| first serosurvey of besnoitia spp. infection in wild european ruminants in spain. | besnoitia besnoiti has been reported to affect cattle, wildebeest, kudu and impala, and b. tarandi other wild ruminants (caribou, reindeer, mule deer and musk ox), causing similar characteristic clinical signs and lesions. however, both besnoitia species have been reported in different geographical areas and the link between the sylvatic and domestic life cycles of besnoita spp. in wild ruminants and cattle remains unknown. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of specific antibodie ... | 2013 | 23790546 |
| serological evidence of besnoitia spp. infection in canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between besnoitia besnoiti and besnoitia tarandi. | bovine besnoitiosis, caused by besnoitia besnoiti, is considered to be emergent in europe and responsible for severe economic losses due to the chronic and debilitating course of the disease but has not been reported in north america. besnoitia tarandi is a related species and it has been reported in reindeer and caribou from different locations of the arctic pole, including north america. diagnosis of clinical besnoitiosis is largely based on the recognition of dermal grossly visible tissue cys ... | 2012 | 22795672 |
| serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in eastern washington, usa. | blood and fecal samples collected from 97 free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), from four distinct herds during the spring of 2000 or 2001 in eastern washington, us, were tested for exposure to selected pathogens, concentrations of trace elements, and presence of parasites in feces. antibodies were detected to the following: leptospira interrogans serovar bratislava (4%), leptospira interrogans serovar canicola (1%), leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa (13%), bovine viral diarrh ... | 2015 | 25380366 |
| evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in three species of sympatric wild ungulates in nevada: life history strategies may maintain endemic infections in wild populations. | evidence for bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) infection was detected in 2009-2010 while investigating a pneumonia die-off in rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis, canadensis), and sympatric mountain goats (oreamnos americanum) in adjacent mountain ranges in elko county, nevada. seroprevalence to bvdv-1 was 81% (n = 32) in the bighorns and 100% (n = 3) in the mountain goats. serosurveillance from 2011 to 2015 of surviving bighorns and mountain goats as well as sympatric mule deer (odoc ... | 2016 | 27014215 |
| survey of colorado's wild ruminants for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis. | a 10-year survey for serologic titers to brucellosis and leptospirosis in mule deer ( odocoileus hemionus ), elk ( cervus canadensis ), and antelope ( antilocapra americana ) in colorado is summarized. over 10,000 blood samples were tested against brucella abortus and 4,747 samples were tested against leptospira pomona . a total of 1,761 blood samples were tested against l. canicola , l. grippotyphosa , l. hardjo , l. icterohemorrhagiae . all results were considered negative. | 1977 | 24228967 |
| molecular mechanisms of chronic wasting disease prion propagation. | prion disease epidemics, which have been unpredictable recurrences, are of significant concern for animal and human health. examples include kuru, once the leading cause of death among the fore people in papua new guinea and caused by mortuary feasting; bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and its subsequent transmission to humans in the form of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd), and repeated examples of large-scale prion disease epidemics in animals caused by contaminated vaccines. the ... | 2017 | 28193766 |
| bayesian modeling of prion disease dynamics in mule deer using population monitoring and capture-recapture data. | epidemics of chronic wasting disease (cwd) of north american cervidae have potential to harm ecosystems and economies. we studied a migratory population of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) affected by cwd for at least three decades using a bayesian framework to integrate matrix population and disease models with long-term monitoring data and detailed process-level studies. we hypothesized cwd prevalence would be stable or increase between two observation periods during the late 1990s and after 20 ... | 2015 | 26509806 |
| chronic wasting disease of cervids: current knowledge and future perspectives. | a naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of mule deer was first reported in colorado and wyoming in 1967 and has since spread to other members of the cervid family in 22 states, 2 canadian provinces, and the republic of korea. chronic wasting disease (cwd), caused by exposure to an abnormally folded isoform of the cellular prion protein, is characterized by progressive neurological disease in susceptible natural and experimental hosts and is ultimately fatal. cwd is th ... | 2015 | 25387112 |
| "atypical" chronic wasting disease in prnp genotype 225ff mule deer. | we compared mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) of two different prnp genotypes (225ss, 225ff) for susceptibility to chronic wasting disease (cwd) in the face of environmental exposure to infectivity. all three 225ss deer had immunohistochemistry (ihc)-positive tonsil biopsies by 710 days postexposure (dpe), developed classic clinical signs by 723-1,200 dpe, and showed gross and microscopic pathology, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) results, and ihc staining typical of prion disease in mul ... | 2014 | 24807352 |
| mineral licks: motivational factors for visitation and accompanying disease risk at communal use sites of elk and deer. | free-ranging cervids acquire most of their essential minerals through forage consumption, though occasionally seek other sources to account for seasonal mineral deficiencies. mineral sources occur as natural geological deposits (i.e., licks) or as anthropogenic mineral supplements. in both scenarios, these sources commonly serve as focal sites for visitation. we monitored 11 licks in rocky mountain national park, north-central colorado, using trail cameras to quantify daily visitation indices (d ... | 2014 | 24711146 |
| long-lasting effects of maternal condition in free-ranging cervids. | causes of phenotypic variation are fundamental to evolutionary ecology because they influence the traits acted upon by natural selection. one such cause of phenotypic variation is a maternal effect, which is the influence of the environment experienced by a female (and her corresponding phenotype) on the phenotype of her offspring (independent of the offspring's genotype). while maternal effects are well documented, the longevity and fitness impact of these effects remains unclear because it is ... | 2013 | 23472189 |
| immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine fails to protect mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) adversely affects both wild and captive cervid populations. a vaccine to prevent cwd would be a highly desirable tool to aid in disease management. to this end, we tested in mule deer a combination of cwd vaccines consisting of cervid prion peptide sequences 168-vdqynnqntfvhdc-182 and 145-ndyedryyrenmyrypnq-164 that had previously been shown to delay onset of clinical disease and increase survival in a mouse-adapted scrapie model. thirteen captive mule deer (odocoil ... | 2013 | 23778624 |
| identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in deer (odocoileus spp.) using the bovinesnp50 beadchip. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) are growing in popularity as a genetic marker for investigating evolutionary processes. a panel of snps is often developed by comparing large quantities of dna sequence data across multiple individuals to identify polymorphic sites. for non-model species, this is particularly difficult, as performing the necessary large-scale genomic sequencing often exceeds the resources available for the project. in this study, we trial the bovine snp50 beadchip developed ... | 2012 | 22590559 |
| functional analysis of normalized difference vegetation index curves reveals overwinter mule deer survival is driven by both spring and autumn phenology. | large herbivore populations respond strongly to remotely sensed measures of primary productivity. whereas most studies in seasonal environments have focused on the effects of spring plant phenology on juvenile survival, recent studies demonstrated that autumn nutrition also plays a crucial role. we tested for both direct and indirect (through body mass) effects of spring and autumn phenology on winter survival of 2315 mule deer fawns across a wide range of environmental conditions in idaho, usa. ... | 2014 | 24733951 |
| association mapping of genetic risk factors for chronic wasting disease in wild deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy affecting north american cervids. we assessed the feasibility of association mapping cwd genetic risk factors in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) using a panel of bovine microsatellite markers from three homologous deer linkage groups predicted to contain candidate genes. these markers had a low cross-species amplification rate (27.9%) and showed weak linkage disequ ... | 2012 | 23467626 |
| historical overview of prion diseases: a view from afar. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), or prion diseases, are a group of neurodegenerative disorders which include kuru, creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker (gss) syndrome, and fatal familial insomnia in men, natural scrapie in sheep, goats and mufflons, transmissible mink encephalopathy in ranch-reared mink, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow disease" and its analogues in several exotic species of ... | 2012 | 22505359 |
| assessment of prospective preventive therapies for chronic wasting disease in mule deer. | we compared prion infection rates among mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) receiving pentosan polysulfate, tannic acid, tetracycline hcl, or no treatment 14 days before to 14 days after (dpi) oral inoculation with tonsil tissue homogenate. all deer were infected, but the rapid disease course (230-603 dpi) suggested our challenge was overwhelming. | 2012 | 22493139 |
| the role of genetics in chronic wasting disease of north american cervids. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a major concern for the management of north american cervid populations. this fatal prion disease has led to declines in populations which have high cwd prevalence and areas with both high and low infection rates have experienced economic losses in wildlife recreation and fears of potential spill-over into livestock or humans. research from human and veterinary medicine has established that the prion protein gene (prnp) encodes the protein responsible for transmi ... | 2012 | 22460693 |
| salivary prions in sheep and deer. | scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of cervids are transmissible prion diseases. milk and placenta have been identified as sources of scrapie prions but do not explain horizontal transmission. in contrast, cwd prions have been reported in saliva, urine and feces, which are thought to be responsible for horizontal transmission. while the titers of cwd prions have been measured in feces, levels in saliva or urine are unknown. because sheep produce ~17 l/day of saliva, and scrapie pr ... | 2016 | 22453179 |
| targeting the detection of chronic wasting disease using the hunter harvest during early phases of an outbreak in saskatchewan, canada. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal disease of north american cervids that was first detected in a wild, hunter-shot deer in saskatchewan along the border with alberta in canada in 2000. spatially explicit models for assessing factors affecting disease detection are needed to guide surveillance and control programs. spatio-temporal patterns in cwd prevalence can be complicated by variation in individual infection probability and sampling biases. we assessed hunter harvest data of mule deer ... | 2011 | 22137503 |
| alteration of the chronic wasting disease species barrier by in vitro prion amplification. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of cervids now detected in 19 states of the united states, three canadian provinces, and south korea. whether noncervid species can be infected by cwd and thereby serve as reservoirs for the infection is not known. to investigate this issue, we previously used serial protein misfolding cyclic amplification (spmca) to demonstrate that cwd prions can amplify in brain homogenates from several species sympatric with cer ... | 2011 | 21697475 |
| volatile ketones from interdigital glands of black-tailed deer,odocileus hemionus columbianus. | three volatile ketones, 2-tridecanone, (e)-3-tridecen-2-one and (e)-4-tridecen-2-one were identified in interdigital gland extracts from black-tailed deer,odocoileus hemionus columbianus. the major compound, (e)-3-tridecen-2-one, inhibited the growth of several species of fungi and grampositive bacteria. the bacterium,propionibacterium acnes, and the fungus,trichophyton mentagrophytes required a minimum concentration (mic) of 12.5 µg/ml and 25 µg/ml, respectively, for inhibition, (e)-3-tridecen- ... | 1995 | 24233672 |
| homogenization of large-scale movement models in ecology. | a difficulty in using diffusion models to predict large scale animal population dispersal is that individuals move differently based on local information (as opposed to gradients) in differing habitat types. this can be accommodated by using ecological diffusion. however, real environments are often spatially complex, limiting application of a direct approach. homogenization for partial differential equations has long been applied to fickian diffusion (in which average individual movement is org ... | 2011 | 21194012 |
| estimating chronic wasting disease effects on mule deer recruitment and population growth. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a prion disease of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), accelerates mortality and in so doing has the potential to influence population dynamics. although effects on mule deer survival are clear, how cwd affects recruitment is less certain. we studied how prion infection influenced the number of offspring raised to weaning per adult (≥2 yr old) female mule deer and subsequently the estimated growth rate (λ) of an infected deer herd. infected and presumably uninfected r ... | 2010 | 20966260 |
| the role of geographic information systems in wildlife landscape epidemiology: models of chronic wasting disease in colorado mule deer. | the authors present findings from two landscape epidemiology studies of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in northern colorado mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). first, the effects of human land use on disease prevalence were explored by formulating a set of models estimating cwd prevalence in relation to differences in human land use, sex and geographic location. prevalence was higher in developed areas and among male deer suggesting that anthropogenic influences (changes in land use), differences in ... | 2007 | 20422537 |
