| translation from the 5' untranslated region (utr) of mrna 1 is repressed, but that from the 5' utr of mrna 7 is stimulated in coronavirus-infected cells. | viral gene products are generally required in widely differing amounts for successful virus growth and assembly. for coronaviruses, regulation of transcription is a major contributor to these differences, but regulation of translation may also be important. here, we examine the possibility that the 5' untranslated regions (utrs), unique for each of the nine species of mrna in the bovine coronavirus and ranging in length from 70 nucleotides (nt) to 210 nt (inclusive of the common 5'-terminal 65-n ... | 1999 | 10482548 |
| a phylogenetically conserved hairpin-type 3' untranslated region pseudoknot functions in coronavirus rna replication. | secondary and tertiary structures in the 3' untranslated region (utr) of plus-strand rna viruses have been postulated to function as control elements in rna replication, transcription, and translation. here we describe a 54-nucleotide (nt) hairpin-type pseudoknot within the 288-nt 3' utr of the bovine coronavirus genome and show by mutational analysis of both stems that the pseudoknotted structure is required for the replication of a defective interfering rna genome. the pseudoknot is phylogenet ... | 1999 | 10482585 |
| role of cryptosporidium parvum as a pathogen in neonatal diarrhoea complex in suckling and dairy calves in france. | this study was carried out to find the importance of cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhoea of neonatal calves in two types of breeding - suckling and dairy calves - in france. different agents causing neonatal diarrhoea, e. coli, rotavirus, coronavirus, salmonella and cryptosporidium were systematically researched in faeces. 1. suckling calves: in 40 livestock farms selected for diarrhoea, 311 calves 4 to 10 days old which had diarrhoea for less than 24h or no diarrhoea, were included in the study ... | 1999 | 10488727 |
| development of a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction procedure for the detection of marine caliciviruses with potential application for nucleotide sequencing. | a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedure is described for the detection of marine caliciviruses including vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv), san miguel sea lion virus (smsv), bovine tillamook virus (bcv bos-1) and caliciviruses (cv) isolated from dolphin (cetacean cv), gorilla (primate cv) and rattlesnake (reptile cv) using primers (1f and 1r) designed from the capsid-coding region of the viral genome. these primers were compared with those described by neill, ... | 1999 | 10507417 |
| replication-defective bovine adenovirus type 3 as an expression vector. | although recombinant human adenovirus (hav)-based vectors offer several advantages for somatic gene therapy and vaccination over other viral vectors, it would be desirable to develop alternative vectors with prolonged expression and decreased toxicity. toward this objective, a replication-defective bovine adenovirus type 3 (bav-3) was developed as an expression vector. bovine cell lines designated vido r2 (hav-5 e1a/b-transformed fetal bovine retina cell [fbrc] line) and 6.93.9 (madin-darby bovi ... | 1999 | 10516020 |
| sequence analysis of the turkey coronavirus nucleocapsid protein gene and 3' untranslated region identifies the virus as a close relative of infectious bronchitis virus. | the 3' end of the turkey coronavirus (tcv) genome (1740 bases) including the nucleocapsid (n) gene and 3' untranslated region (utr) were sequenced and compared with published sequences of other avian and mammalian coronaviruses. the deduced sequence of the tcv n protein was determined to be 409 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 45 kda. the tcv n protein was identical in size and had greater than 90% amino acid identity with published n protein sequences of infectious bronchitis ... | 1999 | 10581391 |
| identification of a bovine coronavirus packaging signal. | a region of the bovine coronavirus (bcv) genome that functions as a packaging signal has been cloned. the 291-nucleotide clone shares 72% homology with the region of mouse hepatitis coronavirus (mhv) gene 1b that contains the packaging signal. rna transcripts were packaged into both bcv and mhv virions when the cloned region was appended to a noncoronavirus rna. this is the first identification of a bcv packaging signal. the data demonstrate that the bcv genome contains a sequence that is conser ... | 2000 | 10590153 |
| antigenic variation among bovine enteric coronaviruses (becv) and bovine respiratory coronaviruses (brcv) detected using monoclonal antibodies. | bovine coronavirus (bcv) causes neonatal calf diarrhea (cd) and is associated with winter dysentery (wd) in adult dairy cattle. it can also be isolated from the respiratory tracts of cattle entering feedlots. monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the hemagglutinin esterase (he) and spike (s) surface proteins of 2 bovine enteric coronavirus (becv) strains and two bovine respiratory coronavirus (brcv) strains were tested against 6 becv strains and 6 recently isolated brcv strains, in order to ... | 1999 | 10664396 |
| leader switching occurs during the rescue of defective rnas by heterologous strains of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus. | a defective rna (d-rna), cd-61, derived from the beaudette strain of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), was rescued (replicated and packaged) using four heterologous strains of ibv as helper virus. sequence analysis of the genomic rna from the four heterologous ibv strains (m41, h120, hv10 and d207) identified nucleotide differences of up to 17% within the leader sequence and up to 4.3% within the whole of the adjacent 5' untranslated region (utr). analysis of the 5' ends o ... | 2000 | 10675417 |
| pathological and microbiological studies on pneumonic lungs from danish calves. | during 1 year, the association between microbiological and pathological findings in 72 lungs from calves submitted to the danish veterinary laboratory for diagnostic purposes was studied. all cases were evaluated pathologically and bacteriologically, whereas only 68 cases were examined for the presence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenza-3 virus (pi-3 virus) and bovine coronavirus, 62 cases for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvd), 45 cases for bovine adenovirus and 51 case ... | 1999 | 10676147 |
| development, characterization, and diagnostic applications of monoclonal antibodies against bovine rotavirus. | hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the nebraska calf diarrhea strain of bovine rotavirus (brv) were characterized. indirect fluorescent-antibody assay, immunodot assay, and immunoprecipitation were used to select hybridomas that produced anti-brv mabs. seven of the mabs were shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot assay to be reactive with the brv outer capsid protein, vp7, which has a molecular mass of 37.5 kda. none of the seve ... | 2000 | 10702506 |
