| the power of genetic monitoring for studying demography, ecology and genetics of a reintroduced brown bear population. | genetic monitoring has rarely been used for wildlife translocations despite the potential benefits this approach offers, compared to traditional field-based methods. we applied genetic monitoring to the reintroduced brown bear population in northern italy. from 2002 to 2008, 2781 hair and faecal samples collected noninvasively plus 12 samples obtained from captured or dead bears were used to follow the demographic and geographical expansion and changes in genetic composition. individual genotype ... | 2010 | 20735733 |
| validity of the bear tapeworm diphyllobothrium ursi (cestoda: diphyllobothriidae) based on morphological and molecular markers. | the bear tapeworm diphyllobothrium ursi is described based upon the morphology of adult tapeworms recovered from the brown bear (ursus arctos middendorffi) and larval plerocercoids found in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) from kodiak island in alaska in 1952. however, in 1987 d. ursi was synonymized with diphyllobothrium dendriticum, and the taxonomic relationship between both species has not subsequently been revised. in this study mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1) se ... | 2012 | 22663179 |
| platelet function in brown bear (ursus arctos) compared to man. | abstract: | 2010 | 20525167 |
| despotism and risk of infanticide influence grizzly bear den-site selection. | given documented social dominance and intraspecific predation in bear populations, the ideal despotic distribution model and sex hypothesis of sexual segregation predict adult female grizzly bears (ursus arctos) will avoid areas occupied by adult males to reduce risk of infanticide. under ideal despotic distribution, juveniles should similarly avoid adult males to reduce predation risk. den-site selection and use is an important component of grizzly bear ecology and may be influenced by multiple ... | 2011 | 21935378 |
| hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland. | hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ... | 2015 | 24655475 |
| canid progesterone receptors lack activation function 3 domain-dependent activity. | progesterone regulates multiple behavioral, physiological, and pathological aspects of female reproductive biology through its two progesterone receptors (prs), pr-b and the truncated pr-a. pr-b is necessary for mammary gland development in mice and, compared with pr-a, is overall a stronger transactivator of target genes due to an additional activation function 3 (af3) domain. in dogs, known for their high sensitivity to progesterone-induced mammary cancer, the pr-b function was studied. canine ... | 2012 | 23041671 |
| monitoring the effective population size of a brown bear (ursus arctos) population using new single-sample approaches. | the effective population size (n(e) ) could be the ideal parameter for monitoring populations of conservation concern as it conveniently summarizes both the evolutionary potential of the population and its sensitivity to genetic stochasticity. however, tracing its change through time is difficult in natural populations. we applied four new methods for estimating n(e) from a single sample of genotypes to trace temporal change in n(e) for bears in the northern dinaric mountains. we genotyped 510 ... | 2012 | 22229706 |
| complete genome sequence of a rabies virus strain isolated from a brown bear (ursus arctos) in primorsky krai, russia (november 2014). | we report here the complete genome sequence (genbank kp997032) of rabies virus strain rabv/ursus arctos/russia/primorye/po-01/2014, isolated in november 2014 from a brown bear (ursus arctos) that attacked a person in primorsky krai (russian federation). this strain was clustered into the eurasian genetic subgroup of genotype 1 (street rage). | 2016 | 27389270 |
| sarcocystis caninum and sarcocystis svanai n. spp. (apicomplexa: sarcocystidae) associated with severe myositis and hepatitis in the domestic dog (canis familiaris). | there are several reports of sarcocystis sarcocysts in muscles of dogs, but these species have not been named. additionally, there are two reports of sarcocystis neurona in dogs. here, we propose two new names, sarcocystis caninum, and sarcocystis svanai for sarcocysts associated with clinical muscular sarcocystosis in four domestic dogs (canis familiaris), one each from montana and colorado in the usa, and two from british columbia, canada. only the sarcocyst stage was identified. most of the s ... | 2016 | 25256157 |
| isolation of streptococci from a fatal case of myocarditis in a captive brown bear (ursus arctos). | a 10-yr-old, male brown bear ( ursus arctos ) from bursa zoo in turkey died without any apparent signs. severe purulent pericarditis and myocarditis with mild ascites, lung edema, and moderate liver congestion were observed during necropsy. microscopically, there were severe neutrophilic infiltrations in the myocardium and thoracic lymph nodes. a member of the streptococcus bovis - streptococcus equinus complex (sbsec) was isolated and identified phenotypically. | 2017 | 28363068 |
| phylogenetic characterisation of taenia tapeworms in spotted hyenas and reconsideration of the "out of africa" hypothesis of taenia in humans. | the african origin of hominins suggests that taenia spp. in african carnivores are evolutionarily related to the human-infecting tapeworms taenia solium, taenia saginata and taenia asiatica. nevertheless, the hypothesis has not been verified through molecular phylogenetics of taenia. this study aimed to perform phylogenetic comparisons between taenia spp. from african hyenas and the congeneric human parasites. during 2010-2013, 233 adult specimens of taenia spp. were collected from 11 spotted hy ... | 2014 | 24815426 |
| a survey of intestinal helminths in wild carnivores from the tatra national park, southern poland. | from january 2011 to july 2012, 144 faecal samples of wild carnivores from the tatra national park were examined to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal helminths--72 of wolves (canis lupus), 45 of red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 15 of pine martens (martes martes) and 12 of brown bears (ursus arctos). in wolves, monospecific infection with trichuris vulpis (13.9%), toxocara canis (6.9%), ancylostoma/uncinaria (5.6%) and taeniids (1.4%) was revealed. in red foxes, the most prevalent infection was 7 v ... | 2013 | 24791342 |
| elemental mapping in fossil tooth root section of ursus arctos by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-icp-ms). | laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-icp-ms) was used to map the matrix (ca, p) and trace (ba, sr, zn) elements in the root section of a fossilized brown bear (ursus arctos) tooth. multielemental analysis was performed on a (2.5 × 1.5)cm(2) area. for elemental distribution, a up 213 laser ablation system was coupled either with a quadrupole or a time of flight icp-ms. the cementum and dentine on the slice of the sample surface were clearly distinguishable, especially c ... | 2012 | 23598013 |
| molecular phylogeny and snp variation of polar bears (ursus maritimus), brown bears (u. arctos), and black bears (u. americanus) derived from genome sequences. | we assessed the relationships of polar bears (ursus maritimus), brown bears (u. arctos), and black bears (u. americanus) with high throughput genomic sequencing data with an average coverage of 25× for each species. a total of 1.4 billion 100-bp paired-end reads were assembled using the polar bear and annotated giant panda (ailuropoda melanoleuca) genome sequences as references. we identified 13.8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (snp) in the 3 species aligned to the polar bear genome. th ... | 2014 | 24477675 |