| a weighted surveillance approach for detecting chronic wasting disease foci. | a key component of wildlife disease surveillance is determining the spread and geographic extent of pathogens by monitoring for infected individuals in regions where cases have not been previously detected. a practical challenge of such surveillance is developing reliable, yet cost-effective, approaches that remain sustainable when monitoring needs are prolonged or continuous, or when resources to support these efforts are limited. in order to improve the efficiency of chronic wasting disease (c ... | 2010 | 20090025 |
| visual pathology in animal prion diseases. | prion diseases, also known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), are a group of slowly developing neurodegenerations occurring in human and animals. prion diseases can be transferred between animals, humans, from humans to animals, and from animals to humans. as a result, the central nervous system is attacked, resulting in microglia activation, astrocytosis, prion plaque deposition, and neuronal degeneration. prion also targets on the eye and brain visual system. in scrapie-i ... | 2009 | 19795355 |
| merogonic stages of theileria cervi in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | in february 2012, 12 farmed mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) were moved from a facility in southwestern oklahoma to a facility in southeastern oklahoma that housed 100 farmed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). between the third and fifth weeks, 9 of the 12 mule deer had died, 4 of which were submitted for necropsy. the deer were heavily infested with amblyomma americanum (lone star ticks). hematologic data from 1 deer revealed severe anemia, leukocytosis, and intraerythrocytic hemoparasi ... | 2013 | 24029405 |
| molecular characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (bos taurus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in the united states. | in the united states, the generally non-pathogenic trypanosome of cattle is designated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri and is distinguished morphologically from trypanosoma (m.) cervi, a trypanosome originally described in mule deer and elk. phylogenetic studies of the megatrypanum trypanosomes using various molecular markers reveal two lineages, designated tthi and tthii, with several genotypes within each. however, to date there is very limited genetic data for t. theileri, and none for th ... | 2013 | 23683651 |
| seasonal foraging ecology of non-migratory cougars in a system with migrating prey. | we tested for seasonal differences in cougar (puma concolor) foraging behaviors in the southern yellowstone ecosystem, a multi-prey system in which ungulate prey migrate, and cougars do not. we recorded 411 winter prey and 239 summer prey killed by 28 female and 10 male cougars, and an additional 37 prey items by unmarked cougars. deer composed 42.4% of summer cougar diets but only 7.2% of winter diets. males and females, however, selected different proportions of different prey; male cougars se ... | 2013 | 24349498 |
| high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose. | infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ... | 2013 | 23778618 |
| asymptomatic deer excrete infectious prions in faeces. | infectious prion diseases-scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease (cwd) of several species in the deer family-are transmitted naturally within affected host populations. although several possible sources of contagion have been identified in excretions and secretions from symptomatic animals, the biological importance of these sources in sustaining epidemics remains unclear. here we show that asymptomatic cwd-infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) excrete cwd prions in their faeces long be ... | 2009 | 19741608 |
| predator and heterospecific stimuli alter behaviour in cattle. | wild and domestic ungulates modify their behaviour in the presence of olfactory and visual cues of predators but investigations have not exposed a domestic species to a series of cues representing various predators and other ungulate herbivores. we used wolf (canis lupus), mountain lion (puma concolor), and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) stimuli (olfactory and visual), and a control (no stimuli) to experimentally test for differences in behaviour of cattle (bos taurus) raised in arizona. we mea ... | 2009 | 19429201 |
| lions and prions and deer demise. | contagious prion diseases--scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease of several species in the deer family--give rise to epidemics that seem capable of compromising host population viability. despite this prospect, the ecological consequences of prion disease epidemics in natural populations have received little consideration. | 2008 | 19107193 |
| relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat fragments. | habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open-space needs of human populations. nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. we used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and infor ... | 2008 | 18254856 |
| antipredator strategy of female goitered gazelles (gazella subgutturosa guld., 1780) with hiding fawn. | in ungulates, predation is often a major cause of infant mortality and likely plays an important role in shaping maternal care strategies that favor progeny survival. the anti-predator strategies of ungulates can be broadly categorized into two groups, hiding infants and following infants. we studied the maternal behavioral strategies of goitered gazelle, which is a typical representative of a hiding species. we found that shortly after birth, goitered gazelle mothers (1) stayed at the greatest ... | 2015 | 26232263 |
| prpcwd in rectal lymphoid tissue of deer (odocoileus spp.). | the utility of rectal lymphoid tissue sampling for the diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) infections in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was evaluated. cwd-associated prion protein (prp(cwd)) deposits were observed in the rectal mucosa from 19 orally inoculated mule deer by 381 days post-inoculation (p.i.); similarly, 45 out of 50 naturally infected mule deer had prp(cwd) in their rectal mucosa. in orally inoculated white-tailed deer, the pre ... | 2007 | 17554043 |
| deer mothers are sensitive to infant distress vocalizations of diverse mammalian species. | acoustic structure, behavioral context, and caregiver responses to infant distress vocalizations (cries) are similar across mammals, including humans. are these similarities enough for animals to respond to distress vocalizations of taxonomically and ecologically distant species? we show that mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) mothers approach a speaker playing distress vocalizations of infant marmots (marmota flaviventris), seals (neophoca cinerea and ... | 2014 | 25226186 |
