| viral hepatitis, type b, in experimental animals. | evidence of natural infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv) in chimpanzees was followed by demonstration that this species provides a highly sensitive animal model system for experimental type b hepatitis. with rare exceptions, inoculation of sero-negative chimps with materials containing infectious hbv produces serologic evidence of infection including appearance of circulating hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag) and subsequently development of antibody to hbs ag and hepatitis b core antigen. s ... | 1975 | 1181931 |
| the transfer of glucose to steroids by chimpanzee liver microsomes. | microsomal preparations from chimpanzee liver can transfer glucose from udpglucose to the 17alpha-hydroxyl group of 17alpha-estradiol and of 17alpha-estradiol-3-glucuronide. a phenolic glucoside of estrone, but not of either 17alpha- or 17beta-estradiol is also formed. no formation of glucosides of p-nitrophenol, or of diethylstilbestrol was demonstrated. the specificity of glucosyl transfer in the chimpanzee is not identical to that in either the human, the rabbit, or the sheep. | 1975 | 1182588 |
| karyotype of the gibbons hylobates lar and h. moloch inversion in chromosome 7. | a karyotype of the gibbon, hylobates, has been prepared based on the chromosome banding patterns produced by quinacrine, trypsin-giemsa, and centromeric heterochromatin stains. the banding patterns of h. lar and h. moloch are virtually identical. no brilliant quinacrine-fluorescent areas are present. the banding pattern of most of the gibbon chromosomes show less resemblance to those of the human, chimpanzee, gorilla, or orangutan than the chromosomes of the higher primates do to each other, sug ... | 1975 | 1183241 |
| hepatitis b virus infection in chimpanzees: titration of subtypes. | thirty-four chimpanzees were inoculated with sera containing the adw, ayw, adr, or ayr subtype of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbs ag). twenty-nine of the animals became infected with hepatitis b virus, and in every instance the subtype of hbs ag in the infected animal was the same as the subtype in the inoculum. infectivity titers were established for the adw and ayw inocula. the patterns of serologic events varied in the infected animals but included most of the typical patterns of serologic c ... | 1975 | 1185011 |
| hepatitis b core antigen in the immunosuppressed chimpanzee. | two chimpanzees with low levels of anti-hbs developed increased antibody titres but showed no antigenemia after i.v. administration of 10 ml infective chimpanzee serum. treatment of a chimpanzee (also possessing anti-hbs) i.m. with cyclophosphamide plus prednisolone for 3 weeks starting 2 days before the challenge with infective serum resulted in detectable circulating hbsag by day 67. by day 95, the hbsag concentration had increased to 17 times a human ag reference plasma and low titres of anti ... | 1975 | 1204961 |
| specific immunotherapy proposed for hepatitis b virus infection. | immune response to hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), coinciding with removal of hbsag from the circulation, has been shown to be a cell-mediated response assessed by leukocyte migration inhibition assay. immune response to hbsag is a t-cell dependent phenomenon in the nude mouse model. immunological tolerance in man appears to stem from the absence of cellular and humoral immune response to hbsag, causing a chronic carrier state which serves as an epidemiological reservior for the transmissio ... | 1975 | 1204970 |
| viral hepatitis type b: propects for active immunization. | studies conducted in 1970 and 1971 with heat-inactivated ms-2 serum revealed that this active immunizing procedure was associated with a protective effect, a more attenuated hepatitis b infection and a decreased hepatitis b carrier rate. more recent studies have revealed striking differences in the response of unimmunized and immunized persons following a parenteral exposure to the ms-2 strain of hepatitis b virus. serial tests for the detection of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), dna polyme ... | 1975 | 1204971 |
| some considerations regarding active immunization with hbsag. | krugman has demonstrated that injection of heated serum containing hbsag conferred some protection against subsequent challenge with live hepatitis b virus (hbv). it is likely that improved protection will result from injections for larger quantities of hbsag. this can be readily done with purified antigen. we have carried out preliminary studies in mice to investigate the inactivation kinetics of hbsag antigenicity and immunogenicity. rates of inactivation of the two parameters by heat have bee ... | 1975 | 1204972 |
| specific detection of hepatitis b surface antigen utilizing chimpanzee and guinea pig antibodies in a solid-phase radio-immunoassay. | the test involves a primary incubation of sample in polystyrene tubes coated with avid guinea pig anti-hbs serum followed, after washing, by a secondary incubation with immunopurified i125 chimpanzee anti-hbs. the system was found to be suitable for automation of washing and counting. the hebria kit eradicated the non-specific positives obtained in those tests employing antibody from only one animal species and had third generation sensitivity (35 positives out of 50 samples) with the u.s. hepat ... | 1975 | 1204977 |
