| an rna pseudoknot is an essential structural element of the internal ribosome entry site located within the hepatitis c virus 5' noncoding region. | translation of the human hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna genome occurs by a mechanism known as "internal ribosome entry." this unusual strategy of translation is employed by naturally uncapped picornaviral genomic rnas and several cellular mrnas. a common feature of these rnas is a relatively long 5' noncoding region (ncr) that folds into a complex secondary structure harboring an internal ribosome entry site (ires). evidence derived from the use of dicistronic expression systems, combined with an e ... | 1995 | 7489514 |
| [structural proteins of hepatitis c virus]. | | 1993 | 7510088 |
| rapid characterization of new pestivirus strains by direct sequencing of pcr-amplified cdna from the 5' noncoding region. | reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of pestivirus infections. a direct dna sequencing method was developed for the analysis of the amplified cdna from the 5' noncoding region of the viral genome. 70 pestivirus strains were compared in this study. sequence analysis allowed the characterization of each isolate as either classical swine fever virus (csfv), bovine viral diarrhea virus, or border disease virus, respecti ... | 1994 | 7529990 |
| comparison of an antigen capture enzyme-linked assay with reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction and cell culture immunoperoxidase tests for the diagnosis of ruminant pestivirus infections. | a study to compare the merits of three different tests for the diagnosis of ruminant pestivirus infections was carried out. sensitivity studies using reference strains of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and buffy coat samples from persistently infected (pi) carriers showed the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) had a greater sensitivity than the other tests. the antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was least sensitive and could only be used on sampl ... | 1995 | 7536370 |
| partial sequencing of hog cholera virus alfort strain genome and its comparison with other pestivirus strains. | after molecular rna cloning of the alfort strain (alfort/lcrv) of hog cholera virus (hcv), the nucleotide sequence of about 70% of the total genome was determined. this sequence was compared with homologous parts of previously published pestivirus genomes. the average homology with another clone of the alfort strain (alfort/frc) was found to be lower (86.1%) than with brescia strain of hcv (94.3%), while, compared with nadl, osloss and sd-1 (3 different strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus, bv ... | 1995 | 7550401 |
| pestivirus diversity. | | 1995 | 7560298 |
| prevalence of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in 20 dairy herds in two counties in central michigan and comparison of prevalence of antibody-positive cattle among herds with different infection and vaccination status. | all cattle in 20 dairy herds randomly selected from herds participating in the dairy herd improvement association program in 2 counties in central michigan were tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). virus-positive animals were retested to ascertain persistent infection with the virus. a total of 5,481 animals were tested for presence of bvdv. in 9 of the herds, all animals were also tested for virus neutralizing antibody titer. based on infection and vaccination status, ... | 1995 | 7578445 |
| application of antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) as a measure to detect herds with cattle persistently infected with bvdv. | based on the distribution of antibody titers against bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) in 10 michigan dairy herds, it was calculated that screening of 5 young stock for bvdv antibody titer could be used to distinguish herds with persistently infected (pi) animals from herds without such animals. the herds were selected to represent 3 different herd categories: a, herds without use of vaccination and without pi animals (5 herds); b, herds with use of killed vaccine but no pi animals (2 herds); c ... | 1995 | 7578446 |
| failure to consider the antigenic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) virus isolates may lead to misdiagnosis. | | 1995 | 7578456 |
| effect of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) superinfection on viral antigen association with platelets, viremia, and specific antibody levels in two heifers persistently infected with noncytopathic bvdv. | | 1995 | 7578459 |
| early reproductive loss due to bovine pestivirus infection. | bovine pestivirus infection has been mainly recognized as the cause of mucosal disease, a syndrome which occurs sporadically in weaned and adult cattle as a late sequel to foetal infection during the first 3-4 months of gestation. infection has also been associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations, especially of the central nervous system. following the development of improved diagnostic and research techniques, pestivirus has now been shown to be associated with significant early ... | 1995 | 7640955 |
| epitope mapping of envelope glycoprotein e1 of hog cholera virus strain brescia. | four antigenic domains (a, b, c and d) on envelope glycoprotein e1 (gp51-54) of hog cholera virus strain brescia have been specified by using 13 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize non-conserved and conserved epitopes. it was shown that the non-conserved epitopes map to the n-terminal half of e1 by analysis of chimeric e1 proteins of strains brescia and c. conserved epitopes, however, could not be mapped using this approach. here we describe mapping of both conserved and non-conserved ep ... | 1993 | 7691986 |
| effects of congenital infection of sheep with border disease virus on myelin proteins. | border disease (bd) of sheep is caused by a virus in the genus pestivirus that results in decreased myelination throughout the cns when acquired congenitally. pregnant ewes were inoculated with bd virus at 50 days of gestation, and myelin proteins were quantified in several regions of the cns during prenatal and postnatal development of infected lambs for comparison with age-matched controls. newborn field-infected lambs were also examined. myelin basic protein (mbp), proteolipid protein (plp), ... | 1993 | 7693867 |
| evaluation of a 'one tube' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the detection of ruminant pestiviruses. | a 'one tube' reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ('one tube' rt-pcr) using rtth dna polymerase was compared with an existing rt-pcr using taq dna polymerase (taq rt-pcr) to detect ruminant pestiviruses in infected cell cultures. the technically simpler and more convenient 'one tube' method was relatively insensitive detecting only 11 of the 34 samples tested, all of which were positive by taq rt-pcr. | 1994 | 7714056 |
