| suspected tremorgenic mycotoxicosis (ryegrass staggers) in alpacas (llama pacos) in the uk. | | 1999 | 10576282 |
| recovery of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from camelids (lama glama and vicugna vicugna) in argentina. | a survey of whipworms was conducted in llamas and vicuñas in northwestern argentina. fecal examinations of a group of 14 llamas (april 1995-march 1996) and 69 vicuñas (november 1996) indicated a high prevalence (usually >50%) of trichuris sp. in these hosts. prevalence was highest during july-november 1995 that also coincided with the highest mean fecal egg count. during postmortem examinations of 1 llama and 1 vicuña, specimens of trichuris tenuis were recovered from the cecum/large intestine o ... | 1999 | 10577735 |
| risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. | an assessment was made of the risk of transmission of foot and mouth disease (fmd), vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, tuberculosis and brucellosis by llama embryos. the study suggests that embryo transfer is a safe method for the international movement of llama embryos despite the special characteristics of these embryos, such as the absence of a zona pellucida, and despite the lack of data on pathogen-embryo interactions. for acute viral diseases such as fmd, vesicular stomatitis or bluetongue, ... | 1999 | 10588016 |
| radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. | this is a description of the radiographic appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract of neonatal crias with survey and contrast radiography, including transit times for the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. radiographs of the abdomen of six healthy neonatal llama crias positioned in right lateral and dorsal recombency were obtained initially then at various intervals post barium administration. portions of the gastrointestinal tract that could be identified included the stomac ... | 1999 | 10608686 |
| bovine tuberculosis in llama (lama glama) in the uk. | | 1999 | 10619610 |
| experimental brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. | brucella abortus infection has not been documented in llamas. this report describes the abortion of the only pregnant animal in a group of 12. the llama was infected by inoculating 1 x 10(8) viable b. abortus organisms into the conjunctival sac. forty-three days postinfection, the llama aborted a fetus of approximately 8 months gestational age. brucella organisms were isolated from the placenta and all fetal specimens examined. these organisms were also isolated from the dam's mammary gland and ... | 2000 | 10643984 |
| tick paralysis and hepatic lipidosis in a llama. | | 1997 | 9140648 |
| superovulation in llamas (lama glama) with pfsh and equine chorionic gonadotrophin used individually or in combination. | the purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of pfsh and/or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (ecg) for inducing superovulation in llamas. sixteen adult llamas weighing on average 130 kg (range 110-140) and which had been showing signs of oestrus for 5 days were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and one control group (n = 4). llamas in group a received ecg (500 iu, i.m.) once daily for 3 days, those in group b received pfsh i.m., in decreasing doses every 12 h for 5 days f ... | 1997 | 9231267 |
| early pregnancy diagnosis in alpaca (lama pacos) and llama (lama glama) by ultrasound. | an ultrasonography study of early pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 19 alpacas and 12 llamas, after controlled matings. the aim was to determine the earliest gestational age at which pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography could be achieved, and to generate an empirical formula for gestational sac diameter (gsd) growth as a function of gestational age (ga), allowing an estimate of ga during the first month of pregnancy. we found that pregnancy diagnosis may be carried out as earl ... | 1997 | 9233511 |
| endogenous lipid pneumonia (alveolar histiocytosis) and hydrocephalus in an adult llama (llama glama). | | 1997 | 9392068 |
| thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (lama glama). | | 2000 | 10731075 |
| presence of enamel on the incisors of the llama (lama glama) and alpaca (lama pacos). | attempts have been made to define the relationships among the south american camelids, the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna, by comparing the morphology of their incisors. the alpaca has been reported to have an incisor morphology similar to the vicuna, lacking enamel on the lingual surface. the llama and guanaco are said to have enamel on both the labial and lingual surface of their incisor teeth. these comparisons have been based on gross morphological observations and not on histologic anal ... | 1997 | 9415451 |
| timing of mating and ovarian response in llamas (lama glama) treated with pfsh. | the effect of the timing of mating on ovarian response in llamas was evaluated using 20 adult llamas weighing 90-120 kg which had been in oestrus for 5 days and were treated with 20 mg pfsh every 12 h for the following 5 days (total dose: 200 mg of fsh-nih-p1). they were randomly allocated to group a (n = 10) and mated immediately at the end of pfsh treatment or to group b (n = 10) and mated 36 h after the end of pfsh treatment. llamas of both groups were given hcg (750 iu, i.m.) immediately aft ... | 1997 | 9452884 |
| influence of llamas, horses, and hikers on soil erosion from established recreation trails in western montana, usa | / various types of recreational traffic impact hiking trails uniquely and cause different levels of trail degradation; however, trail head restrictions are applied similarly across all types of packstock. the purpose of this study was to assess the relative physical impact of hikers, llamas, and horses on recreational trails. horse, llama, and hiker traffic were applied to 56 separate plots on an existing trail at lubrecht experimental forest in western montana. the traffic was applied to plots ... | 1998 | 9465134 |