| multimedia environmental monitoring: 50 years at hanford. | environmental monitoring has been an ongoing activity on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southeastern washington for almost 50 years. objectives are to detect and assess potential impacts of site operations on air, surface and ground waters, foodstuffs, fish, wildlife, soil and vegetation. data from monitoring effects are used to calculate the overall radiological dose to humans working onsite or residing in nearby communities. in 1989, measured hanford site perimeter concentrati ... | 1993 | 24220840 |
| weather conditions associated with autumn migration by mule deer in wyoming. | maintaining ecological integrity necessitates a proactive approach of identifying and acquiring lands to conserve unfragmented landscapes, as well as evaluating existing mitigation strategies to increase connectivity in fragmented landscapes. the increased use of highway underpasses and overpasses to restore connectivity for wildlife species offers clear conservation benefits, yet also presents a unique opportunity to understand how weather conditions may impact movement of wildlife species. we ... | 2015 | 26137426 |
| a meta-baci approach for evaluating management intervention on chronic wasting disease in mule deer. | advances in acquiring and analyzing the spatial attributes of data have greatly enhanced the potential utility of wildlife disease surveillance data for addressing problems of ecological or economic importance. we present an approach for using wildlife disease surveillance data to identify areas for (or of) intervention, to spatially delineate paired treatment and control areas, and then to analyze these nonrandomly selected sites in a meta-analysis framework via before-after-control impact (bac ... | 2007 | 17479841 |
| the morphology of the filaroid nematode setaria tundra, the cause of peritonitis in reindeer rangifer tarandus. | in finland during 2003-2005, large numbers of nematodes, tentatively identified as setaria sp., were observed in the peritoneal cavity of reindeer rangifer tarandus during a peritonitis outbreak associated with poor body condition. the morphology of worms recovered from slaughtered reindeer is described based on light and scanning electron microscopy. worms were confirmed as belonging to the superfamily filarioidea by the presence of microfilariae-producing females and the size and the shape of ... | 2007 | 17381867 |
| disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland. | ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ... | 2013 | 23649757 |
| homogenization, sex, and differential motility predict spread of chronic wasting disease in mule deer in southern utah. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an infectious prion disease that affects mule deer, along with other cervids. it is a slow-developing, fatal disease which is rare in the free-ranging deer population of utah. we present a sex-structured, spatial model for the spread of cwd over heterogeneous landscapes, incorporating both horizontal and environmental transmission pathways. to connect the local movement of deer to the regional spread of cwd, we use ecological diffusion with motility coefficients ... | 2014 | 23846241 |
| detection of chronic wasting disease in the lymph nodes of free-ranging cervids by real-time quaking-induced conversion. | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of deer, elk, and moose, is the only prion disease affecting free-ranging animals. since the disease was first identified in northern colorado and southern wyoming in 1967, new epidemic foci of the disease have been identified in 20 additional states, as well as two canadian provinces and the republic of south korea. identification of cwd-affected animals currently requires postmortem analysis of brain or lymphoid tissues u ... | 2014 | 24958799 |
| age and repeated biopsy influence antemortem prp(cwd) testing in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in colorado, usa. | biopsy of rectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue provides a useful, but imperfect, live-animal test for chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). it is difficult and expensive to complete these tests on free-ranging animals, and wildlife health managers will benefit from methods that can accommodate test results of varying quality. to this end, we developed a hierarchical bayesian model to estimate the probability that an individual is infected based on test results. ou ... | 2015 | 26251986 |
| infectious disease and grouping patterns in mule deer. | infectious disease dynamics are determined, to a great extent, by the social structure of the host. we evaluated sociality, or the tendency to form groups, in rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) from a chronic wasting disease (cwd) endemic area in saskatchewan, canada, to better understand factors that may affect disease transmission. using group size data collected on 365 radio-collared mule deer (2008-2013), we built a generalized linear mixed model (glmm) to evaluate wheth ... | 2016 | 27007808 |
| chronic wasting disease drives population decline of white-tailed deer. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an invariably fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of white-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and moose. despite a 100% fatality rate, areas of high prevalence, and increasingly expanding geographic endemic areas, little is known about the population-level effects of cwd in deer. to investigate these effects, we tested the null hypothesis that high prevalence cwd did not negatively impact white-tailed deer population sustainability. the specific objectives of ... | 2016 | 27575545 |
| the effect of terrain and female density on survival of neonatal white-tailed deer and mule deer fawns. | juvenile survival is a highly variable life-history trait that is critical to population growth. antipredator tactics, including an animal's use of its physical and social environment, are critical to juvenile survival. here, we tested the hypothesis that habitat and social characteristics influence coyote (canis latrans) predation on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o. hemionus) fawns in similar ways during the neonatal period. this would contrast to winter when the hab ... | 2016 | 27386083 |
| accounting for individual behavioural variation in studies of habitat selection. | a caribou wearing an animal-borne video camera (a) and animal-borne video footage taken from systems deployed on mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in north-central washington state, usa (b-d). when paired with tracking technology, animal-borne video can reveal detailed information about behaviour and environmental features at each location: (b) feeding, (c) vigilant in the open, (d) vigilant in cover, (e) resting in the open. accordingly, animal-borne video systems should allow for analyses of hab ... | 2014 | 24428597 |
| spawning salmon disrupt trophic coupling between wolves and ungulate prey in coastal british columbia. | as a cross-boundary resource subsidy, spawning salmon can strongly affect consumer and ecosystem ecology. here we examine whether this marine resource can influence a terrestrial wolf-deer (canis lupus-odocoileus hemionus) predator-prey system in coastal british columbia, canada. data on resource availability and resource use among eight wolf groups for three seasons over four years allow us to evaluate competing hypotheses that describe salmon as either an alternate resource, consumed in areas ... | 2008 | 18764930 |