| [pestivirus-induced changes in the central nervous system of ruminants]. | this review article presents the pathomorphological and pathogenetic aspects of pestivirus-induced alterations of the central nervous system of ruminants following transplacental infections. | 1994 | 7716747 |
| a double monoclonal antibody elisa for detecting pestivirus antigen in the blood of viraemic cattle and sheep. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) has been produced to the p125/p80 non-structural polypeptide of border disease virus (bdv) and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv). this polypeptide appears to be highly conserved among bdv and bvdv isolates and consequently the mabs directed against it have a broad cross-reactivity with pestivirus isolates. the epitope specificities of these mabs were determined by competitive binding and four of the mabs with mutually exclusive epitope specificities were ... | 1995 | 7716885 |
| a proposed division of the pestivirus genus using monoclonal antibodies, supported by cross-neutralisation assays and genetic sequencing. | sixty-six pestiviruses from ruminant and porcine hosts were analysed with a panel of 76 monoclonal antibodies raised against 9 different viruses. reactivity was used to construct epitope similarity maps for all of the viruses. four principal virus subgroups were demonstrated. one subgroup equated to classical swine fever virus (csfv) and included most porcine pestiviruses but none from ruminants. a second subgroup contained mainly viruses of bovine origin, including reference bovine viral diarrh ... | 1995 | 7735309 |
| further characterization of border disease virus isolates: evidence for the presence of more than three species within the genus pestivirus. | the molecular analysis of three ovine pestivirus strains revealed the existence of two distinct groups of sheep-derived pestiviruses, namely "true" border disease virus strains (bdv) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv)-like strains. as an extension of these studies rt-pcr and nucleotide sequencing of the autoprotease (npro) and nucleocapsid protein (c) encoding regions of additional serologically defined ovine pestivirus strains were performed. a comparison of npro and c revealed that three o ... | 1995 | 7747470 |
| adventitious pestivirus rna in live virus vaccines against bovine and swine diseases. | live virus vaccines against bovine and porcine diseases were examined for the presence of adventitious pestivirus rna or pestiviruses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (pcr). pestivirus rna was detected in the live virus vaccines against akabane disease, ibaraki disease, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, porcine parvovirus infection, transmissible gastroenteritis and japanese encephalitis. pestivirus rna or pestivirus in the fetal bovine serum used to grow the host cells used t ... | 1995 | 7762264 |
| bovine viral diarrhea serologic diagnostic reagents prepared from bacterially expressed recombinant proteins. | | 1995 | 7779949 |
| evaluation of an antigen-capture elisa for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle blood samples. | from blood samples routinely received for bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) diagnosis, 860 samples without antibodies to bvd virus were examined in both virus isolation and in an antigen-detecting enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) based on monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the nonstructural bvd virus protein p125/p80. a total of 843 samples (98%) were positive (n = 170, 20%) or negative (n = 673, 78%) in both tests, corresponding to an agreement of kappa = 0.94. among 17 samples with diverg ... | 1995 | 7779967 |
| [the hemorrhagic form of acute bovine virus diarrhea: literature review and case report]. | infection of cattle with certain strains of bvd-virus causes a severe thrombocytopenia. the most obvious clinical and pathological lesions are multiple hemorrhages. until now, problems with the hemorrhagic syndrome have been reported predominantly from veal calf operations in the u.s.a. this publication presents first a literature review about the hemorrhagic syndrome. the current data are based upon retrospective studies of field cases and experimental infections. afterwards clinical, pathologi ... | 1995 | 7792770 |
| congenital infection of pigs with ruminant-type pestiviruses. | congenital infections of pigs were induced with two ruminant-type pestiviruses isolated from pigs. one of the viruses was bovine viral diarrhoea virus-like and the other border disease virus-like. both produced symptoms similar to those observed with low virulence strains of classical swine fever virus. a striking effect of persistent virus infection in post-natal life was stunting in viraemic animals. it was also shown that a congenitally infected pig shed virus for 2.5 years and in sufficient ... | 1994 | 7806701 |
| comparison of pestivirus multiplication in cells of different species. | twenty-four pestiviruses, comprising 11 from pigs, eight from cattle and five from sheep, were tested for their ability to replicate in cells of porcine, bovine and ovine origin. seven of the viruses were successfully passaged in all three cell types. four porcine isolates (hog cholera virus) replicated to significant titres only in porcine cells. one bovine virus grew well in bovine cells but only poorly in ovine cells and not at all in porcine cells. the remaining 12 viruses could replicate in ... | 1994 | 7817008 |
| [development of pcr tests for the detection of bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial viruses and pestiviruses]. | the development of pcr assays for detection of bhv-1, brsv, bvdv and another pestiviruses is summarized. a polymerase chain reaction assay based on primers selected from the viral gi glycoprotein gene detected 3 fg pure bhv-1 dna, 0.1-1.0 tcid50 or a single infected cell. no amplification was observed with dna from bhv-2, bhv-3, bhv-4, ohv-1 or ohv-2. however, a fragment of the correct size (468 bp) was amplified using dna from herpesviruses isolated from reindeer, red deer and goat. the pcr ass ... | 1994 | 7817501 |
| pestivirus translation initiation occurs by internal ribosome entry. | the role of the 385 nucleotide 5' noncoding region (ncr) in the translation of the pestivirus genome was investigated. in vitro translation of an rna transcript containing the 5' ncr of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) genome followed by the coding sequence of the first gene product (p20) of the bvdv large open reading frame resulted in the synthesis of a 20-kda polypeptide. results from hybrid-arrest translation studies identified a region involving a predicted rna stem-loop structure spa ... | 1995 | 7831836 |
