productively infected macrophages. the availability of se ... | 2007 | 17626082 |
| overview of herd and caev status in dwarf goats in south tyrol, italy. | the analysis of the electronic data processing proved that 323 dwarf goats older than 6 months from 165 farms were kept in 63 of the 116 communes of south tyrol. the number of dwarf goats maintained ranged from 1 to 19 animals, the average farm size revealed to be of 2 dwarf goats/farm. 47 animals were aged between 6 months and 1 year (ag1), 97 were between 1 - 2 years of age (ag2) and 179 were aged older than 2 years (ag3). the mean age amounted to 3.8 years, the age limit being 10 years. 235 a ... | 2007 | 17663213 |
| detection of viral genomes of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in semen and in genital tract tissues of male goat. | the aim of this study was to determine the infectious status of semen and genital tract tissues from male goat naturally infected with the caprine lentivirus. firstly, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to detect the presence of caev proviral-dna in the circulating mononuclear cells, semen (spermatozoa and non-spermatic cells), and genital tract tissues (testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and vesicular gland) of nine bucks. rt-pcr was used to detect the presence of caev viral rna in seminal ... | 2008 | 18082249 |
| characterization of a new 5' splice site within the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus genome: evidence for a novel auxiliary protein. | lentiviral genomes encode multiple structural and regulatory proteins. expression of the full complement of viral proteins is accomplished in part by alternative splicing of the genomic rna. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi-visna virus (mvv) are two highly related small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) that infect goats and sheep. their genome seems to be less complex than those of primate lentiviruses since srlvs encode only three auxiliary proteins, namely, tat, rev, and vif, ... | 2008 | 18312636 |
| small ruminant lentivirus proviral sequences from wild ibexes in contact with domestic goats. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widespread amongst domesticated goats and sheep worldwide, but have not been clearly identified in wild small ruminants, where they might constitute an animal health risk through contamination from local domesticates. srlv proviruses from three ibexes from the french alps are described and sequences from their gag gene and long terminal repeats (ltrs) were compared with sequences from local goats and goat/ibex hybrids. the ibex and hybrid proviruses formed ... | 2008 | 18474564 |
| seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the cariri region, paraiba state, brazil. | the seroprevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in the cariri region of paraíba state, brazil, was determined in 60 goat herds using the agar gel immunodiffusion test. the overall seroprevalence was 8.2%, with seropositivity in 21/60 (35%) herds and 13/15 (86.6%) municipalities. bucks had a significantly higher frequency of infection (28.3%) than does (5.9%), and bucks that originated in other states had a significantly higher frequency of infection (76.5%) than those from para ... | 2009 | 18675568 |
| small-ruminant lentivirus enhances prpsc accumulation in cultured sheep microglial cells. | sheep scrapie is the prototypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease), which has a fundamental pathogenesis involving conversion of normal cellular prion protein (prp(c) [c superscript stands for cellular]) to disease-associated prion protein (prp(sc) [sc superscript stands for sheep scrapie]). sheep microglial cell cultures, derived from a prnp 136vv/171qq near-term fetal brain, were developed to study sheep scrapie in the natural host and to investigate potential cofactors ... | 2008 | 18684809 |
| prevention strategies against small ruminant lentiviruses: an update. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), including maedi-visna virus (mvv) of sheep and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev), are widespread, cause fatal diseases and are responsible for major production losses in sheep and goats. seventy years after the legendary maedi-visna sheep epidemic in iceland, which led to the first isolation of a srlv and subsequent eradication of the infection, no vaccine or treatment against infection has been fully successful. research during the last two decades ... | 2009 | 18755622 |
| deceptive imprinting and immune refocusing in vaccine design. | a large number of the world's most widespread and problematic pathogens evade host immune responses by inducing strain-specific immunity to immunodominant epitopes with high mutation rates capable of altering antigenic profiles. the immune system appears to be decoyed into reacting to these immunodominant epitopes that offer little cross protection between serotypes or subtypes. for example, during hiv-1 infection, the immune system reacts strongly to the v1, v2, and/or v3 loops of the surface e ... | 2008 | 18852005 |