| a natural case of schistosoma mansoni in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes versus). | a spontaneous infection with schistosoma mansoni was found in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes versus) recently imported from sierra leone, africa. clinical signs consisted of anemia, liver enlargement, bronchial rales, and emaciation. the primary gross pathologic lesions included a fibrotic firm nodular liver and pulmonary edema and consolidation. histopathologic examination revealed changes similar to the experimental syndrome of manson's schistosomiasis in the chimpanzee. the diagnosis was confi ... | 1975 | 1207045 |
| a quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope. | the epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpaneze was studied by the combined skin-splitting dopa, and electron microscopic techniques. it is very similar to man. there are dopa-positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regradless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320+/-350 per square millimeter skin. chimpanzee melano ... | 1975 | 1211438 |
| [application of a reversed passive hemagglutination test to the detection of hbs antigen]. | in this report we present an evaluation of the sensitivity, specificity and ability to detect hbs ag carriers of a new reversed passive hemagglutination test, using immunochemically purified chimpanzee anti hbs bound to stabilized human erythrocytes. the method was shown to have a sensitivity equal (within one two fold dilution) to that of the ausria i 125 ratio immuno assay, and in a double blind comparison detected essentially the same number of hbs ag containing specimens among volunteer bloo ... | 1975 | 1228847 |
| reproductive endocrinology of female chimpanzees: a suitable model of humans. | similarities between reproductive processes in humans and chimpanzees have led to speculation that the chimpanzee might be an excellent reproductive-endocrine model of humans. data comparing patterns and concentrations of serum gonadotropins, prolactin, and sex steroids in female humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys sustain this concept. the striking evidence that levels of estrone, estradiol, estriol, progesterone, and chorionic gonadotropin are similar during human and chimpanzee pregnancy ... | 1976 | 1263283 |
| t-strain mycoplasma in the chimpanzee. | specimens from 4 chimpanzees were cultured for t-strain mycoplasma and mycoplasma hominis. t-strain mycoplasmas were recovered from the genital tract and throat of a male and the genital tract of his female cagemate; neither had clinical evidence of infection. two other male chimpanzees were culturally negative for t-strain mycoplasmas. m hominis was not isolated from any of the animals. the chimpanzee may serve as a suitable experimental model for studying the role of t-strain mycoplasmas in hu ... | 1976 | 1263431 |
| comparative morphological remarks on the origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve. | the origin and course of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve were observed macroscopically in 38 japanese adult cadavers which were dissected in the university of hokkaido, faculty of medicine during the years 1971/72 and the results obtained were compared with those from some other mammals (rat, rabbit, dog and cat) and a number of bibliographical findings on the other animals. on the basis of the archetype of the pudendal plexus, the site of origin of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve w ... | 1976 | 1275304 |
| lack of protective immunity against reinfection with hepatitis c virus. | some individuals infected with hepatitis c virus (hcv) experience multiple episodes of acute hepatitis. it is unclear whether these episodes are due to reinfection with hcv or to reactivation of the original virus infection. markers of viral replication and host immunity were studied in five chimpanzees sequentially inoculated over a period of 3 years with different hcv strains of proven infectivity. each rechallenge of a convalescent chimpanzee with the same or a different hcv strain resulted i ... | 1992 | 1279801 |
| specific and sensitive igg4 immunodiagnosis of onchocerciasis with a recombinant 33 kd onchocerca volvulus protein (ov33). | the full length cdna of the immunodominant ov33 protein of onchocerca volvulus was expressed in e. coli using various vector constructs. expression was best with the vectors pgex2t and pcg808fx, yielding fusion protein ov33-gst and ov33-mbp, respectively. purified fusion protein ov33-gst and o. volvulus antigen extracts (ovag) were used to compare antibody responses (igm and igg-subclasses) of patients infected with o. volvulus, brugia malayi, wuchereria bancrofti, mansonella perstans/loa loa an ... | 1992 | 1281926 |