| horizontal transmission of chronic wasting disease in reindeer. | we challenged reindeer by the intracranial route with the agent of chronic wasting disease sourced from white-tailed deer, mule deer, or elk and tested for horizontal transmission to naive reindeer. reindeer were susceptible to chronic wasting disease regardless of source species. horizontal transmission occurred through direct contact or indirectly through the environment. | 2016 | 27869594 |
| serosurvey for antibody to deerpox virus in five cervid species in oregon, usa. | five cervid species in oregon, usa were tested with a serum neutralization assay for antibody to deerpox virus (dpv). none of the 50 elk (cervus elaphus ssp. roosevelti and nelsonii) had detectable antibody. prevalence of antibody to dpv in the remaining species was: 52% (n=55) in black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 32% (n= 59) in mule deer (o. hemionus hemionus), and 36% (n=50) in columbian white-tailed deer (o. virginianus leucurus), with an overall antibody prevalence of 40.2 ... | 2013 | 23307387 |
| spatial variability in the nutrient composition of populus tremuloides: clone-to-clone differences and implications for cervids. | populus tremuloides, a clonal angiosperm, is a major food item for many temperate-region herbivores. clonal variation in chemical composition has potentially important implications for vertebrate herbivores because a single clone may be areally large and hence, may comprise a large part of available forage. the objectives of this study were: (1) to examine spatial variability in nutrient concentrations and quality within and among 24 clones of trembling aspen, and (2) to evaluate these differenc ... | 1991 | 28312739 |
| mule deer spatial association patterns and potential implications for transmission of an epizootic disease. | animal social behaviour can have important effects on the long-term dynamics of diseases. in particular, preferential spatial relationships between individuals can lead to differences in the rates of disease spread within a population. we examined the concurrent influence of genetic relatedness, sex, age, home range overlap, time of year, and prion disease status on proximal associations of adult rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in a chronic wasting disease endemic area. w ... | 2017 | 28388681 |
| chronic wasting disease in bank voles: characterisation of the shortest incubation time model for prion diseases. | in order to assess the susceptibility of bank voles to chronic wasting disease (cwd), we inoculated voles carrying isoleucine or methionine at codon 109 (bv109i and bv109m, respectively) with cwd isolates from elk, mule deer and white-tailed deer. efficient transmission rate (100%) was observed with mean survival times ranging from 156 to 281 days post inoculation. subsequent passages in bv109i allowed us to isolate from all cwd sources the same vole-adapted cwd strain (bv(109i)cwd), typified by ... | 2013 | 23505374 |
| exotic pediculosis and hair-loss syndrome in deer (odocoileus hemionus) populations in california. | infestation with nonnative, "exotic" lice was first noted in washington black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in 1994 and has since then spread throughout the western united states. in california, infestation with the exotic louse damalinia (cervicola) sp. was first detected in black-tailed deer from northern california in 2004, and, in 2009, the exotic louse species bovicola tibialis and linognathus africanus were identified on mule deer (odocoileus hemionus californicus) in centr ... | 2016 | 27240567 |
| susceptibility of cattle to the agent of chronic wasting disease from elk after intracranial inoculation. | cattle could be exposed to the agent of chronic wasting disease (cwd) through contact with infected farmed or free-ranging cervids or exposure to contaminated premises. the purpose of the current study was to assess the potential for cwd derived from elk to transmit to cattle after intracranial inoculation. calves (n = 14) were inoculated with brain homogenate derived from elk with cwd to determine the potential for transmission and to define the clinicopathologic features of disease. cattle wer ... | 2012 | 22991389 |
| experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, remains prevalent in north american elk, white-tailed deer and mule deer. a natural case of cwd in reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) has not been reported despite potential habitat overlap with cwd-infected deer or elk herds. this study investigates the experimental transmission of cwd from elk or white-tailed deer to reindeer by the oral route of inoculation. ante-mortem testing of the three reindeer expose ... | 2012 | 22723928 |
| broad and fine-scale genetic analysis of white-tailed deer populations: estimating the relative risk of chronic wasting disease spread. | chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, similar to sheep scrapie that has only recently been detected in wild populations of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) in western canada. relatively little is known about local transmission dynamics of the disease or the potential for long-distance spread. we analysed the population genetic structure of over 2000 white-tailed deer sampled from alberta, british co ... | 2011 | 25567957 |
| experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer fawns. | infection with a newly described endotheliotropic adenovirus was the cause of a 1993 epizootic reminiscent of hemorrhagic disease in california mule deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus and o. hemionus hemionus). pulmonary edema and intestinal luminal hemorrhage, or necrotizing stomatitis associated with systemic or localized vasculitis, respectively, were common lesions seen in animals that died during the epizootic. in order to determine if white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) also are ... | 2001 | 11272490 |
| merogony and gametogony of eimeria mccordocki (protozoa-eimeriidae) in the mule deer, odocoileus h. hemionus. | eimeria mccordocki and e. madisonensis oocysts were isolated from feces of 21 of 40 captive mule deer in fort collins, colorado. the two species were separated from each other by infecting one mule deer fawn, and the life cycle of e. mccordocki was studied for the first time. four to six-weeks-old mule deer fawns were inoculated orally with e. mccordocki and killed 9, 13 and 15 days after infection. asexual and sexual stages of life cycle developed in the ileum of mule deer, only in the surface ... | 1987 | 3590606 |
| first chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance of roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in the northern part of belgium. | summary cases of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in wild cervids have yet not been reported in europe, whereas the disease is considered enzootic in free-ranging mule deer, rocky mountain elk and white-tailed deer in the area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska. new foci of cwd continue to be detected in other parts of the united states. however, no large-scale active epidemiosurveillance of european wild cervids is yet installed in europe. in accordance with the opinion of the european scientific ... | 2006 | 22077761 |
| surveillance for echinococcus canadensis genotypes in canadian ungulates. | the geographic and host distribution, prevalence and genotypes of echinococcus canadensis in wild ungulates in canada are described to better understand the significance for wildlife and public health. we observed e. canadensis in 10.5% (11/105) of wild elk (wapiti; cervus canadensis) in riding mountain national park, manitoba, examined at necropsy, over two consecutive years (2010-2011). molecular characterization of hydatid cyst material from these elk, as well as three other intermediate wild ... | 2013 | 24533321 |