| carotid blood flow changes with behavioral states in the late gestation llama fetus in utero. | this study tested the hypothesis that in the llama fetus changes in cerebral blood flow are closely associated with changes in cerebral oxidative metabolism such as occur during transitions between electrocortical states. for the first time reported in any species, instantaneous changes in common carotid blood flow, employed as a continuous index of cerebrovascular perfusion, were related to instantaneous changes in electrocortical activity. three late gestation fetal llamas were surgically prep ... | 1997 | 9466716 |
| surgical repair of patellar luxation in llamas: 7 cases (1980-1996). | to evaluate anatomy of the stifle in llamas and determine outcome of llamas that underwent surgery for repair of patellar luxation. | 1998 | 9530429 |
| chemoreflex contribution to adrenocortical function during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus at 0.6 to 0.7 of gestation. | this study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama, a species adapted to the chronic hypoxia of life at high altitude, demonstrates a potent carotid chemoreflex influence on adrenocortical responses during acute hypoxemia. plasma acth and cortisol concentrations, and mesencephalic and adrenal blood flows were measured during a 1-h period of acute hypoxemia in six intact and four carotid sinus-denervated llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation. fetal pao2 was reduced from approximately 23 to abo ... | 1998 | 9564872 |
| passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin g in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate precolostral hypogammaglobulinemia in neonatal llamas and alpacas, to determine when postcolostral peak serum igg concentrations develop, to determine whether differences in postcolostral serum igg concentrations between llamas and alpacas exist, and to determine postcolostral half-life of serum igg in llamas and alpacas. | 2000 | 10895892 |
| cardiorespiratory responses to acute hypoxemia in the chronically catheterized fetal llama at 0.7-0.9 of gestation. | the adult llama (lama glama) has several compensatory mechanisms that allow it to successfully survive at high altitude. llama fetuses at 0.6-0.7 of gestation, and near-term llama fetuses studied close to surgery, did not increase cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral oxygen delivery during acute hypoxemia. it is not known whether these responses were the result of immaturity or surgical stress. the aim of this study was to determine whether the lack of increase in cerebral blood flow and t ... | 1998 | 9683409 |
| improved production and function of llama heavy chain antibody fragments by molecular evolution. | the aim of this study was to improve production level of llama heavy chain antibody fragments (v(hh)) in saccharomyces cerevisiae while retaining functional characteristics. for this purpose, the dna shuffling technique was used on llama v(hh) fragments specific for the azo-dye reactive red-6. in the dna shuffling process, three parental llama v(hh) with high amino acid sequence identity with significant differences in production and functional characteristics were used. from these parental sequ ... | 2000 | 10949316 |
| differentiation of clinical mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates by gyrb dna sequence polymorphism analysis. | the discriminatory power of gyrb dna sequence polymorphisms for differentiation of the species of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) was evaluated by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of a 1,020-bp fragment amplified from clinical isolates of m. tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis (pyrazinamide [pza] resistant as well as pza susceptible), mycobacterium africanum subtypes i and ii, and mycobacterium microti types vole and llama. we found sequence pol ... | 2000 | 10970363 |
| two cases of mycobacterium microti derived tuberculosis in hiv-negative immunocompetent patients. | we describe two cases of mycobacterium microti infection causing pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in hiv-seronegative immunocompetent patients in germany. the isolates were identified as m. microti of the llama and vole types, according to spoligotype patterns. our data demonstrate that m. microti can cause severe pulmonary tb in immunocompetent patients. | 2000 | 10998387 |
| adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. | 1. the effects of fetal intravenous treatment with phentolamine or a vasopressinergic v1-receptor antagonist on the fetal cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxaemia in the llama were investigated. 2. six llama fetuses were surgically prepared between 60 and 70 % of gestation under general halothane anaesthesia with vascular catheters and transit-time ultrasonic flow probes around a carotid artery and a femoral artery. at least 4 days after surgery all fetuses were subjected to a 3 h experiment ... | 1999 | 9925892 |
| comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle. | to analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. | 2000 | 11039563 |
| detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears. | to determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. | 2000 | 11039564 |
| listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. | listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli were isolated from blood collected on presentation and tissues samples taken postmortem. listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid collected antemortem. the importance of passive transfer of immunity, the subtlety of neurologic signs in early meningitis, and considering blood-csf penetration in antimicrobial selection are discussed. | 1998 | 10051957 |