| development of a vaccine for the prevention of aids, a critical appraisal. | the pathogenesis and clinical expression of hiv-1 infection in humans is considered in terms of classical pathogenetic studies of viral infections for which successful vaccines have been produced. the unique features of hiv pathogenesis are defined, and gaps in knowledge identified as a framework for considering designs for immune intervention. envelope-derived candidate vaccines have been used in immunization and challenge experiments in siv/macaque or hiv/chimpanzee models, presented either as ... | 1992 | 1281948 |
| hepatitis c virus antibody detection by a line immunoassay and (near) full length genomic rna detection by a new rna-capture polymerase chain reaction. | a rapid and simple rna-capture polymerase chain reaction assay (rcpa) for detection of hepatitis c virus (hcv) is described. the assay detects specifically the presence of (near) full length genomic rna of hcv by capturing hcv-rna at the 3' terminal end on magnetic beads, followed by cdna synthesis and pcr with 5' end specific primers. sera were obtained from 30 chimpanzees inoculated with non-a, non-b hepatitis material from various sources, 28-122 months after infection. the sera were tested f ... | 1992 | 1282148 |
| molecular isolation and characterization of an expressed gene from the human y chromosome. | using a positional cloning approach, we have isolated an expressed gene from a flow-sorted y chromosome cosmid library. the isolation of this gene was based on the identification of the y-231 cosmid that contains cpg rich sequences (htf islands) in its human insert. the y-231 cosmid was capable of detecting a 1.3 kb transcript in poly (a)+ rna samples from human testis. several cdna clones were isolated from a human testis cdna library constructed in lambda gt10. in addition, dna-mediated gene t ... | 1992 | 1284595 |
| [decreasing the risk of post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis by anti-hcv screening]. | in may 1990 a specific enzyme immunoassay (eia) for nanbh was developed by recombinant dna technology which detects antibodies to a virus called hepatitis c virus (hcv). the anti-hcv eia was manufactured by ortho diagnostic systems with recombinant antigens from chiron corp. based on extraction from high infectious titer chimpanzee plasma rna after transcription into cdna. we tested the anti-hcv prevalence of blood donors and hemodialysis patients. the anti-hcv prevalence with the first generati ... | 1992 | 1284760 |
| [study of the degree of pneumatization of the viscerocranium in man and pongidae]. | the volumes of the paranasal sinuses of 41 adult skulls of humans, gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans, were examined with use of a computertomograph type somatom dr. the percentage distribution of the volumes of the different paranasal sinuses showed that the maxillary sinus always had the greatest volume. the maxillary sinus of the humans showed the smallest volume percentage in comparison with the pongids. the typical differences between humans and pongids were observed in the ethmoidal cell ... | 1992 | 1296429 |
| [an ethological approach in the study of nonverbal communication in man and chimpanzee]. | the nonverbal communication of man and chimpanzee has been studied. sexual dimorphism of nonverbal communication patterns, which is connected with the definite contexts of behavior are revealed. possible ways of evolution in communication systems i shown. this analysis will permit to apply the data of ethological investigation of nonverbal behavior as sexual marker in diagnosis of different groups of mentally ill patients. | 1992 | 1302523 |
| importance of primer selection for the detection of hepatitis c virus rna with the polymerase chain reaction assay. | we compared four primer sets from conserved regions of the hepatitis c virus (hcv) genome for their ability to detect hcv rna in a "nested" cdna polymerase chain reaction assay on sera from 114 anti-hcv antibody-positive individuals from around the world. the different primer sets had equivalent sensitivity, detecting less than 1 chimpanzee id50 (dose that infects 50%) when tested against reference strain h of hcv. we tested equal amounts of rna extracted from the serum of each individual with t ... | 1992 | 1309604 |
| host antibody response to viral structural and nonstructural proteins after hepatitis a virus infection. | subgenomic hepatitis a virus (hav) rna sequences were translated in vitro to produce proteins representing the structural (p1) and nonstructural (p2 and p3) domains of the viral polyprotein. these proteins were used as antigens to detect the presence of antibodies in sera from acute and convalescent humans and an experimentally infected chimpanzee. all infected individuals tested had antibodies that recognized uncleaved p1 proteins as well as nonstructural proteins. antibodies in sera from infec ... | 1992 | 1309847 |
| production of infectious hepatitis delta virus in vitro and neutralization with antibodies directed against hepatitis b virus pre-s antigens. | hepatitis delta virus (hdv) particles were produced in huh7 human hepatoma cells by transfection with cloned hepatitis b virus (hbv) dna and hdv cdna. the particles were characterized by their buoyant density, the presence of encapsidated viral rna, and their ability to infect primary cultures of chimpanzee hepatocytes. successful infection was evidenced by the appearance of increasing amounts of intracellular hdv rna after exposure to particles. infection was prevented when particles were incub ... | 1992 | 1309901 |
| detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis c virus rna by in situ hybridization and comparison with histopathology. | a nonisotopic in situ hybridization (nish) assay was used to detect hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna. a synthetic oligonucleotide complementary to bases 252-301 of the highly conserved 5' noncoding region of the hcv genome was end-labeled by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase using digoxigenin-conjugated dutp. the hybridized oligomer was revealed by an immunohistochemical reaction after incubation with an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-digoxigenin antibody and subsequent amplification with a ... | 1992 | 1312716 |
| three different patterns of hepatitis c virus infection in chimpanzees. | the relationship between hepatitis c virus rna and hepatitis c virus-associated antibodies (antibody against the putative capsid protein and c-100 antibody) was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serial serum samples obtained from eight chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis c virus. three different patterns emerged from the polymerase chain reaction data: the first (group 1) was acute resolving hepatitis with transient appearance ... | 1992 | 1312987 |
| full-length sequence of a hepatitis c virus genome having poor homology to reported isolates: comparative study of four distinct genotypes. | variable genomic sequences have been reported for rna cloned from hepatitis c virus (hcv)-infected humans and chimpanzees. we found that four distinct genotypes of hcv could be differentially identified by pcr using type-specific primers. full-length sequences have so far been reported for three of the four hcv genotypes, and we report herewith the sequence of the fourth type obtained from a japanese blood donor. the entire nucleotide sequence of the hcv isolate (hc-j8) comprised 9481 bases plus ... | 1992 | 1314459 |
| direct detection of circulating hepatitis c virus rna using probes from the 5' untranslated region. | diagnostic testing for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection currently is based on the presence of anti-hcv antibodies or a positive hcv rna polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test. although hcv rna pcr is a sensitive and specific technique, widespread application is limited. moreover, hcv rna pcr is subject to false-positive reactions through contamination and is inherently difficult to standardize and quantitate. to overcome limitations of hcv rna pcr, we produced both cdna and riboprobes from a 241 ... | 1992 | 1318328 |
| rapid evolution of the human gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv. | we have compared the dna sequences of nine mammalian genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunit iv (cox4 genes)--four expressed genes (human, bovine, rat, and mouse) and five pseudogenes (human, chimpanzee, orangutan, squirrel monkey, and bovine)--and constructed the sequence of the ancestral mammalian cox4 gene. by analyzing these sequences to determine the pattern and rate of nucleotide substitution in each branch of the evolutionary tree, we deduced that the human gene has evolved rapidly since t ... | 1992 | 1319058 |
| an encephalomyocarditis virus epizootic in a baboon colony. | approximately 80 baboon deaths were caused by encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection in a 3060 member research and production colony. the epizootic extended over a 9-month period and occurred in baboons ranging from 1 day to 22 years of age. acute death was the most common history. when clinical disease was detected, it was characterized by labored respiration associated with acute congestive heart failure. the salient necropsy findings were pulmonary congestion and edema, hydropericardium, ... | 1992 | 1320151 |
| cold-passaged human parainfluenza type 3 viruses contain ts and non-ts mutations leading to attenuation in rhesus monkeys. | cold-passaged (cp) mutants derived from the js strain of wild type wt parainfluenza type 3 virus (piv3) are being evaluated as candidate live virus vaccines. the wt virus was serially passaged 45 times at low temperature and mutant clones with the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts), and attenuation (att) phenotypes were selected following passage levels 12, 18 and 45 (cp12, cp18, and cp45). the cp45 virus was more ts than the cp12 or cp18 mutants, although all 3 mutant viruses were cl ... | 1992 | 1320790 |
| hepatitis c virus replication during acute infection in the chimpanzee. | the events following experimental infection of 2 chimpanzees with the h strain of hepatitis c virus (hcv) were studied by quantitating the levels of hcv rna in liver and serum. serum and liver samples were tested every 1-3 weeks for up to 32 weeks. the genomic and antigenomic strands of hcv rna were individually detected in liver and serum by strand-specific reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using nested primers specific for the 5' noncoding region of the hcv geno ... | 1992 | 1321863 |