| temperature-driven range expansion of an irruptive insect heightened by weakly coevolved plant defenses. | warming climate has increased access of native bark beetles to high-elevation pines that historically received only intermittent exposure to these tree-killing herbivores. here we show that a dominant, relatively naïve, high-elevation species, whitebark pine, has inferior defenses against mountain pine beetle compared with its historical lower-elevation host, lodgepole pine. lodgepole pines respond by exuding more resin and accumulating higher concentrations of toxic monoterpenes than whitebark ... | 2012 | 23277541 |
| the influence of sulfur and hair growth on stable isotope diet estimates for grizzly bears. | stable isotope ratios of grizzly bear (ursus arctos) guard hair collected from bears on the lower stikine river, british columbia (bc) were analyzed to: 1) test whether measuring δ34s values improved the precision of the salmon (oncorhynchus spp.) diet fraction estimate relative to δ15n as is conventionally done, 2) investigate whether measuring δ34s values improves the separation of diet contributions of moose (alces alces), marmot (marmota caligata), and mountain goat (oreamnos americanus) and ... | 2017 | 28248995 |
| first report of taenia arctos (cestoda: taeniidae) from grizzly (ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears (ursus americanus) in north america. | the cestode taenia arctos was found at necropsy in the small intestine of a grizzly (ursus arctos horribilis) and a black bear (ursus americanus) from kananaskis country in southwestern alberta, canada. the autolysis of the tapeworm specimens precluded detailed morphological characterization of the parasites but molecular analysis based on mitochondrial dna cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene confirmed their identity as t. arctos. this is the first report of t. arctos from definitive hosts in no ... | 2014 | 24382413 |
| [wild mammals of the grand duchy of lithuania in the works of jean-emmanuel gilibert]. | among the many topics of lively scientific work that jean emmanuel gilibert (1741-1814) conducted in grodno and vilnius, an important place is occupied by his observations of wild mammals. royal patronage and care from antoni tyzenhauz, treasurer of the grand duchy of lithuania and the governor of grodno, allowed gilibert to keep and observe wild fauna captured by royal services in royal forests, including białowieża primeval forest. such was an origin of a female bison kept by gilibert in grodn ... | 2015 | 26445747 |
| trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in yellowstone. | we explored multiple linkages among grey wolves (canis lupus), elk (cervus elaphus), berry-producing shrubs and grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in yellowstone national park. we hypothesized competition between elk and grizzly bears whereby, in the absence of wolves, increases in elk numbers would increase browsing on berry-producing shrubs and decrease fruit availability to grizzly bears. after wolves were reintroduced and with a reduced elk population, we hypothesized there would be an increase in ... | 2014 | 24033136 |
| poor construction, not time, takes its toll on subsidised fences designed to deter large carnivores. | large carnivore conservation may be considered as successful in sweden, as wolf (canis lupus), lynx (lynx lynx), brown bear (ursus arctos), golden eagles (aquila chrysaetos), and wolverine (gulo gulo) populations have recovered from extinction or near extinction to viable populations during the last three decades. particularly the wolf and lynx populations have returned at the cost of an increasing number of carnivore attacks on domestic livestock. to support coexistence between carnivores and l ... | 2017 | 28394912 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility and minimal inhibitory concentration of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from septic ocular surface disease in different animal species. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility profile of pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different animal species with septic ocular surface disease. sixteen strains of p. aeruginosa were isolated from different species of animals (dog, cat, horse, penguin and brown bear) with ocular surface diseases such as conjunctivitis, keratocojnuctivits sicca and ulcerative keratitis. these isolates were tested against 11 different antimicrobials agents using the kirby-bauer ... | 2016 | 27928519 |
| social networks and welfare in future animal management. | it may become advantageous to keep human-managed animals in the social network groups to which they have adapted. data concerning the social networks of farm animal species and their ancestors are scarce but essential to establishing the importance of a natural social network for farmed animal species. social network analysis (sna) facilitates the characterization of social networking at group, subgroup and individual levels. sna is currently used for modeling the social behavior and management ... | 2014 | 26479886 |
| adipose-derived stem cells from the brown bear (ursus arctos) spontaneously undergo chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. | in the den, hibernating brown bears do not develop tissue atrophy or organ damage, despite almost no physical activity. mesenchymal stem cells could play an important role in tissue repair and regeneration in brown bears. our objective was to determine if adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ascs) can be recovered from wild scandinavian brown bears and characterize their differentiation potential. following immobilization of wild brown bears 7-10days after leaving the den in mid-april, adipose tis ... | 2011 | 21497574 |
| matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi. | the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ... | 2012 | 22777774 |
| nature vs. nurture: evidence for social learning of conflict behaviour in grizzly bears. | the propensity for a grizzly bear to develop conflict behaviours might be a result of social learning between mothers and cubs, genetic inheritance, or both learning and inheritance. using non-invasive genetic sampling, we collected grizzly bear hair samples during 2011-2014 across southwestern alberta, canada. we targeted private agricultural lands for hair samples at grizzly bear incident sites, defining an incident as an occurrence in which the grizzly bear caused property damage, obtained an ... | 2016 | 27851753 |
| a whole mitochondria analysis of the tyrolean iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of copper age clothing. | the attire of the tyrolean iceman, a 5,300-year-old natural mummy from the ötzal italian alps, provides a surviving example of ancient manufacturing technologies. research into his garments has however, been limited by ambiguity surrounding their source species. here we present a targeted enrichment and sequencing of full mitochondrial genomes sampled from his clothes and quiver, which elucidates the species of production for nine fragments. results indicate that the majority of the samples orig ... | 2016 | 27537861 |