| introduction of an n-glycosylation site increases secretion of heterologous proteins in yeasts. | saccharomyces cerevisiae is often used to produce heterologous proteins that are preferentially secreted to increase economic feasibility. we used n-glycosylation as a tool to enhance protein secretion. secretion of cutinase, a lipase, and llama v(hh) antibody fragments by s. cerevisiae or pichia pastoris improved following the introduction of an n-glycosylation site. when we introduced an n-glycosylation consensus sequence in the n-terminal region of a hydrophobic cutinase, secretion increased ... | 2000 | 11055947 |
| 1995 epizootic of vesicular stomatitis (new jersey serotype) in the western united states: an entomologic perspective. | entomologic and epizootic data are reviewed concerning the potential for transmission of vesicular stomatitis (vs) virus by insects, including field data from case-positive premises in new mexico and colorado during the 1995 outbreak of the new jersey serotype (vsnj). as with previous outbreaks of vsnj in the western united states, the 1995 epizootic illustrated that risk of exposure is seasonal, increasing during warm weather and decreasing with onset of cool weather; virus activity spread from ... | 1999 | 10071485 |
| distribution of keratins, vimentin, and actin in the testis of two south american camelids: vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama). an immunohistochemical study. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of cytokeratins, vimentin and muscular actin in the testis of vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama) two species of camelids native of the andean high plateau of south america. testicular biopsies of four vicunas and five llamas were used. animals were healthy breeders. the tissues were processed by standard immunohistochemistry with antipancytokeratinae1/ae3, antikeratin 18 (k 18), cam 5.2 (antikeratin 5, 1 ... | 1999 | 10096664 |
| an overview of selected diseases and drug needs in the llama and alpaca industries. | the north american llama and alpaca industries will probably continue to expand at a rate of 20-25% per year for at least the next one to two decades. as a result, while the total population will always be small relative to the cattle and swine industries, the total numbers of alpacas and llamas will be substantial. accordingly, it is appropriate and timely to begin the process of getting drugs approved for usage in these species. four drugs that warrant consideration for nrsp-7 evaluation and a ... | 1998 | 9706687 |
| genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ... | 1999 | 10231768 |
| unique single-domain antigen binding fragments derived from naturally occurring camel heavy-chain antibodies. | the humoral immune response of camels, dromedaries and llamas includes functional antibodies formed by two heavy chains and no light chains. the amino acid sequence of the variable domain of the naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies reveals the necessary adaptations to compensate for the absence of the light chain. in contrast to the conventional antibodies, a large proportion of the heavy-chain antibodies acts as competitive enzyme inhibitors. studies on the dromedary immunoglobulin genes ... | 1999 | 10398404 |
| mycobacterium microti llama-type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. | a rare case of mycobacterium microti infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient is described. because of unusual morphological and cultural features, the pathogen was analyzed by spoligotyping and identified as the mycobacterium microti llama type. although culture of m. microti is difficult, drug susceptibility testing could be performed, which correlated with the clinical outcome. | 2001 | 11136815 |
| the effect of short duration transportation on serum cortisol response in alpacas (llama pacos). | this research project evaluated the changes in serum cortisol in six male and six female alpacas in response to transportation of short duration. all alpacas were subjected to trailer transportation for 30 min. serum samples were obtained prior to transportation, immediately after transportation, and after a 4-h recovery period. heart rate was recorded at each time interval and observations of individual behavioural characteristics were recorded. data were analysed using analysis of variance. he ... | 1999 | 10204416 |
| the structure of the llama heavy chain constant genes reveals a mechanism for heavy-chain antibody formation. | | 1999 | 10541815 |
| cecal impaction due to dysautonomia in a llama (lama glama). | a llama (lama glama) died after 1 wk of obstipation, lethargy, and rolling. necropsy showed that the stomach and small intestine were distended with gas and fluid. the cecum was impacted with dry contents and the colon was empty. no gross lesions were found in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. histologic changes consisted of chromatolysis of neurons of autonomic ganglia, enteric plexi, and the accessory cuneate nucleus, consistent with lesions associated with dysautonomia i ... | 1999 | 10572871 |
| propylene glycol toxicosis in a llama. | propylene glycol toxicosis in llamas can result from overzealous administration of propylene glycol-containing gels formulated and labeled for use in cattle. treatment of ketosis in llamas requires re-establishment of stomach flora and stimulation of appetite. | 2001 | 11195832 |
| experimental infestation of llamas (lama glama) with boophilus microplus (acari:ixodidae). | two llamas (lama glama) were infested with approximately 20,000 boophilus microplus larvae each and maintained under controlled conditions to collect the detached adult ticks. a total of 72 engorged and semi-engorged females were recovered with a mean weight of 163.0 +/- 70.6 mg. sixty-three (87.5%) of these ticks oviposited and 60 (95.2%) of the egg masses produced larvae. six of the heaviest females laid 18,838 eggs from which 16,545 (87.8%) hatched. these results show that llamas are able to ... | 2000 | 11201357 |
| persistent right aortic arch in a mature llama. | | 2001 | 11232929 |
