| antibody production in goat milk serum after virus instillation of goat mammary gland. vii. biochemical studies on sham infection with rabies and other non-propagatingagents. | this report describes the development of a method for the production and isolation of neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (era strain) and other agents in the goat mammary gland during active lactation. the rabies virus did not propagate in thegland, but neutralizing antibodies were produced by serial instillations of the antigen. this process was termed 'sham infection.' antibodies first appeared in the mildabout the 20th day and the titer increased until the 28th day. the antibodies w ... | 1975 | 1168531 |
| physico-chemical and serological characterization of five rhabdoviruses infecting fish. | viruses isolated from fish with viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (vhs), infectious haematopoietic necrosis (ihn), spring viraemia of carp (svc), swim-bladder inflammation (sbi) and pike fry disease (pfd) have been grown to high titre in fathead minnow cells. while our preparations of the ihn, svc, sbi and pfd viruses showed typical rhabdovirus morphology with bullet-shaped particles and distinct surface projections, the vhs virus preparations had a less typical rhabdovirus morphology but were pleo ... | 1975 | 1170278 |
| fish rhabdoviruses: comparative study of protein structure. | proteins from four fish rhabdoviruses have been studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the viruses were: trout viral hemorrhagic septicemia (vhs), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihn), spring viremia virus of carp (svc), and the pike fry rhabdovirus (pfr). for the two salmonid viruses (vhs-ihn), gel electrophoresis indicated the proteins, with molecular weights estimated to be 190,000, 80,000, 38,000, 25,000, and 19,000, respectively. the electrophoretic p ... | 1975 | 1171263 |
| the risk of rabies prophylaxis vs. the risk of the disease. | | 1975 | 1176804 |
| [characteristics and importance of different serotypes and variations of rabies viruses in epidemiology]. | | 1975 | 1179078 |
| a local outbreak of paralytic rabies in surinam children. | a rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis, which was in most cases characterized by ascending paralysis, developed in seven children of the age of 3 to 10 years in a bushnegro village in the interior of surinam. rabies virus was recovered from the central nervous system of three autopsied children. although the source of infection has not been detected, there is an indication that, at least in some cases, the disease has been transmitted by rat-bite rather than by vampire bats. during the same period a ... | 1975 | 1179478 |
| selective suppression of cellular protein synthesis in bhk-21 cells infected with rabies virus. | under hypertonic conditions, cellular protein synthesis is selectively suppressed in rabies virus-infected cells. the resistance of viral polypeptide synthesis to hypertonic conditions provides a means to study intracellular viral protein synthesis and may represent a property common to translation of many viruses. | 1975 | 1185856 |
| cell to cell transmission of virus in the central nervous system. ii. experimental rabies in mouse. | rabies virus replication in suckling and adult mouse brains inoculated with either fixed or street virus was studied by light and electron microscopy. chronologic study of fixed virus-infected suckling mice showed that virus budded from the plasma membrane of neuronal cell processes and perikarya prior to the development of intracytoplasmic virus particles. nucleocapsids and virions were observed exclusively in perikarya and cellular processes of neuronal cells and, on rare exception in an astro ... | 1975 | 1186120 |
| the development and use of vaccines based on studies of virus substructures. | | 1975 | 1208876 |
| [evaluation of interferon induced by rabies vaccines (author's transl)]. | two rabies vaccines originated from baby mouse brain or from human explant cells tissue culture (calf foetal kidney) with a high protection index induce in mice and hamsters a good interferon titre. it seems that the action of this kind of vaccine is double: non specific at the beginning by inducing interferon and later specific (4-5 days) by producing antibodies. | 1975 | 1211717 |
| abortive rabies in rabbits and white rats infected intracerebrally. | non-fatal rabies was successfully reproduced in rabbits infected intracerebrally with a highly pathogenic strain of street virus isolated from a man who had died of hydrophobia abter a dog bite and in white rats infected intracerebrally with the cvs strain of fixed virus. all the animals were pretreated with a sublethal intraperitoneal dose of live rabies virus. the surviving animals showed residual neurological symptoms (except one rat) in the form of paresis (both mild and marked) and high tit ... | 1975 | 1212100 |
| observations on the epizootiology of vampire bat rabies. | vampire bat populations were opportunely sampled before, during, and at varying intervals after outbreaks of bovine rabies. the captured bats were examined for rabies neutralizing antibody and virus. in all, sera from 1,024 vampire bats were tested for antibody, and tissues from these bats plus 83 others were tested for virus. neutralizing antibody only rarely appeared in vampire serum samples taken before bovine rabies outbreaks, and only low percentages of samples positive for rabies antibody ... | 1975 | 1212534 |
| [influence of the number of passages of the rabies virus on the immunogenicity of the antirabies phenol vaccine]. | | 1975 | 1216493 |
| [morphological study of neurovirulence of the vnukovo-32 strains of rabies virus]. | the central nervous system of white mice inoculated with the production vnukovo-32 strain of tissue culture rabies virus was studied histologically. intracerebral inoculation resulted in parenchymatous-inflammatory lesions with predominantly severe involvement of the ammon horn neurons. subcutaneous inoculations also revealed a rather significant degree of neurovirulence of this strain, although there were definite differences in the pathomorphological pictures observed after inoculation by this ... | 1975 | 1216841 |
| non-fatal rabies in dogs and cats. | serological studies were performed in 1,015 dog brains and 144 cat brains collected in a rabies enzootic area. significant levels of rabies virus neutralizing activity were observed in two dog brains and in one cat brain which had been negative for rabies by immunofluorescence and mouse inoculation tests. these results were compared with those obtained in the group of surviving animals at different times after onset of experimentally induced abortive rabies. the possibility that naturally infect ... | 1975 | 1229983 |
