| adrenergic and vasopressinergic contributions to the cardiovascular response to acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. | 1. the effects of fetal intravenous treatment with phentolamine or a vasopressinergic v1-receptor antagonist on the fetal cardiovascular responses to acute hypoxaemia in the llama were investigated. 2. six llama fetuses were surgically prepared between 60 and 70 % of gestation under general halothane anaesthesia with vascular catheters and transit-time ultrasonic flow probes around a carotid artery and a femoral artery. at least 4 days after surgery all fetuses were subjected to a 3 h experiment ... | 1999 | 9925892 |
| listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli septicemia and meningoencephalitis in a 7-day-old llama. | listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli were isolated from blood collected on presentation and tissues samples taken postmortem. listeria monocytogenes was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid collected antemortem. the importance of passive transfer of immunity, the subtlety of neurologic signs in early meningitis, and considering blood-csf penetration in antimicrobial selection are discussed. | 1998 | 10051957 |
| 1995 epizootic of vesicular stomatitis (new jersey serotype) in the western united states: an entomologic perspective. | entomologic and epizootic data are reviewed concerning the potential for transmission of vesicular stomatitis (vs) virus by insects, including field data from case-positive premises in new mexico and colorado during the 1995 outbreak of the new jersey serotype (vsnj). as with previous outbreaks of vsnj in the western united states, the 1995 epizootic illustrated that risk of exposure is seasonal, increasing during warm weather and decreasing with onset of cool weather; virus activity spread from ... | 1999 | 10071485 |
| distribution of keratins, vimentin, and actin in the testis of two south american camelids: vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama). an immunohistochemical study. | the purpose of the present study was to investigate the pattern of distribution of cytokeratins, vimentin and muscular actin in the testis of vicuna (vicugna vicugna) and llama (lama glama) two species of camelids native of the andean high plateau of south america. testicular biopsies of four vicunas and five llamas were used. animals were healthy breeders. the tissues were processed by standard immunohistochemistry with antipancytokeratinae1/ae3, antikeratin 18 (k 18), cam 5.2 (antikeratin 5, 1 ... | 1999 | 10096664 |
| immunodeficiency syndrome in a 3-year-old llama. | an adult, castrated male llama was presented for evaluation of a chronic respiratory problem. complete blood analyses indicated a leukopenia and hypoproteinemia. radial immunodiffusion, bone marrow core, and lymph node biopsies supported a tentative diagnosis of juvenile llama immunodeficiency syndrome. this diagnosis was confirmed by postmortem findings. | 1999 | 10200887 |
| the effect of short duration transportation on serum cortisol response in alpacas (llama pacos). | this research project evaluated the changes in serum cortisol in six male and six female alpacas in response to transportation of short duration. all alpacas were subjected to trailer transportation for 30 min. serum samples were obtained prior to transportation, immediately after transportation, and after a 4-h recovery period. heart rate was recorded at each time interval and observations of individual behavioural characteristics were recorded. data were analysed using analysis of variance. he ... | 1999 | 10204416 |
| clinical and serologic evaluation of two llamas (lama glama) infected with toxoplasma gondii during gestation. | two pregnant llamas (lama glama) infected with toxoplasma gondii and their offspring were evaluated clinically and serologically. llama 1 was inoculated orally with 1,000 infective occysts of the p89 strain of t. gondii at 82 days of gestation (dog). llama 2 became naturally infected with t. gondii between 26 and 119 dog. both llamas remained clinically normal and delivered healthy offspring. sera collected from both llamas during pregnancy and from their offspring before and after colostral ing ... | 1999 | 10207383 |
| comparison of physical chemical properties of llama vhh antibody fragments and mouse monoclonal antibodies. | antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments were compared to antigen specific mouse monoclonal antibodies with respect to specificity, affinity and stability. the llama vhh antibody fragments and the mouse monoclonal antibodies investigated were shown to be highly specific for the protein antigen hcg or the hapten antigen rr-6. the affinity of the interaction between monovalent llama vhh antibody fragments and their antigen is close to the nanomolar range, similar to the bivalent mouse monoclo ... | 1999 | 10209277 |
| prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) in midwestern lama spp. | to compare the prevalence of eimeria macusaniensis among midwestern llamas (lama glama), alpacas (lama pacos), and guanacos (lama guanicoe), feces were obtained from lama spp. in 10 states between october 1989 and february 1996. feces were examined by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity--1.28-1.30), and oocysts were quantified by a modified mcmaster method. data were compared by host species and age classifications. typical oocysts occurred in samples from 28% of 76 herds a ... | 1999 | 10219324 |
| genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species. | encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ... | 1999 | 10231768 |
| hybridizing old and new world camelids: camelus dromedarius x lama guanicoe. | thirty female dromedary camels were inseminated on a total of 50 occasions with 2-4 ml of fresh guanaco semen diluted with an equal volume of commercially available camel semen extender. similarly, nine female guanacos were inseminated on 34 occasions with 4-6 ml of fresh, diluted camel semen. only two of the dromedary females conceived; one aborted a female foetus on day 260 of gestation and the other gave birth to a stillborn female calf on day 365. six conceptions occurred in the female guana ... | 1999 | 10331286 |
| serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (lama glama) in argentina. | this study analysed sera from 390 llamas (lama glama) from nine farms located in three different argentine provinces: buenos aires, cordoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against 8 virus known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus (badv iii), bovine enterovirus (bev), bovine rotavirus (brv), bluetongue virus (btv), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), and foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) by conventional methods such as s ... | 1999 | 10337237 |