| honeybees increase fruit set in native plant species important for wildlife conservation. | honeybee colonies are declining in some parts of the world. this may have important consequences for the pollination of crops and native plant species. in spain, as in other parts of europe, land abandonment has led to a decrease in the number of non professional beekeepers, which aggravates the problem of honeybee decline as a result of bee diseases in this study, we investigated the effects of honeybees on the pollination of three native plant species in northern spain, namely wildcherry prunu ... | 2011 | 21519875 |
| diet and macronutrient optimization in wild ursids: a comparison of grizzly bears with sympatric and allopatric black bears. | when fed ad libitum, ursids can maximize mass gain by selecting mixed diets wherein protein provides 17 ± 4% of digestible energy, relative to carbohydrates or lipids. in the wild, this ability is likely constrained by seasonal food availability, limits of intake rate as body size increases, and competition. by visiting locations of 37 individuals during 274 bear-days, we documented foods consumed by grizzly (ursus arctos) and black bears (ursus americanus) in grand teton national park during 20 ... | 2016 | 27192407 |
| serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in italy (2004-09). | we tested 30 serum samples collected during 2004-09 from 22 free-ranging marsican brown bears (ursus arctos marsicanus) in the national park of abruzzo, lazio, and molise, italy, for antibodies against canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav-2), canine parvovirus type 2 (cpv-2), brucella spp., and eight leptospira interrogans sensu lato serovars. antibody to cdv was detected in 11 samples (37%); only two bears (10%) had detectable cav-2 and brucella spp. antibodies; three bea ... | 2015 | 25375945 |
| recovery of large carnivores in europe's modern human-dominated landscapes. | the conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (ursus arctos), eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), gray wolves (canis lupus), and wolverines (gulo gulo) in european countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. the reasons for this overall conservation success incl ... | 2014 | 25525247 |
| highly efficient multiplex pcr of noninvasive dna does not require pre-amplification. | among the key issues determining success of a study employing molecular genetics tools in wildlife monitoring or research is a large enough set of highly informative genetic markers and a reliable, cost effective method for their analysis. while optimized commercial genotyping kits have been developed for humans and domestic animals, such protocols are rare in wildlife research. we developed a highly optimized multiplex pcr that genotypes 12 microsatellite loci and a sex determination locus in b ... | 2010 | 21565048 |
| animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a yellowstone elk herd. | migration is a striking behavioral strategy by which many animals enhance resource acquisition while reducing predation risk. historically, the demographic benefits of such movements made migration common, but in many taxa the phenomenon is considered globally threatened. here we describe a long-term decline in the productivity of elk (cervus elaphus) that migrate through intact wilderness areas to protected summer ranges inside yellowstone national park, usa. we attribute this decline to a long ... | 2013 | 23923485 |
| linking anti-predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore. | ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide-ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population- or community-level consequences. we evaluated the non-consumptive effects (nces) of an active predator, the grey wolf (canis lupus), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk (cervus elaphus), their primary prey in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. when wolves approached within 1 km, elk in ... | 2013 | 23750905 |
| a range-wide synthesis and timeline for phylogeographic events in the red fox (vulpes vulpes). | many boreo-temperate mammals have a pleistocene fossil record throughout eurasia and north america, but only few have a contemporary distribution that spans this large area. examples of holarctic-distributed carnivores are the brown bear, grey wolf, and red fox, all three ecological generalists with large dispersal capacity and a high adaptive flexibility. while the two former have been examined extensively across their ranges, no phylogeographic study of the red fox has been conducted across it ... | 2013 | 23738594 |
| multiplex pre-amplification for noninvasive genetic sampling: is the extra effort worth it? | microsatellite genotyping of hair and faeces using standard polymerase chain reaction (pcr) resulted in low success rates and high error rates in a 2003-2004 pilot study using noninvasive genetic sampling for the brown bear (ursus arctos) in the italian alps. thus, we evaluated the performance of multiplex pre-amplification for improving microsatellite genotyping results. brown bear faecal dna extracts of varying quality (n = 33) and hair dna extracts of poor (n = 32) and good (n = 34) quality w ... | 2010 | 21565070 |
| neonatal mortality of elk driven by climate, predator phenology and predator community composition. | 1. understanding the interaction among predators and between predation and climate is critical to understanding the mechanisms for compensatory mortality. we used data from 1999 radio-marked neonatal elk (cervus elaphus) calves from 12 populations in the north-western united states to test for effects of predation on neonatal survival, and whether predation interacted with climate to render mortality compensatory. 2. weibull survival models with a random effect for each population were fit as a ... | 2011 | 21615401 |
| effects of attitudes and demography on public support for endangered species conservation. | it is critical for managers to understand how attitudes and demography affect public's preferences for species protection for designing successful conservation projects. 1080 adults in greece were asked to rate pictures of 12 endangered species on aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and intention to support their conservation. factor analysis identified a group of animals for which respondents indicated high levels of support for their conservation (red deer, loggerhead sea turtle, brown bear, ... | 2017 | 28376425 |
| assessing nutritional parameters of brown bear diets among ecosystems gives insight into differences among populations. | food habit studies are among the first steps used to understand wildlife-habitat relationships. however, these studies are in themselves insufficient to understand differences in population productivity and life histories, because they do not provide a direct measure of the energetic value or nutritional composition of the complete diet. here, we developed a dynamic model integrating food habits and nutritional information to assess nutritional parameters of brown bear (ursus arctos) diets among ... | 2015 | 26083536 |
| the evolution of arctic marine mammals. | this review deals only with the evolutionary history of core arctic marine mammals: polar bear (ursus maritimus), walrus (odobenus rosmarus), bearded seal (erignathus barbatus), harp seal (pagophilus groenlandica), ringed seal (phoca hispida), bowhead whale (balaena mysticetus), white whale (delphinapterus leucas), and narwhal (monodon monoceras). sections on the evolutionary background of pinnipeds and whales help to provide a better perspective on these core species. polar bears stemmed from b ... | 2008 | 18494361 |