| [serological data on rabies in foxes studied in iran]. | during the epidemiological research of zoonoses, the authors have studied the rabies of wild animals: fox. for the serological tests, the blood was taken by heart puncture of foxes. 193 specimens were tested and 26 (13.5%) of the foxes had neutralizing antibody in their blood. this study confirms that during the rabies epizooty, the vulpin population, may contract a non-fatal disease and produce the neutralizing antibody. thus, the fox has a real place in the epidemiology of rabies in iran. | 1975 | 1231529 |
| [immunologic prevention of rabies. iv. experimental evaluation of antigenic efficacy of a vaccine obtained from the brain of suckling rats]. | | 1975 | 1233459 |
| [inactivation of rabies virus by chemical agents]. | to study the virucidal activity of several chemical agents available locally in argentina for rabies virus, was considered to be very useful for physicians treating persons bitten by rabid dogs and for those responsible for the sterilization of rabies contaminated areas. cvs fixed rabies virus suspensions were treated for one minute at room temperature with soaps of different quality, anionic (most of them derivates of dodecyl-bencene-sulfonic acid) and cationic (dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl-t ... | 1975 | 1234351 |
| [isolation of rabies virus from brain, salivary and interscapular glands, heart, lungs and testis of the bat desmodus rotundus, in the state of são paulo (author's transl)]. | rabies virus was isolated from the brain, salivary and interscapular (brown fat) glands, heart, lungs and testis of naturally infected vampire bat desmodus rotundus found paralyzed in the day at barueri, são paulo state. the rabies virus isolations were made by intracerebral inoculation in 4-5 days and 30 days old mice. the virus strain was identified as rabies virus by the sellers and faraco (mann) techniques, the fluorescent antibody test and intracerebral inoculation of mice. the isolation of ... | 1975 | 1236047 |
| [isolation of rabies virus from an insectivorous bat molossus obscurus (geoffroy, 1805), in the state of são paulo (author's transl)]. | rabies virus was isolated from insectivorous bat molossus obscurus found in a semi-paralyzed condition, in broad daylight, in campinas, são paulo state. suckling and adult mice inoculated intracerebrally with a 20% suspension of bat brain showed typical rabies symptoms within eight days. the mortality of inoculated mice was 100%. negri bodies were seen in the brains of infected mice by sellers and fraco's methods. rabies antigens was found in the brains of inoculated mice by fluorescent antibodi ... | 1975 | 1236049 |
| [rabies vaccination with regards to its epidemiology (author's transl)]. | the increasing animal rabies infection in the federal republic of germany and the growing risk for man - in 1974 two people died from rabies consequences although inoculated - shows the necessily to protect all bitten patients and those exposed to a risk of rabies by a well-timed prophylactic immunization. unfortunately the hempt-vaccine used in this country up to the beginning of 1974 did not the requirements because of the low rate of circulating neutralizing antibodies and the numerous neurol ... | 1975 | 1237467 |
| efficacy of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine in dogs. | inactivated, nonadjuvanted tissue culture-origin rabies vaccine was tested in 168 dogs for its ability to provide protection against challenge of immunity 1 year after vaccination. several laboratory methods were used concurrently to measure the potency of the vaccine. when used at full strength, the vaccine protected 70% of dogs after either a 1- or 2-dose vaccination schedule. when vaccine was diluted to contain less antigenic mass, the 1-dose schedule was not as effective as 2 doses. high ser ... | 1975 | 1237485 |
| effects of cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 6-azauridine on rabies virus in vitro and in vivo. | the antiviral agents cytosine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside, and 6-azauridine were shown to inhibit the replication of rabies virus in vitro but not the replication of sindbis virus. these same drugs were not effective in reducing the mortality rate in mice challenged with street rabies virus. | 1976 | 1245759 |
| ethylenimine-inactivated rabies vaccine of tissue culture origin. | the replication of seven rabies virus strains (cvs, hep, pv, era, wirab, cpz and bolivar) in bhk cells and the inactivation dynamics of these strains by beta-propiolactone, acetylethylenimine, and ethylenimine were studied to find the most immunogenic strain and the most economic and stable inactivating agent for the production of an inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine for animal use. the seven strains reached the peak of virus production 3 to 5 days after inoculation of the cell culture; ... | 1976 | 1254701 |
| prophylactic immunization of humans against rabies by intradermal inoculation of human diploid cell culture vaccine. | the antirabies human diploid cell vaccine produced by 1'institute merieux, lyon, france, was administered intradermally to 35 high-risk volunteers using 0.2-ml amounts and various immunization schedules. three groups never before vaccinated against rabies developed virus-neutralizing antibodies, the titer of which was dose dependent. a single injection stimulated the formation of antibodies. four inoculations induced the highest antibody levels and the longest persistence of antibody. the admini ... | 1976 | 1254722 |
| rabies immunization of red foxes (vulpes fulva) with vaccine in sausage baits. | foxes were orally vaccinated against rabies with two modified live vaccine viruses, era/bhk-21 and pri strain, in sausage baits. the baits proved acceptable to caged foxes and effectively delivered immunizing doses of vaccine. antibody profiles on the vaccinated foxes and intramuscular challenge with "street" rabies virus showed the era/bhk-21 vaccine to be more effective than the pri vaccine. the addition of a stabilizer helped maintain virus titers when the baits were subjected to high (35 c) ... | 1976 | 1258865 |
| [comparative studies on pathomorphological changes in brains of various laboratory animals inoculated with fixed and attenuated strains of rabies virus]. | | 1976 | 1264357 |
| temperature-sensitive mutants of rabies virus in mice: a mutant (ts2) revertant mixture selectively pathogenic by the peripheral route of inoculation. | analysis of the pathogenic potential in mice of a variety of rabies and rabies serogroup viruses revealed that an apparently revertant population of virus derived from cvs mutant ts 2 had a unique capacity to selectively induce paralytic disease when given by a peripheral [intraplantar (i.pl.)] route of inoculation. little paralytic disease was induced by high concentrations of virus administered by the intracerebral (i.c.) route, whereas paralytic disease and death were characteristically induc ... | 1976 | 1270147 |