| pestivirus ns3 (p80) protein possesses rna helicase activity. | the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) p80 protein (referred to here as the ns3 protein) contains amino acid sequence motifs predictive of three enzymatic activities: serine proteinase, nucleoside triphosphatase, and rna helicase. we have previously demonstrated that the former two enzymatic activities are associated with this protein. here, we show that a purified recombinant bvdv ns3 protein derived from baculovirus-infected insect cells possesses rna helicase activity. bvdv ns3 rna ... | 1995 | 7853509 |
| comparative analysis of the 5' non-coding region of pestivirus rna detected from live virus vaccines. | comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences in the 5' non-coding region (ncr) of pestivirus rna detected from live porcine and human virus vaccines indicated that the contaminants are of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and that there are at least three genotypes, which are distinct from hog cholera virus, among the bvdv strains. most of the nucleotide changes in variable regions of the 5' ncr were covariant, with complementary substitutions at other positions for secondary structures. the p ... | 1994 | 7865600 |
| the outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus. | during the certification of the bulls at an artificial breeding centre for freedom from pestivirus infection, a single viraemic bull was identified, and further testing confirmed that it was persistently infected. the two-year-old bull was healthy and of similar bodyweight to its peers. its semen was of normal quality on the basis of density, motility and morphological criteria. approximately 600 doses of semen had been distributed for sire evaluation purposes to 97 dairy farms. an examination o ... | 1994 | 7879367 |
| unusual folding regions and ribosome landing pad within hepatitis c virus and pestivirus rnas. | a statistically significant folding region is identified in the 5' untranslated region (5'-utr) of hepatitis c virus (hcv), bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus. this unusual folding region (ufr) detected in hcv encompasses 199 nucleotides (nt) and coincides with the reported internal ribosome entry site or ribosome landing pad (rlp), as determined by the 5' and 3' deletions [tsukiyama-kohara et al., j. virol. 66 (1992) 1476-1483]. the rna structure predicted in the ufr of hcv consi ... | 1995 | 7890155 |
| border disease virus: delineation by monoclonal antibodies. | many ovine pestiviruses from britain and a number of atypical porcine isolates are largely unrecognised by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for reference strains of classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv). additional mabs have therefore been produced using some of these "unreactive" pestiviruses. two of the viruses used were atypical porcine isolates (strains 87/6 and vosges), whilst another had been isolated from a sheep (59386). thirty-three mabs were selected, ... | 1994 | 7979965 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the structural gene coding region of the pestivirus border disease virus. | border disease virus (bdv) of sheep, an important ovine pathogen, is serologically related to the two other well characterized members of the pestivirus genus of the flaviviridae family, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and hog cholera virus (hocv). to determine its genetic relationship to bvdv and hocv, the genome of bdv strain, bd-78 encompassing the 5' untranslated region (utr) and structural gene coding region was molecularly cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. the sequen ... | 1994 | 7985409 |
| evaluation of pcr for diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissue homogenates. | tissue homogenates from 60 specimens submitted to the veterinary diagnostic center were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv). conventional virus isolation procedures showed the specimens contained bvdv. the bvdv rna was extracted from the homogenates and subjected to a reverse transcription reaction followed by pcr amplification. the pcr product was blotted onto a nylon membrane and hybridized with a 30-base pair oligonucleotide probe l ... | 1994 | 8011781 |
| pestiviruses isolated from pigs, cattle and sheep can be allocated into at least three genogroups using polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease analysis. | a polymerase chain reaction-based assay capable of detecting a broad range of pestiviruses from pigs, cattle, or sheep was developed. of six sets of primers selected from different parts of the pestivirus genome, the best results were provided by a pair from the highly conserved 5' non-coding region which gave amplification with all 129 isolates tested. this panel consisted of 33 isolates from pigs, 79 from cattle, and 17 from sheep. differentiation between the viruses was achieved by cutting th ... | 1994 | 8031236 |
| natural recombination in bovine viral diarrhea viruses. | bvdv isolates exist as two biotypes differentiated at the molecular level by production of a p80 polypeptide. insertions consisting of host cell sequences and/or duplicated and rearranged viral sequences have been observed in the portion of the genome coding for the p80 polypeptide in some, but not all, cytopathic bvdv. the significance of these insertions to biotypic expression has yet to be demonstrated. it has been hypothesized that recombination results in the production of the p80 polypepti ... | 1994 | 8032255 |
| [bovine virus diarrhea/mucosal disease: a review]. | infections with the bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease virus (bvdv) are widespread and cause a variety of diseases including reproductive disorders, abortion and malformation, pneumoenteritis, thrombocytopenia and mucosal disease. together with the closely related border disease virus of sheep (bdv) and european swine fever virus (csfv), also referred to as hog cholera virus, bvdv is now classified in the genus pestivirus of the flaviviridae family. the bvdv exists in two biotypes, noncytopat ... | 1994 | 8036482 |
| identification of a new group of bovine viral diarrhea virus strains associated with severe outbreaks and high mortalities. | new bvdv strains associated with very high mortalities, which killed about 25% of the veal calves in quebec in 1993, have been isolated. in this study, characterization of the last two-thirds of the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) of their genome and virus neutralization experiments with polyvalent antisera raised in different animals both demonstrated that these strains formed a distinct group. despite a difference of about 25% in the 5'utr sequence with that of the classical strains, these 5'ut ... | 1994 | 8053150 |