| optimization of glycerol concentration and freezing rate in the cryopreservation of ejaculate from brown bear (ursus arctos). | in order to establish a semen bank for the endangered cantabrian brown bear, we tested five glycerol concentrations and three freezing rates for electroejaculated semen. electroejaculation was performed on nine males. semen was diluted in tes-tris-fructose (20% egg yolk, 2% edta, 1% equex) with 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% or 10% glycerol and frozen at -10, -20 or -40°c/min. before and after cryopreservation, samples were analysed for motility (casa), viability and acrosomal status (flow cytometry). pre-freez ... | 2011 | 21615800 |
| idiosyncratic responses of grizzly bear habitat to climate change based on projected food resource changes. | climate change vulnerability assessments for species of conservation concern often use species distribution and ecological niche modeling to project changes in habitat. one of many assumptions of these approaches is that food web dependencies are consistent in time and environmental space. species at higher trophic levels that rely on the availability of species at lower trophic levels as food may be sensitive to extinction cascades initiated by changes in the habitat of key food resources. here ... | 2014 | 25154102 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. in red foxes and brown bear in the slovak republic. | wild animals can be involved in epidemiology of many important diseases and often act as reservoirs of pathogens which cause disease in domestic animals and humans. this paper aims the role of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and brown bear (ursus arctos) in the circulation of coccidian parasites from the genus cryptosporidium. cryptosporidiosis is known as an important enteric pathogen, clinical symptoms in particular in immune-compromised individuals range from mild to severe diarrhoea and dehydration, ... | 2011 | 21744018 |
| vitamin d status and bone and connective tissue turnover in brown bears (ursus arctos) during hibernation and the active state. | extended physical inactivity causes disuse osteoporosis in humans. in contrast, brown bears (ursus arctos) are highly immobilised for half of the year during hibernation without signs of bone loss and therefore may serve as a model for prevention of osteoporosis. | 2011 | 21731765 |
| Histologic and molecular identification of disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum in a captive brown bear (Ursus arctos). | A 33-year-old brown bear (Ursus arctos) was evaluated for chronic cough, partial anorexia, and lethargy in early fall of 2009. Radiographs revealed a generalized increase in interstitial density with focal lung field consolidation and air bronchograms more prevalent in the cranial lung lobes. Tracheal sputum and wash fluid grew mixed bacteria and 2 species of Candida on bacterial and fungal cultures, respectively. Serum was negative for antibodies to Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, and H ... | 2011 | 21908320 |
| ad-libs: inferring ancestry across hybrid genomes using low-coverage sequence data. | inferring the ancestry of each region of admixed individuals' genomes is useful in studies ranging from disease gene mapping to speciation genetics. current methods require high-coverage genotype data and phased reference panels, and are therefore inappropriate for many data sets. we present a software application, ad-libs, that uses a hidden markov model to infer ancestry across hybrid genomes without requiring variant calling or phasing. this approach is useful for non-model organisms and in c ... | 2017 | 28376731 |
| evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative effectiveness of three media of centrifugation (maxifreeze, cushion fluid equine, and puresperm 100) in preparation of fresh or frozen-thawed brown bear spermatozoa. | centrifugation is a crucial procedure in sperm cryopreservation protocols of brown bear (ursus arctos), because the semen must be processed to increase sperm concentration and/or clean urine-contaminated samples. the efficacy of three media for centrifugation (maxifreeze [imv technologies, l'aigle, france], cushion fluid equine (minitübe, tiefenbach, germany), and puresperm [nidacon, gothenburg, sweden]) on the quality of bear spermatozoa was evaluated. in experiment one, two cushioned media use ... | 2011 | 22154477 |
| diet and environment shape fecal bacterial microbiota composition and enteric pathogen load of grizzly bears. | diet and environment impact the composition of mammalian intestinal microbiota; dietary or health disturbances trigger alterations in intestinal microbiota composition and render the host susceptible to enteric pathogens. to date no long term monitoring data exist on the fecal microbiota and pathogen load of carnivores either in natural environments or in captivity. this study investigates fecal microbiota composition and the presence of pathogenic escherichia coli and toxigenic clostridia in wi ... | 2011 | 22194798 |
| trace elements in tissues of wild carnivores and omnivores in croatia. | the differences in metal exposure (as, cd, cu, pb and hg) in the muscle, liver and kidney tissues of brown bears (ursus arctos), grey wolfs (canis lupus), eurasian lynxs (lynx lynx), eurasian badgers (meles meles) and pine martens (martes martes) from croatia were observed. the highest mean cd levels were found in kidney and liver of eurasian badger (3.05 and 0.537 mg/kg). the highest cu concentrations (mg/kg) measured in liver tissue were obtained in order: eurasian badger (15.2) > brown bear ( ... | 2011 | 22037661 |
| split parturition observed in a captive north american brown bear (ursus arctos). | reproductive physiology in north american ursids is characterized by mating from spring to early summer, delayed implantation, and birth during hibernation. during spring 2008, a captive adult female brown bear was mated with two adult males. pregnancy was determined by elevated progesterone concentrations during late fall before hibernation. two male cubs were born on december 31, 2008, and a third female cub was born 17 days later on january 16. all were successfully raised and all were confir ... | 2011 | 22025081 |
| first molecular detection of neospora caninum in european brown bear (ursus arctos). | neospora caninum is an important intracellular protozoan parasite with an affinity to the central nervous system of many animals and a major causative agent of repeated abortions in cattle. in total, 45 muscle, liver, or spleen samples of brown bear sampled in different locations of central slovakia were examined by pcr. genotyping of n. caninum was based on amplification of nc-5 gene and its1 rrna fragments and subsequent sequencing. presence of n. caninum dna was confirmed in 24.4% (11/45) of ... | 2013 | 23770068 |
| morphological variability and molecular identification of uncinaria spp. (nematoda: ancylostomatidae) from grizzly and black bears: new species or phenotypic plasticity? | the hookworms uncinaria rauschi olsen, 1968 and uncinaria yukonensis ( wolfgang, 1956 ) were formally described from grizzly ( ursus arctos horribilis) and black bears ( ursus americanus ) of north america. we analyzed the intestinal tracts of 4 grizzly and 9 black bears from alberta and british columbia, canada and isolated uncinaria specimens with anatomical traits never previously documented. we applied morphological and molecular techniques to investigate the taxonomy and phylogeny of these ... | 2015 | 25548982 |