| [the influence of rabies immunization of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism in the brains of animals]. | subcutaneous injection to albino rats (100-120 g) of lived fixed rabies virus was accompanied by a brief marked decrease in the content of gamma-aminobutryic acid in the animals' brain. there was also an increase in the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid alpha-ketoglutaric acid transaminase in the brain tissue of animals vaccinated with live fixed rabies virus. | 1976 | 1276413 |
| common and different antigenic properties of the rabies virus glycoprotein of strains sad-vnukovo and pitman-moore. | two fixed rabies virus strains, sad-vnukovo and pitman-moore (pm) were used as combined immunogens for the generation of hybridomas secreting specific monoclonal antibodies (moabs). the obtained hybridomas were primarily screened by an elisa for production of moabs to antigen of sad-vnukovo strain. six positive clones were established. a panel of moabs has been characterized according to reactivity in immunofluorescence, immunoblot, elisa and neutralization tests. all moabs were positive in immu ... | 1992 | 1284868 |
| development of a recombinant vaccinia-rabies vaccine for oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. | to improve both safety and stability of the vaccines used in the field to vaccinate foxes against rabies by the oral route, a recombinant vaccinia virus, expressing the immunizing g protein of rabies virus (vvtgg rab-26d3 187 x p strain) has been developed. the c-dna corresponding to the glycoprotein of the era strain of rabies virus has been inserted into the thymidine kinase (tk) gene of the vaccinia virus (copenhagen strain). the efficacy of this recombinant strain was tested by the oral rout ... | 1992 | 1286744 |
| suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus infection. | an attempt to define a severe suppression of cell-mediated immunity by street rabies virus infection was undertaken by using the mice lethally and peripherally infected with a street rabies virus (1088 strain). the cell-mediated cytotoxic (cmc) activity of the spleen cells from those mice once slightly increased until day 4 after infection but declined rapidly thereafter until their death on days 10 to 12 after infection. in parallel with a decrease of cmc response of the spleen cells from 1088- ... | 1992 | 1287404 |
| [a lyssavirus with an unusual antigenic structure isolated from a bat in southern kyrgyzstan]. | examination of 191 specimens of chiroptera in osh province of kyrgyzstan yielded 1 strain of lyssavirus from myotis blythi, the isolate not belonging to serotype 1. the virus was designated aravan by the area of its isolation. its antigenic structure was studied using antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies of the wistar institute (philadelphia, isa) and central veterinary laboratory of great britain (waybridge, great britain). the paper presents its antigenic profile, brief characteristics of si ... | 1992 | 1290226 |
| detection of rabies virus in different tissues of experimentally infected mice at preclinical and postclinical stages of the disease. | rabies fixed virus (cvs) was passaged 10 times in mice by intramuscular (im) route followed by experimental inoculation of the titrated virus in 4 groups of mice with the dose of 0.1 ml of 1000 mouse (ld50 0.03 ml) using intracerebral (ic), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), intraocular (io), and intranasal (in) routes respectively. no marked variation in clinical signs due to variation of routes could be detected. involvement of brain with io route could be detected even in preclinical stage ... | 1992 | 1293012 |
| koolpinyah: a virus related to kotonkan from cattle in northern australia. | two closely related viruses were isolated from the blood of bovines near darwin, northern territory, australia. when studies of virus morphology indicated that these were rhabdoviruses, serologic studies were done. these isolates are closely related or identical and are related to, but distinct from, the rabies-related kotonkan virus. other serologic studies showed that these are two isolates of a newly recognized virus, for which the name koolpinyah virus is proposed. | 1992 | 1302250 |
| rabies neutralizing antibody in serum of children compared to adults following post-exposure prophylaxis. | rabies neutralizing antibody concentrations in serum (srna) elicited by experimental post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) regimens are used to assess their potential clinical efficacy. although pep with human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) plus human diploid-cell culture vaccine (hdcv) is almost completely protective, the limited availability of these components has stimulated the search for alternative regimens. since 33% to over 60% of pep is administered to children, a need exists for data on the sr ... | 1992 | 1305405 |
| rabies vaccine standardization: international collaborative study for the characterization of the fifth international standard for rabies vaccine. | a collaborative study was carried out to establish a replacement for the international standard for rabies vaccine, the stocks of which are exhausted. three rabies vaccines for human use derived from different rabies virus strains and prepared on different cell culture substrates were compared with the international standard for rabies vaccine using in vivo and in vitro assay methods in a collaborative study involving 14 participants. the proposed fifth international standard (pisrav) which was ... | 1992 | 1305406 |
| intradermal simulated rabies postexposure prophylaxis using purified chick embryo rabies vaccine. | the antibody responses of 65 volunteers receiving an i.d. regimen (0.1 ml given at two different sites on days 0, 3, 7 and 0.1 ml given at one site on days 30 and 90) were compared with a control group of 35 volunteers receiving the standard i.m. regimen. by day 14, seroconversion was observed in all vaccinees in both groups. geometric mean titers remained higher than 0.5 iu/ml throughout the study period. at the end of the observation period on day 365, antibodies persisted in all subjects. the ... | 1992 | 1307387 |
| post exposure human-prophylaxis for rabies in developing countries. | | 1992 | 1308073 |
| [production of monoclonal antibodies against a wild strain of rabies virus]. | production of monoclonal antibodies against a wild strain of rabies virus. cell fusion of sp 2/o, a murine myeloma against a wild strain of rabies virus has originated five monoclonal antibodies (m.a.) specific for virus nucleocapsid , one m.a. specific for virus glycoprotein and one m.a. specific for a viral membrane protein. | 1992 | 1309144 |