| capture elisa systems for the detection of bovine coronavirus-specific iga and igm antibodies in milk and serum. | isotype-capture elisas for bcv-specific iga and igm were developed and tested on milk and serum samples from swedish cattle. the capture elisas showed higher sensitivity than indirect elisas for detection of bcv-specific iga and igm. in the capture elisas the agreement between detection in milk and serum samples was 94% for iga and 86% for igm. the correlation between log(10) titres in milk and serum was r=0.82 (p<0.001) for iga and 0.84 (p<0.001) for igm. milk seemed a better target than serum ... | 2000 | 10727830 |
| characterization of the stunting syndrome agent: relatedness to known viruses. | an enteric disease of young turkeys, referred to as stunting syndrome (ss), causes reduced growth and impaired feed efficiency. a recently isolated virus, stunting syndrome agent, (ssa) has been found to be the etiologic agent of ss. the objective of the present study was to determine relatedness of the ssa with other viral agents. serologic (viral neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [elisa]) assays and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) were used. the an ... | 2000 | 10737643 |
| isolation of bovine respiratory coronaviruses from feedlot cattle and comparison of their biological and antigenic properties with bovine enteric coronaviruses. | to isolate bovine coronaviruses from the respiratory tracts of feedlot cattle and compare antigenic and biological properties of these strains with bovine enteric coronaviruses. | 1999 | 10791935 |
| properties of cyanovirin-n (cv-n): inactivation of hiv-1 by sessile cyanovirin-n (scv-n). | cyanovirin-n (cv-n) is a novel anti-hiv protein isolated and characterized from a cyanobacterium nostoc ellipsosporum. cv-n protein is a single 101 amino acid chain containing two intrachain disulphide bonds and considerable internal sequence duplication, but no significant homology to previously described proteins or to the transcription products of known nucleotide sequences. in solution, cv-n exists largely as a beta-sheet protein with internal two-fold pseudosymmetry. cv-n irreversibly inact ... | 2000 | 10794101 |
| host protein interactions with the 3' end of bovine coronavirus rna and the requirement of the poly(a) tail for coronavirus defective genome replication. | rna viruses have 5' and 3' untranslated regions (utrs) that contain specific signals for rna synthesis. the coronavirus genome is capped at the 5' end and has a 3' utr that consists of 300 to 500 nucleotides (nt) plus a poly(a) tail. to further our understanding of coronavirus replication, we have begun to examine the involvement of host factors in this process for two group ii viruses, bovine coronavirus (bcv) and mouse hepatitis coronavirus (mhv). specific host protein interactions with the bc ... | 2000 | 10799579 |
| protection studies on winter dysentery caused by bovine coronavirus in cattle using antigens prepared from infected cell lysates. | cells infected with bovine coronavirus (bcv) were solubilized with triton x-100 to yield a cell lysate (cl) antigen having high hemagglutinating (ha) titers. the antigen gave high ha titers using rat erythrocytes, suggesting that it contained large amounts of hemagglutinin esterase (he) antigen. the cl antigen, combined with an oil adjuvant, was tested for protective and antibody-inducing activities in cattle. four groups (2 cattle/group) of cattle were inoculated with cl antigen having ha titer ... | 2000 | 10805255 |
| isolation of respiratory bovine coronavirus, other cytocidal viruses, and pasteurella spp from cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. | to identify cytocidal viruses and pasteurella spp that could be isolated from cattle involved in 2 natural outbreaks of shipping fever. | 2000 | 10825949 |
| characterization of an essential rna secondary structure in the 3' untranslated region of the murine coronavirus genome. | we have previously identified a functionally essential bulged stem-loop in the 3' untranslated region of the positive-stranded rna genome of mouse hepatitis virus. this 68-nucleotide structure is composed of six stem segments interrupted by five bulges, and its structure, but not its primary sequence, is entirely conserved in the related bovine coronavirus. the functional importance of individual stem segments of this stem-loop was characterized by genetic analysis using targeted rna recombinati ... | 2000 | 10888630 |
| lactogenic immunity following vaccination of cattle with bovine coronavirus. | in order to investigate the ability of an oil adjuvanted vaccine containing bovine coronavirus antigen to enhance lactogenic immunity in the calf, pregnant cows and heifers were vaccinated and specific virus neutralising antibody levels determined in serum, colostrum and milk. pre-existing antibody titres (as a result of natural infection) in the serum of these animals were found to be significantly increased as a result of a single shot vaccination carried out between 2 and 12 weeks before calv ... | 2000 | 10930672 |
| coronavirus and pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and evans' criteria for causation. | respiratory tract infections with viruses and pasteurella spp. were determined sequentially among 26 cattle that died during two severe epizootics of shipping fever pneumonia. nasal swab and serum samples were collected prior to onset of the epizootics, during disease progression, and after death, when necropsies were performed and lung samples were collected. eighteen normal control cattle also were sampled at the beginning of the epizootics as well as at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. respirato ... | 2000 | 10970373 |
| antibody titers against bovine coronavirus and shedding of the virus via the respiratory tract in feedlot cattle. | to describe patterns of seroconversion to bovine coronavirus (bcv) and shedding of bcv from the respiratory tract in feedlot cattle. | 2000 | 10976736 |
| association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots. | to determine the association between respiratory tract infection with bovine coronavirus (bcv), treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions at slaughter, and average daily gain in cattle in feedlots. | 2000 | 10976737 |
| detection and isolation of coronavirus from feces of three herds of feedlot cattle during outbreaks of winter dysentery-like disease. | clinical signs of a winter dysentery-like syndrome in 6- to 9-month-old cattle in 3 feedlots included acute onset of diarrhea with high morbidity and low mortality, respiratory tract problems that included dyspnea, coughing, and nasal discharge, and high rectal temperatures. bovine coronavirus was detected by use of an elisa and immune electron microscopy in fecal and nasal swab samples and by immunohistochemical analysis of intestinal sections collected from calves during necropsy. bovine coron ... | 2000 | 11043691 |
| optimization of bovine coronavirus hemagglutinin-estrase glycoprotein expression in e3 deleted bovine adenovirus-3. | adenoviral vectors expressing foreign genes have many desirable properties in applications such as vaccination. recently, we have generated replication-competent (e3 deleted) bovine adenovirus-3 (bav-3) recombinants expressing significant amounts of glycoprotein d (gd) of bovine herpesvirus-1 (a dna virus). however, attempts to express the rna virus genes using the same strategy were not successful. in an effort to optimize the expression, we have constructed several bav-3 recombinants carrying ... | 2000 | 11074126 |