| ileocecocolic intussusception in a one-month-old llama. | a 1-month-old female llama was examined because of signs of acute abdominal pain. physical and ultrasonographic examination revealed a cylindrical mass in the left caudal quadrant of the abdomen. results of serum biochemical analyses and cbc were within reference ranges. exploratory laparotomy revealed an ileocecocolic intussusception. ileocecal resection and end-to-end ileocolic anastomosis were performed. after surgery, fecal examination revealed many coccidial oocysts, although a direct assoc ... | 1999 | 10363103 |
| subclinical copper accumulation in llamas. | a 9-year-old, intact male llama with mild ataxia and generalized malaise of 1 month's duration was euthanized following clinical evaluation. excessive liver copper concentrations were found in the llama and also in clinically normal herdmates. this case documents multiple animals with increased hepatic stores from standard diets and mineral supplements. | 1999 | 10367160 |
| [comparative histological study of the female reproductive system in the llama (lama guanicoe glama). ii. oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina]. | the histological characteristics of the oviduct, uterus, cervix and vagina of the llama are described and compared with those of domestic mammals. there are differences between llama and domestic mammals in the type of placentation and the epithelium of the vagina, which seems to be a transitional epithelium. | 1999 | 10386010 |
| unique single-domain antigen binding fragments derived from naturally occurring camel heavy-chain antibodies. | the humoral immune response of camels, dromedaries and llamas includes functional antibodies formed by two heavy chains and no light chains. the amino acid sequence of the variable domain of the naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies reveals the necessary adaptations to compensate for the absence of the light chain. in contrast to the conventional antibodies, a large proportion of the heavy-chain antibodies acts as competitive enzyme inhibitors. studies on the dromedary immunoglobulin genes ... | 1999 | 10398404 |
| genetic differentiation of mites of the genus chorioptes (acari: psoroptidae). | in an effort to clarify the species status of mites of the genus chorioptes the second internal transcribed spacer of the rrna gene was characterized in 14 isolates from cattle, horse, sheep and llama of different geographic origins. the genotypes segregated into two clearly separated groups of dna sequences. in addition, two phenotypes could be distinguished by the lengths of the outer opisthosomal setae of male adults which had previously been designated as chorioptes bovis and chorioptes texa ... | 1999 | 10399307 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and alpacas (llama pacos) in chile. | serum samples from 408 sheep from different regions of chile and 447 alpacas (llama pacos) from the north of the country were tested for toxoplasma gondii antibodies. the indirect haemagglutination test (ihat) was used in both species and the indirect immunofluorescence test (iift) was also used on the sheep samples in order to compare the performance of the tests in that species. in both tests, titers > or = 1:16 were considered diagnostically significant. sera from 49 sheep (12%) were positive ... | 1999 | 10423770 |
| [llamas--sedation and anesthesia (review article)]. | increasing is the number of llamas (llama glama) referred to veterinarians for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures which frequently require sedation or anaesthesia. much of the knowledge concerning sedation and anaesthesia of domesticated ruminants and horses can be applied to sedate or anaesthetise a llama. a variety of considerations remain special for the llama. the article reviews all aspects of today's knowledge about sedation and anaesthesia of llamas. | 1999 | 10425887 |
| non satellite veins in the pelvic limb of the llama (lama glama). | the objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the venous system of the pelvic limb of the llama (lama glama) and that of other mammals, including humans. eight adult llamas, preserved by means of 6% formalin solution at 0 degrees c, were dissected. the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. two venous systems are recognised, superficial and deep. the veins of the deep system follow the same course as the arteries, except for two imp ... | 1999 | 10456991 |
| presumptive sry-negative xx sex reversal in a llama with multiple congenital anomalies. | multiple congenital abnormalities of the external genitalia consistent with xx sex reversal were detected in a juvenile llama. the llama had a typical female karyotype (74, xx) and did not have a y chromosome, but a minute chromosome was detected. to determine whether a piece of y chromosome containing the sry gene might be located in a small translocation, dna analysis by polymerase chain reaction was performed; the sry gene was not detected. histologic examination revealed ovarian tissue, wher ... | 1999 | 10530329 |
| xx/xy chimerism and freemartinism in a female llama co-twin to a male. | a 20-month-old female llama was examined because at the time of mating, the male llama was apparently unable to achieve intromission. the female llama had been born co-twin to a male. on physical examination, the vaginal vestibule appeared to end in a blind pouch, and the uterus, cervix, and ovaries could not be identified during transrectal palpation or ultrasonography. karyotyping was done, and 43% of blood lymphocytes had 2 x chromosomes, and 57% had 1 x and 1 y chromosome. all skin fibroblas ... | 1999 | 10530330 |
| the structure of the llama heavy chain constant genes reveals a mechanism for heavy-chain antibody formation. | | 1999 | 10541815 |
| cecal impaction due to dysautonomia in a llama (lama glama). | a llama (lama glama) died after 1 wk of obstipation, lethargy, and rolling. necropsy showed that the stomach and small intestine were distended with gas and fluid. the cecum was impacted with dry contents and the colon was empty. no gross lesions were found in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract or other organs. histologic changes consisted of chromatolysis of neurons of autonomic ganglia, enteric plexi, and the accessory cuneate nucleus, consistent with lesions associated with dysautonomia i ... | 1999 | 10572871 |
| suspected tremorgenic mycotoxicosis (ryegrass staggers) in alpacas (llama pacos) in the uk. | | 1999 | 10576282 |