| the microepidemiology of wasting syndrome, a common link to diarrheal disease, cancer, rabies, animal models of aids, and hiv-aids yhaids). the feline leukemia virus and rabies virus models. | infant cats were inoculated intracranially with rabies or feline leukemia viruses in an experimental study of wasting syndrome. the daily pre- and postinoculation body weights were recorded until kittens were moribund. affected animals in both groups manifested growth failure or wasting syndrome. immunodepression, manifested by a conspicuous depletion of thymic cortex, the thymus dependent areas of the spleen, and growth hormone producing-alpha adenopituicytes was significantly (p less than 0.01 ... | 1992 | 1320842 |
| identification of heat shock protein 70 in the rabies virion. | we investigated a 73-kda polypeptide (p73), a minor component of the rabies virion (hep-flury and era strains), accounting for as much as 1% of total virion proteins. two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with the antiserum against the heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) demonstrated that p73 was identical to a constitutive type of cellular hsp70. the antiserum also detected p73/hsp70 in the purified virions of other negative-stranded rna viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (n ... | 1992 | 1325709 |
| outbreak of human rabies in the peruvian jungle. | transmission of rabies to man by vampire bats has been known for 60 years but there have been few reports of the features of rabies transmitted in this way. these aspects of the disease were investigated during an outbreak in peru in early 1990. between jan 1 and april 30, 1990, 29 (5%) of 636 residents of the two rural communities in the amazon jungle in peru acquired an illness characterised by hydrophobia, fever, and headache and died shortly thereafter. a census in one of the two towns revea ... | 1992 | 1346669 |
| rabies virus, paralytic and classical. | | 1992 | 1347828 |
| immunisation with canarypox virus expressing rabies glycoprotein. | poxviruses have many useful features as vectors for genes that carry immunising antigens from other viruses, such as ease of production and induction of cellular and humoral immunity, but there is concern about the safety of vaccinia virus. we turned to an avian poxvirus (canarypox); this virus undergoes abortive replication in mammalian cells that enables presentation of early gene products to the immune system. canarypox virus was used as a vector for the rabies glycoprotein g gene. the safety ... | 1992 | 1351126 |
| binding rate of rabies virus to alpha interferon primed mouse neuroblastoma cells. | mouse neuroblastoma cells (mna) were primed with 20 i.u. of alpha interferon (mu ifn-alpha) prior to exposure to the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus (cvs). saturation of cvs receptor sites occurred when 0.71 microgram of 3h-cvs protein bound to 20,000 mna cells. after 180 min incubation time, the amount of viral protein attributed to specific binding was estimated to be 0.45 microgram. mu ifn-alpha treatment of man cells did not increase the number of specific cell receptor sites ... | 1992 | 1360753 |
| progress towards rabies control. | although safe and efficacious tissue-culture-derived rabies vaccines are available in developed countries, much of the world still depends on vaccines derived from neural tissue which were introduced half a century ago. considerable advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular biology of rabies virus, and genetically engineered recombinant viruses (vaccinia-rabies virus glycoprotein) have been developed. these may facilitate the control of rabies in some species by oral vaccinat ... | 1991 | 1366926 |
| mapping of the antigenic determinants recognized by monoclonal antibodies against the m2 protein of rabies virus. | twenty-one hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (moabs) against the m2 protein of the nishigahara (rech) strain of rabies virus were prepared using the sds-polyacrylamide gel-purified m2 protein as the immunogen. all moabs reacted with the protein after western blotting of rabies virus. by combinations of competitive binding assays, examination of the reactivity of moabs to the cells infected with parent rceh and two other strains, cvs and hep-flury, and immunoprecipitation with in vitro t ... | 1992 | 1372139 |
| posttranslational side chain modification of a viral epitope results in diminished recognition by specific t cells. | a stretch of 16 amino acid residues within the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus was shown to carry an immunodominant epitope for class i- and class ii-restricted t cells. the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus is thought to be heterogeneously phosphorylated at multiple serine and threonine residues. the synthetic peptide that expressed the t-cell epitope contained a single serine residue corresponding to position 196 of the protein. phosphorylation of this serine within the synthetic p ... | 1992 | 1376365 |
| evidence for a viral superantigen in humans. | superantigens bind class ii major histocompatibility proteins and stimulate powerful proliferative responses of t lymphocytes bearing particular v beta sequences as part of their alpha beta antigen receptor. exogenous bacterial superantigens are responsible for food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. murine virus-encoded self-superantigens induce clonal deletion of t lymphocytes. although superantigen-like properties have been suggested for human immunodeficiency virus-1, no viral superantigen ... | 1992 | 1386410 |
| binding of hiv-1 gp120 to the nicotinic receptor. | we previously described a significant sequence homology between hiv-1 gp120 and the functional sites responsible for the specific binding of snake curare-mimetic neurotoxins and rabies virus glycoprotein to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. here we report findings about the existence of a mechanism of functional molecular mimicry which could enable the binding of hiv-1 gp120 to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in muscle cells and neurons. | 1992 | 1397297 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of bat rabies virus in europe. | the predominant role of eptesicus serotinus in the epizootic of bat rabies in europe was further outlined by the first isolation of the rabies virus from this species in france. the distribution of the virus was studied in naturally infected e. serotinus bats at the time of death and suggested that the papillae of the tongue and the respiratory mucosa may play a role in virus production and excretion. the analysis of 501 french rabies virus isolates from various animal species by antinucleocapsi ... | 1992 | 1401009 |