| small ruminant lentivirus tat protein induces apoptosis in caprine cells in vitro by the intrinsic pathway. | the small ruminant lentiviruses, caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and maedi visna virus (mvv) naturally cause inflammatory disease in goats and sheep, provoking chronic lesions in several different organs. we have previously demonstrated that in vitro infection of caprine cells by caev induces apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway (rea-boutrois, a., pontini, g., greenland, t., mehlen, p., chebloune, y., verdier, g. and legras-lachuer, c. 2008). in the present study, we used tat dele ... | 2009 | 19007964 |
| lack of risk of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) after an appropriate embryo transfer procedure. | the aim of this study was to demonstrate that embryo transfer can be used to produce caev-free kids from caev-infected biological mothers when appropriate procedure is implemented. twenty-eight goats that had tested positive for caev using pcr on vaginal secretions were used as embryo donors. embryos with intact-zp were selected and washed 10 times; they were then frozen and used for transfer into caev-free recipient goats. nineteen of the 49 recipient goats gave birth, producing a total of 23 k ... | 2008 | 18036653 |
| compartmentalization of small ruminant lentivirus between blood and colostrum in infected goats. | the compartmentalization of small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) subtype a (maedi-visna virus) and b (caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus) variants was analyzed in colostrum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four naturally infected goats. sequence analysis of dna and rna encompassing the v4-v5 env regions showed a differential distribution of srlv variants between the two compartments. tissue-specific compartmentalization was demonstrated by phylogenetic analysis in three of the four cases. ... | 2007 | 17719071 |
| in vitro cross-species infections using a caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus carrying the gfp marker gene. | a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev), carrying the green fluorescent protein (gfp) into the tat region was recently reported [mselli-lakhal, l., guiguen, f., greenland, t., mornex, j.f., chebloune, y., 2006. gene transfer system derived from the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus. j. virol. meth. 136, 177-184]. this construct, called pk2egfph replicated to titres up to 10(5)iu/ml on infection of caprine cells, and could be concentrated to 10(6)iu/ml by ultracentrifugation. in the ... | 2007 | 17386948 |
| localization of a tnf-activated transcription site and interactions with the gamma activated site within the caev u3 70 base pair repeat. | the cytokines tnfalpha and ifngamma have previously been shown to activate caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) transcription. increased viral titers correlate with increased lesion severity. therefore, tnfalpha and ifngamma may augment the caprine arthritis lesion by increasing viral titers. caev transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the u3 region of the long terminal repeat. a set of u3 deletion mutants was generated and used to establish stably integrated, u93 ... | 2007 | 17382987 |
| genetic characterization of maedi-visna virus (mvv) detected in finland. | the aim of the study was to characterize the small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) detected in finland by defining their phylogenetic relationships and by studying the evolution of the virus based on a well-known epidemiology. the study material comprised lung tissue samples of 20 sheep from 5 different farms, a cell-cultured virus from one of the original sheep lung samples, and a blood sample of a goat. the sheep were identified as positive during seroepidemiologic screenings in 1994-1996 and th ... | 2007 | 17349752 |
| frequency of the serological reactivity against the caprine arthritis encephalitis lentivirus gp135 in children who consume goat milk. | caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) is a retrovirus belonging to the lentivirus genus that also includes the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). caev may be transmitted to humans by goat milk consumption. it has been suggested that caev may also be involved in the immunological protection process against hiv, but this has not been demonstrated. here we identified serological reactivity against caev gp135 in children who consumed goat milk. | 2009 | 19427972 |
| natural transmission and comparative analysis of small ruminant lentiviruses in the norwegian sheep and goat populations. | serological surveys for small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) infections have revealed seropositive sheep in several mixed herds, where sheep are kept together with seropositive goats. here we have examined the genetic relationships in ltr, pol and env surface unit (su) and the growth patterns in goat (gsm) and sheep (fos) synovial membrane cell cultures of srlv isolates obtained from both mixed and single species herds. phylogenetic analyses of pol and env su revealed that norwegian srlvs derived fr ... | 2007 | 17240470 |