| identification of nucleocapsid binding sites within coronavirus-defective genomes. | the coronavirus nucleocapsid (n) protein is a major structural component of virions that associates with the genomic rna to form a helical nucleocapsid. n appears to be a multifunctional protein since data also suggest that the protein may be involved in viral rna replication and translation. all of these functions presumably involve interactions between n and viral rnas. as a step toward understanding how n interacts with viral rnas, we mapped high-efficiency n-binding sites within bcv- and mhv ... | 2000 | 11080472 |
| characterization of a coronavirus isolated from a diarrheic foal. | a coronavirus was isolated from feces of a diarrheic foal and serially propagated in human rectal adenocarcinoma (hrt-18) cells. antigenic and genomic characterizations of the virus (isolate nc99) were based on serological comparison with other avian and mammalian coronaviruses and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene. indirect fluorescent-antibody assay procedures and virus neutralization assays demonstrated a close antigenic relationship with bovine coronavirus (bcv) and porc ... | 2000 | 11101590 |
| temperature-sensitive acetylesterase activity of haemagglutinin-esterase specified by respiratory bovine coronaviruses. | numerous respiratory bovine coronaviruses (rbcv) were isolated recently from nasal swab samples and lung tissues of feedlot cattle with acute respiratory tract disease. these newly emerging rbcv isolates exhibited distinct phenotypic features that differentiated them from enteropathogenic bovine coronaviruses (ebcv). the rbcv strains had a receptor-destroying enzyme function mediated by acetylesterase (ae) activity of the haemagglutinin-esterase (he) glycoprotein. the he genes of wild-type ebcv ... | 2000 | 11129725 |
| antibody responses to respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle during shipping fever pathogenesis. | antibody responses against respiratory bovine coronavirus (rbcv) infections were monitored in cattle from the onset of a naturally occurring severe shipping fever (sf) epizootic to complete recovery of affected cattle or fatal outcomes. the infection with rbcv was detected in nasal secretions of 86 cattle, and 81 of them developed acute respiratory tract disease, including fatal pneumonia. cattle nasally shedding rbcv at the beginning of the epizootic experienced characteristic primary immune re ... | 2000 | 11205121 |
| a single amino acid change within antigenic domain ii of the spike protein of bovine coronavirus confers resistance to virus neutralization. | the spike glycoprotein is a major neutralizing antigen of bovine coronavirus (bcv). conformational neutralizing epitopes of group a and group b monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have previously been mapped to two domains at amino acids 351 to 403 (domain i) and amino acids 517 to 621 (domain ii). to further map antigenic sites, neutralization escape mutants of bcv were selected with a group a mab which has both in vitro and in vivo virus-neutralizing ability. the escape mutants were demonstrated to b ... | 2001 | 11238212 |
| infectivity-neutralizing and hemagglutinin-inhibiting antibody responses to respiratory coronavirus infections of cattle in pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia. | respiratory bovine coronaviruses (rbcv) emerged as an infectious agent most frequently isolated from respiratory tract samples of cattle with acute respiratory tract diseases. infectivity-neutralizing (in) and hemagglutinin-inhibiting (hai) antibodies induced by rbcv infections were monitored in sequential serum samples collected from cattle during a naturally evolving and experimentally monitored epizootic of shipping fever pneumonia (sfp). cattle nasally shedding rbcv at the beginning of the e ... | 2001 | 11238222 |
| experimental bovine coronavirus in turkey poults and young chickens. | the db2 calf strain of bovine coronavirus (bcv) was used to inoculate 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (spf) turkey poults in three trials. in all trials, the birds developed clinical signs of enteritis at 48-72 hr postinoculation. birds euthanatized at 3, 5, and 7 days postinoculation (dpi) had flaccid, pale intestines with watery contents, and the ceca were markedly enlarged with frothy contents. coronavirus particles were detected by immune electron microscopy with bcv antibodies from the int ... | 2001 | 11332477 |
| bovine coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in canadian dairy cattle display different reactivities to anti-he monoclonal antibodies and distinct amino acid changes in their he, s and ns4.9 protein. | bovine coronavirus isolates associated with recent outbreaks of respiratory disease in ontario and quebec dairy farms were compared to reference strains known to be responsible for neonatal calf diarrhea (ncd) or winter dysentery (wd) of adult cattle. in respect to their hemagglutinating properties and their higher rde activities with rat erythrocytes, wdbcov strains differed from ncdbcov strains and respiratory bovine coronaviruses rbcov strains. serologically, three mabs directed to the he gly ... | 2001 | 11376845 |
| experimental reproduction of winter dysentery in lactating cows using bcv -- comparison with bcv infection in milk-fed calves. | infection models were developed for adult cows and for young calves using the same strain of bovine coronavirus (bcv), which for the first time allows experimental reproduction of winter dysentery (wd) in seronegative lactating cows. the cattle were infected through direct contact with an experimentally inoculated calf. all experimental cattle shed faecal bcv with development of diarrhoea, being profusely watery with small amounts of blood in the most severely affected animals, including both co ... | 2001 | 11376958 |
| nucleocapsid protein gene sequence analysis reveals close genomic relationship between turkey coronavirus and avian infectious bronchitis virus. | antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) cross-react with turkey coronavirus (tcv) in immunofluorescence assay (ifa) indicating that ibv and tcv may share an amino acid sequence similarity. to determine its extent, the gene encoding the nucleocapsid (n) protein of tcv was amplified by reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) from rna purified from intestines of embryos of turkeys infected with various tcv isolates and from allantoic fluid of chicken embryos infected with ibv m41 strain, the obt ... | 2001 | 11394575 |
| the autocatalytic release of a putative rna virus transcription factor from its polyprotein precursor involves two paralogous papain-like proteases that cleave the same peptide bond. | the largest replicative protein of coronaviruses is known as p195 in the avian infectious bronchitis virus (ibv) and p210 (p240) in the mouse hepatitis virus. it is autocatalytically released from the precursors pp1a and pp1ab by one zinc finger-containing papain-like protease (plpro) in ibv and by two paralogous plpros, pl1pro and pl2pro, in mouse hepatitis virus. the plpro-containing proteins have been recently implicated in the control of coronavirus subgenomic mrna synthesis (transcription). ... | 2001 | 11431476 |