| human rabies: epidemiological and laboratory studies in 80 cases. | epidemiological and laboratory studies were conducted on 80 clinically diagnosed human rabies cases. incidence of rabies was more in adult males (55%) and boys (37.5%) than adult females (5%) and girls (2.5%) and more in rural areas (76.2%) than urban areas (23.8%). dogs constituted the main vector of transmission (92.5%). incomplete course of antirabic vaccine had been received by 31% of cases and 2.5% of cases had complete course of antirabic vaccine. among the laboratory tests conducted 3.8% ... | 1992 | 1401970 |
| isolation and characterization of 115 street rabies virus isolates from ethiopia by using monoclonal antibodies: identification of 2 isolates as mokola and lagos bat viruses. | there were 115 isolates of rabies viruses recovered by tissue culture technique from 119 animal brains collected in ethiopia. by using 17 selected antinucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mabs), 113 isolates were classic street rabies viruses (serotype 1). an isolate of feline origin (eth-16) was a mokola virus (serotype 3) and another isolate (eth-58, obtained from a rabid dog) was serotype 2 (lagos bat virus). none of the 16 antiglycoprotein mabs used neutralized the eth-16 isolate, whereas eth ... | 1992 | 1402044 |
| a recombinant human fab expressed in escherichia coli neutralizes rabies virus. | a recombinant human anti-rabies monoclonal antibody (mab-57) fab was prepared by cloning the heavy (fd)- and light-chain domains into the same bacterial expression vector. to construct the recombinant fab, mrna was extracted from mab-57-producing hybridoma cells, reverse transcribed, and then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by using oligonucleotides specific for immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain dna sequences. pcr-amplified fd-chain cdna was fused, in frame, between a bacterial ... | 1992 | 1404611 |
| effects of post-mortem autolysis on the detection of rabies virus genomic rna and mrna in mouse brain by using in situ hybridization. | the effects of post-mortem autolysis were studied on the detection of rabies virus rna in the brains of mice with experimental rabies by using in situ hybridization (ish). the brains of cvs-infected mice were subjected to autolytic periods in situ of up to 72 h. ish was performed with 3h-labelled rna probes for rabies virus glycoprotein gene genomic rna and mrna. during the post-mortem period there was progressive loss of signals for genomic rna and mrna, which was greater for mrna. ish signals ... | 1992 | 1406731 |
| transfer of maternal antibodies results in inhibition of specific immune responses in the offspring. | a potentially detrimental consequence of maternally transferred antibodies was demonstrated in a mouse model for rabies virus, where pups from rabies virus-immune dams showed a decrease in the generation of specific b- and t-cell responses to immunization with rabies virus antigen, resulting in vaccine failures. the degree and duration of the vaccine failures was inversely correlated with the amounts of maternally transferred antibodies, and exceeded the time when maternal antibodies provided re ... | 1992 | 1413989 |
| characterization of rabies virus glycoprotein expressed by recombinant baculovirus. | a cdna of the glycoprotein (g protein) gene of rabies virus nishigahara strain was cloned and inserted into a baculovirus genome under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. infection of spodoptera frugiperda cells with this recombinant virus produced a large quantity of new protein instead of the parental polyhedrin protein. by immunofluorescent and immunoblotting analyses, the recombinant protein was antigenically similar to the authentic g protein. its molecular mass estimated by sodium dode ... | 1992 | 1413990 |
| inhibition of rabies virus transcription in rat cortical neurons with the dissociative anesthetic ketamine. | in a previous study (b. p. lockhart, h. tsiang, p. e. ceccaldi, and s. guillemer, antiviral chem. chemother. 2:9-15, 1991), we demonstrated an antiviral effect of the general anesthetic ketamine for rabies virus in neuronal cultures and in rat brain. this report describes an attempt to determine at what level ketamine acts on the rabies virus cycle in rat cortical neuron cultures. immunofluorescence and [35s]methionine labelling of infected neurons showed that ketamine (1 to 1.5 mm) inhibited vi ... | 1992 | 1416859 |
| conformation-dependent accessibility of the linear epitopes located on the rabies virus glycoprotein. | seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived from mice immunized with the rabies virus glycoprotein of the pitman-moore (pm) strain. these antibodies recognized at least five partially overlapping sites located in one immunodominant region. a panel of mabs was then used to characterize antigenic relationship between pm strain and sad-vnukovo strain of these rabies viruses. in immunoblot, all tested antibodies bound to the glycoprotein of both rabies strains, indicating shared antigenic determ ... | 1992 | 1418319 |
| protection from rabies by a vaccinia virus recombinant containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene. 1984. | | 1992 | 1422063 |
| peptide-induced proliferation and lymphokine production in human t cells in the absence of antigen-presenting cells: role of t-cell activation state and costimulatory signals. | the role of t-lymphocytes as antigen-presenting cells (apcs) for other t cells was investigated. activated rabies-virus-specific human t-cell clones were shown to present peptide to class ii major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-restricted t cells of a different fine specificity, resulting in lymphokine production and cell proliferation. furthermore, purified and activated antigen-specific t cells could produce lymphokines and proliferate as a result of the addition of antigenic peptide in the ... | 1992 | 1429042 |
| eradication of rabies in europe. | | 1992 | 1436089 |
| pathogenicity of sad rabies vaccine given orally in chacma baboons (papio ursinus). | | 1992 | 1441164 |
| inhibition of immune responses against rabies virus by monoclonal antibodies directed against rabies virus antigens. | treatment of mice with a cocktail of murine anti-rabies monoclonal antibodies (mab-c) interfered with the ability of these animals to mount a virus-neutralizing antibody response to rabies vaccine. administered mab-c did not affect the induction of rabies virus-specific t-helper cells. the magnitude of the inhibition of rabies virus-specific b-cell response was dependent on the concentration of the mab-c and the duration of the mab-mediated interference was inversely proportional to the biologic ... | 1992 | 1441731 |