| thoracic radiographic appearance in the normal llama. | the goal of this study was to collect quantitative and qualitative radiographic information of the normal adult llama thorax. standing right-left lateral radiographs of the thorax of 16 normal llamas were made. normal ratios of cardiac height, width, and height plus width to thoracic vertebrae 3-5 and thoracic height were calculated. normal values determined for tracheal angle of divergence from the thoracic spine, cardiophrenic and cardiosternal contact are additional potential indicators of ca ... | 2001 | 11245234 |
| cardiovascular responses to arginine vasopressin blockade during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus. | the fetal llama has a marked increase in the peripheral vascular resistance and no augmentation of brain blood flow during hypoxemia. in spite of the substantial plasma arginine-vasopressin (avp) increase during hypoxemia, up to 8 times greater than in fetal sheep, there are no changes of carotid and femoral blood flows during hypoxemia with a v1 receptor blockade, as is seen in the fetal sheep. the aim of this study was to assess the role of avp function in mediating the combined ventricular ou ... | 2000 | 11254227 |
| suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. | clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosis developed in a 4-year-old llama that received 2 doses of tolazoline hydrochloride to reverse xylazine-induced sedation. the full first dose (4.3 mg/kg [2.0 mg/lb] of body weight) was erroneously injected i.v., and the second dose was administered half i.v., half i.m. 45 minutes later, because the llama became weak and recumbent. signs of anxiety, hyperesthesia, profuse salivation, and tachypnea were the first detectable clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosi ... | 2000 | 10649759 |
| rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal bcg antibody. | immunostaining with polyclonal anti-mycobacterium bovis (bcg) was evaluated as a single screening method for the histological identification of micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from various veterinary species. confirmed archival cases infected with mycobacteria, nocardia, actinobacillus, actinomyces, streptococcus/staphylococcus, dermatophilus, spirochetes, blastomyces, coccidioides, cryptococcus, histoplasma, dermatophytes, malassezia, sporothrix, leishmania, pythium, phaeohyphomycetes ... | 2001 | 11301538 |
| comparison of physical chemical properties of llama vhh antibody fragments and mouse monoclonal antibodies. | antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments were compared to antigen specific mouse monoclonal antibodies with respect to specificity, affinity and stability. the llama vhh antibody fragments and the mouse monoclonal antibodies investigated were shown to be highly specific for the protein antigen hcg or the hapten antigen rr-6. the affinity of the interaction between monovalent llama vhh antibody fragments and their antigen is close to the nanomolar range, similar to the bivalent mouse monoclo ... | 1999 | 10209277 |
| [capillaries of the myocardium of lama (lama glama)]. | the heart of 12 adult llamas, one female and 11 males, 2-7 years of age, was studied gross-anatomically (absolute and relative heart weight) and microscopic-anatomically (left and right ventricular wall, left auricle). comparing the 9 younger animals (2-3 years old) with the 3 older llamas (5-7 years old) a significant increase of the absolute heart weight and of the number of capillaries per mm2 and a significant decrease of the intercapillary distance in the left ventricular wall was found. th ... | 2001 | 11314582 |
| evaluation of serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity as a predictor of passive transfer status in crias. | to determine the relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (ggt) activity and serum igg concentration in neonatal crias. | 1997 | 9364234 |
| comparison of llama vh sequences from conventional and heavy chain antibodies. | forty different pcr clones encoding a llama variable heavy chain domain were analysed. the majority of these clones are derived from heavy-chain antibody cdna in which the entire ch1 exon is absent. it appears from the amino acid within the vhh framework 1 and 3 that all the llama clones belong to the vh iii family. however, the individual llama vhh sequences differ more substantially from each other than expected for members of the same family. several remarkable amino acid substitutions in the ... | 1997 | 9566760 |
| experimental exposure of llamas (lama glama) to brucella abortus: humoral antibody response. | positive antibody reactions to brucella were observed in the sera of four llamas receiving brucella abortus strain 19 subcutaneously at 2-3 weeks post-exposure (pe) using five of eight conventional brucella serologic tests and an isu-elisa. positive brucella antibody reactions were detected in sera of four llamas exposed by intraocular instillation (ioi) of 1.02x10(8) (high dose) b. abortus strain 2308 at 16-35 days pe using seven of eight serologic tests or an isu-elisa. brucella antibody was a ... | 2001 | 11356322 |
| first report of lamanema chavezi (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in llamas (lama glama) from argentina. | lamanema chavezi is a characteristic helminth of llamas and alpacas in peru and chile. however, its overall geographic range has not been well defined. this report documents the presence of l. chavezi in llamas from argentina. | 2001 | 11358633 |
| otitis media in a llama. | a 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months' duration. radiographically, the tympanic bullae appeared thicker than normal, and the ventral borders were poorly defined; the left external acoustic meatus (ear canal) appeared to be narrower than the right. the llama was treated with penicillin, and the ear canals were lavaged daily. contrast radiography was performed on day 15 to determine the shape and size of the ear canals and evaluate the inte ... | 2001 | 11393377 |