| evolution of major histocompatibility complex class i and class ii genes in the brown bear. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) proteins constitute an essential component of the vertebrate immune response, and are coded by the most polymorphic of the vertebrate genes. here, we investigated sequence variation and evolution of mhc class i and class ii drb, dqa and dqb genes in the brown bear ursus arctos to characterise the level of polymorphism, estimate the strength of positive selection acting on them, and assess the extent of gene orthology and trans-species polymorphism in ursida ... | 2012 | 23031405 |
| bear-inflicted injuries - a report from nepal. | upper mustang in the northern himalayan range of nepal is the home of brown bears (ursusarctos). low-plant biomass as a result of scanty rainfall in upper mustang is a reason for habitat overlap of humans and wild animals. humans who enter into the wild to collect firewood and graze cattle are liable to wild animal attacks. such attacks, especially by brown bears, are readily identified by the type of injuries. these are more commonly confined to head and neck regions. cutting, gnawing and teari ... | 2016 | 26857074 |
| no need to replace an "anomalous" primate (primates) with an "anomalous" bear (carnivora, ursidae). | by means of mitochondrial 12s rrna sequencing of putative "yeti", "bigfoot", and other "anomalous primate" hair samples, a recent study concluded that two samples, presented as from the himalayas, do not belong to an "anomalous primate", but to an unknown, anomalous type of ursid. that is, that they match 12s rrna sequences of a fossil polar bear (ursusmaritimus), but neither of modern polar bears, nor of brown bears (ursusarctos), the closest relative of polar bears, and one that occurs today i ... | 2015 | 25829853 |
| rapid radiation events in the family ursidae indicated by likelihood phylogenetic estimation from multiple fragments of mtdna. | the bear family (ursidae) presents a number of phylogenetic ambiguities as the evolutionary relationships of the six youngest members (ursine bears) are largely unresolved. recent mitochondrial dna analyses have produced conflicting results with respect to the phylogeny of ursine bears. in an attempt to resolve these issues, we obtained 1916 nucleotides of mitochondrial dna sequence data from six gene segments for all eight bear species and conducted maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony anal ... | 1999 | 10508542 |
| molecular genetic-distance estimates among the ursidae as indicated by one- and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis. | evolutionary relationships among eight species of ursidae (including the giant panda) relative to two procyonidae species (raccoon and red panda) were estimated based on the extent of electrophoretic variation of 289 radiolabelled fibroblast proteins resolved by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and among 44 isozyme loci resolved by one-dimensional electrophoresis. allelic differences among these species were converted to genetic distances, and phenetic trees were constructed. in addition, the ... | 1989 | 28568545 |
| a protocol for the isolation and cultivation of brown bear (ursus arctos) adipocytes. | brown bears (ursus arctos) exhibit hyperphagia each fall and can become obese in preparation for hibernation. they do this without displaying the physiological problems typically seen in obese humans, such as type 2 diabetes and heart disease. the study of brown bear hibernation biology could therefore aid in the development of novel methods for combating metabolic diseases. to this end, we isolated mesenchymal stem cells from subcutaneous fat biopsies, and culture methods were developed to diff ... | 2016 | 26856588 |
| assessing snp genotyping of noninvasively collected wildlife samples using microfluidic arrays. | noninvasively collected samples are a common source of dna in wildlife genetic studies. currently, single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) genotyping using microfluidic arrays is emerging as an easy-to-use and cost-effective methodology. here we assessed the performance of microfluidic snp arrays in genotyping noninvasive samples from grey wolves, european wildcats and brown bears, and we compared results with traditional microsatellite genotyping. we successfully snp-genotyped 87%, 80% and 97% of ... | 2017 | 28883428 |
| use of commercial extenders and alternatives to prevent sperm agglutination for cryopreservation of brown bear semen. | the objective of this study was to evaluate different bovine and canine commercial semen extenders for cryopreservation of brown bear ejaculates and the effect of semen collection directly into extender on sperm agglutination. semen samples were obtained by electroejaculation from 13 adult males. in experiment 1, eleven ejaculates from eight bears were used to evaluate bioxcell and andromed as extenders, whereas in experiment 2, nine ejaculates from six bears were used to evaluate triladyl canin ... | 2014 | 24950618 |
| native predators reduce harvest of reindeer by sámi pastoralists. | contemporary efforts to protect biological diversity recognize the importance of sustaining traditional human livelihoods, particularly uses of the land that are compatible with intact landscapes and ecologically complete food webs. however, these efforts often confront conflicting goals. for example, conserving native predators may harm pastoralist economies because predators consume domestic livestock that sustain people. this potential conflict must be reconciled by policy, but such reconcili ... | 2012 | 22908719 |
| regulation of blood oxygen transport in hibernating mammals. | along with the periodic reductions in o2 requirements of mammalian hibernators during winter, the o2 affinity of the blood of mammalian hibernators is seasonally regulated to help match o2 supply to consumption, contributing to limit tissue oxidative stress, particularly at arousals. specifically, mammalian hibernators consistently show an overall increase in the blood-o2 affinity, which causes a decreased o2 unloading to tissues, while having similar or lower tissue o2 tensions during hibernati ... | 2017 | 28324160 |
| competition between apex predators? brown bears decrease wolf kill rate on two continents. | trophic interactions are a fundamental topic in ecology, but we know little about how competition between apex predators affects predation, the mechanism driving top-down forcing in ecosystems. we used long-term datasets from scandinavia (europe) and yellowstone national park (north america) to evaluate how grey wolf (canis lupus) kill rate was affected by a sympatric apex predator, the brown bear (ursus arctos). we used kill interval (i.e. the number of days between consecutive ungulate kills) ... | 2017 | 28179516 |