| whole-genome sequences of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus isolates from deer, moose and elk are highly conserved and support a new species in the genus atadenovirus. | we present the first complete genome sequence of odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus 1 (odadv-1). this virus can cause sporadic haemorrhagic disease in cervids, although epizootics with high mortality have occurred in california. odadv-1 has been placed in the genus atadenovirus, based on partial hexon, pviii and fibre genes. ten field isolates recovered from naturally infected mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginiana) and moose (alces alces) from wyoming, black- ... | 2017 | 28809152 |
| testicular lesions and antler abnormalities in colorado, usa mule deer (odocoileus hemionus): a possible role for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. | antler abnormalities of deer and other cervids often result from testicular lesions and decreased levels of testosterone, inhibiting normal cycles of antler growth. affected males have antlers with retained velvet, numerous short, misshapen points ("cactus bucks"), and failure to shed these abnormal antlers annually. in colorado, us, we observed a high occurrence of "cactus bucks" in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) populations after management efforts to increase the number of mature male deer i ... | 2015 | 25375947 |
| wild ungulates as disseminators of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli in urban areas. | in 2008, children playing on a soccer field in colorado were sickened with a strain of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157:h7, which was ultimately linked to feces from wild rocky mountain elk. we addressed whether wild cervids were a potential source of stec infections in humans and whether stec was ubiquitous throughout wild cervid populations in colorado. | 2013 | 24349083 |
| isolation and characterization of a novel cervid adenovirus from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns in a captive herd. | a novel adenovirus, ceadv1, was isolated from buffy coat and nasal swab samples collected from two captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) fawns. the isolation was an incidental finding in the course of screening animals for use in a research study on an unrelated pathogen. in the screening process, virus isolation was performed on both nasal swabs and buffy coat samples and cytopathic effect was observed. electron microscopy revealed viral particles with the shape and morphology of a ... | 2017 | 28662929 |
| the greenscape shapes surfing of resource waves in a large migratory herbivore. | the green wave hypothesis posits that herbivore migration manifests in response to waves of spring green-up (i.e. green-wave surfing). nonetheless, empirical support for the green wave hypothesis is mixed, and a framework for understanding variation in surfing is lacking. in a population of migratory mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), 31% surfed plant phenology in spring as well as a theoretically perfect surfer, and 98% surfed better than random. green-wave surfing varied among individuals and wa ... | 2017 | 28444870 |
| an expanding population of the giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) in elk (cervus canadensis) and other ungulates in canada. | giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) populations readily expand under suitable conditions. although extirpated from the eastern slopes of the canadian rocky mountains in the early 1960s, the fluke reappeared following natural spread through mountain passes from british columbia. herein, we assessed epizootiology of the fluke population two decades later. between 1984 and 1991, 534 ungulates, including 381 elk (cervus canadensis), 68 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 54 white-tailed dee ... | 2015 | 25647594 |
| hepatitis e virus seroprevalence in free-ranging deer in canada. | hepatitis e virus infection (hev) is an important public health concern not only in traditional endemic areas, but also in some industrialized countries where both domesticated and wild animals have been recognized as potential zoonotic reservoirs implicated in hev transmission. while the prevalence of infection in the deer population in europe and asia has been thoroughly investigated, it remains largely undetermined in north america. we assessed the presence of hev in three different species o ... | 2016 | 26752436 |
| use of yohimbine and 4-aminopyridine to antagonize xylazine-induced immobilization in north american cervidae. | four captive moose (alces alces), 4 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and 5 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were immobilized with xylazine (0.63 to 1.29 mg/kg of body weight, im). mean induction times for the moose were 17 minutes and for the deer, 14 and 10 minutes, respectively. according to published data and past experience, the dosage of xylazine used would be expected to provide 115, 120, and 100 minutes of immobilization in captive moose, mule deer, and white-tailed deer, respec ... | 1985 | 2867079 |
| large herbivores surf waves of green-up during spring. | the green wave hypothesis (gwh) states that migrating animals should track or 'surf' high-quality forage at the leading edge of spring green-up. to index such high-quality forage, recent work proposed the instantaneous rate of green-up (irg), i.e. rate of change in the normalized difference vegetation index over time. despite this important advancement, no study has tested the assumption that herbivores select habitat patches at peak irg. we evaluated this assumption using step selection functio ... | 2016 | 27335416 |
| radio-telemetry as an aid to environmental contaminant evaluation of mobile wildlife species. | radio transmitters are a useful tool in determining the degree of use of and extent of movement from contaminated sites by highly mobile wildlife species. programs monitoring wildlife species for environmental contaminants from localized sources can maximize the amount of information obtained from an individual animal by using radio-telemetry to ascertain residence history. the use of radio-telemetry techniques on two mobile wildlife species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and mallard ducks (an ... | 1985 | 24258034 |
| weather and prey predict mammals' visitation to water. | throughout many arid lands of africa, australia and the united states, wildlife agencies provide water year-round for increasing game populations and enhancing biodiversity, despite concerns that water provisioning may favor species more dependent on water, increase predation, and reduce biodiversity. in part, understanding the effects of water provisioning requires identifying why and when animals visit water. employing this information, by matching water provisioning with use by target species ... | 2015 | 26560518 |
| re-evaluating neonatal-age models for ungulates: does model choice affect survival estimates? | new-hoof growth is regarded as the most reliable metric for predicting age of newborn ungulates, but variation in estimated age among hoof-growth equations that have been developed may affect estimates of survival in staggered-entry models. we used known-age newborns to evaluate variation in age estimates among existing hoof-growth equations and to determine the consequences of that variation on survival estimates. during 2001-2009, we captured and radiocollared 174 newborn (≤24-hrs old) ungulat ... | 2014 | 25264612 |