| intraocular pressure in normal llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | objective: to determine the mean intraocular pressure in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos) using applanation tonometry.animals studied: ten llamas and 10 alpacas.procedures: intraocular pressure (iop) was measured with a tono-pentrade mark xl (mentor ophthalmics, inc., norwell, ma, usa). three values, with 5% variance, were recorded for each eye. least-squares means were determined for iop for each eye of llamas and alpacas. controlling for age, differences between left and right eye ... | 2000 | 11397280 |
| ossifying fibroma in a llama. | a 4.5-year-old llama was admitted for evaluation of a firm mass rostral and ventral to the medial canthus of the left eye. mucopurulent nasal discharge and absence of airflow through the left nostril were noted. radiographs of the skull revealed a sharply demarcated soft tissue mass with faint mineralization. endoscopy of the nasal passages revealed a mucosa-covered mass originating in the area of the second premolar, extending to the edge of the soft palate, and obstructing the airway. examinat ... | 2000 | 11021440 |
| peritonitis in a llama caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | a 7-month-old, male llama was diagnosed with peritonitis caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. clinical findings, medical treatment, and case outcome are described. hematogenous dissemination from suspected pneumonia is proposed as the route of infection in this case. possible transmission of the organism through contact with horses is discussed. | 2001 | 11424579 |
| analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate composition of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | 2001 | 11453480 |
| use of cloprostenol as an abortifacient in the llama (lama glama). | as part of a larger project investigating the development and heritability of choanal atresia glama), it was necessary to develop a protocol for aborting llamas at various stages of gestation. twenty-seven animals between 4 and 7 mo of gestation were successfully aborted a total of 53 times following two 250 microg intramuscular injections of cloprostenol at 24 h intervals. abortion was induced once in 10 animals and multiple times (range 2 to 5) in 17 animals. twenty-four animals (45.2%) aborte ... | 2000 | 11051331 |
| diagnostic ophthalmology. bilateral idiopathic uveitis in a llama. | | 2001 | 11467189 |
| arteries of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). | the objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0 degree c, were dissected. the arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. angiographies were also obtained. in the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used ... | 2000 | 11103515 |
| malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a llama. | a lesion was identified in the eye of a juvenile llama, and preliminary clinical findings included anterior uveitis and an exudative retinal detachment suggestive of infectious disease. however, histopathologic evaluation of the enucleated globe revealed an intraocular neoplasm composed of primitive neuroepithelium forming ribbons, cords, and rosettes, heteroplastic elements including spindle cells in a loose myxomatous matrix, and islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage. immunohistoche ... | 2000 | 11105963 |
| modification of a bovine elisa to detect camelid antibodies to mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, or johne's disease, reportedly has a low prevalence in south american camelid populations. recently, however, single cases in the united states as well as an outbreak of the disease in australian alpacas (lama pacos) have been described. to provide a rapid and cost-effective method of diagnosing johne's disease in this species, the bovine parachek((r)) johne's absorbed eia (csl, vic., australia) was modified to create a camelid-specific seru ... | 2000 | 11118718 |
| nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama. | a 3-year-old female llama that was 3 months into her first lactation and 10 weeks pregnant was evaluated for anorexia of 24 hours' duration. on physical examination, the llama was in lateral recumbency, bradycardic, tachypneic, and hyperthermic. palpation per rectum confirmed the presence of a possible dry fecal mass in the spiral colon. a tissue biopsy specimen of the liver was obtained, and histologic examination revealed moderate diffuse lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes. lactated rin ... | 2000 | 11128546 |
| zoonotic potential of enterocytozoon bieneusi. | the reservoirs and the modes of transmission of the most frequent microsporidial species in humans, enterocytozoon bieneusi, are still unknown. we have examined fecal samples of 26 humans and 350 animals from 37 species to find 18 samples containing this parasite from humans, cats, pigs, cattle, and a llama. genotypic characterization of the internal transcribed spacer of the rrna gene resulted in 14 different genotypes, 6 of them previously undescribed. phylogenetic analysis revealed the lack o ... | 2001 | 11724868 |
| absence or reduction of carbonic anhydrase ii in the red cells of the beluga whale and llama: implications for adaptation to hypoxia. | carbonic anhydrase (ca) expression was examined in the red cells of two mammals that have adapted to low oxygen stress: the llama, which has adapted to high altitudes, and the beluga (or white) whale, which routinely dives for extended periods. immunodiffusion analyses of their hb-free hemolysates and partial amino acid sequencing of their hplc-separated nonheme proteins indicate that the low-activity ca i isozyme is the major nonheme protein in erythrocytes of both the beluga whale and the llam ... | 2000 | 11131338 |
| thermal unfolding of a llama antibody fragment: a two-state reversible process. | camelids produce functional "heavy chain" antibodies which are devoid of light chains and ch1 domains [hamers-casterman, c., et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448]. it has been shown that the variable domains of these heavy chain antibodies (the v(hh) fragments) are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures, in contrast to conventional antibodies [linden van der, r. h. j., et al. (1999) biochim. biophys. acta 1431, 37-44]. for a detailed understanding of the higher thermostability of thes ... | 2001 | 11141058 |