| enteric infections with coronaviruses and toroviruses. | many enteric viruses are difficult or impossible to propagate in tissue culture. coronaviruses and toroviruses are large, enveloped, plus-strand rna viruses in the order nidovirales that cause enteric disease in young pigs, cows, dogs, mice, cats and horses. two different serogroups of mammalian coronaviruses cause frequent respiratory infections in humans, and coronaviruses and toroviruses have been implicated in human diarrhoeal disease by immunoelectron microscopy. however, there is as yet no ... | 2001 | 11444030 |
| downstream sequences influence the choice between a naturally occurring noncanonical and closely positioned upstream canonical heptameric fusion motif during bovine coronavirus subgenomic mrna synthesis. | mechanisms leading to subgenomic mrna (sgmrna) synthesis in coronaviruses are poorly understood but are known to involve a heptameric signaling motif, originally called the intergenic sequence. the intergenic sequence is the presumed crossover region (fusion site) for rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) during discontinuous transcription, a process leading to sgmrnas that are both 5' and 3' coterminal. in the bovine coronavirus, the major fusion site for synthesis of mrna 5 (gguagac) does not co ... | 2001 | 11462008 |
| the relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus in 3 ontario feedlots. | serological evidence of previous viral exposure (titer at arrival) and current viral exposure (titer increase) during a 28-day study period, was used to determine if bovine coronavirus (bcv) or bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was associated with the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (ubrd) in feedlot calves. neutralizing antibody titers to bcv and bvdv were determined for 852 animals from 3 ontario feedlots. calves at 2 of the 3 feedlots (n = 753) received a modified l ... | 2001 | 11480517 |
| the relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to haemophilus somnus and mannheimia haemolytica at 3 ontario feedlots. | the association between exposure to haemophilus somnus and mannheimia haemolytica (formerly pasteurella haemolytica) and the risk of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (ubrd) was investigated using serological evidence of exposure coupled with a factorial design vaccine field trial. measures of previous exposure (titer at arrival) and current exposure (titer increase in the study period) to these agents were used. the vaccine field trial involved systematic allocation of animals into gr ... | 2001 | 11480518 |
| genomic and antigenic variations of the he glycoprotein of bovine coronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea and winter dysentery. | in this study, we attempted to define differences in the hemagglutinin-esterase (he) glycoprotein between 11 bovine coronaviruses (bcv) recent (post-1991) and past (pre-1991) isolates from neonatal calf diarrhoea (ncd) and winter dysentery (wd) syndromes as a basis for strain differentiation related to the clinical source of the isolates. the five wd-associated bcv isolates studied could be distinguished from past ncd-isolates by their hemagglutinating (ha) properties at 4 degrees and 37 degrees ... | 2001 | 11504427 |
| evaluation of concurrent shedding of bovine coronavirus via the respiratory tract and enteric route in feedlot cattle. | to assess the relationship between shedding of bovine coronavirus (bcv) via the respiratory tract and enteric routes and the association with weight gain in feedlot cattle. | 2001 | 11560274 |
| comparison of genomic and predicted amino acid sequences of respiratory and enteric bovine coronaviruses isolated from the same animal with fatal shipping pneumonia. | the complete genome sequences are reported here of two field isolates of bovine coronavirus (bcov), which were isolated from respiratory and intestinal samples of the same animal experiencing fatal pneumonia during a bovine shipping fever epizootic. both genomes contained 31028 nucleotides and included 13 open reading frames (orfs) flanked by 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions (utrs). orf1a and orf1b encode replicative polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab, respectively, that contain all of the putative func ... | 2001 | 11714968 |
| viroligo: a database of virus-specific oligonucleotides. | viroligo is a database of virus-specific oligonucleotides. the viroligo database consists of two tables, common data and oligo data. the oligo data table contains pcr primers and hybridization probes used for detection of viral nucleic acids and the common data table contains the experimental conditions used in their detection. each oligonucleotide entry contains links to pubmed, genbank, ncbi taxonomy databases and blast. as of july 2001, the viroligo database contains a complete listing of oli ... | 2002 | 11752293 |
| requirement of the poly(a) tail in coronavirus genome replication. | | 2001 | 11774509 |
| elucidation of the genomic nucleotide sequence of bovine coronavirus and analysis of cryptic leader mrna fusion sites. | | 2001 | 11774512 |
| identification of specific variations within the he, s1, and orf4 genes of bovine coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in dairy cattle. | | 2001 | 11774537 |
| full-length genomic sequence of bovine coronavirus (31 kb). completion of the open reading frame 1a/1b sequences. | | 2001 | 11774548 |
| antigenic and genomic relatedness of turkey-origin coronaviruses, bovine coronaviruses, and infectious bronchitis virus of chickens. | in earlier studies in our laboratory, we found that bovine coronavirus (bcv) was pathogenic for 1-day-old turkey poults. this finding prompted us to study the antigenic and genomic relatedness of turkey origin coronaviruses (tocvs) to bcv. a one-step reverse transcription (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) targeting a 730-base pair fragment of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of bcv and a nested pcr targeting a 407-base pair fragment of the n gene were used in an attempt to detect tocv from north car ... | 2001 | 11785902 |
| the sialate-4-o-acetylesterases of coronaviruses related to mouse hepatitis virus: a proposal to reorganize group 2 coronaviridae. | group 2 coronaviruses are characterized within the order nidovirales by a unique genome organization. a characteristic feature of group 2 coronaviruses is the presence of a gene encoding the haemagglutinin-esterase (he) protein, which is absent in coronaviruses of groups 1 and 3. at least three coronavirus strains within group 2 expressed a structural protein with sialate-4-o-acetylesterase activity, distinguishing them from other members of group 2, which encode an enzyme specific for 5-n-acety ... | 2002 | 11807232 |
| cross-protection studies between respiratory and calf diarrhea and winter dysentery coronavirus strains in calves and rt-pcr and nested pcr for their detection. | a 1-step rt-pcr assay, targeting a 730 bp fragment of the nucleocapsid (n) gene of bovine coronavirus (bcv), and a nested pcr assay, targeting a 407 bp fragment of the n gene, were developed to detect bcv in nasal swab and fecal samples of calves experimentally exposed to bcv. both 1-step rt-pcr and nested pcr recognized cell culture passaged isolates of 10 bovine respiratory coronavirus (brcv), 5 calf diarrhea (cd) and 8 winter dysentery (wd) strains of bcv, but not transmissible gastroenteriti ... | 2001 | 11811688 |