| recovery of trichuris tenuis chandler, 1930, from camelids (lama glama and vicugna vicugna) in argentina. | a survey of whipworms was conducted in llamas and vicuñas in northwestern argentina. fecal examinations of a group of 14 llamas (april 1995-march 1996) and 69 vicuñas (november 1996) indicated a high prevalence (usually >50%) of trichuris sp. in these hosts. prevalence was highest during july-november 1995 that also coincided with the highest mean fecal egg count. during postmortem examinations of 1 llama and 1 vicuña, specimens of trichuris tenuis were recovered from the cecum/large intestine o ... | 1999 | 10577735 |
| risk of disease transmission by llama embryos. | an assessment was made of the risk of transmission of foot and mouth disease (fmd), vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, tuberculosis and brucellosis by llama embryos. the study suggests that embryo transfer is a safe method for the international movement of llama embryos despite the special characteristics of these embryos, such as the absence of a zona pellucida, and despite the lack of data on pathogen-embryo interactions. for acute viral diseases such as fmd, vesicular stomatitis or bluetongue, ... | 1999 | 10588016 |
| radiographic contrast gastrointestinal study of the neonatal llama. | this is a description of the radiographic appearance of the normal gastrointestinal tract of neonatal crias with survey and contrast radiography, including transit times for the various segments of the gastrointestinal tract. radiographs of the abdomen of six healthy neonatal llama crias positioned in right lateral and dorsal recombency were obtained initially then at various intervals post barium administration. portions of the gastrointestinal tract that could be identified included the stomac ... | 1999 | 10608686 |
| bovine tuberculosis in llama (lama glama) in the uk. | | 1999 | 10619610 |
| experimental brucella abortus induced abortion in a llama: pathologic effects. | brucella abortus infection has not been documented in llamas. this report describes the abortion of the only pregnant animal in a group of 12. the llama was infected by inoculating 1 x 10(8) viable b. abortus organisms into the conjunctival sac. forty-three days postinfection, the llama aborted a fetus of approximately 8 months gestational age. brucella organisms were isolated from the placenta and all fetal specimens examined. these organisms were also isolated from the dam's mammary gland and ... | 2000 | 10643984 |
| suspected tolazoline toxicosis in a llama. | clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosis developed in a 4-year-old llama that received 2 doses of tolazoline hydrochloride to reverse xylazine-induced sedation. the full first dose (4.3 mg/kg [2.0 mg/lb] of body weight) was erroneously injected i.v., and the second dose was administered half i.v., half i.m. 45 minutes later, because the llama became weak and recumbent. signs of anxiety, hyperesthesia, profuse salivation, and tachypnea were the first detectable clinical signs of tolazoline toxicosi ... | 2000 | 10649759 |
| camelid heavy-chain variable domains provide efficient combining sites to haptens. | camelids can produce antibodies devoid of light chains and ch1 domains (hamers-casterman, c. et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448). camelid heavy-chain variable domains (vhh) have high affinities for protein antigens and the structures of two of these complexes have been determined (desmyter, a. et al. (1996) nature struc. biol. 3, 803-811; decanniere, k. et al. (1999) structure 7, 361-370). however, the small size of these vhhs and their monomeric nature bring into question their capacity to bind ... | 2000 | 10684599 |
| evaluation of assays for determination of passive transfer status in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate several practice-adapted assays for determination of passive transfer status in crias. | 2000 | 10687013 |
| isolation of antigen specific llama vhh antibody fragments and their high level secretion by saccharomyces cerevisiae. | recently the existence of 'heavy chain' immunoglobulins in camelidae has been described. however, as yet there is no data on the binding of this type of antibody to haptens. in addition, it was not a priori predictable whether the binding domains (vhh) of these antibodies could be produced and secreted by the lower eukaryotic micro-organism saccharomyces cerevisiae. in the present study these questions are addressed. heavy chain immunoglobulins directed against two hapten molecules, the azo-dyes ... | 2000 | 10702907 |
| thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (lama glama). | | 2000 | 10731075 |
| flow cytometric analysis of an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. | the present study was undertaken to characterize the immune system of llamas and alpacas and establish the basis for an immunodeficiency disorder affecting juvenile llamas. flow cytometric (fc) analysis of the immune system with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) revealed the immune system of llamas and alpacas is similar in leukocyte subset composition to that in ruminants. peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adults are comprised of surface immunoglobulin (sig(+)) b-cells (31%+/-8 s.d.), ... | 2000 | 10760393 |
| long-bone fractures in llamas: six cases (1993-1998). | to determine clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome for llamas with long-bone fractures. | 2000 | 10767973 |
| carcass characteristics of llamas (lama glama) reared in central chile. | body and carcass composition were studied on 10 male and 10 female naturally reared llamas (lama glama). half the animals were young (9-12 months) and the other half adult (>3 year). the average live weights for young and adult males were 104.4 and 100.6kg, and for females 67.6 and 104.6kg, respectively. average carcass weights for the four groups were 58.9, 56.2, 36.8 and 56.7kg, respectively. carcass composition for males and females was similar, but males had slightly higher dressing percenta ... | 2000 | 10818308 |
| induction of immune responses and molecular cloning of the heavy chain antibody repertoire of lama glama. | functional heavy chain immunoglobulins have, so far, only been found in camels and llamas. antigen-specific fragments of these heavy chain iggs (v(hh)) are of great interest in biotechnology because they are very stable and can be produced at high level by the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. the work described in this paper was conducted to determine whether llamas (lama glama) are a practical source of antigen-specific v(hh) fragments. llamas were immunised with various types of antigens and th ... | 2000 | 10854612 |