| dietary items as possible sources of (137)cs in large carnivores in the gorski kotar forest ecosystem, western croatia. | the mountain forest ecosystem of gorski kotar is distant from any significant sources of environmental pollution, though recent findings have revealed that this region is among the most intense (137)cs contaminated area in croatia. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate (137)cs and (40)k load in three large predator species in the mountain forest ecosystem. radionuclides mass activities were determined by the gamma-spectrometric method in the muscle tissue of brown bear (47), wolf ( ... | 2016 | 26556746 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in wild terrestrial mammals from croatia: interspecies comparison of residue levels and compositions. | in this pilot study, we investigated levels of organochlorine pesticides (ocps) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in the adipose tissues of two free-ranging terrestrial carnivores from croatia sampled in 2010 and 2011: the brown bear (ursus arctos; n=32) and the grey wolf (canis lupus; n=29). concentrations of ∑ocps and σpcbs ranged from 0.45 to 4.09 ng g(-1) lipid mass (lm) and from 0.93 to 8.52 ng g(-1) lm in brown bear, and from 1.18 to 5.67 ng g(-1) lm and 2.68 to 48.9 ng g(-1) lm in grey ... | 2015 | 26002287 |
| review of research methodologies for tigers: telemetry. | over the past half century, wildlife research has relied on technological advances to gain additional insight into the secretive lives of animals. this revolution started in the 1960s with the development of radio telemetry and continues today with the use of global positioning system (gps)-based research techniques. in the present paper we review the history of radio telemetry from its origins with grizzly bears in yellowstone to its early applications in tiger research and conservation in asia ... | 2010 | 21392355 |
| trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears or changing abundance of bears and alternate foods? | this is a forum article commenting on: ripple, w. j., beschta, r. l., fortin, j. k., & robbins, c. t. (2014) trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in yellowstone. journal of animal ecology, 83, 223-233. comparisons ripple et al. (2014) used to demonstrate increased fruit availability and consumption by grizzly bears post-wolf reintroduction are flawed and tenuous at best. importantly, a more parsimonious (than trophic cascades) hypothesis, not sufficiently considered by ripple et al., ex ... | 2015 | 25732302 |
| isotopic incorporation and the effects of fasting and dietary lipid content on isotopic discrimination in large carnivorous mammals. | there has been considerable emphasis on understanding isotopic discrimination for diet estimation in omnivores. however, discrimination may differ for carnivores, particularly species that consume lipid-rich diets. here, we examined the potential implications of several factors when using stable isotopes to estimate the diets of bears, which can consume lipid-rich diets and, alternatively, fast for weeks to months. we conducted feeding trials with captive brown bears (ursus arctos) and polar bea ... | 2017 | 27153128 |
| an evolutionarily young polar bear (ursus maritimus) endogenous retrovirus identified from next generation sequence data. | transcriptome analysis of polar bear (ursus maritimus) tissues identified sequences with similarity to porcine endogenous retroviruses (perv). based on these sequences, four proviral copies and 15 solo long terminal repeats (ltrs) of a newly described endogenous retrovirus were characterized from the polar bear draft genome sequence. closely related sequences were identified by pcr analysis of brown bear (ursus arctos) and black bear (ursus americanus) but were absent in non-ursinae bear species ... | 2015 | 26610552 |
| growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny. | the study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. the ursus lineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. cranial and mandibular shapes of ursus arctos (brown bear), u. maritimus (pola ... | 2015 | 26525575 |
| a meta-analysis of studies on attitudes toward bears and wolves across europe 1976-2012. | the ranges of wolves (canis lupus) and bears (ursus arctos) across europe have expanded recently, and it is important to assess public attitudes toward this expansion because responses toward these species vary widely. general attitudes toward an object are good predictors of broad behavioral patterns; thus, attitudes toward wolves and bears can be used as indicators to assess the social foundation for future conservation efforts. however, most attitude surveys toward bears and wolves are limite ... | 2015 | 25412113 |
| introgressive hybridization: brown bears as vectors for polar bear alleles. | the dynamics and consequences of introgression can inform about numerous evolutionary processes. biologists have therefore long been interested in hybridization. one challenge, however, lies in the identification of nonadmixed genotypes that can serve as a baseline for accurate quantification of admixture. in this issue of molecular ecology, cahill et al. (2015) analyse a genomic data set of 28 polar bears, eight brown bears and one american black bear. polar bear alleles are found to be introgr ... | 2015 | 25775930 |
| multilocus genotypes and broad host-range of enterocytozoon bieneusi in captive wildlife at zoological gardens in china. | enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic pathogen that is widely detected in humans, domestic animals and wildlife, and poses a challenge to public health. the present study was performed to evaluate the prevalence, genotypic diversity and zoonotic potential of e. bieneusi among wildlife at chengdu and bifengxia zoological gardens in sichuan province, china. | 2016 | 27391225 |
| implementation uncertainty when using recreational hunting to manage carnivores. | 1. wildlife managers often rely on resource users, such as recreational or commercial hunters, to achieve management goals. the use of hunters to control wildlife populations is especially common for predators and ungulates, but managers cannot assume that hunters will always fill annual quotas set by the authorities. it has been advocated that resource management models should account for uncertainty in how harvest rules are realized, requiring that this implementation uncertainty be estimated. ... | 2012 | 23197878 |
| carnivore fecal chemicals suppress feeding by alpine goats (capra hircus). | the efficacy of carnivore and ungulate fecal chemicals in suppressing the feeding behavior of alpine goats (capra hircus) was examined. in the first four experiments, goats were offered food covered with paper strips treated with fecal extracts of the bengal tiger, siberian tiger, african lion, and brown bear, respectively; food covered with solvent-treated and untreated (plain) papers served as controls in each experiment. goats made fewer head entries into, and ate less food from, buckets cont ... | 1993 | 24248787 |
| salmon fishing by bears and the dawn of cooperative predation. | although bears are an epitome of solitary predation, black (ursus americanus) and brown bears (u. arctos) occasionally act in pairs to capture salmon (onchorynchous spp.). i sought to identify conditions that promote pairing and how this relates to optimal foraging. this study on alaskan black bears assessed whether each mode of fishing (solo vs. paired) occurs mainly where it is most efficient at harvesting salmon--that is, whether modal group size (1 vs. 2) is also optimal size. not in this ca ... | 2012 | 23088647 |