| ejaculatory process and related semen characteristics. | south american camelids are dribble ejaculators, and urethral contractions occur throughout copulation, which may last 25 min. the urethral contractions and their association with semen characteristics during copulation were determined in llamas and alpacas. a transrectal probe was held in the rectum of the male while copulating an artificial vagina, which was accessed underneath the dummy through a hole. the semen-collecting tube was changed every 5 min. semen characteristics, color, volume, co ... | 2002 | 11789685 |
| llama heavy-chain v regions consist of at least four distinct subfamilies revealing novel sequence features. | in addition to conventional antibodies (abs), camelids possess abs consisting of only heavy chains. the variable domain of such a heavy-chain ab (vhh) is fully capable of antigen (ag) binding. earlier analysis of 47 vhhs showed sequence features unique to vhh domains. these include the presence of characteristic amino acid substitutions in positions which, in conventional vh domains are involved in interdomain interactions, and the presence of a long third complementarity-determining region (cdr ... | 2000 | 11163394 |
| transvaginal collection and ultrastructure of llama (lama glama) oocytes. | ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration has been described as a noninvasive and repeatable procedure for oocyte collection in several species, but its use has not been described for any of the members of the family, camelidae. a study was designed to determine the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal approach for oocyte collection in llamas. fifteen non-pregnant, adult female llamas (10 non-stimulated and 5 superstimulated) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography with ... | 2000 | 11192185 |
| pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in llamas (lama glama). | the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin was investigated in adult llamas (lama glama) by using high performance liquid chromatography with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/ml to measure its concentration in serum. llamas were treated with one of three commercial formulations (injectable, pour-on or oral paste) at dosages recommended by the manufacturer, or with an experimental injectable sustained-release formulation. in five llamas given 1 per cent ivermectin subcutaneously at 200 mi ... | 2002 | 11936884 |
| congenital cataracts and persistent hyaloid vasculature in a llama (lama glama). | a 9-month-old llama was evaluated for apparent blindness. bilateral cataracts were diagnosed and cataract surgery was performed on the right eye. at the time of surgery persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis, and a persistent hyaloid artery were observed. prior to surgery power doppler ultrasound revealed a patent tunica vasculosa lentis os. despite reports of a poor success rate for llama cataract surgery, through use of careful tissue handling ... | 2002 | 11940250 |
| cutaneous metastases of a mammary carcinoma in a llama. | an 8-year-old, female llama was evaluated for nonhealing, ulcerative, cutaneous lesions, which also involved the mammary gland. biopsies of the lesions distant from and within the mammary gland area revealed an aggressive carcinoma. the tumor was confirmed at necropsy to be a mammary gland adenocarcinoma with cutaneous metastasis. | 2001 | 11265189 |
| camelid heavy-chain variable domains provide efficient combining sites to haptens. | camelids can produce antibodies devoid of light chains and ch1 domains (hamers-casterman, c. et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448). camelid heavy-chain variable domains (vhh) have high affinities for protein antigens and the structures of two of these complexes have been determined (desmyter, a. et al. (1996) nature struc. biol. 3, 803-811; decanniere, k. et al. (1999) structure 7, 361-370). however, the small size of these vhhs and their monomeric nature bring into question their capacity to bind ... | 2000 | 10684599 |
| evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias. | 2000 | 10687013 |
| selection by phage display of llama conventional v(h) fragments with heavy chain antibody v(h)h properties. | a llama single domain antibody (dab) library designed and constructed to contain only heavy chain antibody variable domains (v(h)hs) also contained a substantial number of typical conventional antibody heavy chain variable sequences (v(h)s). panning the library against two carbohydrate-specific antibodies yielded anti-idiotypic dabs and enriched solely for sequences from the v(h) subpopulation of the library. the conventional antibody origin of these v(h)s was confirmed by using oligonucleotide ... | 2002 | 12009207 |
| isolation of antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments and their high level secretion by saccharomyces cerevisiae. | recently the existence of 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins in camelidae has been described. however, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to haptens. in addition, it was not a priori predictable whether the binding domains (vhh) of these antibodies could be produced and secreted by the lower eukaryotic micro-organism saccharomyces cerevisiae. in the present study these questions are addressed. heavy chain immunoglobulins directed against two hapten molecules, the azo-dyes ... | 2000 | 10702907 |
| effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. | serum and heparinized plasma samples were collected from 11 adult, clinically healthy llamas. aliquots were assayed for sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) activity after storage at room temperature (20 degrees c), 4 degrees c, or -20 degrees c for defined time intervals up to 1 week postcollection. sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in all samples was within reference intervals for our laboratory. no difference was found between serum and plasma sdh activity when measured immediately (within 1 hour) afte ... | 2000 | 12070818 |