| the distribution of challenge virus standard rabies virus versus skunk street rabies virus in the brains of experimentally infected rabid skunks. | the proposal that the bizarre behavioral changes which occur during rabies infection are due to selective infection of limbic system neurons was further studied in skunks (a species important in naturally occurring disease). a detailed immunohistochemical study of brains of skunks experimentally infected with either challenge virus standard (cvs) or street rabies virus revealed only trace amounts of viral antigen in many limbic system neurons and marked differences in viral distribution between ... | 1992 | 1462765 |
| [epidemiology of rabies as a current problem]. | | 1992 | 1463142 |
| [the experimental infection of bats with lyssavirus serotypes 1 and 4]. | the results of intramuscular inoculation of 111 bats (myotis daubentoni, myotis brandtii) with three strains of lyssaviruses--yuli, stade, and 1150 are presented. bats were found to have low susceptibility, especially to strains of serotype 4. after infection with serotype 4 viruses, fewer bats died but within shorter periods than after infection with serotype 1. after inoculation with strain 1150, 60% of bats yielded virus, whereas only 9-24% did after inoculation with type 4 strains. the survi ... | 1992 | 1471342 |
| practical significance of rabies antibodies in cats and dogs. | doubt has sometimes been cast upon the protective effect of rabies antibodies in serum. animals and humans suffering from fatal rabies often produce high antibody titres, while rabies cases are also observed in vaccinated animals. cellular immunity is also largely involved in protection. nevertheless, a large number of laboratory experiments and field observations clearly demonstrate that cats and dogs which develop antibodies after vaccination and before challenge have a very high probability o ... | 1992 | 1472723 |
| [experimental infection of sheep with a rabies virus of canine origin: study of the pathogenicity for that species]. | the effects of the inoculation of a canine strain of rabies virus in sheep were studied using ten animals which received different amounts of this virus. two subjects, inoculated with 10(5.4) mouse intracerebral lethal doses 50% (micld50), died from rabies after 19 and 40 days of incubation. clinical signs were anorexia, emaciation, nervous reactions and prostration before death. the virus was recovered from different parts of the central nervous system and salivary glands with high titres. only ... | 1992 | 1472729 |
| consideration of inactivated rabies vaccines as oral immunogens of wild carnivores. | an experimental beta-propiolactone (bpl)-inactivated rabies virus vaccine was evaluated for the oral immunization of captive raccoons (procyon lotor) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). none of 10 red foxes administered a single 1.0 ml dose of bpl-inactivated rabies virus vaccine (pm strain; 100 or 500 micrograms protein) per os developed detectable anti-rabies virus-neutralizing antibodies (vna) at any time over 8 wk of observation. foxes were excluded from further study. in two different groups of ... | 1992 | 1474662 |
| evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of viral encephalitis. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration. | viral encephalitis may develop subsequent to viremia, via neuronal spread, or by arthropod vector. diagnosis often requires invasive studies such as lumbar puncture and brain biopsy. this guideline addresses herpes simplex, rabies, and arbovirus infections of the central nervous system. clinical trials should be designed according to the availability of approved therapeutic agents. study designs with an active control (herpesvirus), a placebo control (arbovirus), or no control (rabies virus) are ... | 1992 | 1477230 |
| round table on epidemiology and control of fox rabies. | the current epizootic of rabies in europe has as its main host the fox. oral vaccination of the fox population has proven to be particularly effective. it is clear that the major components for a successful vaccination programme are a potent and stable vaccine, and an effective baiting system; the latter should attract the target animal but no non-target species. recently, vaccines of increased stability have been generated; amongst these is a vaccinia recombinant virus which expresses rabies vi ... | 1992 | 1481362 |
| human rabies: modes of transmission. | in contrast to past experience, transmission of rabies by routes other than bite or licking by rabid animals has been identified in recent years. man to man spread via corneal transplant is a well recognised phenomenon now. airborne infection in caves as well as in laboratories among workers dealing with rabies virus has been well documented. there is also a potential risk of infection to attendants of rabies patients. hence, adequate protective measures should be adopted. | 1992 | 1483992 |
| delineation of putative mechanisms involved in antibody-mediated clearance of rabies virus from the central nervous system. | the in vitro biological activities of several rabies virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were compared with their ability to prevent a lethal rabies virus encephalomyelitis. the protective activity of a particular mab in vivo did not correlate with its virus-neutralizing activity in vitro; rather it was related to the mab's ability to inhibit virus spread from cell to cell and to restrict rabies virus rna transcription. since treatment of rabies virus-infected cells with virus-neutra ... | 1992 | 1496020 |
| rabies antibody titers in vaccinees: protection, failure and prospects. | treatment of symptomatic rabies is a challenging task as no effective drug is yet available. hence, prophylactic immunization is an important step. the development of adequate level of antibody (greater than or equal to 0.5 iu/ml serum) is necessary for protection against the disease. in contrast to the nerve tissue vaccines, tissue culture vaccines particularly human diploid-cell strain type is highly potent and least reactogenic. to minimize the costs of immunization by this expensive vaccine, ... | 1992 | 1506120 |
| demonstration of rabies virus-specific antibody in the sera of free-ranging iowa raccoons (procyon lotor). | between 1984 and 1988, a study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in raccoons (procyon lotor) in two counties in iowa. nine hundred eighty five raccoons were trapped and tagged in guthrie and cerro gordo counties during the spring, summer and fall of each year. sex, age and weight were recorded for each animal and a blood sample was collected. serum samples were tested for the presence of serum neutralizing antibodies (sna) by the rapid fluorescent fo ... | 1992 | 1512869 |