| persistent pestivirus infection in sheep in apulia (southern italy). | a study in a flock of 100 sheep was carried out to detect animals persistently infected with border disease virus (bdv). from buffy coats of animals without neutralizing antipestivirus antibodies, 6 non cytopathic pestiviruses were isolated in cell cultures. using 3 monoclonal antibodies, the 6 viruses were initially characterized as bdv strains. | 1994 | 8065275 |
| evidence of pestivirus rna in human virus vaccines. | we examined live virus vaccines against measles, mumps, and rubella for the presence of pestivirus rna or of pestiviruses by reverse transcription pcr. pestivirus rna was detected in two measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccines and in two monovalent vaccines against mumps and rubella. nucleotide sequence analysis of the pcr products indicated that a modified live vaccine strain used for immunization of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea is not responsible for the contamination of the vaccines. | 1994 | 8077414 |
| [field infection with bvd virus in swine: epidemiology and diagnosis]. | in a pig breeding herd in lower saxony infertility of breeding sows had been repeatedly observed. growth retardation and post mortem findings in two piglets gave clinical indication to swine fever/hog cholera. a virus was isolated and typed by monoclonal antibodies as pestivirus not identical with hog cholera virus (hcv). in neutralization tests applying the field isolate, hcv and bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus the sera breeding sows and weaner pigs yielded high neutralizing antibody titres a ... | 1994 | 8131728 |
| monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus: cross-reactivities to field isolates and hog cholera virus strains. | monoclonal antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) were examined for binding with a large number of north american bvdv isolates and eight strains of the serologically related pestivirus, hog cholera virus (hcv). no single bvdv monoclonal antibody reacted with all bvdv isolates. the most cross-reactive monoclonal antibody was an anti-p80/p125 antibody which showed a positive reaction with 173 of 180 (96%) north american isolates. from a fewer number of isolates tested, one anti-gp53 mon ... | 1994 | 8143258 |
| pathogenesis of mucosal disease: a cytopathogenic pestivirus generated by an internal deletion. | cytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) arises by rna recombination in animals persistently infected with noncytopathogenic bvdv. such animals develop fatal mucosal disease. in this report, the genome of a cytopathogenic bvdv isolate, termed cp9, is characterized. cp9-infected cells contained not only viral genomic rna of 12.3 kb but also a bvdv-specific rna of 8 kb. cdna cloning and sequencing revealed that the 8-kb rna is a bvdv genome with an internal deletion of 4.3 kb. the 8-kb rn ... | 1994 | 8151789 |
| [clinical aspects and diagnosis of border disease]. | the term border disease (bd) refers to a clinical condition of newborn lambs that results from congenital infection by a pestivirus (family: flaviviridae), occurring during the first one-half of gestation. the most prominent clinical features are tonic-clonic tremors and hairy fleece ("hairy shaker" symptomatology). moreover early transplacental infection often causes fetal death, abortion or stillbirth and teratogenic disorders. in germany there are only few reports on clinical cases of bd, how ... | 1994 | 8165658 |
| both ns3 and ns4a are required for proteolytic processing of hepatitis c virus nonstructural proteins. | the proteolytic cleavages at the ns3-ns4a, ns4a-ns4b, ns4b-ns5a, and ns5a-ns5b junctions of hepatitis c virus (hcv) polyprotein are effected by the virus-encoded serine protease contained within ns3. using transient expression in hela cells of cdna fragments that code for regions of the hcv polyprotein, we studied whether viral functions other than ns3 are required for proteolytic processing at these sites. we found that, in addition to ns3, a c-terminal 33-amino-acid sequence of the ns4a protei ... | 1994 | 8189513 |
| border disease virus transmitted to sheep and cattle by a persistently infected ewe: epidemiology and control. | in a swedish sheep flock comprising 202 ewes and 13 rams, a pair of twin lambs born in the spring of 1990 demonstrated signs of border disease (bd) and were persistently infected (pi) with border disease virus (bdv). investigation showed that bdv had been introduced in the preceding tupping period 5-6 months earlier by a bought-in ewe which, on the basis of immunoperoxidase- and polymerase chain reaction techniques, was shown to be pi with bdv. only 7 of the ewes, all of which had been in close ... | 1994 | 8209823 |
| increased reproductive losses in cattle infected with bovine pestivirus around the time of insemination. | unmated heifers seronegative to bovine pestivirus were used to investigate the effects on conception and embryo-fetal survival of pestivirus infection around the time of artificial insemination. the reproductive performances of three groups were compared; the control group did not become infected during pregnancy, group 1 heifers were infected by contact with a persistently infected cow and calf four days after insemination and group 2 heifers were infected intranasally nine days before insemina ... | 1993 | 8212473 |
| processing of poly-ubiquitin in the polyprotein of an rna virus. | the rna genome of several cytopathogenic (cp) strains of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) contains ubiquitin coding sequences (ucs). in noncytopathogenic bvdv strains, such insertions are missing. gene expression of bvdv occurs via synthesis of a polyprotein which is subsequently processed by virus-encoded and cellular proteases. the insertion of ucs in the genomes of cpbvdv strains cp14 and osloss leads to additional cleavages in the viral polyprotein. the respective processing ... | 1993 | 8212597 |
| anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus antibodies in adult zambian patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. | bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) virus is a cosmopolitan pestivirus of animals which is associated with diarrhoea, immunosuppression and synergy with other pathogens. this study was conducted to establish the prevalence of anti-bvd virus antibodies in healthy zambian adults and those with asymptomatic and symptomatic hiv disease. sera from 1159 adults were tested for anti-bvd virus antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence test and the confirmatory western blot. of the 1159 sera examined, 180 ... | 1993 | 8218519 |
| distribution of cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic bovine virus diarrhea virus in tissues from a calf with experimentally induced mucosal disease using antigenic and genetic markers. | a comparative analysis of the distribution of cytopathogenic (cp) and noncytopathogenic (ncp) bovine virus diarrhea disease (bvd) virus in tissues from a calf with experimentally induced mucosal disease was performed using immunohistology and polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription (rt-pcr) of viral rna. for immunohistology, an antigenic marker on the superinfecting cp bvd virus defined by a monoclonal antibody (mab) was used, and overall presence of antigen was assessed with a pes ... | 1993 | 8219810 |