| canonical antigen-binding loop structures in immunoglobulins: more structures, more canonical classes? | grafting the antigen-binding loops onto a human antibody scaffold is a widely used technique to humanise murine antibodies. the success of this approach depends largely on the observation that the antigen-binding loops adopt only a limited number of canonical structures. identification of the correct canonical structure is therefore essential. algorithms that predict the main-chain conformation of the hypervariable loops using only the amino acid sequence often provide this information. here, we ... | 2000 | 10864500 |
| molecular dynamics simulations highlight mobile regions in proteins: a novel suggestion for converting a murine v(h) domain into a more tractable species. | the v(h) region of the murine antibody 1f7 has been identified as a single-domain chorismate mutase, but a tendency to denature and aggregate has hampered its biochemical characterization. standard mutagenesis approaches targeting antibody chain dimerization areas have been exhausted. we describe a new approach to the problem, where we use molecular dynamics (md) simulations to find the differences between the untractable protein and the known soluble v(h) domain from a llama antibody. md simula ... | 2000 | 10891281 |
| passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulin g in neonatal llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate precolostral hypogammaglobulinemia in neonatal llamas and alpacas, to determine when postcolostral peak serum igg concentrations develop, to determine whether differences in postcolostral serum igg concentrations between llamas and alpacas exist, and to determine postcolostral half-life of serum igg in llamas and alpacas. | 2000 | 10895892 |
| the effect of enzymes on semen viscosity in llamas and alpacas. | the effect of four enzymes: collagenase, fibrinolysin, hyalurodinase, and trypsin were recorded on the viscosity, motility, percent live spermatozoa and acrosome integrity of llama and alpaca semen. semen samples were collected using a modified artificial vagina for each of the five llamas and five alpacas. a 25% solution of the of enzyme at a concentration of 1mg/ml was added to the ejaculate. analysis of variance was used to determine differences in eliminating viscosity and alterations in mot ... | 2000 | 10924884 |
| improved production and function of llama heavy chain antibody fragments by molecular evolution. | the aim of this study was to improve production level of llama heavy chain antibody fragments (v(hh)) in saccharomyces cerevisiae while retaining functional characteristics. for this purpose, the dna shuffling technique was used on llama v(hh) fragments specific for the azo-dye reactive red-6. in the dna shuffling process, three parental llama v(hh) with high amino acid sequence identity with significant differences in production and functional characteristics were used. from these parental sequ ... | 2000 | 10949316 |
| differentiation of clinical mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates by gyrb dna sequence polymorphism analysis. | the discriminatory power of gyrb dna sequence polymorphisms for differentiation of the species of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (mtbc) was evaluated by sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of a 1,020-bp fragment amplified from clinical isolates of m. tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis (pyrazinamide [pza] resistant as well as pza susceptible), mycobacterium africanum subtypes i and ii, and mycobacterium microti types vole and llama. we found sequence pol ... | 2000 | 10970363 |
| two cases of mycobacterium microti derived tuberculosis in hiv-negative immunocompetent patients. | we describe two cases of mycobacterium microti infection causing pulmonary tuberculosis (tb) in hiv-seronegative immunocompetent patients in germany. the isolates were identified as m. microti of the llama and vole types, according to spoligotype patterns. our data demonstrate that m. microti can cause severe pulmonary tb in immunocompetent patients. | 2000 | 10998387 |
| ossifying fibroma in a llama. | a 4.5-year-old llama was admitted for evaluation of a firm mass rostral and ventral to the medial canthus of the left eye. mucopurulent nasal discharge and absence of airflow through the left nostril were noted. radiographs of the skull revealed a sharply demarcated soft tissue mass with faint mineralization. endoscopy of the nasal passages revealed a mucosa-covered mass originating in the area of the second premolar, extending to the edge of the soft palate, and obstructing the airway. examinat ... | 2000 | 11021440 |
| comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle. | to analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. | 2000 | 11039563 |
| detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears. | to determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. | 2000 | 11039564 |
| use of cloprostenol as an abortifacient in the llama (lama glama). | as part of a larger project investigating the development and heritability of choanal atresia glama), it was necessary to develop a protocol for aborting llamas at various stages of gestation. twenty-seven animals between 4 and 7 mo of gestation were successfully aborted a total of 53 times following two 250 microg intramuscular injections of cloprostenol at 24 h intervals. abortion was induced once in 10 animals and multiple times (range 2 to 5) in 17 animals. twenty-four animals (45.2%) aborte ... | 2000 | 11051331 |
| introduction of an n-glycosylation site increases secretion of heterologous proteins in yeasts. | saccharomyces cerevisiae is often used to produce heterologous proteins that are preferentially secreted to increase economic feasibility. we used n-glycosylation as a tool to enhance protein secretion. secretion of cutinase, a lipase, and llama v(hh) antibody fragments by s. cerevisiae or pichia pastoris improved following the introduction of an n-glycosylation site. when we introduced an n-glycosylation consensus sequence in the n-terminal region of a hydrophobic cutinase, secretion increased ... | 2000 | 11055947 |
| arteries of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). | the objective of this study was to describe the arterial distribution of the hindfoot of the llama (lama glama). ten adult llamas, preserved in 6% formalin solution at 0 degree c, were dissected. the arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster; the venous system was perfused with a solution of 17% coloured industrial gelatin. angiographies were also obtained. in the llama, the arterial distribution is of the saphenous type and this simple sort of irrigation could be used ... | 2000 | 11103515 |