| detection of rabies virus mrna in mouse brain by using in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled rna probes. | a non-isotopic method of in situ hybridization (ish) was developed for the detection of rabies virus rna in paraffin-embedded tissues. digoxigenin-labelled rna probes for rabies virus glycoprotein mrna were used. the method had good sensitivity and low backgrounds, and there was excellent cellular localization of signals. ish wih digoxigenin-labelled probes was compared with ish with 3h-labelled probes. this non-isotopic method of ish is more convenient than the radiolabelled method, and it is q ... | 1992 | 1513342 |
| rabid bat diagnosed in hawaii. | since 1966, the hawaii state government has been conducting fluorescent rabies antibody (fra) testing on animal brains as part of a statewide rabies-surveillance program. on april 3, 1991, the department of health (doh) laboratory diagnosed the first case of rabies detected in the state. a large brown bat, eptesicus fuscus fuscus, captured in a transport container that had just been off-loaded from a ship at honolulu harbor, was caught. it's brain was examined and showed typical fluorescent stai ... | 1992 | 1517074 |
| immune response to the nominal phosphoprotein of rabies virus. | the immune response to the nominal phosphoprotein (ns protein) of rabies virus was investigated with the use of a vaccinia recombinant virus that expressed the ns protein of a fixed rabies virus strain. mice of the h-2k haplotype that were injected with either live rabies virus or the vaccinia recombinant virus developed a strong cytolytic t-cell response specific for the ns protein. this response was under immune response (ir) gene control. the ns protein as presented by the vaccinia recombinan ... | 1992 | 1534957 |
| comparison of rabies virus g proteins produced by cdna-transfected animal cells that display either inducible or constitutive expression of the gene. | by using a retrovirus expression vector, pzip-neosv(x)1, we introduced a cloned cdna of the rabies virus g gene into bhk-21 cells and the na cell clone originated from the murine neuroblastoma c1300 line. using the neomycin resistance gene of the vector, we isolated several g418-resistant transformants of bhk-21 and na cells (referred to as g-bhk and g-na cells, respectively). g-bhk cells constitutively produced g proteins, whereas g-na cells produced the proteins only when treated with sodium b ... | 1992 | 1538191 |
| longevity of rabies antibody titre in recipients of human diploid cell rabies vaccine. | sera from individuals across the usa and peace corps volunteers (pcv) were assayed for neutralizing antibody to human diploid cell rabies vaccine (hdcv). a pairwise comparison between intramuscular (i.m.) and intradermal (i.d.) administration, pcv and non-pcv, revealed statistically significant differences between i.m. and i.d. for pcv and non-pcv, and between pcv and non-pcv for i.d. and i.m. administration. survival analysis and frequency tables employing chi 2 tests determined that the percen ... | 1992 | 1539465 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, a filovirus: homologies with paramyxoviruses and rhabdoviruses. | the nucleotide sequence of the l gene of marburg virus, strain musoke, has been determined. the l gene has a single long open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 2330 amino acids (mw 267,175) that represents the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. the putative transcription start signal (3'cuaccuauaauu 5') and the termination signal (3' uaauucuuuuu 5') of the gene could be identified. computer-assisted comparison of the l protein with l proteins of other nonsegmented negative-stranded rna vi ... | 1992 | 1546452 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein is a trimer. | the oligomerization state of the rabies virus envelope glycoprotein (g protein) was determined using electron microscopy and sedimentation analysis of detergent solubilized g. most of the detergents used in this study solubilized g in a 4 s monomeric form. however, when chaps was used, g had a sedimentation coefficient of 9 s. this high sedimentation coefficient allowed its further separation from m1 and m2. using electron microscopy of negatively stained samples, we studied the morphology of g ... | 1992 | 1546457 |
| experimental inoculation of raccoons (procyon lotor) with rabies virus of skunk origin. | to determine raccoon (procyon lotor) susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response to a skunk salivary gland rabies virus, raccoons were inoculated with a rabies virus isolated from a naturally-infected striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). raccoons were divided into four groups of three animals each. a dilution of the rabies virus suspension, 10(2.4), 10(3.4), or 10(4.8), mouse intracerebral lethal dose50 (micld50), was administered into the masseter muscles of each animal. three negativ ... | 1992 | 1548802 |
| the occurrence of rabies in the svalbard islands of norway. | after the first recorded outbreak of rabies in the svalbard islands (norway) in 1980, brain tissue from 817 trapped arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) was tested for rabies by a direct fluorescent antibody test. during the same period (1980 to 1990), 29 arctic foxes, 23 polar bears (ursus maritimus), 19 reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and five ringed seals (phoca hispida) were also tested using the same technique. these animals had either been found dead, killed because of abnormal behavior or were appa ... | 1992 | 1548803 |
| prerequisites for oral immunization of free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) with a recombinant rabies virus vaccine: study site ecology and bait system development. | a model baiting system suitable for the delivery of an oral rabies vaccine to free-ranging raccoons (procyon lotor) was developed and tested on barrier islands in south carolina (usa). features of barrier island physiography and ecology were studied relative to selective bait deployment and site biosecurity. capture-mark-recapture data were obtained from 228 raccoons. raccoon density estimates, using a modified census assessment technique, were one raccoon per 1.8 to 2.7 ha. mean (+/- se) and ra ... | 1992 | 1548804 |
| oral rabies vaccination of skunks and foxes with a recombinant human adenovirus vaccine. | a new recombinant rabies vaccine (human adenovirus 5 containing the rabies glycoprotein gene) was given to striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes). groups of skunks received the vaccine in baits, by direct instillation into the mouth, or intramuscularly. foxes were given vaccine by direct instillation into the oral cavity (dioc). selected groups of vaccinated skunks and foxes were challenged with street rabies virus. there were high rates of seroconversion (generally wit ... | 1992 | 1550495 |