| molecular characterization of positive-strand rna viruses: pestiviruses and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). | molecular characterization has become an important tool for the analysis of viruses including their classification. the manuscript focuses on the molecular analysis of two members of the genus pestivirus (hog cholera virus, hcv and bovine viral diarrhea virus, bvdv) and of the recently discovered porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv). the first protein encoded within the single large pestivirus orf is a nonstructural protein with autoproteolytic activity. the cleavage site ... | 1993 | 8219812 |
| serological and antigenical findings indicating pestivirus in man. | an epidemiological survey for pestivirus was undertaken in zambia and europe, in view of the recent serological findings obtained by previous studies in europe with humans. collected sera were tested for anti-bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) specific antibodies by iif and western blotting. of those individuals tested (n = 1272), 15.3% showed a seropositive reaction to the bvdv. anti-bvdv antibody prevalence in immuno-depressed patients (e.g. hiv positive) was investigated. a higher prevalence ... | 1993 | 8219813 |
| [viral gastroenteritis]. | | 1993 | 8260517 |
| pestivirus diversity. | | 1994 | 8279958 |
| arachidonic acid immunoregulation in lambs persistently infected with border disease virus. | to evaluate arachidonic acid-related immunoregulatory mechanisms during long-term persistent pestivirus infection, we measured plasma contents of leukotriene c4 (ltc4), prostaglandin d2 (pgd2) and their plasma fatty acid (fa) precursor, arachidonic acid (aa), in six lambs with congenital border disease (bd). significantly elevated average plasma ltc4 during the first half year of life was associated with increased pdg2 when compared to uninfected control lambs. significantly elevated total plasm ... | 1993 | 8281741 |
| viruses as teratogens. | the ability of certain viruses to affect prenatal development in domestic animals is well documented. however, differentiating a viral-induced malformation from those caused by genetic or other environmental causes is a diagnostic dilemma. understanding how viruses interact with their embryo-fetal hosts and the potential consequences on prenatal development requires refining and dispelling some old concepts and injecting new insights into this diagnostic challenge. this article discusses several ... | 1993 | 8384522 |
| presumptive diagnostic differentiation of hog cholera virus from bovine viral diarrhea and border disease viruses by using a cdna nested-amplification approach. | hog cholera virus (hcv), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and border disease virus (bdv) are closely related pestiviruses. bvdv and bdv are found worldwide but seldom cause disease in swine. in contrast, hcv has been successfully eradicated from swine in several nations but poses a potentially devastating threat to them because of its great virulence. rapid differential diagnosis of hcv from bvdv and bdv infections in swine is vital for detection of the possible reintroduction of hcv into nat ... | 1993 | 8384625 |
| rna insertions and gene duplications in the nonstructural protein p125 region of pestivirus strains and isolates in vitro and in vivo. | sixteen cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains/isolates were screened for the existence of rna insertions in the p125 gene region and/or for p80 gene duplications using the polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. three strains/isolates were shown to contain insertions, and in three others gene duplications were demonstrated. one strain was shown to contain a gene duplication in addition to an insertion. insertions or duplications were absent in the genomes ... | 1993 | 8384762 |
| presence of viral replicative intermediates in the liver and serum of patients infected with hepatitis c virus. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a positive-polarity, single-stranded rna virus, distantly related to the pestivirus and flavivirus genera. these viruses replicate through the formation of a minus-strand rna intermediate, which encodes the positive-strand genome, which is subsequently encapsidated, enveloped, and released from infected cells. minus-strand rna is not found in the mature, circulating virions of flaviviruses. in an attempt to study the relative amounts of viral plus and minus strand in t ... | 1993 | 8387574 |
| 5' and 3' untranslated regions of pestivirus genome: primary and secondary structure analyses. | within the conserved 5' untranslated region (utr) of the pestivirus genome three highly variable regions were identified. preceding the polyprotein start codon, multiple cryptic aug codons and several small open reading frames are characteristic for all the five pestiviruses. inspection of the context of augs revealed that the polyprotein initiation aug of pestivirus has a weak context for efficient translation initiation. the most favorable context was found in two of the cryptic augs. two olig ... | 1993 | 8388102 |
| nucleotide sequence of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus osloss strain: comparison with related viruses and identification of specific dna probes in the 5' untranslated region. | the nucleotide sequence of the cytopathic osloss isolate of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) was deduced from overlapping cdna clones and from pcr products. the osloss genome is an rna molecule of positive polarity containing 12,480 nucleotides and having the capacity to code for a polyprotein of 3975 amino acids. the presence of the previously described internal stop codon in this viral sequence was disproved after direct sequencing of the appropriate pcr-amplified fragment. except for the p ... | 1993 | 8393084 |
| hepatitis c virus ns3 protein polynucleotide-stimulated nucleoside triphosphatase and comparison with the related pestivirus and flavivirus enzymes. | sequence motifs within the nonstructural protein ns3 of members of the flaviviridae family suggest that this protein possesses nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase) and rna helicase activity. the rna-stimulated ntpase activity of this protein from prototypic members of the pestivirus and flavivirus genera has recently been established and enzymologically characterized. here, we experimentally demonstrate that the ns3 protein from a member of the third genus of flaviviridae, human hepatitis c virus ... | 1993 | 8396675 |