| [unilateral laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a llama]. | cryptorchism is an inherited congenital abnormality characterized by the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. diagnosis can be difficult if the retained testicular tissue cannot be localized during clinical examination and the history of the animal is unknown, or if the animal shows persistent male behaviour despite the history of successful previous castration. the present case report describes the history of a cryptorchid lama and the techniques of general anesthesia and ... | 2002 | 12070907 |
| aqueous misdirection and ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma after cataract removal in a llama. | ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma is caused by the posterior flow of aqueous humor into or behind the vitreous. it is a rare complication of anterior segment surgery in humans. this is a report of ciliary block glaucoma occurring as a postoperative complication of cataract surgery in a llama. medical management was ineffective in lowering intraocular pressure (iop). posterior capsulotomy and anterior hyaloid disruption with a 22-gauge needle, in addition to medical management maintained iop in ... | 2002 | 12071866 |
| analysis of transtracheal aspirates and pleural fluid from clinically healthy llamas (llama glama). | seventeen clinically healthy adult llamas were used to study the characteristics of transtracheal aspirates (tta) and pleural fluid samples. results of complete blood counts, fibrinogen determination and thoracic radiographs were within normal limits prior to sampling. cytologic evaluation of tta revealed the majority of cells were vacuolated macrophages (60-100%), with 0-40% neutrophils, and fewer lymphocytes (0-1%), eosinophils (0-3%), and ciliated respiratory epithelial cells (0-10%). in tta ... | 1999 | 12075534 |
| use of a parainguinal approach for cryptorchidectomy in alpacas. | cryptorchidism is an uncommon condition in llamas and alpacas, and there are no reports detailing surgical management of this condition in llamas or alpacas; however, flank or ventral midline approaches have been mentioned. cryptorchid castration was performed by use of a parainguinal approach in 2 alpacas. the retained testicle of each alpaca was found on the ventral aspect of the abdomen, just caudal to the incision in 1 alpaca and at the cranial edge of the incision in the other. the testicle ... | 2002 | 12092959 |
| flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. | the present study was undertaken to characterize the immune system of llamas and alpacas and establish the basis for an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. flow cytometric (fc) analysis of the immune system with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) revealed the immune system of llamas and alpacas is similar in leukocyte subset composition to that in ruminants. peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adults are comprised of surface immunoglobulin (sig(+)) b-cells (31%+/-8 s.d.), ... | 2000 | 10760393 |
| preventing phage lysis of lactococcus lactis in cheese production using a neutralizing heavy-chain antibody fragment from llama. | bacteriophage infection is still a persistent problem in large dairy processes despite extensive studies over the last decades. consequently, new methods are constantly sought to prevent phage infection. in this paper, we show that phage neutralizing heavy-chain antibody fragments, obtained from camelidae and produced at a large scale in the generally regarded as safe microorganism saccharomyces cerevisiae, can effectively be used to impede phage induced lysis during a cheese process. the growth ... | 2002 | 12146467 |
| metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma in a llama (lama glama). | an adult female llama with a comminuted fracture of the left femoral head was necropsied. a firm multinodular mass infiltrated skeletal muscle adjacent to the fracture. multiple, firm, white nodules were in the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura. a single nodule was in the liver. microscopically, transition from nonneoplastic bronchiolar epithelium to neoplastic epithelium that formed acinar structures was evident at bronchioloalveolar junctions. a diagnosis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma was made. si ... | 2002 | 12152814 |
| cryptococcosis in a llama (lama glama). | cryptococcosis was diagnosed in a 17-year-old male llama that had been euthanatized following an acute onset of neurologic disease. tissues affected included the brain, spinal cord, lung, and kidney. the character of the leukocytic response varied from minimal to pyogranulomatous. cryptococcosis has not been previously reported in a llama, although the infection has been described in 2 other species of new world camelids. the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis is briefly reviewed. | 2002 | 12152817 |
| [determination of clotting factor viii activity in mammals using the one-stage clotting and the chromogenic methods]. | two different laboratory assays exist for the determination of clotting factor viii activities in human plasma. one method is based on the one-stage clotting principle, the other one on the chromogenic principle. to evaluate the suitability for veterinary medicine human plasma and plasma of ten mammalian species (pig, cattle, dog, cat, zebra, llama, snow leopard, greater kudu, horse-like antelope, mink) were examined with each method. factor viii activities in human plasma determined using both ... | 2002 | 12174728 |
| long-bone fractures in llamas: six cases (1993-1998). | to determine clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome for llamas with long-bone fractures. | 2000 | 10767973 |