| effect of varying dietary starch and fiber levels and inoculum source (mule deer vs. dairy cow) on simulated rumen fermentation characteristics. | this study measured starch and fiber digestion and microbial fermentation of three commercial exotic animal feeds using mule deer (md) or dairy cow (dc) rumen inoculum. diets were formulated to provide either high starch/low fiber (based on neutral detergent fiber fraction; ndf) with either alfalfa (diet a) or grain and oilseed byproducts (diet b) as the major fiber sources or low starch/high ndf (diet c). an initial batch culture incubation was run with diets inoculated with each rumen inoculum ... | 2014 | 24395284 |
| how do amino acid substitutions affect the amyloidogenic properties and seeding efficiency of prion peptides. | the amino acid sequences in the amyloidogenic region (amino acids 108-144) of several mammalian prion proteins were compared and variations were found to occur at residues 109 (m or l), 112 (m or v), 129 (m, v, or l), 135 (n or s), 138 (m, l, or i), 139 (m or i), and 143 (n or s). using the bovine prp peptide (residues 108-144 based on the numbering of the human prion protein sequence) as a control peptide, several peptides with one amino acid differing from that of the bovine prp peptide at res ... | 2013 | 23736988 |
| adaptation of ruminants to browse and grass diets: are anatomical-based browser-grazer interpretations valid? | as a result of pioneering work of hofmann (1973, 1989), nutritional ecologists classify ruminants into three feeding-type categories: browsers ("concentrate" feeders), grazers, and intermediate or mixed feeders. hofmann proposed that these feeding types result from evolutionary adaptations in the anatomy of the digestive system and that one consequence is shorter retention of the digesta in the rumen of browsers, and thus a decreased efficiency of fiber digestion relative to that of grazers. we ... | 1995 | 28306775 |
| tests of spatial and temporal interaction among animals. | i report a method for analyzing interaction between two animals around a common object or resource (simple association) or within a shared area (spatial-temporal interaction in home range overlap). the pair's association is reduced to binomial events forming a 2 x 2 classification; each is either present or not in the shared area. for the most common home range overlap description, observed frequencies of presence and absence for each animal are compared to expected frequencies based on two null ... | 1992 | 27759210 |
| assessment of anadromous salmon resources in the diet of the alexander archipelago wolf using stable isotope analysis. | the alexander archipelago wolf (canis lupus ligoni) is unique to southeast alaska, occurring on islands south of frederick sound and along the mainland between dixon entrance and yakutat bay. sitka black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) are an important prey species for wolves across the southern part of the region. spawning salmon (onchorynchus sp.) are seasonally available but their presence in wolf diets has not previously been quantified. we examined the range of bone collagen δ(1 ... | 1999 | 28308010 |
| seasonal variation in volatile secondary compounds ofchrysothamnus nauseosus (pallas) britt.; asteraceae ssp.hololeucus (gray) hall. & clem. influences herbivory. | chrysothamnus nauseosus (rubber rabbitbrush) is used by browsing animals, especially mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), as a forage in the winter months. it is used only slightly, if at all in the summer. this dietary difference may result from changes in the secondary chemical composition of the leaves. solvent extracts from summer and winter rabbitbrush leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the volatile compounds were quantified and identified. hexane and chlorofo ... | 1994 | 24242728 |
| isolation and characterization of a cervidpoxvirus from a goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa) from a zoologic park in minnesota. | deerpox virus (dpv) is the sole member of the newly ratified cervidpoxvirus genus in the subfamily chordopoxvirinae. presented here is the first diagnostic report of isolation of dpv from a goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa). a tissue homogenate was submitted by a zoologic park to the minnesota veterinary diagnostic laboratory at the university of minnesota for poxvirus diagnostic investigation and then referred to plum island foreign animal disease diagnostic laboratory for confirmation. p ... | 2013 | 24063086 |
| sarcocystis mehlhorni, n. sp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) from the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). | infection with sarcocystis is common in many species of wild cervids but none is reported from the black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus). here, we report sarcocystis infection in two black-tailed deer from northwest usa for the first time. sarcocysts were microscopic, up to 556 μm long and mature. the sarcocyst wall was up to 1.39 μm thick and had rectangular 1.17-μm-long villar protrusions, type 17, with thin (230 nm) electron dense ground substance layer. molecular characterizati ... | 2015 | 26346449 |
| hair-loss syndrome in black-tailed deer of the pacific northwest. | a widespread hair-loss syndrome (hls) has affected columbian black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in western oregon and washington (usa) since 1996. in order to better characterize the condition, 21 hls-affected black-tailed deer (btd) were necropsied, and body condition, parasite burdens, and significant lesions were noted. all deer were in poor body condition, and at least 17 had severe internal parasite burdens. a consistent finding was the presence of large numbers of chewing ... | 2004 | 15650084 |
| eimeria odocoilei n. sp. from the mule deer odocoileus h. hemionus in washington. | | 1967 | 6069253 |
| experimental coccidiosis in mule deer fawns. | five mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) ranging in age from 3 to 6 weeks were given sporulated eimeria mccordocki oocysts orally. four of the five fawns developed coccidiosis. initial clinical signs appeared by 8 to 9 days postinoculation and included elevated body temperature and bloody diarrhea. dehydration and limited emaciation occurred as the disease progressed. the disease was allowed to run its course in one fawn and oocysts were passed in the feces on the 16th day following inoculatio ... | 1980 | 7463611 |
| abundance and bloodfeeding patterns of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in an oak woodland on the eastern slope of the northern coast range of california. | the abundance and bloodfeeding patterns of mosquitoes was studied from 2008 to 2010 at an 18 ha. oak woodland in lake county, ca. host-seeking females were collected weekly from sunset to sunrise by paired dry-ice-baited cdc style traps, whereas resting females were aspirated from paired walk-in red boxes. sequences of the coi gene amplified from bloodmeals from engorged resting females were used to identify the bloodmeal hosts. aedes sierrensis (ludlow) and aedes increpitus dyar complex mosquit ... | 2017 | 28874011 |