| polymerase chain reaction-mediated cloning and in vitro translation of the genes coding for the structural proteins of hog cholera virus. | after amplification by pcr, the 5' region of the genome of hog cholera virus (hcv) strain alfort 187 was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the ones of other pestiviruses. by in vitro translation experiments we were able to demonstrate the protease activity of the p 20 protein of hcv. | 1993 | 8397504 |
| detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus rna in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue by nested polymerase chain reaction. | isolation and amplification of rna from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues is delicate due to its fragility and ubiquitous ribonucleases. for retrospective studies, however, a convenient procedure for the detection of rna in archived material is of great value. bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus is a member of the pestivirus genus in the family flaviviridae. different protocols for the isolation of bvd virus rna from fresh and autolytic as well as from routinely formalin-fixed and paraffin ... | 1993 | 8408445 |
| experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease--characterization of the cytopathogenic viruses isolated. | antigenic and genetic analyses were performed in order to establish relationships between the noncytopathogenic (ncp) and the cytopathogenic (cp) bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (bvdv) involved in the induction of a case of experimentally induced "late-onset" mucosal disease (md) symptoms. the persistent ncpbvdv, the cpbvdv used for superinfection (strain tgac) and the virus isolates from faeces (cpx) were examined using an immunoplaque test (ipt) to distinguish between cp and ncp virus populatio ... | 1995 | 8545967 |
| evolutionary relationship of hepatitis c, pesti-, flavi-, plantviruses, and newly discovered gb hepatitis agents. | two flavivirus-like viruses, gb virus-a (gbv-a) and gb virus-b (gbv-b), were recently identified in the gb hepatitis agent, and are distinct from the hepatitis a to e viruses. the putative helicase domain of gbv-a and gbv-b was found to have amino acid sequence homology with hepatitis c virus (hcv), and distantly, is also related to pestiviruses, flaviviruses, and plant viruses. a phylogenetic tree construction showed that gbvs and hcv are closely related, and they are clustered with pestiviruse ... | 1996 | 8557107 |
| isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus-like pestiviruses from roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | cytopathogenic pestiviruses were isolated from two seronegative free-ranging roe deer (capreolus capreolus) from northern germany (schleswig-holstein): an adult female and a young buck collected on 6 december 1990 and 26 july 1991, respectively. the two isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction as pestiviruses. however, they were negative when primers specific for bovine virus diarrhea virus or classical swine fever virus were used, indicating that the two isolates might belong to a ... | 1995 | 8583645 |
| bovine virus diarrhea and mucosal disease in free-ranging and captive deer (cervidae) in germany. | from 1990 until 1992, 355 blood samples of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) (n = 123), red deer (cervus elaphus) (n = 60), fallow deer (dama dama) (n = 87) and other cervid species (n = 85) from three different habitats (n = 180) and 11 wildlife parks or zoos (n = 175) in germany were tested for prevalence of pestivirus antibodies. seventeen samples were seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv); only one animal had antibodies for border disease virus. microneutralization test titers ran ... | 1995 | 8583646 |
| differentiation of classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains using monoclonal antibodies against structural glycoproteins. | two panels of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against the classical swine fever virus (csfv) envelope glycoproteins e2 (12 mabs) and e0 (11 mabs) were established and tested by immunoperoxidase binding assay against 135 pestivirus strains and isolates. variability of the binding pattern was demonstrated for csfv and also for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) strains and isolates. the panels of mabs against e2 and e0 led to very different reactivity patterns. particular mabs against e2 reacted with ... | 1995 | 8604543 |
| processing in the pestivirus e2-ns2 region: identification of proteins p7 and e2p7. | the pestivirus genome encodes a single polyprotein which is subject to co- and posttranslational processing by cellular and viral proteases. the map positions of all virus-encoded proteins are known with the exception of a hypothetical peptide (p?) which interlinks the glycoprotein e2 and the nonstructural protein ns2-3 approximately between amino acid positions 1060 and 1130. expression studies with recombinant vaccinia viruses bearing a set of c-terminally truncated e2-p?-ns2-encoding sequence ... | 1996 | 8648755 |
| swine and ruminant pestiviruses require the same cellular factor to enter bovine cells. | pestiviruses initiate infection of susceptible cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. cellular plasma membrane or endosomal molecules involved in translocation of these viruses into the cytosol have not been unequivocally identified. we reported previously that a mutant cell line derived from madin-darby bovine kidney (mdbk) cells, termed crib-1, was resistant to infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. crib-1 cells were also resistant to infection with classical swine fever virus and borde ... | 1996 | 8683219 |
| [hepatitis viruses: from the old ones to the new ones. will the alphabet be enough to list them all?]. | viral infection is by far the most frequent cause of hepatitis. search for the causal virus is however difficult since they cannot be cultured on most cell lines in vitro and because regulatory factors required for viral expression are found only in the human hepatocytes which cannot be maintained in vitro sufficiently long for experiments. to date, viruses a, b, c and e have been well documented. virus d, a defective virus which only develops in association with virus b has also been identified ... | 1996 | 8685178 |
| [biology of bovine pestivirus infection responsible for mucosal disease]. | the virus bvd/md belongs to the genus pestivirus from the family flaviviridae, as well as viruses responsible for hog cholera and border disease. bvd/md virus is responsible for two distinct disease entities in cattle: bovine virus diarrhoea (bvd), which is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality, and mucosal disease (md) which is sporadic but highly fatal. bfv/md virus exists under two biotypes among which antigenic pairs: a non cytopathic and a cytopathic biotypes. these biological c ... | 1995 | 8696269 |