| t-cell receptor gamma/delta: comparison of gene configurations and function between humans and chimpanzees. | the human and chimpanzee t-cell receptor gamma-delta (tcr gamma delta) bearing cells represent a minor subset (3-8%) of t lymphocytes. in the periphery, the tcr gamma delta population has a restricted combinatorial repertoire. the tcrd-v1 and -v2 gene products are expressed in a mutually exclusive fashion, whereas, the tcrd-v2 and the tcrg-v9 encoded proteins show, in general, a coordinated expression. restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed conservation of the restriction sites ... | 1992 | 1322863 |
| [parapox in a pigmy chimpanzee]. | parapoxvirus was found using electron microscopy in skin scrapings from a pygmy chimpanzee with a pustular skin disease. clinical findings are described and possible ways of transmission are discussed. it seems remarkable that this is the first time parapoxvirus has been diagnosed in a nonhuman primate. | 1992 | 1324536 |
| phylogenetic evidence for multiple alu source genes. | a member of the young pv alu subfamily is detected in chimpanzee dna showing that the pv subfamily is not specific to human dna. this particular alu is absent from the orthologous loci in both human and gorilla dnas, indicating that pv subfamily members transposed within the chimpanzee lineage following the divergence of chimpanzee from both gorilla and human. these findings and previous reports describing the transpositional activity of other alu sequences within the human, gorilla, and chimpan ... | 1992 | 1325566 |
| human papillomavirus type 13 and pygmy chimpanzee papillomavirus type 1: comparison of the genome organizations. | human papillomavirus type 13(hpv-13) is associated with oral focal epithelial hyperplasia (feh) in humans. a recent epidemic of a feh-like disease in a pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus) colony allowed us to clone a novel papillomavirus genome. to assess the homology between hpv-13 and the pygmy chimpanzee papillomavirus type 1 (pcpv-1), the complete nucleotide sequences of both feh-related viruses were determined. in both viruses, all eight major open reading frames were located on one strand and ... | 1992 | 1325697 |
| genetic drift of hepatitis c virus during an 8.2-year infection in a chimpanzee: variability and stability. | extensive variability in genomic sequence, especially at "hypervariable regions" within the ns1/e2 region of the long open reading frame, has been reported for rna cloned from hepatitis c virus (hcv)-infected humans and chimpanzees. however, genetic changes of hcv occurring during the course of chronic infections in humans and animals have been evaluated only for partial sequences of the hcv genome. we compared two full-length cdna sequences of hcv obtained from a chimpanzee that was experimenta ... | 1992 | 1325713 |
| quantitation of hepatitis c virus rna by competitive polymerase chain reaction. | since the amount of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna might be correlated with the degree of severity of hepatitis and response to treatment, quantitation of hcv rna in serum was established using competitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr). known amounts of a plasmid containing hcv-cdna were co-amplified with a standard dilution series of a competitive template which shared the primers' sequences but differed from the wild type cdna in having a deletion. accurate quantitation was obtained by comparin ... | 1992 | 1328502 |
| examination of the buoyant density of hepatitis c virus by the polymerase chain reaction. | sucrose and cesium chloride density gradients were used to fractionate hepatitis c virus (hcv) infectious chimpanzee plasma. the fractionated plasma was then evaluated for hcv rna sequences using cdna synthesis and the polymerase chain reaction (cdna/pcr). cdna/pcr detectable hcv rna was identified repeatedly in two regions. one region was at the top of the gradients with a buoyant density of < or = 1.03 g/cm3, the other at a density of approximately 1.18-1.21 g/cm3. | 1992 | 1331152 |
| fatal necrotizing adenoviral hepatitis in a chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) with disseminated cytomegalovirus infection. | | 1992 | 1333110 |
| hiv-1 expression in chimpanzees can be activated by cd8+ cell depletion or cmv infection. | cd8+ cell antiviral activity and cytomegalovirus (cmv) were investigated in vivo as possible cofactors influencing the outcome of hiv-1 infection. the role of cd8+ cell suppression of hiv replication was evaluated by depleting cd8+ cells in two infected chimpanzees by inoculation with monoclonal anti-cd8 antibodies. two other infected animals were injected with chimpanzee cmv (ccmv)-infected human fibroblasts to determine if exposure to this virus would induce hiv replication. treatment with ant ... | 1992 | 1333378 |
| primary chimpanzee skin fibroblast cells are fully permissive for human cytomegalovirus replication. | cytomegaloviruses generally display a host range restricted to differentiated cell types from the species they infect. for human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) this has meant that with few exceptions tissue culture systems have relied on the use of primary foreskin fibroblast (hf) cells or primary human embryonic lung cells to study gene expression and virus replication functions. we have observed that primary skin fibroblast (cf) cells derived from the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) support the replicati ... | 1992 | 1335029 |