| carcass characteristics of llamas (lama glama) reared in central chile. | body and carcass composition were studied on 10 male and 10 female naturally reared llamas (lama glama). half the animals were young (9-12 months) and the other half adult (>3 year). the average live weights for young and adult males were 104.4 and 100.6kg, and for females 67.6 and 104.6kg, respectively. average carcass weights for the four groups were 58.9, 56.2, 36.8 and 56.7kg, respectively. carcass composition for males and females was similar, but males had slightly higher dressing percenta ... | 2000 | 10818308 |
| induction of immune responses and molecular cloning of the heavy chain antibody repertoire of lama glama. | functional heavy chain immunoglobulins have, so far, only been found in camels and llamas. antigen-specific fragments of these heavy chain iggs (v(hh)) are of great interest in biotechnology because they are very stable and can be produced at high level by the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. the work described in this paper was conducted to determine whether llamas (lama glama) are a practical source of antigen-specific v(hh) fragments. llamas were immunised with various types of antigens and th ... | 2000 | 10854612 |
| diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama. | | 2002 | 12322714 |
| canonical antigen-binding loop structures in immunoglobulins: more structures, more canonical classes? | grafting the antigen-binding loops onto a human antibody scaffold is a widely used technique to humanise murine antibodies. the success of this approach depends largely on the observation that the antigen-binding loops adopt only a limited number of canonical structures. identification of the correct canonical structure is therefore essential. algorithms that predict the main-chain conformation of the hypervariable loops using only the amino acid sequence often provide this information. here, we ... | 2000 | 10864500 |
| use of fetal biometry to determine fetal age in late pregnancy in llamas. | sixty-three pregnant llamas of known breeding date were used in this study. forty-six of them were submitted to surgery between 186 and 320 days of gestation (52-91% of average gestation period, respectively). under general anesthesia their fetuses were exteriorized and fetal weight (w), biparietal diameter (bpd) and femoral (f), tarsus-hoof (t-h), tibial (t)) and fronto-occipital (f-o) length were determined. additionally, the same variables were determined on 16 newborn llamas. the weight was ... | 2002 | 12379379 |
| molecular dynamics simulations highlight mobile regions in proteins: a novel suggestion for converting a murine v(h) domain into a more tractable species. | the v(h) region of the murine antibody 1f7 has been identified as a single-domain chorismate mutase, but a tendency to denature and aggregate has hampered its biochemical characterization. standard mutagenesis approaches targeting antibody chain dimerization areas have been exhausted. we describe a new approach to the problem, where we use molecular dynamics (md) simulations to find the differences between the untractable protein and the known soluble v(h) domain from a llama antibody. md simula ... | 2000 | 10891281 |
| the effect of enzymes on semen viscosity in llamas and alpacas. | the effect of four enzymes: collagenase, fibrinolysin, hyalurodinase, and trypsin were recorded on the viscosity, motility, percent live spermatozoa and acrosome integrity of llama and alpaca semen. semen samples were collected using a modified artificial vagina for each of the five llamas and five alpacas. a 25% solution of the of enzyme at a concentration of 1mg/ml was added to the ejaculate. analysis of variance was used to determine differences in eliminating viscosity and alterations in mot ... | 2000 | 10924884 |
| evidence for three fast myosin heavy chain isoforms in type ii skeletal muscle fibers in the adult llama (lama glama). | skeletal muscle fiber types classified on the basis of their content of different myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms were analyzed in samples from hindlimb muscles of adult sedentary llamas (lama glama) by correlating immunohistochemistry with specific anti-mhc monoclonal antibodies, myofibrillar atpase (matpase) histochemistry, and quantitative histochemistry of fiber metabolic and size properties. the immunohistochemical technique allowed the separation of four pure (i.e., expressing a unique m ... | 2001 | 11457931 |
| eperythrozoonisis in a one-day-old llama. | | 1996 | 12660969 |
| microvascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. | to characterize the vascular anatomy of the third compartment of the stomach of llamas. | 2003 | 12661876 |
| what is your diagnosis? cerebrospinal fluid from a llama. | | 1994 | 12666025 |
| what is your diagnosis? peripheral blood from a llama. | | 1990 | 12684952 |
| evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination: 269 cases (1999-2000). | to determine sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination used in a clinical setting. | 2003 | 12685787 |
| pathoecology of chiribaya parasitism. | the excavations of chiribaya culture sites in the osmore drainage of southern peru focused on the recovery of information about prehistoric disease, including parasitism. the archaeologists excavated human, dog, guinea pig, and llama mummies. these mummies were analyzed for internal and external parasites. the results of the analysis and reconstruction of prehistoric life from the excavations allows us to interpret the pathoecology of the chiribaya culture. | 2003 | 12687782 |
| lateral recognition of a dye hapten by a llama vhh domain. | camelids, camels and llamas, have a unique immune system able to produce heavy-chain only antibodies. their vh domains (vhhs) are the smallest binding units produced by immune systems, and therefore suitable for biotechnological applications through heterologous expression. the recognition of protein antigens by these vhhs is rather well documented, while less is known about the vhh/hapten interactions. the recently reported x-ray structure of a vhh in complex with a copper-containing azo-dye se ... | 2001 | 11469862 |
| nodular hyperplasia and cysts in thyroid glands of llamas (lama glama) from north-west usa. | | 2003 | 12733562 |