| evolution of diagnostic tests for chronic wasting disease, a naturally occurring prion disease of cervids. | since chronic wasting disease (cwd) was first identified nearly 50 years ago in a captive mule deer herd in the rocky mountains of the united states, it has slowly spread across north america through the natural and anthropogenic movement of cervids and their carcasses. as the endemic areas have expanded, so has the need for rapid, sensitive, and cost effective diagnostic tests-especially those which take advantage of samples collected antemortem. over the past two decades, strategies have evolv ... | 2017 | 28783058 |
| influence of sagebrush terpenoids on mule deer preference. | the effect on mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus rafinesque) preference of compounds in mountain big sagebrush [artemisia tridentata nutt. ssp.vaseyana (rydb.) beetle], wyoming big sagebrush (a. t. ssp.wyomingensis beetle and young), basin big sagebrush (a. t. ssp.tridentata), and black sagebrush (a. nova nels.) was compared using a two-choice preference test. compounds tested included:p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, methacrolein (two concentrations), and the nonvolatile crude terpenoid fraction (nv ... | 1991 | 24258589 |
| antibacterial action of essential oils of artemisia as an ecological factor. ii. antibacterial action of the volatile oils of artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush) on bacteria from the rumen of mule deer. | rumen microorganisms of wild and captive deer were subjected to increasing amounts of volatile oils. the oils had a marked antibacterial effect on the rumen bacteria when the concentration reached approximately 16 muliters of oil per 10 ml of rumen fluid nutrient broth. the gross reactions of rumen bacteria obtained from wild, as well as captive, deer to the volatile oils seemed to be of the same magnitude; thus no adaptation by the bacteria to the oils was apparent. | 1968 | 5649859 |
| candidate adaptive genes associated with lineage divergence: identifying snps via next-generation targeted resequencing in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) are an excellent nonmodel species for empirically testing hypotheses in landscape and population genomics due to their large population sizes (low genetic drift), relatively continuous distribution, diversity of occupied habitats and phenotypic variation. because few genomic resources are currently available for this species, we used exon data from a cattle (bos taurus) reference genome to direct targeted resequencing of 5935 genes in mule deer. we sequenced appro ... | 2016 | 27438092 |
| intracerebral malignant plasmacytoma in a mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). | a wild, mature, gravid female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) was presented with marked neurological signs, including abnormal behaviour, circling and incoordination. the animal was humanely destroyed and submitted for diagnostic investigation. grossly, a well-demarcated, 3 × 3 × 3 cm intracranial mass replaced the left olfactory bulb and frontal lobe. histologically, there was a highly cellular, infiltrative and unencapsulated neoplastic mass of round cells with eccentrically located nuclei. ne ... | 2017 | 26987510 |
| ungulate reproductive parameters track satellite observations of plant phenology across latitude and climatological regimes. | the effect of climatically-driven plant phenology on mammalian reproduction is one key to predicting species-specific demographic responses to climate change. large ungulates face their greatest energetic demands from the later stages of pregnancy through weaning, and so in seasonal environments parturition dates should match periods of high primary productivity. interannual variation in weather influences the quality and timing of forage availability, which can influence neonatal survival. here ... | 2016 | 26849642 |
| the effects of urbanization on population density, occupancy, and detection probability of wild felids. | urbanization is a primary driver of landscape conversion, with far-reaching effects on landscape pattern and process, particularly related to the population characteristics of animals. urbanization can alter animal movement and habitat quality, both of which can influence population abundance and persistence. we evaluated three important population characteristics (population density, site occupancy, and species detection probability) of a medium-sized and a large carnivore across varying levels ... | 2015 | 26591454 |
| alive smc(2) : bayesian model selection for low-count time series models with intractable likelihoods. | in this article we present a new method for performing bayesian parameter inference and model choice for low- count time series models with intractable likelihoods. the method involves incorporating an alive particle filter within a sequential monte carlo (smc) algorithm to create a novel exact-approximate algorithm, which we refer to as alive smc2. the advantages of this approach over competing methods are that it is naturally adaptive, it does not involve between-model proposals required in re ... | 2016 | 26584211 |
| belowground fungal associations and water interact to influence the compensatory response of ipomopsis aggregata. | although the concept that some plants benefit from being eaten is counterintuitive, there is now considerable evidence demonstrating enhanced fitness following herbivory. it has been assumed that plants growing in high resource conditions are the ones best able to compensate for herbivory. however, just the opposite has been found for dicotyledonous plants exhibiting patterns of overcompensation, with most occurring in resource-poor conditions. long-term studies of the monocarpic biennial, scarl ... | 2016 | 26497124 |
| quantifying spatial habitat loss from hydrocarbon development through assessing habitat selection patterns of mule deer. | extraction of oil and natural gas (hydrocarbons) from shale is increasing rapidly in north america, with documented impacts to native species and ecosystems. with shale oil and gas resources on nearly every continent, this development is set to become a major driver of global land-use change. it is increasingly critical to quantify spatial habitat loss driven by this development to implement effective mitigation strategies and develop habitat offsets. habitat selection is a fundamental ecologica ... | 2015 | 26264447 |
| induction and characterization of a replication competent cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) from mule deer cells. | endogenous retroviruses (ervs) were acquired during evolution of their host organisms after infection and mendelian inheritance in the germline by their exogenous counterparts. the ervs can spread in the host genome and in some cases they affect the host phenotype. the cervid endogenous gammaretrovirus (crerv) is one of only a few well-defined examples of evolutionarily recent invasion of mammalian genome by retroviruses. thousands of insertionally polymorphic crerv integration sites have been d ... | 2015 | 26218214 |
| asynchronous vegetation phenology enhances winter body condition of a large mobile herbivore. | understanding how spatial and temporal heterogeneity influence ecological processes forms a central challenge in ecology. individual responses to heterogeneity shape population dynamics, therefore understanding these responses is central to sustainable population management. emerging evidence has shown that herbivores track heterogeneity in nutritional quality of vegetation by responding to phenological differences in plants. we quantified the benefits mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) accrue from ... | 2015 | 26009244 |