| serological approaches to distinguish immune response to hepatitis a vaccine and natural infection. | currently, the immune status of an individual exposed to hepatitis a virus (hav) is determined by assays which measure antibodies against the capsid proteins. these assays indicate exposure to the viral capsid that could result from either infection or from vaccination. recent data indicate that proteins from the non-structural genome region of the virus (p2 or p3), which are only produced during active virus replication, generate antibodies after clinical disease. a sub-genomic cdna segment of ... | 1992 | 1335637 |
| inactivated hepatitis a vaccine: active and passive immunoprophylaxis in chimpanzees. | studies of active and passive immunoprophylaxis were carried out in chimpanzees to determine whether a candidate hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine could stimulate antibody to hav (anti-hav) that was qualitatively similar to anti-hav stimulated by natural infection. normal immune globulin (ig) was prepared from plasma obtained from human volunteers before and after vaccination with the hav vaccine, and these preparations or commercially prepared ig were administered to chimpanzees. protective effic ... | 1992 | 1335648 |
| properties and classification of hepatitis a virus. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is a member of the picornavirus family. it was first provisionally classified as enterovirus 72, but subsequent determinations of its nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed them to be sufficiently distinct to assign the virus to a new genus. heparna-virus (hep-a-rna-virus) has been suggested as the genus name. hav shares the key properties of the picornavirus family: an icosahedral particle 28 nm in diameter with cubic symmetry, composed of 30% rna and 70% protein. th ... | 1992 | 1335653 |
| natural hosts of hepatitis a virus. | the host range for hepatitis a virus (hav) is limited to man and several species of non-human primates, and involvement of vertebrates other than primates in hav circulation is unlikely. spontaneous hepatitis a infection has been reported to occur in captive non-human primates including the great apes (chimpanzee) as well as old world (cynomolgus, african vervet, stump-tailed) and new world (aotus) monkeys. the presence of anti-hav antibody in the sera of newly captured monkeys of these species ... | 1992 | 1335654 |
| scrapie-associated tubulofilamentous particles in scrapie hamsters. | examination of thin sections from the cerebral cortex of scrapie-infected hamster brains revealed characteristic circular 26-30 nm diameter tubulofilamentous particles, identical to those previously described in both experimentally induced scrapie in mice, hamsters and natural scrapie of sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and human creutzfeldt-jakob disease and mice and chimpanzees infected with creutzfeldt-jakob disease. longitudinal forms of tubulofilamentous particles were also observed ... | 1992 | 1338060 |
| reexamination of the african hominoid trichotomy with additional sequences from the primate beta-globin gene cluster. | additional dna sequence information from a range of primates, including 13.7 kb from pygmy chimpanzee (pan paniscus), was added to data sets of beta-globin gene cluster sequence alignments that span the gamma 1, gamma 2, and psi eta loci and their flanking and intergenic regions. this enlarged body of data was used to address the issue of whether the ancestral separations of gorilla, chimpanzee, and human lineages resulted from only one trichotomous branching or from two dichotomous branching ev ... | 1992 | 1342932 |
| dual tropism of hiv-1 iiib for chimpanzee lymphocytes and monocytes. | in humans, macrophages serve as a major reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) in the infected host and may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. in hiv-1-infected chimpanzees, however, virus could not be recovered from cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, leaving the question of macrophage tropism of hiv-1 in this species unresolved. the data reported that hiv-1 iiib shows dual tropism and is infectious for both chimpanzee monocytes and lymphocytes in vitro. viral repl ... | 1992 | 1346568 |
| dna sequence polymorphism within hominoid species exceeds the number of phylogenetically informative characters for a hox2 locus. | within- and between-species variability was examined in a noncoding 238-bp segment of the hox2 cluster. dna of 4-26 individuals of four species (pongo pygmaeus, pan troglodytes, gorilla gorilla, and homo sapiens) was pcr amplified and electrophoresed in a denaturing gradient gel to screen for variability. coupled amplification and sequencing was used to determine the complete sequence for each of the different alleles identified, one each in humans and orangutans, two in chimpanzees, and four in ... | 1992 | 1352841 |