| application of pcr technique in diagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus infection in sheep and goats. | detection of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) in sheep and goats usually relies on serological testing. in this study, we evaluated semi-nested pcr and nested pcr techniques applied as a diagnostic tool for detection of maedi-visna virus (mvv) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) in naturally infected sheep and goats, respectively. the examination of 193 ovine and 85 caprine serum samples by the elisa revealed the presence of specific antibodies in 133 (69%) and 18 (21.2%) animals, ... | 2006 | 17203738 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic study of maedi visna and caprine arthritis encephalitis viral sequences in sheep and goats from spain. | small ruminant lentiviruses (srlv) are widely spread in many countries, including spain. however, little is known about the genetic characteristics of spanish goat and sheep srlv. in this study, segments from three genomic regions (pol, gag-p25 and ltr) were amplified using dna isolated from three spanish autochthonous sheep (one) and goats (two). animals (one per flock) belonged to distantly located, single-species flocks (goat or sheep). sequence analysis showed conservation of regions that ar ... | 2006 | 16870297 |
| diagnostic performance of elisa and pcr in identifying srlv-infected sheep and goats using serum, plasma and milk samples and in early detection of infection in dairy flocks through bulk milk testing. | the objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performances of the elitest-mvv elisa for detection of antibodies against small ruminant lentiviruses and of two recently published pcrs for the detection of proviral dna of srlv in blood and corresponding individual milk samples. in addition, the feasibility of bulk milk testing was investigated by titrating elisa positive pooled milk samples in negative milk, and by investigating bulk milk samples by elisa and pcr in relation to the srl ... | 2010 | 19913363 |
| cultured early goat embryos and cells are susceptible to infection with caprine encephalitis virus. | zona-pellucida-free embryos at 8-16 cell stage were co-cultured for 6 days in an insert over a mixed cell monolayer infected with caev-pbsca. embryos were washed and transferred to an insert on caev indicator goat synovial membrane cells for 6 h, then they were washed and cultivated in b2 ménézo for 24 h, finally, embryo cells were dissociated and cultivated on a feeder monolayer for 8 days. after 5 weeks, multinucleated giant cells typical of caev infection were observed in indicator gsm cell m ... | 2006 | 16859728 |
| from mice to macaques--animal models of hiv nervous system disease. | lentiviral diseases of animals have been recognized for over a century, long before hiv was recognized as the cause of aids. all lentiviruses cause neurological disease and productive virus replication in the cns occurs exclusively in cells of macrophage lineage. the ability to molecularly engineer the inoculum virus, to sample the brain at many different time points from acute through terminal infection and to correlate in vivo with in vitro findings are significant advantages of animal models ... | 2006 | 16842082 |
| embryo transfer from goats seropositive for caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. | twelve attempts were made to isolate caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) from the uterine flushings of serologically positive superovulated does mated to serologically positive bucks. embryos were transferred to eight serologically negative estrus-synchronized recipient does and the recipients were monitored serologically following embryo transfer. virus isolation was attempted from colostrum and placental tissues from does that kidded following embryo transfers and the surviving kid was ... | 1987 | 16726313 |
| antibody response in sheep experimentally infected with different small ruminant lentivirus genotypes. | two groups of sheep were experimentally infected by intratracheal route with two small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) isolates belonging to different genotypes (it-561 genotype a3 and it-pi1 genotype b2). seroconversion was evaluated using recombinant homologous and heterologous matrix protein/capsid antigen fusion protein. results clearly indicate that seroconversion against homologous antigen was detected well in advance as regards heterologous antigen in both groups, although the advantage of usi ... | 2006 | 16698088 |
| ovine progressive pneumonia virus capsid antigen as found in cd163- and cd172a-positive alveolar macrophages of persistently infected sheep. | in situ detection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (oppv) and the phenotypic identification of the cells that harbor oppv have not been described for the oppv-affected tissues, which include lung, mammary gland, synovial membranes of the carpal joint, and choroid plexus of the brain. in this study, the authors first developed a single enzyme-based automated immunohistochemical (ihc) analysis for detection of oppv capsid antigen (ca) on oppv-affected tissues, using 2 anti-caev ca monoclonal a ... | 2010 | 20382821 |
| development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibody against caprine arthritis encephalitis virus using recombinant protein of the precursor of the major core protein, p55gag. | an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) by using recombinant caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) p55gag antigen (relisa), an indirect elisa by using whole caev (welisa), and western blot analysis by using the recombinant p55gag antigen (rwb) were developed for detection of caev-specific antibodies in goats. seven hundred and forty-five sera from goats were tested by relisa, welisa, rwb, and agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid), and the results were compared with those of wb ... | 2010 | 20453217 |