| polar and brown bear genomes reveal ancient admixture and demographic footprints of past climate change. | polar bears (pbs) are superbly adapted to the extreme arctic environment and have become emblematic of the threat to biodiversity from global climate change. their divergence from the lower-latitude brown bear provides a textbook example of rapid evolution of distinct phenotypes. however, limited mitochondrial and nuclear dna evidence conflicts in the timing of pb origin as well as placement of the species within versus sister to the brown bear lineage. we gathered extensive genomic sequence dat ... | 2012 | 22826254 |
| influence of whitebark pine decline on fall habitat use and movements of grizzly bears in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. | when abundant, seeds of the high-elevation whitebark pine (wbp; pinus albicaulis) are an important fall food for grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. rates of bear mortality and bear/human conflicts have been inversely associated with wbp productivity. recently, mountain pine beetles (dendroctonus ponderosae) have killed many cone-producing wbp trees. we used fall (15 august-30 september) global positioning system locations from 89 bear years to investigate temporal ... | 2014 | 24963393 |
| leaf swallowing and parasite expulsion in khao yai white-handed gibbons (hylobates lar), the first report in an asian ape species. | leaf swallowing behavior, known as a form of self-medication for the control of nematode and tapeworm infection, occurs widely in all the african great apes (pan troglodytes schweinfurthii, p. t. troglodytes, p. t. verus, p. t. vellerosus, pan paniscus, gorilla gorilla graueri), except mountain gorillas. it is also reported to occur in a similar context across a wide array of other animal taxa including, domestic dogs, wolves, brown bears, and civets. despite long-term research on asian great an ... | 2017 | 28118500 |
| helminths of brown bears (ursus arctos) in the kola peninsula. | we present data on the species composition of helminths in brown bears (ursus arctos) from the murmansk region, russia. the absence of any information about helminths of brown bear in the region necessitated the conduct of these studies. samples were collected in 2014 and 2015 in the southern part of the kola peninsula from the white sea coastal habitats. annually, in the study area, 1-3 bears are legally hunted and biological samples for examination are very difficult to obtain. therefore, we u ... | 2017 | 28484854 |
| clostridium sordellii in a brown bear (ursus arctos) from spain. | clostridium sordellii is found in the environment and occasionally in animal (including human) intestines and may cause myonecrosis and large outbreaks of enterotoxemia. a few cases of fatal clostridial infection in bears (ursus spp.) have been described worldwide but none attributed to c. sordellii. we describe a fatal case of septicemia caused by c. sordellii in an illegally trapped brown bear (ursus arctos). at necropsy, acute gangrenous myositis was the primary lesion. serohemorrhagic edema ... | 2013 | 24502739 |
| lack of phylogeography in european mammals before the last glaciation. | in many extant animal and plant species in europe and north america a correlation exists between the geographical location of individuals and the genetic relatedness of the mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences that they carry. here, we analyze mtdna sequences from cave bears, brown bears, cave hyenas, and neandertals in europe before the last glacial maximum and fail to detect any phylogeographic patterns similar to those observed in extant species. we suggest that at the beginning of the last glaci ... | 2004 | 15317936 |
| morphological and histological features of the vomeronasal organ in the brown bear. | the vomeronasal organ (vno) is a peripheral receptor structure that is involved in reproductive behavior and is part of the vomeronasal system. male bears exhibit flehmen behavior that is regarded as the uptake of pheromones into the vno to detect estrus in females. however, the morphological and histological features of the vno in bears have not been comprehensively studied. the present study investigated the properties and degree of development of the vno of the brown bear by histological, his ... | 2017 | 28786107 |
| selecting the best stable isotope mixing model to estimate grizzly bear diets in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. | past research indicates that whitebark pine seeds are a critical food source for threatened grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in the greater yellowstone ecosystem (gye). in recent decades, whitebark pine forests have declined markedly due to pine beetle infestation, invasive blister rust, and landscape-level fires. to date, no study has reliably estimated the contribution of whitebark pine seeds to the diets of grizzlies through time. we used stable isotope ratios (expressed as δ13c, δ15n, and δ34s v ... | 2017 | 28493929 |
| physical inactivity and platelet function in humans and brown bears: a comparative study. | physical inactivity increases the risk of thromboembolism. however, good standardized human models on inactivity are in short supply and experimental models are few. our objective was to investigate how standardized bed rest affects platelet aggregation in humans and to investigate if aggregation is altered in a translational model system - the hibernating brown bear (ursus arctos). we collected blood from (1) healthy male volunteers participating in a 21-day bed rest study in head-down tilt pos ... | 2017 | 28758823 |
| using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-icp-ms) to characterize copper, zinc and mercury along grizzly bear hair providing estimate of diet. | we enhanced an existing technique, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-icp-ms), to function as a non-lethal tool in the temporal characterization of trace element exposure in wild mammals. mercury (hg), copper (cu), cadmium (cd), lead (pb), iron (fe) and zinc (zn) were analyzed along the hair of captive and wild grizzly bears (ursus arctos horribilis). laser parameters were optimized (consecutive 2000 μm line scans along the middle line of the hair at a speed of 50 μm ... | 2015 | 26005744 |
| escherichia coli isolated from feces of brown bears (ursus arctos) have a lower prevalence of human extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli virulence-associated genes. | eighty-six escherichia coli strains from feces of either wild brown bears or those living in a zoo were screened for phylogenetic groups using the revisited clermont phylotyping method and the prevalence of 24 virulence-associated genes (vags) of extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli (expec). our results showed that most strains of e. coli in bears belonged to phylogenetic groups iii/iv/v (29%) and b1 (26%). only half of the tested vags were found in the e. coli bear strains, with fimh present in 7 ... | 2017 | 28154465 |
| pirate sites, grizzly bears and a cholera outbreak. | | 2017 | 28661510 |
| improving sperm banking efficiency in endangered species through the use of a sperm selection method in brown bear (ursus arctos) thawed sperm. | sperm selection methods such as single layer centrifugation (slc) have been demonstrated to be a useful tool to improve the quality of sperm samples and therefore to increase the efficiency of other artificial reproductive techniques in several species. this procedure could help to improve the quality of genetic resource banks, which is essential for endangered species. in contrast, these sperm selection methods are optimized and focused on farm animals, where the recovery task is not as importa ... | 2017 | 28651537 |