| malignant teratoid medulloepithelioma in a llama. | a lesion was identified in the eye of a juvenile llama, and preliminary clinical findings included anterior uveitis and an exudative retinal detachment suggestive of infectious disease. however, histopathologic evaluation of the enucleated globe revealed an intraocular neoplasm composed of primitive neuroepithelium forming ribbons, cords, and rosettes, heteroplastic elements including spindle cells in a loose myxomatous matrix, and islands of well-differentiated hyaline cartilage. immunohistoche ... | 2000 | 11105963 |
| modification of a bovine elisa to detect camelid antibodies to mycobacterium paratuberculosis. | mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, or johne's disease, reportedly has a low prevalence in south american camelid populations. recently, however, single cases in the united states as well as an outbreak of the disease in australian alpacas (lama pacos) have been described. to provide a rapid and cost-effective method of diagnosing johne's disease in this species, the bovine parachek((r)) johne's absorbed eia (csl, vic., australia) was modified to create a camelid-specific seru ... | 2000 | 11118718 |
| nutritional support for treatment of hepatic lipidosis in a llama. | a 3-year-old female llama that was 3 months into her first lactation and 10 weeks pregnant was evaluated for anorexia of 24 hours' duration. on physical examination, the llama was in lateral recumbency, bradycardic, tachypneic, and hyperthermic. palpation per rectum confirmed the presence of a possible dry fecal mass in the spiral colon. a tissue biopsy specimen of the liver was obtained, and histologic examination revealed moderate diffuse lipid accumulation within the hepatocytes. lactated rin ... | 2000 | 11128546 |
| absence or reduction of carbonic anhydrase ii in the red cells of the beluga whale and llama: implications for adaptation to hypoxia. | carbonic anhydrase (ca) expression was examined in the red cells of two mammals that have adapted to low oxygen stress: the llama, which has adapted to high altitudes, and the beluga (or white) whale, which routinely dives for extended periods. immunodiffusion analyses of their hb-free hemolysates and partial amino acid sequencing of their hplc-separated nonheme proteins indicate that the low-activity ca i isozyme is the major nonheme protein in erythrocytes of both the beluga whale and the llam ... | 2000 | 11131338 |
| mycobacterium microti llama-type infection presenting as pulmonary tuberculosis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient. | a rare case of mycobacterium microti infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient is described. because of unusual morphological and cultural features, the pathogen was analyzed by spoligotyping and identified as the mycobacterium microti llama type. although culture of m. microti is difficult, drug susceptibility testing could be performed, which correlated with the clinical outcome. | 2001 | 11136815 |
| thermal unfolding of a llama antibody fragment: a two-state reversible process. | camelids produce functional "heavy chain" antibodies which are devoid of light chains and ch1 domains [hamers-casterman, c., et al. (1993) nature 363, 446-448]. it has been shown that the variable domains of these heavy chain antibodies (the v(hh) fragments) are functional at or after exposure to high temperatures, in contrast to conventional antibodies [linden van der, r. h. j., et al. (1999) biochim. biophys. acta 1431, 37-44]. for a detailed understanding of the higher thermostability of thes ... | 2001 | 11141058 |
| llama heavy-chain v regions consist of at least four distinct subfamilies revealing novel sequence features. | in addition to conventional antibodies (abs), camelids possess abs consisting of only heavy chains. the variable domain of such a heavy-chain ab (vhh) is fully capable of antigen (ag) binding. earlier analysis of 47 vhhs showed sequence features unique to vhh domains. these include the presence of characteristic amino acid substitutions in positions which, in conventional vh domains are involved in interdomain interactions, and the presence of a long third complementarity-determining region (cdr ... | 2000 | 11163394 |
| transvaginal collection and ultrastructure of llama (lama glama) oocytes. | ultrasound-guided transvaginal follicle aspiration has been described as a noninvasive and repeatable procedure for oocyte collection in several species, but its use has not been described for any of the members of the family, camelidae. a study was designed to determine the feasibility of an ultrasound-guided transvaginal approach for oocyte collection in llamas. fifteen non-pregnant, adult female llamas (10 non-stimulated and 5 superstimulated) were examined by transrectal ultrasonography with ... | 2000 | 11192185 |
| propylene glycol toxicosis in a llama. | propylene glycol toxicosis in llamas can result from overzealous administration of propylene glycol-containing gels formulated and labeled for use in cattle. treatment of ketosis in llamas requires re-establishment of stomach flora and stimulation of appetite. | 2001 | 11195832 |
| experimental infestation of llamas (lama glama) with boophilus microplus (acari:ixodidae). | two llamas (lama glama) were infested with approximately 20,000 boophilus microplus larvae each and maintained under controlled conditions to collect the detached adult ticks. a total of 72 engorged and semi-engorged females were recovered with a mean weight of 163.0 +/- 70.6 mg. sixty-three (87.5%) of these ticks oviposited and 60 (95.2%) of the egg masses produced larvae. six of the heaviest females laid 18,838 eggs from which 16,545 (87.8%) hatched. these results show that llamas are able to ... | 2000 | 11201357 |
| persistent right aortic arch in a mature llama. | | 2001 | 11232929 |
| thoracic radiographic appearance in the normal llama. | the goal of this study was to collect quantitative and qualitative radiographic information of the normal adult llama thorax. standing right-left lateral radiographs of the thorax of 16 normal llamas were made. normal ratios of cardiac height, width, and height plus width to thoracic vertebrae 3-5 and thoracic height were calculated. normal values determined for tracheal angle of divergence from the thoracic spine, cardiophrenic and cardiosternal contact are additional potential indicators of ca ... | 2001 | 11245234 |