| rna-stimulated ntpase activity associated with the p80 protein of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus. | the genomic rna of pestiviruses contains a single large open frame coding for virion structural proteins and viral nonstructural polypeptides. based on the presence of specific amino acid sequence motifs, pestivirus nonstructural protein p80 was predicted to be both a serine-type proteinase and a nucleoside triphosphatase (ntpase)/rna helicase. we previously demonstrated p80 possesses the former activity (wisherchen and collett, virology 184, 341-350, 1991). here, we provide experimental evidenc ... | 1993 | 8382392 |
| demonstration and genotyping of pestivirus rna from mammalian cell lines. | we examined 20 cell lines of various animal origins for the presence of pestivirus contamination by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and found 15 (75%) cell lines were positive. the rt-pcr products of the 5' untranslated region (utr) of pestivirus genome were sequenced and subjected to genotyping. stem-loop structures at three variable regions in the 5' utr render genotyping of the contaminated pestiviruses. bovine cell lines tested were all contaminated with genotyp ... | 1995 | 8789057 |
| processing of pestivirus polyprotein: cleavage site between autoprotease and nucleocapsid protein of classical swine fever virus. | the polyprotein of classical swine fever virus starts with the nonstructural protein p23, which is followed by the nucleocapsid protein p14. proteolytic cleavage between p23 and p14 was demonstrated in a cell-free transcription-translation system. successive truncation of the cdna used for the transcription indicated that the proteolytic activity responsible for the cleavage between p23 and p14 resides within p23. in order to determine the cleavage site between these two proteins, the respective ... | 1993 | 8230432 |
| detection of hog cholera virus and differentiation from other pestiviruses by polymerase chain reaction. | reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used for the detection and differentiation of pestiviruses. for this purpose, one primer pair was selected from a highly conserved region of the genome of pestiviruses. using these primers (pest 1-pest 2), dna fragments of between 72 and 74 bp could be amplified from all pestivirus isolates tested. in order to differentiate hog cholera virus (hcv) from bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus (bdv), ... | 1993 | 8388887 |
| identification of pestivirus carrier calves by an antigen-capture elisa. | | 1993 | 8384440 |
| sequence analysis of the 5' untranslated region of pestivirus rna demonstrated in interferons for human use. | we examined 46 samples of human interferons for the presence of pestivirus rna by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and found 30.4% were contaminated with pestivirus rna. comparative analysis of nucleotide sequences in the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the pestivirus rna detected from the interferons indicated that the contaminants are derived from bovine viral diarrhea virus, and that there are at least three genotypes, i, ii and iii, among them. the incidence of genotypes ... | 1995 | 8825854 |
| detection of antibodies against classical swine fever virus in swine sera by indirect elisa using recombinant envelope glycoprotein e2. | recombinant envelope protein e2 (gp55) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain alfort/187 was evaluated as an alternative to whole virus as elisa antigen for the detection of antibodies against csfv. a glycosylated and a non-glycosylated form of e2 was expressed in the baculovirus system. six histidine residues added at the carboxy terminus of each of the recombinant proteins allowed purification by nickel-chelate affinity chromatography. comparison of the antigenic properties of the two pr ... | 1996 | 8828121 |
| a common structural core in the internal ribosome entry sites of picornavirus, hepatitis c virus, and pestivirus. | cap-independent translations of viral rnas of enteroviruses and rhinoviruses, cardioviruses and aphthoviruses, hepatitis a and c viruses (hav and hcv), and pestivirus are initiated by the direct binding of 40s ribosomal subunits to a cis-acting genetic element termed the internal ribosome entry site (ires) or ribosome landing pad (rlp) in the 5' noncoding region (5'ncr). rna higher ordered structure models for these ires elements were derived by a combined approach using thermodynamic rna foldin ... | 1996 | 8879130 |
| phylogenetic analysis of pestivirus based on the 5'-untranslated region. | a phylogenetic tree of pestiviruses constructed by analyzing their 5'-untranslated region (utr) indicated that the genetic relatedness between border disease virus and hog cholera virus is much closer than that between genotypes of various bovine diarrhoea viruses. this suggests that these viruses are host variants within a single species, which can be distinguished by comparison of secondary structures at three variable loci in the 5'-utr. | 1996 | 8886099 |
| epidemiologic association between antibody titres against bovine virus diarrhoea virus, rinderpest disease virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in a buffalo herd. | the association between antibody titres against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) and rinderpest disease virus (rpdv) in buffaloes was investigated in a cross-sectional study. thirty-six lactating buffaloes from a herd in landhi cattle colony, karachi were bled and serum samples subjected to a micro-neutralisation test at the plum island animal disease center, usa, to categorise each buffalo either as positive or negative against each of 3 viral ... | 1996 | 8888525 |
| monitoring vaccines, diagnostic reagents and biotherapeutics for contaminating viruses. | | 1996 | 8680836 |
| molecular characterization of pestiviruses. | | 1996 | 8895831 |
| comparative studies of border disease and closely related virus infections in experimental pigs and sheep. | a pestivirus originally isolated from weaner pigs was shown to be capable of infecting weaners experimentally, but without inducing significant signs of disease. when inoculated into pregnant sows and ewes in early gestation, both the porcine virus and an antigenically similar ovine border disease isolate could induce congenital infections in both species. | 1995 | 8920113 |
| ruminant pestiviruses. | the ruminant pestiviruses, bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvdv) and border disease virus (bdv) are highly successful and important pathogens which infect ruminant species worldwide. although the serological relationships among ruminant pestiviruses require further clarification, there is growing evidence for two antigenic groups, one of which predominates in cattle and one in sheep. the success of pestiviruses stems from the ability of the non-cytopathic (ncp) biotype of the virus to cross the pl ... | 1995 | 8605577 |