| the spike but not the hemagglutinin/esterase protein of bovine coronavirus is necessary and sufficient for viral infection. | the spike (s) and hemagglutinin/esterase (he) of bovine coronavirus (bcv) are the two envelope proteins that recognize the same receptor-determinant of 9-o-acetylneuraminic acid on host cells. however, the precise and relative roles of the two proteins in bcv infectivity remain elusive. to unequivocally determine their roles in viral cytopathogenicity, we developed a system in which phenotypically chimeric viruses were generated by infecting a closely related mouse hepatitis virus (mhv) in cells ... | 2002 | 11886280 |
| molecular analysis of the s1 subunit of the spike glycoprotein of respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus isolates. | it is unclear whether respiratory and enteric bovine coronavirus (bocv) strains are distinctive in biological, antigenic and genetic characteristics. in the present study, we analyzed the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the s1 subunit of the s glycoprotein, including the cleavage site, of both respiratory (n=5) and enteric (n=3) bocv isolates including two paired isolates from the same feedlot animals and compared them with the prototype mebus and two enteric and one respiratory bocv strai ... | 2002 | 11900843 |
| the associations of viral and mycoplasmal antibody titers with respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. | blood samples from 32 groups of calves (n = 700) were taken on arrival and after 28-35 days at the feedlot. eleven groups were housed in feedlots in ontario, and 21 groups in feedlots in alberta. serum antibody titers to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv), mycoplasma dispar and m. bovis, plus data on bovine corona virus (bcv) from a previous study were investigated for t ... | 1999 | 12001336 |
| antigenic relationship of turkey coronavirus isolates from different geographic locations in the united states. | the purpose of the present study was to examine the antigenicity of turkey coronavirus (tcv) isolates from various geographic areas with antibodies to different viruses. seventeen isolates of tcv were recovered from intestinal samples submitted to animal disease diagnostic laboratory, purdue university, from turkey farms located in different geographic areas. the prototype tcv minnesota isolate (tcv-atcc) was obtained from the american type culture collection. intestinal sections were prepared f ... | 2002 | 12061660 |
| failure to spread bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection from primarily infected calves despite concurrent infection with bovine coronavirus. | previous reports on the spread of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) from animals primarily infected with the agent are contradictory. in this study, the possibility of transmission of bvdv from calves simultaneously subjected to acute bvdv and bovine coronavirus (bcv) infection was investigated. ten calves were inoculated intranasally with bvdv type 1. each of the 10 calves was then randomly allocated to one of two groups. in each group there were four additional calves, resulting in five infe ... | 2002 | 12090767 |
| detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle in an ohio feedlot. | recently, bovine coronavirus (bcv) has been isolated from new cattle arrivals to feedlots, but the association between respiratory and enteric infections with bcv in feedlot cattle remains uncertain. fecal and nasal swab samples from 85 ohio agricultural research and development center (oardc) feedlot cattle averaging 7 months of age were collected at arrival (0) and at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postarrival (dpa). an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect concur ... | 2002 | 12152810 |
| antibody responses of cattle with respiratory coronavirus infections during pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia are lower with antigens of enteric strains than with those of a respiratory strain. | the serum antibody responses of cattle with respiratory coronavirus infections during the pathogenesis of shipping fever pneumonia were analyzed with different bovine coronavirus antigens, including those from a wild-type respiratory bovine coronavirus (rbcv) strain (97txsf-lu 15-2) directly isolated from lung tissue from a fatally infected bovine, a wild-type enteropathogenic bovine coronavirus (ebcv) strain (ly 138-3), and the highly cell culture-adapted, enteric prototype strain (ebcv l9-81). ... | 2002 | 12204951 |
| field study of bovine coronavirus vaccine enriched with hemagglutinating antigen for winter dysentery in dairy cows. | a field study of a vaccine; prepared by solubilizing cells infected with bovine coronavirus, triton x-100, and mixing with an oil adjuvant, was performed at 9 farms over 4 prefectures. the cattle tested were holstein dairy cows aged 2 to 10 years. a vaccination group consisted of 157 animals (including 132 pregnant cows) and a non-vaccinated control group consisted of 50 animals. the cows received 2 intramuscular injections of vaccine (2 ml) at 3-week intervals. vaccinated cows did not develop a ... | 2002 | 12418784 |
| targeted rna recombination of the membrane and nucleocapsid protein genes between mouse hepatitis virus and bovine coronavirus. | the targeted rna recombination was attempted to substitute the membrane (m) protein gene and part of the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene of mouse hepatitis virus with the corresponding sequences from bovine coronavirus. using a defective interfering (di) rna-like cdna construct derived from pmh54, 690 nucleotides representing the entire m gene and the 5' most 915 nucleotides of the n gene of the mouse hepatitis virus albany 4 mutant were attempted to be replaced. upon infection of cells with alban ... | 2001 | 12441693 |
| chicken egg yolk antibodies as therapeutics in enteric infectious disease: a review. | passive immunization by oral administration of specific antibodies has been an attractive approach against gastrointestinal (gi) pathogens in both humans and animals. recently, laying chickens have attracted considerable attention as an alternative source of antibodies for the prevention and treatment of infectious gi diseases. after immunization, the specific antibodies (called igy) are transported to the egg yolk, from which the igy then can be separated without sacrificing chickens. a chicken ... | 2002 | 12495588 |
| association of enteric shedding of bovine torovirus (breda virus) and other enteropathogens with diarrhea in veal calves. | to determine the prevalence, fecal shedding pattern, and association of bovine torovirus (botv) with diarrhea in veal calves at time of arrival and periodically throughout the first 35 days after their arrival on a veal farm. | 2003 | 12693541 |
| [clinical detection of polymerase gene of sars-associated coronavirus]. | to analyze the heterogeneity of polymerase gene fragment of sars-associated coronavirus from sars patients, and establish a rt-pcr method for detecting sars-associated coronavirus. | 2003 | 12754118 |
| identification of probable genomic packaging signal sequence from sars-cov genome by bioinformatics analysis. | to predict the probable genomic packaging signal of sars-cov by bioinformatics analysis. the derived packaging signal may be used to design antisense rna and rna interfere (rnai) drugs treating sars. | 2003 | 12791173 |