| an immune stimulating complex (iscom) subunit rabies vaccine protects dogs and mice against street rabies challenge. | dogs and mice were immunized with either a rabies glycoprotein subunit vaccine incorporated into an immune stimulating complex (iscom) or a commercial human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) prepared from a pitman moore (pm) rabies vaccine strain. pre-exposure vaccination of mice with two intraperitoneal (i.p.) doses of 360 ng iscom or 0.5 ml hdcv protected 95% (38/40) and 90% (36/40) of mice, respectively, against a lethal intracerebral (i.c.) dose with challenge virus strain (cvs). one 360 ng i.p. d ... | 1992 | 1557935 |
| sickness and recovery of dogs challenged with a street rabies virus after vaccination with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing rabies virus n protein. | dogs were vaccinated intradermally with vaccinia virus recombinants expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (g protein) or nucleoprotein (n protein) or a combination of both proteins. the dogs vaccinated with either the g or g plus n proteins developed virus-neutralizing antibody titers, whereas those vaccinated with only the n protein did not. all dogs were then challenged with a lethal dose of a street rabies virus, which killed all control dogs. dogs vaccinated with the g or g plus n protein ... | 1992 | 1560518 |
| nyvac: a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus. | a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain, nyvac (vp866), was derived from a plaque-cloned isolate of the copenhagen vaccine strain by the precise deletion of 18 open reading frames (orfs) from the viral genome. among the orfs deleted from nyvac (vp866) are two genes involved in nucleotide metabolism, the thymidine kinase (orf j2r) and the large subunit of the ribonucleotide reductase (orf i4l); the gene encoding the viral hemagglutinin (orf a56r); the remnant (orf a26l) of a highly expressed ge ... | 1992 | 1566575 |
| [comparison of pvrv and hdcv rabies vaccines as to immunity, reliability and protective value]. | world health organization (who) recommends a new inactivated rabies vaccine grown on vero cells, (pvrv: purified vero rabies vaccine) with the vaccine cultivated on human diploid cells (hdcv: human diploid cell vaccine), for both pre and post-exposure prophylaxis. following the widespread use of hdcv and pvrv, many comparative clinical trials have been conducted, studying the safety and predictive values of these two vaccines. in the present study, using the schedule recommended by the who for p ... | 1992 | 1574019 |
| oral rabies vaccination of arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) with an attenuated vaccine. | arctic foxes were immunized with the sag1 oral rabies vaccine. the effectiveness was determined by the serological response and by the survival to a challenge dose of rabies virus from an alaskan fox. vaccine virus was isolated from saliva 1 h after the liquid vaccine was placed directly into the mouth but not subsequently (tested up to 1 week postvaccination). two weeks after vaccination, protective antibody levels were present in all foxes and all vaccinated foxes survived challenge at 9 weeks ... | 1992 | 1574916 |
| control of rabies in wildlife. | | 1992 | 1585150 |
| studies on the stability of a human adenovirus-rabies recombinant vaccine. | human adenovirus type 5 containing the rabies virus glycoprotein gene (rhad-rg1) has potential for the oral vaccination of animals. the stability of this recombinant was tested indoors and outdoors by measuring the loss in virus infectivity. under indoor conditions the stability of the recombinant virus was studied in an egg yolk-containing commercial stabilizer and a simple buffered salt solution (ebss; earle's balanced salt solution) at 4 degrees c and room temperature (24-25 degrees c). over ... | 1992 | 1586891 |
| n-linked glycosylation of rabies virus glycoprotein. individual sequons differ in their glycosylation efficiencies and influence on cell surface expression. | many eukaryotic proteins are modified by n-linked glycosylation, a process in which oligosaccharides are added to asparagine residues in the sequon asn-x-ser/thr. however, not all such sequons are glycosylated. for example, rabies virus glycoprotein (rgp) contains three sequons, only two of which appear to be glycosylated in virions. to examine further the signals in proteins which regulate n-linked core glycosylation, the glycosylation efficiencies of each of the three sequons in the antigenic ... | 1992 | 1587845 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus in france: comparison with vaccine strains. | a molecular epidemiological study of the rabies virus currently prevalent in france was carried out by directly sequencing polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes. the rabies virus pseudogene psi was chosen as the most divergent genomic area, and as such the best 'clock' for measuring virus evolution. sequence comparisons between 12 wild rabies virus isolates indicated strong conservation whatever the host and wherever the virus had been isolated. this holds true for a unique wild reservoir, t ... | 1992 | 1588319 |
| studies on efficacy and stability of a vaccine bait containing era strain of rabies virus propagated in a bhk-21 cell line. | in a dose response study in foxes, the median protective dose of era bhk21 vaccine in a blister pack bait was 10(6.0) tissue culture infective doses (tcid)/ml, while artificially aged baits with titers of 10(6.3) tcid/ml induced seroconversion in 78% of foxes. there was no significant difference in the development of antibodies in foxes receiving 1, 2 or 3 ml volumes of vaccine in the bait. when baits were exposed to the elements and fed to foxes over a 21 day period, 85% of the animals seroconv ... | 1992 | 1591656 |
| primate responses to a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine. | over the past decade, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant vaccine virus has been developed for the potential control of wildlife rabies through oral immunization via baits. prior to widespread field applications in varying ecological settings, extensive laboratory safety testing is necessary in a number of target and non-target species to quantify real or perceived risks and to monitor potential adverse health effects. moreover, in order to mitigate concerns over inadvertent human ... | 1992 | 1598786 |
| an epidemic of sylvatic rabies in finland--descriptive epidemiology and results of oral vaccination. | when rabies reappeared in finland in april 1988, the country had been rabies free since 1959. soon a picture of sylvatic rabies become evident, its main vector and victim being the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides). between 8 april 1988 and 16 february 1989, 66 virologically verified cases were recorded (48 raccoon dogs, 12 red foxes, 2 badgers, 2 cats, 1 dog and 1 dairy bull) in an area estimated at 1700 km2 in south-eastern finland. the greatest distance between recorded cases was 67 km. ... | 1992 | 1598857 |