| expression and characterization of part of hog cholera virus non-structural proteins. | in a preceding paper, the molecular cloning and partial nucleotide sequence of the alfort strain of hog cholera virus (hcv) was described. to study the genetic organization of the 3'-end of the hcv genome, which encodes some of the non-structural proteins, a cdna fragment (s2.20) of 849 nucleotides was subcloned into the bacterial expression vector pgex-3x and expressed in escherichia coli as a s2.20-glutathione-s-transferase fusion protein (s2.20-gst). this protein was used to produce hcv-speci ... | 1996 | 8928577 |
| evaluation of nucleic acid amplification methods for the detection of hog cholera virus. | a blind panel was tested in a diagnostic evaluation of a reverse transcription (rt) polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method for detecting hog cholera virus (hcv) from pig tissues. the capability of the rt-pcr test to discriminate between hcv and related pestiviruses, bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), and those viruses causing similar diseases in swine, including african swine fever virus (asfv) and pseudorabies virus (prv), was also considered. nucleic acid extraction involved either kit-based ... | 1996 | 8953524 |
| ruminant pestivirus infections--advances in research bring prospects for their control? | | 1995 | 8605574 |
| [epidemiological characterization of a pestivirus isolate from a viremic pig out of a mixed pig-cattle herd]. | a pestivirus isolated from a healthy pig out of a mixed pig-cattle holding was identified by use of monoclonal antibodies as a porcine virus related or identical to bovine viral diarrhoea (bvd) virus. about 7% of the pigs of this herd showed neutralizing antibodies (nab) against bvd and border disease (bd) virus and against the homologous porcine nonclassical swine fever (csf) pestivirus isolate 10421/han94. the nab titres against this virus were clearly higher than against csf virus strain alfo ... | 1995 | 8593767 |
| variation in neuropathogenicity in sheep fetuses transplacentally infected with non-cytopathogenic and cytopathogenic biotypes of bovine-virus diarrhoea virus. | pregnant merino ewes were inoculated intravenously between days 63 and 65 of gestation with a non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine-virus diarrhoea-virus (bvdv) isolate (experiment a). the histomorphological findings and the distribution of viral antigen, as revealed by immunohistochemistry in brains of fetuses from experiment a, were compared with those seen in fetal brains from a previous study (experiment b), in which pregnant ewes had been intravenously infected between days 65 and 68 of gestation ... | 1995 | 8592912 |
| diagnosis of naturally occurring bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in ruminants using monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemistry. | formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 50 spontaneous cases (39 bovine, nine ovine, two caprine) of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection diagnosed by virus isolation were retrospectively examined for bvdv antigen by immunohistochemistry using anti-bvdv gp-43 monoclonal antibody (mab 15c5). the cases were separated into enteric disease syndrome, respiratory disease syndrome, and abortion/weak calf syndrome based upon clinical disease. the purposes of the study were to 1) compare ro ... | 1995 | 8592795 |
| molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus and its interactions with the host. | the contributions of pestivirus molecular biology research to our understanding of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) biology and disease have been remarkable. completion of nucleotide sequence information for genomes of ncp and cp-bvdv isolates was an important milestone. subsequent work on the protein map of bvdv and polyprotein processing pathways paved the way for the interpretation of many other virologic and immunologic studies. discovery of a correlation between genotype ii and virulence ... | 1995 | 8581855 |
| a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to differentiate pestiviruses. | viruses that comprise the pestivirus genus cause significant losses to the livestock industry. based on sequence analysis, currently 4 distinct genotypes are identified of which 3 infect cattle and sheep. distinguishing between bovine and ovine isolates by serological tests has often been difficult because of a high degree of cross reactivity. in this study, a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to identify and distinguish between bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type i, ... | 1995 | 8578861 |
| [pestiviruses]. | | 1997 | 9103047 |
| infectious rna transcribed from an engineered full-length cdna template of the genome of a pestivirus. | infectious rna was transcribed for the first time from a full-length cdna template of the plus-strand rna genome of a pestivirus. the genome of the c strain, which is a vaccine strain of classical swine fever virus, was sequenced and used to synthesize the template. the cdna sequence of the c strain was found to be 12,311 nucleotides in length and contained one large open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3,898 amino acids. although there were mostly only small differences between the sequ ... | 1996 | 8551613 |
| influence of breed-related factors on the course of classical swine fever virus infection. | | 1997 | 9172299 |
| [simple detection of the contamination in animal cell cultures]. | | 1995 | 8532895 |
| bovine viral diarrhea virus ns3 serine proteinase: polyprotein cleavage sites, cofactor requirements, and molecular model of an enzyme essential for pestivirus replication. | members of the flaviviridae encode a serine proteinase termed ns3 that is responsible for processing at several sites in the viral polyproteins. in this report, we show that the ns3 proteinase of the pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) (nadl strain) is required for processing at nonstructural (ns) protein sites 3/4a, 4a/4b, 4b/5a, and 5a/5b but not for cleavage at the junction between ns2 and ns3. cleavage sites of the proteinase were determined by amino-terminal sequence analysis of t ... | 1997 | 9188600 |
| enhanced replication of orbiviruses in bovine testicle cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. | bovine testicle (bt) cells infected with non-cytopathogenic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (bvdv) developed cytopathogenic effect (cpe) after superinfection with 7 orbiviruses, whereas no cpe was induced by them in the absence of ncp bvdv infection. the cpe was accompanied by the enhanced replication of orbiviruses. seven of 10 strains of ncp bvdv induced the enhanced replication of ibaraki virus, a member of orbivirus. these 7 strains of ncp bvdv were end phenomenon positive. in contrast, t ... | 1995 | 8519897 |