| small envelope protein e of sars: cloning, expression, purification, cd determination, and bioinformatics analysis. | to obtain the pure sample of sars small envelope e protein (sars e protein), study its properties and analyze its possible functions. | 2003 | 12791175 |
| relationship of sars-cov to other pathogenic rna viruses explored by tetranucleotide usage profiling. | the exact origin of the cause of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) is still an open question. the genomic sequence relationship of sars-cov with 30 different single-stranded rna (ssrna) viruses of various families was studied using two non-standard approaches. both approaches began with the vectorial profiling of the tetra-nucleotide usage pattern v for each virus. in approach one, a distance measure of a vector v, based on correlation coefficient was devised to construct a relationsh ... | 2003 | 14499005 |
| common rna replication signals exist among group 2 coronaviruses: evidence for in vivo recombination between animal and human coronavirus molecules. | 5' and 3' utr sequences on the coronavirus genome are known to carry cis-acting elements for di rna replication and presumably also virus genome replication. 5' utr-adjacent coding sequences are also thought to harbor cis-acting elements. here we have determined the 5' utr and adjacent 289-nt sequences, and 3' utr sequences, for six group 2 coronaviruses and have compared them to each other and to three previously reported group 2 members. extensive regions of highly similar utr sequences were f ... | 2003 | 14592769 |
| a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of turkey coronavirus infection. | this study reports on the development of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the specific detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov). of the several sets of primers tested, 1 set of primers derived from the p gene and 2 sets derived from the n gene of tcov could amplify the tcov genome in the infected samples. the rt-pcr was sensitive and specific for tcov and did not amplify other avian rna and dna viruses tested except the infectious bronchitis virus (ibv). to overcome t ... | 2003 | 14667027 |
| characterization of the rna components of a putative molecular switch in the 3' untranslated region of the murine coronavirus genome. | rna virus genomes contain cis-acting sequence and structural elements that participate in viral replication. we previously identified a bulged stem-loop secondary structure at the upstream end of the 3' untranslated region (3' utr) of the genome of the coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (mhv). this element, beginning immediately downstream of the nucleocapsid gene stop codon, was shown to be essential for virus replication. other investigators discovered an adjacent downstream pseudoknot in the 3 ... | 2004 | 14694098 |
| effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot. | to measure antibody titers against bovine coronavirus (bcv), determine frequency of bcv in nasal swab specimens, and compare calves treated for bovine respiratory tract disease (brd) between those given an intranasally administered vaccine and control calves. | 2004 | 15457667 |
| testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of the sars-associated coronavirus. | the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated corona-virus (sars-cov) is still a matter of speculation, although more than one year has passed since the onset of the sars outbreak. in this study, we implemented a 3-step strategy to test the intriguing hypothesis that sars-cov might have been derived from a recombinant virus. first, we blasted the whole sars-cov genome against a virus database to search viruses of interest. second, we employed 7 recombination detection techniques wel ... | 2005 | 15480857 |
| coronavirus genome structure and replication. | in addition to the sars coronavirus (treated separately elsewhere in this volume), the complete genome sequences of six species in the coronavirus genus of the coronavirus family [avian infectious bronchitis virus-beaudette strain (ibv-beaudette), bovine coronavirus-ent strain (bcov-ent), human coronavirus-229e strain (hcov-229e), murine hepatitis virus-a59 strain (mhv-a59), porcine transmissible gastroenteritis-purdue 115 strain (tgev-purdue 115), and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus-cv777 strai ... | 2005 | 15609507 |
| viral and bacterial pathogens in bovine respiratory disease in finland. | pathogens causing bovine respiratory tract disease in finland were investigated. eighteen cattle herds with bovine respiratory disease were included. five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for closer examination and tracheobronchial lavage. blood samples were taken from the calves at the time of the investigation and from 86 calves 3-4 weeks later. in addition, 6-10 blood samples from animals of different ages were collected from each herd, resulting in 169 samples. serum samples were t ... | 2004 | 15663079 |
| [severe acute respiratory syndrome. the public health laboratory in a global emergency]. | by the end of year 2002 there was an outbreak of atypical pneumonia in southeast asia which soon spread to other continents. this new severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) was produced by a novel coronavirus. due to the severity of the situation and risk of introduction of this pathology in our country, the need to arrange specific laboratory diagnostic tests arose. classic techniques, such as the electron microscopy and molecular biology test such as retrotranscription followed by the polyme ... | 2005 | 15830791 |
| comparison of 9 different pcr primers for the rapid detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus using 2 rna extraction methods. | the sensitivity and specificity of various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) pcr primer and probe sets were evaluated through the use of commercial kits and in-house amplification formats. conventional and real-time pcr assays were performed using a heat-block thermocycler abi 9600, the roche lightcycler version 1.2, or the abi 7000 sequence detection system. the sensitivity of all primers was between 0.0004 and 0.04 pfu with viral cell lysate and between 0.004 and 0.4 pfu ... | 2005 | 15994050 |
| [field study of the prevalence and diagnosis of diarrhea-causing agents in the newborn calf in a swiss veterinary practice area]. | the prevalence of cryptosporidia, rotavirus, bovine coronavirus and escherichia coli f5 (k99) in dairy calves with diarrhea and in healthy calves was established in a limited area served by a veterinary practice. immuno-chromatographic rapid tests (fastest strips) were applied in the field and their results were compared to the ones obtained with standard methods (modified ziehl-neelsen stain, antigen-elisa and cultivation). in 78% of the calves with diarrhea (n=46) and in 29% of the healthy cal ... | 2005 | 15999634 |