| influence of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines on the neuropathogenesis of oncornavirus and immunosuppressive lentivirus infections. | retroviral infection of the cns can lead to severe debilitating neurological diseases in humans and other animals. four general types of pathogenic effects with various retroviruses have been observed including: hemorrhage (tr1.3), spongiform encephalopathy (casbre, frcase, pvc211, nt40, mol-ts1), demyelination with inflammatory lesions (htlv-1, visna, caev), and encephalopathy with gliosis and proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, usually with microglial giant cells and nodules [human immun ... | 2006 | 16570857 |
| influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection on the activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. | non-specific lymphocyte transformation assay using phytohemagglutinin (pha) as a mitogen was applied to evaluate influence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) infection on activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes. animals were selected for the caev-infected and caev-non-infected groups according to the results of two serological surveys carried out at one year interval, with the use of an elisa test. in goats which were not infected with caev, lymphocytes stimulation index (si) reveal ... | 2010 | 20731174 |
| aspects of the epidemiology, research, and control of lentiviral infections of small ruminants and their relevance to dutch sheep and goat farming. | in 1862, the veterinarian loman reported the first sheep in the netherlands with symptoms associated with lentiviral infection, although at the time the symptoms were ascribed to ovine progressive pneumonia. in the following century, similar cases were reported by south african, french, american, and icelandic researchers. extensive research into the pathology, aetiology, and epidemiology of this slowly progressive and ultimately fatal disease was initiated in several countries, including the ne ... | 2010 | 20822040 |
| recombinant small ruminant lentivirus subtype b1 in goats and sheep of imported breeds in mexico. | nucleotide sequences of small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) were determined in sheep and goats, including progeny of imported animals, on a farm in mexico. on the basis of gag-pol, pol, env and ltr sequences, srlvs were assigned to the b1 subgroup, which comprises caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev)-like prototype sequences mainly from goats. in comparison with caev-like env sequences of american and french origin, two putative recombination events were identified within the v3-v4 and v4 ... | 2010 | 20932787 |
| epidemiological features of morel's disease in goats. | morel's disease caused by staphylococcus aureus subsp. anaerobius was diagnosed for the first time in poland in october 2006 in a goat flock. a second infected flock was found two months later. the course of the disease in both flocks was observed for 15-17 months. clinical manifestation was confined to abscesses located near major superficial lymph nodes, mostly: superficial cervical, subiliac, parotid and mandibular. at necropsy no other lesions were found. the incubation period was estimated ... | 2010 | 21033557 |
| genetic diversity of small-ruminant lentiviruses: characterization of norwegian isolates of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus. | small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs), including caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goats and maedi-visna virus (mvv) in sheep, are lentiviruses that, despite overall similarities, show considerable genetic variation in regions of the srlv genome. to gain further knowledge about the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among field isolates of srlvs occurring in geographically distinct areas, the full-length genomic sequence of a caev isolate (caev-1ga) and partial env seque ... | 2006 | 16476978 |
| elimination of small ruminant lentivirus infection from sheep flocks and goat herds aided by health schemes in great britain. | over a period of 11 years, 33 sheep or goat holdings lost their maedi-visna or caprine arthritis-encephalitis accredited status (mean 2.8 per year [0.09 per cent] of the accredited holdings in great britain). of these, 22 sheep flocks and two goat herds eradicated the infection and regained their accredited status. in addition, 10 sheep flocks and two goat herds managed to eradicate infection, having joined the scheme with infected animals. in flocks and herds with a high initial prevalence of i ... | 2010 | 21257509 |
| diagnostic performance of pcr and elisa on blood and milk samples and serological survey for small ruminant lentiviruses in central spain. | the diagnostic performance of an elisa for the detection of antibodies to the small ruminant lentiviruses (srlvs) maedi-visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in milk and corresponding blood samples was evaluated in 50 sheep. the agreement between elisa results in blood and milk was 90 per cent, and the ? value was 0.79. in addition, a serological survey in the central zone of spain was performed using milk samples from 413 animals (250 sheep and 163 goats) from 12 flocks/herds. al ... | 2011 | 21257533 |