| cardiovascular responses to arginine vasopressin blockade during acute hypoxemia in the llama fetus. | the fetal llama has a marked increase in the peripheral vascular resistance and no augmentation of brain blood flow during hypoxemia. in spite of the substantial plasma arginine-vasopressin (avp) increase during hypoxemia, up to 8 times greater than in fetal sheep, there are no changes of carotid and femoral blood flows during hypoxemia with a v1 receptor blockade, as is seen in the fetal sheep. the aim of this study was to assess the role of avp function in mediating the combined ventricular ou ... | 2000 | 11254227 |
| cutaneous metastases of a mammary carcinoma in a llama. | an 8-year-old, female llama was evaluated for nonhealing, ulcerative, cutaneous lesions, which also involved the mammary gland. biopsies of the lesions distant from and within the mammary gland area revealed an aggressive carcinoma. the tumor was confirmed at necropsy to be a mammary gland adenocarcinoma with cutaneous metastasis. | 2001 | 11265189 |
| rapid identification of tissue micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from domestic animals using polyclonal bcg antibody. | immunostaining with polyclonal anti-mycobacterium bovis (bcg) was evaluated as a single screening method for the histological identification of micro-organisms in skin biopsy specimens from various veterinary species. confirmed archival cases infected with mycobacteria, nocardia, actinobacillus, actinomyces, streptococcus/staphylococcus, dermatophilus, spirochetes, blastomyces, coccidioides, cryptococcus, histoplasma, dermatophytes, malassezia, sporothrix, leishmania, pythium, phaeohyphomycetes ... | 2001 | 11301538 |
| characterization of a sine species from vicuna and its distribution in animal species including the family camelidae. | twenty-six sequences of a short interspersed repetitive element (sine) with a size of approximately 150 base pairs (bp) were isolated from the genomic dna of vicugna vicugna (vicuna). rna polymerase iii split promoter sequence was observed in most of them, and many had direct repeats flanking to sines as well as a poly(a)-like structure. the sine sequences were designated as "vic-1" sequences. comparison of the vic-1 consensus sequence with sequences registered in the dna database (ddbj/ embl/ge ... | 2001 | 11309663 |
| [capillaries of the myocardium of lama (lama glama)]. | the heart of 12 adult llamas, one female and 11 males, 2-7 years of age, was studied gross-anatomically (absolute and relative heart weight) and microscopic-anatomically (left and right ventricular wall, left auricle). comparing the 9 younger animals (2-3 years old) with the 3 older llamas (5-7 years old) a significant increase of the absolute heart weight and of the number of capillaries per mm2 and a significant decrease of the intercapillary distance in the left ventricular wall was found. th ... | 2001 | 11314582 |
| prediction of gestational age by ultrasonic fetometry in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | fetal biparietal diameter (bpd) and thorax height (th) were measured by ultrasound during intrauterine growth in pregnant llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). the goal was to establish representative curves that allows estimation of gestational age (ga) from real-time ultrasonic measurements of these fetal structures at any stage of gestation. llamas and alpacas were mated under controlled conditions. ultrasound exams were conducted to determine pregnancy status 1 month later. measureme ... | 2001 | 11343844 |
| pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiulcer agents in llama. | plasma concentration time curves following intravenous (i.v.) administration of 1.5 mg/kg of ranitidine, 0.2 mg/kg, 0.4 mg/kg and 0.8 mg/kg of omeprazole, respectively, were analysed in six llamas. plasma profiles after i.v. administration of both drugs showed plasma concentrations declining in a biexponential manner with a rapid distribution phase. pharmacokinetics parameters after ranitidine administration to six llamas showed a mean elimination half-life of 1.53 +/- 0.26 h. the mean volume of ... | 2001 | 11348484 |
| experimental exposure of llamas (lama glama) to brucella abortus: humoral antibody response. | positive antibody reactions to brucella were observed in the sera of four llamas receiving brucella abortus strain 19 subcutaneously at 2-3 weeks post-exposure (pe) using five of eight conventional brucella serologic tests and an isu-elisa. positive brucella antibody reactions were detected in sera of four llamas exposed by intraocular instillation (ioi) of 1.02x10(8) (high dose) b. abortus strain 2308 at 16-35 days pe using seven of eight serologic tests or an isu-elisa. brucella antibody was a ... | 2001 | 11356322 |
| first report of lamanema chavezi (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in llamas (lama glama) from argentina. | lamanema chavezi is a characteristic helminth of llamas and alpacas in peru and chile. however, its overall geographic range has not been well defined. this report documents the presence of l. chavezi in llamas from argentina. | 2001 | 11358633 |
| otitis media in a llama. | a 7-month-old female llama was examined because of chronic otitis media and externa of 7 months' duration. radiographically, the tympanic bullae appeared thicker than normal, and the ventral borders were poorly defined; the left external acoustic meatus (ear canal) appeared to be narrower than the right. the llama was treated with penicillin, and the ear canals were lavaged daily. contrast radiography was performed on day 15 to determine the shape and size of the ear canals and evaluate the inte ... | 2001 | 11393377 |
| intraocular pressure in normal llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | objective: to determine the mean intraocular pressure in llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos) using applanation tonometry.animals studied: ten llamas and 10 alpacas.procedures: intraocular pressure (iop) was measured with a tono-pentrade mark xl (mentor ophthalmics, inc., norwell, ma, usa). three values, with 5% variance, were recorded for each eye. least-squares means were determined for iop for each eye of llamas and alpacas. controlling for age, differences between left and right eye ... | 2000 | 11397280 |
| nitric oxide synthase activity in brain tissues from llama fetuses submitted to hypoxemia. | the fetal llama (lama glama; a species adapted to live in chronic hypoxia in the highlands of the andes) did not increase cerebral blood flow and reduce the brain oxygen uptake during hypoxemia. although nitric oxide (no) is a normal mediator in the regulation of vascular tone and synaptic transmission, no overproduction by hypoxemia could produce neuronal damage. we hypothesized that nitric oxide synthase (nos) activity is either maintained or reduced in the central nervous system of the llama ... | 2001 | 11423330 |