| papain-like protease 2 (plp2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov): expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition. | viral proteases are essential for pathogenesis and virulence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). little information is available on sars-cov papain-like protease 2 (plp2), and development of inhibitors against plp2 is attractive for antiviral therapy. here, we report the characterization of sars-cov plp2 (from residues 1414 to 1858) purified from baculovirus-infected insect cells. we demonstrate that sars-cov plp2 by itself differentially cleaves between the amino acids ... | 2005 | 16042412 |
| differential detection of turkey coronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus, and bovine coronavirus by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction. | the objective of the present study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for differential detection of turkey coronavirus (tcov), infectious bronchitis coronavirus (ibv), and bovine coronavirus (bcov). primers were designed from conserved or variable regions of nucleocapsid (n) or spike (s) protein gene among tcov, ibv, and bcov and used in the same pcr reaction. reverse transcription followed by the pcr reaction was used to amplify a portion of n or s gene of the cor ... | 2006 | 16137773 |
| stem-loop iv in the 5' untranslated region is a cis-acting element in bovine coronavirus defective interfering rna replication. | the 210-nucleotide (nt) 5' untranslated region (utr) in the positive-strand bovine coronavirus (bcov) genome is predicted to contain four higher-order structures identified as stem-loops i to iv, which may function as cis-acting elements in genomic rna replication. here, we describe evidence that stem-loop iv, a bulged stem-loop mapping at nt 186 through 215, (i) is phylogenetically conserved among group 2 coronaviruses and may have a homolog in groups 1 and 3, (ii) exists as a higher-order stru ... | 2005 | 16160171 |
| improved detection of bovine coronavirus n gene in faeces of calves infected naturally by a semi-nested pcr assay and an internal control. | bovine coronavirus (bcov), a positive sense single-stranded rna virus, is an important causative agent of neonatal diarrhoea in calves from beef and dairy cattle worldwide. the routine detection and diagnosis of bcov have been mainly dependent on assays with low sensitivity. the aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a semi-nested pcr (sn-pcr) to amplify a 251bp fragment of bcov n gene from fresh (n=25) and frozen (n=25) diarrhoeic faecal samples of naturally infected calves. to im ... | 2006 | 16182383 |
| the prevalence of a group 2 coronavirus in dogs in japan. | canine coronavirus (ccov) has been reported to cause acute diarrhea mainly in young pups. ccov and feline coronavirus are classified as group 1 coronaviruses. however, it has recently been reported in the united kingdom that the group 2 coronavirus gene, which is more closely related to the bovine coronavirus (bcov) and human coronavirus strain oc43, has been detected in respiratory tract tissue samples from dogs with respiratory disease. in this study, we examined the prevalence of antibodies t ... | 2006 | 16462112 |
| bovine coronavirus 5'-proximal genomic acceptor hotspot for discontinuous transcription is 65 nucleotides wide. | coronaviruses are positive-strand, rna-dependent rna polymerase-utilizing viruses that require a polymerase template switch, characterized as discontinuous transcription, to place a 5'-terminal genomic leader onto subgenomic mrnas (sgmrnas). the usually precise switch is thought to occur during the synthesis of negative-strand templates for sgmrna production and to be directed by heptameric core donor sequences within the genome that match an acceptor core (ucuaaac in the case of bovine coronavi ... | 2006 | 16474126 |
| molecular epidemiology of bovine coronavirus on the basis of comparative analyses of the s gene. | bovine coronavirus (bcov), a group 2 member of the genus coronavirus in the family coronaviridae, is an important pathogen in cattle worldwide. it causes diarrhea in adult animals (winter dysentery), as well as enteric and respiratory diseases in calves. the annual occurrence of bcov epidemics in sweden and denmark led to this investigation, with the aim to deepen the knowledge of bcov epidemiology at the molecular level. a total of 43 samples from outbreaks in both countries were used for pcr a ... | 2006 | 16517883 |
| coronaviruses in poultry and other birds. | the number of avian species in which coronaviruses have been detected has doubled in the past couple of years. while the coronaviruses in these species have all been in coronavirus group 3, as for the better known coronaviruses of the domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus [ibv], in gallus gallus), turkey (meleagris gallopavo) and pheasant (phasianus colchicus), there is experimental evidence to suggest that birds are not limited to infection with group 3 coronaviruses. in china coronaviruse ... | 2005 | 16537157 |
| serological prevalence of canine respiratory coronavirus. | canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov) has recently been detected in dogs; it is a group 2 coronavirus showing similarity to bovine coronavirus (bcov) but is distinct from canine enteric coronavirus (cecov). crcov may play an important role in canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) either by predisposing to further and potentially more serious viral and bacterial infections or possibly as a primary pathogen. the prevalence of serum antibodies to crcov, in a population of dogs in the south ... | 2006 | 16551493 |
| diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in ontario beef feedlots. | this study determined the prevalence of diseases and pathogens associated with mortality or severe morbidity in 72 ontario beef feedlots in calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival. routine pathologic and microbiologic investigations, as well as immunohistochemical staining for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) antigen, were performed on 99 calves that died or were euthanized within 60 days after arrival. major disease conditions identified included fibrinos ... | 2006 | 16566254 |
| molecular characterization of he, m, and e genes of winter dysentery bovine coronavirus circulated in korea during 2002-2003. | the different bovine coronavirus (bcov) strains or isolates exhibited various degrees of substitutions, resulting in altered antigenicity and pathogenicity of the virus. in the previous our study, we demonstrated that the spike glycoprotein gene of korean winter dysentery (wd) bcov had a genetic property of both enteric (ebcv) and respiratory bcov (rbcv) and were significantly distinct from the ancestral enteric strains. in the present study, therefore, we analyzed the other structure genes, the ... | 2006 | 16604443 |
| detection of bovine torovirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea in lower austria and styria (austria). | faeces of 230 calves with and without diarrhoea collected during the winter period 2004/2005 in 100 austrian farms (styria and lower austria) were examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. torovirus-specific nucleic acid confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was found in 12 of 230 calves (5.2%). ten of these calves were clinically ill, several of them showing signs of dehydration and abnormal faecal consistency at the time of sampling. computer assisted ... | 2006 | 16629982 |