| riding the crimson tide: mobile terrestrial consumers track phenological variation in spawning of an anadromous fish. | when resources are spatially and temporally variable, consumers can increase their foraging success by moving to track ephemeral feeding opportunities as these shift across the landscape; the best examples derive from herbivore-plant systems, where grazers migrate to capitalize on the seasonal waves of vegetation growth. we evaluated whether analogous processes occur in watersheds supporting spawning sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka), asking whether seasonal activities of predators and scaveng ... | 2013 | 23554279 |
| bet-hedging applications for conservation. | one of the early tenets of conservation biology is that population viability is enhanced by maintaining multiple populations of a species. the strength of this tenet is justified by principles of bet-hedging. management strategies that reduce variance in population size will also reduce risk of extinction. asynchrony in population fluctuations in independent populations reduces variance in the aggregate of populations whereas environmental correlation among areas increases the risk that all popu ... | 2002 | 12177536 |
| the effect of inappropriate calibration: three case studies in molecular ecology. | time-scales estimated from sequence data play an important role in molecular ecology. they can be used to draw correlations between evolutionary and palaeoclimatic events, to measure the tempo of speciation, and to study the demographic history of an endangered species. in all of these studies, it is paramount to have accurate estimates of time-scales and substitution rates. molecular ecological studies typically focus on intraspecific data that have evolved on genealogical scales, but often the ... | 2008 | 18286172 |
| apex predatory mammals as bioindicator species in environmental monitoring of elements in dinaric alps (croatia). | tissue element investigations of apex terrestrial mammals are very scarce in europe. we quantified 16 essential and nonessential elements in the kidney cortex, liver, and muscle tissue of 467 brown bears (ursus arctos), 125 gray wolves (canis lupus), one eurasian lynx (lynx lynx), and three golden jackals (canis aureus) from croatia by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms). renal cadmium (0.6% of animals) and lead (1%) and hepatic lead (5%) were found in toxicologically relevant ... | 2017 | 28879543 |
| trade-offs and efficiencies in optimal budget-constrained multispecies corridor networks. | conservation biologists recognize that a system of isolated protected areas will be necessary but insufficient to meet biodiversity objectives. current approaches to connecting core conservation areas through corridors consider optimal corridor placement based on a single optimization goal: commonly, maximizing the movement for a target species across a network of protected areas. we show that designing corridors for single species based on purely ecological criteria leads to extremely expensive ... | 2017 | 27677418 |
| seasonal and diel activity patterns of eight sympatric mammals in northern japan revealed by an intensive camera-trap survey. | the activity patterns of mammals are generally categorized as nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular (active at twilight), and cathemeral (active throughout the day). these patterns are highly variable across regions and seasons even within the same species. however, quantitative data is still lacking, particularly for sympatric species. we monitored the seasonal and diel activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in hokkaido, japan. through an intensive camera-trap survey a total of 13,279 capture event ... | 2016 | 27732611 |
| the lipid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of brown bears (ursus arctos) in croatia. | the composition of adipose tissue in brown bears (ursus arctos) is highly variable and depends on an individual's feeding habits. fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue (sat) may provide insight into brown bear feeding habits, for which data are scarce. the aim of this study was to determine the lipid composition of sat and variations in the composition of fatty substances with regard to gender and to assess sat relative to season and body mass (bm) of brown bears in croatia. seve ... | 2017 | 28384418 |
| trichinella and polar bears: a limited risk for humans. | in this review, we identified 63 cases reported since world war ii of human trichinellosis linked to the consumption of parasitized polar bear (ursus maritimus) meat. this low number contrasts to the numerous cases of human trichinellosis related to consumption of the meat of black (u. americanus) or brown bears (u. arctos). the prevalence of trichinella infection is high in bears, but larval muscular burden is usually lower in polar bears compared to other bear species. polar bears, therefore, ... | 2017 | 28372597 |
| hunting promotes spatial reorganization and sexually selected infanticide. | harvest can affect the ecology and evolution of wild species. the removal of key individuals, such as matriarchs or dominant males, can disrupt social structure and exacerbate the impact of hunting on population growth. we do not know, however, how and when the spatiotemporal reorganization takes place after removal and if such changes can be the mechanism that explain a decrease in population growth. detailed behavioral information from individually monitored brown bears, in a population where ... | 2017 | 28332613 |
| behavioural profiles of brown and sloth bears in captivity. | three brown bear (ursusarctosarctos) individuals and two sloth bear (melursusursinusinornatus) individuals were observed in captivity to produce behavioural profiles for each individual. data collected through behavioural observations were used to produce activity budgets, and to identify space usage and certain aspects of social behavior. behaviour monitoring allowed the researchers to evaluate the welfare of the animals by identifying the occurrence of stereotypic behaviours, which are sometim ... | 2017 | 28505095 |
| phylogeography of lions (panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity. | lions were the most widespread carnivores in the late pleistocene, ranging from southern africa to the southern usa, but little is known about the evolutionary relationships among these pleistocene populations or the dynamics that led to their extinction. using ancient dna techniques, we obtained mitochondrial sequences from 52 individuals sampled across the present and former range of lions. phylogenetic analysis revealed three distinct clusters: (i) modern lions, panthera leo; (ii) extinct ple ... | 2009 | 19302360 |
| comparison of methanol and isopropanol as wash solvents for determination of hair cortisol concentration in grizzly bears and polar bears. | methodological differences among laboratories are recognized as significant sources of variation in quantification of hair cortisol concentration (hcc). an important step in processing hair, particularly when collected from wildlife, is the choice of solvent used to remove or "wash" external hair shaft cortisol prior to quantification of hcc. the present study systematically compared methanol and isopropanol as wash solvents for their efficiency at removing external cortisol without extracting i ... | 2017 | 28203534 |