| peritonitis in a llama caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. | a 7-month-old, male llama was diagnosed with peritonitis caused by streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. clinical findings, medical treatment, and case outcome are described. hematogenous dissemination from suspected pneumonia is proposed as the route of infection in this case. possible transmission of the organism through contact with horses is discussed. | 2001 | 11424579 |
| analysis of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas and alpacas. | to evaluate composition of aqueous humor obtained from normal eyes of llamas (lama glama) and alpacas (lama pacos). | 2001 | 11453480 |
| evidence for three fast myosin heavy chain isoforms in type ii skeletal muscle fibers in the adult llama (lama glama). | skeletal muscle fiber types classified on the basis of their content of different myosin heavy chain (mhc) isoforms were analyzed in samples from hindlimb muscles of adult sedentary llamas (lama glama) by correlating immunohistochemistry with specific anti-mhc monoclonal antibodies, myofibrillar atpase (matpase) histochemistry, and quantitative histochemistry of fiber metabolic and size properties. the immunohistochemical technique allowed the separation of four pure (i.e., expressing a unique m ... | 2001 | 11457931 |
| diagnostic ophthalmology. bilateral idiopathic uveitis in a llama. | | 2001 | 11467189 |
| lateral recognition of a dye hapten by a llama vhh domain. | camelids, camels and llamas, have a unique immune system able to produce heavy-chain only antibodies. their vh domains (vhhs) are the smallest binding units produced by immune systems, and therefore suitable for biotechnological applications through heterologous expression. the recognition of protein antigens by these vhhs is rather well documented, while less is known about the vhh/hapten interactions. the recently reported x-ray structure of a vhh in complex with a copper-containing azo-dye se ... | 2001 | 11469862 |
| single domain camel antibodies: current status. | the antigen-binding capacity of the paired variable domains of an antibody is well established. the observation that the isolated heavy chains of anti-hapten antibodies retain some antigen-binding capacity in the absence of light chains led to attempts to obtain an even smaller antigen-binding unit in a vh format. unfortunately, the poor solubility, the reduced affinity for the antigen and the irreproducible outcome showed that additional protein engineering would be required to successfully gen ... | 2001 | 11526908 |
| concurrent sarcoptic and chorioptic acariosis in a british llama (lama glama). | | 2001 | 11548959 |
| studies on the antibody response of lama glama--evaluation of the binding capacity of different igg subtypes in elisas for clenbuterol and bsa. | camelidae are known to produce three subtypes of immunoglobulin g (igg), two of which are devoid of light chains. two llamas (lama glama) were immunised against clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (bsa). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) for clenbuterol and bsa on the basis of protein a-coated microtitration plates were established to investigate the titre development. three subclasses of igg (igg(1): 29+66kdd, igg(2): 52kdd, igg(3): 56kdd) depending on their different binding properties ... | 2001 | 11604157 |
| zoonotic potential of enterocytozoon bieneusi. | the reservoirs and the modes of transmission of the most frequent microsporidial species in humans, enterocytozoon bieneusi, are still unknown. we have examined fecal samples of 26 humans and 350 animals from 37 species to find 18 samples containing this parasite from humans, cats, pigs, cattle, and a llama. genotypic characterization of the internal transcribed spacer of the rrna gene resulted in 14 different genotypes, 6 of them previously undescribed. phylogenetic analysis revealed the lack o ... | 2001 | 11724868 |
| genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca. | the origins of south america's domestic alpaca and llama remain controversial due to hybridization, near extirpation during the spanish conquest and difficulties in archaeological interpretation. traditionally, the ancestry of both forms is attributed to the guanaco, while the vicuña is assumed never to have been domesticated. recent research has, however, linked the alpaca to the vicuña, dating domestication to 6000-7000 years before present in the peruvian andes. here, we examine in detail the ... | 2001 | 11749713 |
| selection of phage-displayed llama single-domain antibodies that transmigrate across human blood-brain barrier endothelium. | delivery to the brain of drugs, peptides, and genes depends on the availability of brain-specific delivery vectors. we used a phage-displayed library of llama single-domain antibodies (sdabs) to enrich for species that selectively bind to and are internalized by human cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells (hcec). two sdabs (fc5 and fc44) were selected, sequenced, subcloned, and expressed as fusion proteins with c-myc-his5 tags. similar to phage-displayed sdabs, soluble fc5 and fc44 were shown t ... | 2002 | 11772942 |
| ejaculatory process and related semen characteristics. | south american camelids are dribble ejaculators, and urethral contractions occur throughout copulation, which may last 25 min. the urethral contractions and their association with semen characteristics during copulation were determined in llamas and alpacas. a transrectal probe was held in the rectum of the male while copulating an artificial vagina, which was accessed underneath the dummy through a hole. the semen-collecting tube was changed every 5 min. semen characteristics, color, volume, co ... | 2002 | 11789685 |
| regional brain blood flow and cerebral hemispheric oxygen consumption during acute hypoxaemia in the llama fetus. | unlike fetal animals of lowland species, the llama fetus does not increase its cerebral blood flow during an episode of acute hypoxaemia. this study tested the hypothesis that the fetal llama brain maintains cerebral hemispheric o2 consumption by increasing cerebral o2 extraction rather than decreasing cerebral oxygen utilisation during acute hypoxaemia. six llama fetuses were surgically instrumented under general anaesthesia at 217 days of gestation (term ca 350 days) with vascular and amniotic ... | 2002 | 11826180 |