| single-dose safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor. | brecanavir (bcv, 640385) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor (pi) with low nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentrations against pi-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in vitro. this phase i, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, two-part single-dose study (first time with humans) was conducted to determine the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of bcv administered at 10 mg/ml in a tocopherol-polyethylene glycol succinate-polyethylene glycol 400-ethanol 50:40:10 solution. in ... | 2006 | 16723584 |
| evolutionary history of the closely related group 2 coronaviruses: porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus, bovine coronavirus, and human coronavirus oc43. | the close genetic and antigenic relatedness among the group 2 coronaviruses human coronavirus oc43 (hcov-oc43), bovine coronavirus (bcov), and porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (phev) suggests that these three viruses with different host specificities diverged fairly recently. in this study, we determined the complete genomic sequence of phev (strain phev-vw572), revealing the presence of a truncated group 2-specific ns2 gene in phev in comparison to other group 2 coronaviruses. u ... | 2006 | 16809333 |
| transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions. | to compare shedding patterns and serologic responses to bovine coronavirus (bcv) in feedlot calves shipped from a single ranch in new mexico (nm calves) versus calves assembled from local sale barns in arkansas (ar calves) and to evaluate the role of bcv on disease and performance. | 2006 | 16881855 |
| sybr green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the generic detection of coronaviruses. | coronaviruses are etiologic agents of respiratory and enteric diseases in humans and in animals. in this study, a one-step real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay based on sybr green chemistry and degenerate primers was developed for the generic detection of coronaviruses. the primers, designed in the open reading frame 1b, enabled the detection of 32 animal coronaviruses including strains of canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis v ... | 2007 | 16941059 |
| detection and characterization of bovine coronaviruses in fecal specimens of adult cattle with diarrhea during the warmer seasons. | bovine coronavirus (bcov) is an etiological agent associated with winter dysentery (wd), prevalent in adult cattle during the winter. although we previously detected, isolated, and characterized bcov strains from adult cattle with wd (wd-bcov strains) during the winter in south korea, the precise epidemiology, as well as the causative agent of diarrhea in adult cattle in the warmer seasons, has not been examined. we examined 184 diarrheic fecal specimens collected from 75 herds of adult cattle f ... | 2006 | 16954245 |
| cross-protection against a human enteric coronavirus and a virulent bovine enteric coronavirus in gnotobiotic calves. | a group 2 human coronavirus designated hecv-4408 was isolated from a child with acute diarrhea and is antigenically and genetically more closely related to bovine coronavirus (bcov) than to human coronavirus oc43 (x. m. zhang, w. herbst, k. g. kousoulas, and j. storz, j. med. virol. 44:152-161, 1994). to determine whether hecv-4408 infects gnotobiotic calves and induces cross-protective immunity against the virulent enteric bcov db2 strain, gnotobiotic calves (n = 4) were orally inoculated with ... | 2006 | 16971444 |
| etiology of respiratory disease in non-vaccinated, non-medicated calves in rearing herds. | the aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of bacterial, mycoplasmal and viral pathogens in the lower respiratory tract of calves in all-in all-out calf-rearing units. according to clinical status, non-medicated calves with and without respiratory disease signs were selected of the 40 herds investigated to analyse the micro-organisms present in healthy and diseased calves. tracheobronchial lavage (tbl) and paired serum samples were analysed for bacteria, mycoplasmas, respiratory syncyti ... | 2007 | 17084565 |
| isolation and sequence analysis of canine respiratory coronavirus. | canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov) has frequently been detected in respiratory samples from dogs by rt-pcr. in this report the first successful isolation of crcov from a dog with respiratory disease is described. the isolate crcov-4182 was cultured in hrt-18 cells but failed to replicate in a number of other cell lines. the nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal portion of the crcov genome was determined including all open reading frames from the ns2 gene to the n gene. comparison with other ... | 2007 | 17092595 |
| serological and molecular evidence that canine respiratory coronavirus is circulating in italy. | canine respiratory coronavirus (crcov) is a group ii coronavirus that was firstly identified in lung samples of dogs with canine infectious respiratory disease (cird) in uk in 2003. we report for the first time the identification of crcov in italy, together with serological evidence that the virus has been circulating in the italian dog population as from 2005. serological investigations on 216 dog sera, carried out by an elisa test using the strictly related bovine coronavirus (bcov) as antigen ... | 2007 | 17215093 |
| 5'-proximal hot spot for an inducible positive-to-negative-strand template switch by coronavirus rna-dependent rna polymerase. | coronaviruses have a positive-strand rna genome and replicate through the use of a 3' nested set of subgenomic mrnas each possessing a leader (65 to 90 nucleotides [nt] in length, depending on the viral species) identical to and derived from the genomic leader. one widely supported model for leader acquisition states that a template switch takes place during the generation of negative-strand antileader-containing templates used subsequently for subgenomic mrna synthesis. in this process, the swi ... | 2007 | 17229702 |
| association of bovine respiratory disease with clinical status and acute phase proteins in calves. | eighty-four calves with respiratory disease from 18 herds in different parts of finland were chosen for a study evaluating the capacity of different respiratory pathogens to cause changes in different acute phase protein concentrations, white blood cell (wbc) count and clinical signs. the selected acute phase proteins were fibrinogen, haptoglobin, serum amyloid-a, lipopolysaccharide binding protein and alpha1-acid glycoprotein. from each calf, a paired blood sample was obtained for serological s ... | 2007 | 17258318 |
| safety and pharmacokinetics of brecanavir, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor, following repeat administration with and without ritonavir in healthy adult subjects. | brecanavir (bcv) is a novel, potent protease inhibitor in development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) infection with low nm in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (ic50s) against many multiprotease inhibitor resistant viruses. this study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled repeat-dose escalation to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of bcv, with or without ritonavir (rtv), in 68 healthy subjects. seven sequential cohorts (n=10) receiv ... | 2007 | 17261626 |