| a novel deletion in the ltr region of a greek small ruminant lentivirus may be associated with low pathogenicity. | greek small ruminant lentivirus (srlv) strains remain relatively uncharacterized at the molecular level, despite the fact that lentiviral diseases of small ruminants are known to be widespread in the country. in the present study, we investigated the sequence diversity of the ltr region in greek srlv strains from sheep with and without disease symptoms, since sequence differences within this genomic area have been shown to lead to srlvs with distinct replication rates. the ap-4 and aml (vis) mot ... | 2006 | 16446005 |
| the mhc-haplotype influences primary, but not memory, immune responses to an immunodominant peptide containing t- and b-cell epitopes of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus gag protein. | in this report, we describe a short peptide, containing a t helper- and a b-cell epitope, located in the gag protein of the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev). this t-cell epitope is capable of inducing a robust t-cell proliferative response in vaccinated goats with different genetic backgrounds and to provide help for a strong antibody response to the b-cell epitope, indicating that it may function as a universal antigen-carrier for goat vaccines. the primary immune response of goats h ... | 2006 | 16154240 |
| a downer nubian goat with coughing. | | 2005 | 16136071 |
| The presence or absence of the gamma-activated site determines IFN gamma-mediated transcriptional activation in CAEV promoters cloned from the mammary gland and joint synovium of a single CAEV-infected goat. | The caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) long terminal repeat promoter was cloned and sequenced from mammary gland and carpal joint synovium isolated from a 15.5 year old, CAEV-infected Toggenburg doe with chronic mastitis and carpal arthritis. A deletion of the CAEV gamma activated site (GAS) was identified in the mammary gland but not the synovial isolate. Subsequent promoter-reporter gene construct experiments indicated that the GAS is necessary for interferon ?-mediated promoter activ ... | 2011 | 22178805 |
| propagating and detecting an infectious molecular clone of maedi-visna virus that expresses green fluorescent protein. | maedi-visna virus (mvv) is a lentivirus of sheep, causing slowly progressive interstitial pneumonia and encephalitis. the primary target cells of mvv in vivo are considered to be of the monocyte lineage. certain strains of mvv can replicate in other cell types, however. the green fluorescent protein is a commonly used marker for studying lentiviruses in living cells. we have nserted the egfp gene into the gene for dutpase of mvv. the dutpase gene is well conserved in most lentivirus strains of s ... | 2011 | 22005550 |
| possible effect of association with cooperatives in the control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis in rio de janeiro, brazil. | | 2011 | 21908550 |
| mammary transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: a 3d model for in vitro study. | transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) from the mother to offspring is principally mediated by infected cells from colostrum and milk. the infection of the dam is often sub-clinical, and results in increased cellularity of milk, sometimes exacerbated by bacterial co-infections. although monocytes are the major viral host cells, several other cell types, including epithelial mammary cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells show low levels of in vivo infection. in vitro, howev ... | 2005 | 16045898 |
| the development and evaluation of an elisa for the detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goat sera. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) in goat sera. the system was evaluated using some 1500 sera from flocks of known clinical history. from this data the interpretation limits of the system were determined. the elisa system was compared with a gel precipitin test using 5800 sera. of the positive sera, elisa detected 97.3% and agpt 61%. further evaluation was made using 60 sera of known caev reac ... | 1985 | 16031125 |
| phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype b1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep. | small-ruminant lentiviruses (srlv), consisting of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) and the maedi-visna virus (mvv), cause chronic multisystemic infections in goats and sheep. the srlv subtype b1, characterized by the prototypic strain caev-co, has a worldwide distribution and, remarkably, has been isolated exclusively from goats, suggesting potential host specificity. to test this hypothesis, srlv pol sequences were obtained by pcr amplification from blood samples of seropositive ... | 2005 | 16005486 |
| development and field testing of a real-time pcr assay for caprine arthritis-encephalitis-virus (caev). | caprine arthritis/encephalitis (cae) of goats and occasionally sheep are persistent virus infections caused by a lentivirus (caev). this viral infection results in arthritis in adult animals and encephalitis in kids. prognosis for the encephalitic form is normally poor, with substantial economic loss for the farm. in this context an early/fast laboratory diagnosis for caev infection could be useful for effective prophylactic action. in this work we performed a quantitative real time pcr designed ... | 2011 | 22888382 |