| comparison of uteroplacental glycosylation in the camel (camelus dromedarius) and alpaca (lama pacos). | the recent birth of a camel-llama hybrid, after numerous failed attempts, has prompted an investigation into the glycosylation of apposing fetal and maternal tissues of pregnant camels and alpacas. this study was undertaken to determine whether interspecies differences in glycans are factors that may account in part for the difficulty in producing a viable hybrid. specimens of camel placentae from day 60 to day 375 of gestation and alpaca placentae from day 22 to term (approximately 345 days) we ... | 2002 | 11869193 |
| pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in llamas (lama glama). | the pharmacokinetic behaviour of ivermectin was investigated in adult llamas (lama glama) by using high performance liquid chromatography with a lower limit of quantification of 2 ng/ml to measure its concentration in serum. llamas were treated with one of three commercial formulations (injectable, pour-on or oral paste) at dosages recommended by the manufacturer, or with an experimental injectable sustained-release formulation. in five llamas given 1 per cent ivermectin subcutaneously at 200 mi ... | 2002 | 11936884 |
| congenital cataracts and persistent hyaloid vasculature in a llama (lama glama). | a 9-month-old llama was evaluated for apparent blindness. bilateral cataracts were diagnosed and cataract surgery was performed on the right eye. at the time of surgery persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, persistent hyperplastic tunica vasculosa lentis, and a persistent hyaloid artery were observed. prior to surgery power doppler ultrasound revealed a patent tunica vasculosa lentis os. despite reports of a poor success rate for llama cataract surgery, through use of careful tissue handling ... | 2002 | 11940250 |
| a peptide mimic of an antigenic loop of alpha-human chorionic gonadotropin hormone: solution structure and interaction with a llama v(hh) domain. | the x-ray structure of a ternary complex between human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hcg) and two fvs recognizing its alpha and beta subunits has been recently determined. the fvs recognize the elongated hcg molecule by its two ends, one being the leu-12-cys-29 loop of the alpha subunit. we have designed and synthesized a 17-amino-acid peptide (named peph14) derived from the sequence of this antigenic loop with the purpose of mimicking its three-dimensional structure and its affinity for antib ... | 2002 | 11996668 |
| assisted reproductive techniques for hybridization of camelids. | the camelid family comprises the old world camelids (or dromedary and bactrian camels) and the new world camelids (namely the llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas). although the species within each group can hybridize among themselves to produce fertile offspring, it is only recently that a hybrid between new and old world camelids has been reported. to create this hybrid, semen was collected from male camels by artificial vagina (av) and inseminated into female guanacos (n = 9) and llamas (n = ... | 2001 | 11999316 |
| solution structure and backbone dynamics of an antigen-free heavy chain variable domain (vhh) from llama. | camelids, (dromedaries, camels, and llamas) produce heavy-chains antibodies, with their antigen recognition sites composed of a single vh-like domain, referred to as vhh. the solution structure of one of these vhhs domains (vhh-h14), raised against the alpha subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hcg), has been determined by (15)n heteronuclear three-dimensional nmr spectroscopy. the framework is well resolved within the set of 20 best-calculated nmr structures and is close to that ... | 2002 | 12001233 |
| selection by phage display of llama conventional v(h) fragments with heavy chain antibody v(h)h properties. | a llama single domain antibody (dab) library designed and constructed to contain only heavy chain antibody variable domains (v(h)hs) also contained a substantial number of typical conventional antibody heavy chain variable sequences (v(h)s). panning the library against two carbohydrate-specific antibodies yielded anti-idiotypic dabs and enriched solely for sequences from the v(h) subpopulation of the library. the conventional antibody origin of these v(h)s was confirmed by using oligonucleotide ... | 2002 | 12009207 |
| molecular epidemiology of feline bordetellosis in two animal shelters in california, usa. | "kennel cough" in dogs in animal shelters is readily transmissible, reduces adoption rates, and commonly leads to the euthanasia of affected dogs. in cats, tracheobronchitis, conjunctivitis, and pneumonia have been associated with bordetella bronchiseptica infection-but most cases of upper-respiratory infection (uri) probably are caused by herpesvirus and calicivirus, and many b. bronchiseptica culture-positive cats are clinically normal. our prospective observational study was undertaken to doc ... | 2002 | 12069777 |
| effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. | serum and heparinized plasma samples were collected from 11 adult, clinically healthy llamas. aliquots were assayed for sorbitol dehydrogenase (sdh) activity after storage at room temperature (20 degrees c), 4 degrees c, or -20 degrees c for defined time intervals up to 1 week postcollection. sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in all samples was within reference intervals for our laboratory. no difference was found between serum and plasma sdh activity when measured immediately (within 1 hour) afte ... | 2000 | 12070818 |
| [unilateral laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy in a llama]. | cryptorchism is an inherited congenital abnormality characterized by the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. diagnosis can be difficult if the retained testicular tissue cannot be localized during clinical examination and the history of the animal is unknown, or if the animal shows persistent male behaviour despite the history of successful previous castration. the present case report describes the history of a cryptorchid lama and the techniques of general anesthesia and ... | 2002 | 12070907 |
| aqueous misdirection and ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma after cataract removal in a llama. | ciliary block (malignant) glaucoma is caused by the posterior flow of aqueous humor into or behind the vitreous. it is a rare complication of anterior segment surgery in humans. this is a report of ciliary block glaucoma occurring as a postoperative complication of cataract surgery in a llama. medical management was ineffective in lowering intraocular pressure (iop). posterior capsulotomy and anterior hyaloid disruption with a 22-gauge needle, in addition to medical management maintained iop in ... | 2002 | 12071866 |