| new approaches to dating suggest a recent age for the human mtdna ancestor. | the most critical and controversial feature of the african origin hypothesis of human mitochondrial dna (mtdna) evolution is the relatively recent age of about 200 ka inferred for the human mtdna ancestor. if this age is wrong, and the actual age instead approaches 1 million years ago, then the controversy abates. reliable estimates of the age of the human mtdna ancestor and the associated standard error are therefore crucial. however, more recent estimates of the age of the human ancestor rely ... | 1992 | 1357691 |
| modeling of heteroduplex formation during pcr from mixtures of dna templates. | we have investigated the capability of pcr to amplify a specific locus from each template in a mixture of allelic dnas. modeling experiments employed a 300-bp hox2b segment as target and utilized, as distinct template "alleles," genomic dnas from 1 human and from 2 chimpanzees known to differ in sequence at the target. two modes were used: (1) mixtures of pcr products that had been previously amplified individually from a single template and (2) pcr amplification en masse from composite human/ch ... | 1992 | 1362127 |
| scrapie-associated tubulofilamentous particles in human creutzfeldt-jakob disease. | scrapie-associated fibrils (saf) were demonstrated by a simple negative staining method for electron microscopy from fresh and frozen brains with naturally occurring human creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd). the findings confirm that saf occur as an internal part of a larger three-layer particle. the two outer coats of saf can be disrupted by detergent alone or can be digested in two stages by a combination of proteolytic enzymes and subsequent treatment with dnase and mung bean nuclease. examinati ... | 1992 | 1363619 |
| ultrastructure of normal and hepatitis virus infected human and chimpanzee liver: similarities and differences. | ultrastructure of liver biopsy specimens obtained from normal and hepatitis b (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) infected livers of patients and chimpanzees were compared. nuclear alterations (glycogen particles, nuclear bodies, "vermicellar bodies", etc.), intracytoplasmic crystalloid inclusions were observed before and after the hbv and hcv infections both in human and chimpanzee hepatocytes, however, some of them were more common during the viral infection. extreme endoplasmic reticulum dilata ... | 1992 | 1365764 |
| antischistosomal activities of sesquiterpene lactones and steroid glucosides from vernonia amygdalina, possibly used by wild chimpanzees against parasite-related diseases. | | 1992 | 1368347 |
| biologically active diterpenes from aspilia mossambicensis, a chimpanzee medicinal plant. | two potent stimulators of uterine contraction, the diterpenes kaurenoic and grandiflorenic acids, were isolated from leaves of aspilia mossambicensis. their presence supports a hypothesis that wild chimpanzees consume aspilia species for their pharmacological properties and may explain why female chimpanzees consume aspilia leaves more frequently than do males. thiarubrines were not present in any of the leaf samples collected in mahale or gombe national parks, tanzania, although these antifunga ... | 1992 | 1368857 |
| analysis of the antigenic epitopes of hepatitis b surface antigen involved in the induction of a protective antibody response. | vaccination with hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) has shown that antibody directed against the common 'a' determinant of this antigen is protective against infection with hepatitis b virus (hbv). in this study the antigenic epitopes of the 'a' determinant have been analysed by competitive inhibition assays and by binding studies to synthetic peptides using a panel of monoclonal antibodies prepared against hbsag, all of which are shown to recognise the common group determinant. one murine mono ... | 1992 | 1371369 |
| temporal relationships of hepatitis c virus rna and antibody responses following experimental infection of chimpanzees. | liver enzyme levels, viral rna, and the immune response against both structural and nonstructural hepatitis c virus (hcv) proteins have been studied in experimentally infected chimpanzees in order to further understand the natural history of hcv infection. an elisa for measuring both igg and igm responses to core (c22), 33c (ns3), and c100 (ns4) was employed. the igg response rates were 5/8 for core, and 8/8 for both 33c and c100. utilizing this antigen combination, at least one antibody respons ... | 1992 | 1373438 |
| t helper cell epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1) nef protein in rats and chimpanzees. | t helper cell antigenic and immunogenic determinants of the nef protein were investigated in the rat and chimpanzee models using recombinant nef protein and five synthetic peptides selected according to their amphipathic and alpha-helicity properties. the nef protein was shown to be immunogenic with both freund's or aluminium hydroxide adjuvants. after immunization with the nef protein the 45-69 peptide was the most antigenic in rat and monkey models. in contrast, the 98-112 peptide, that requir ... | 1992 | 1373467 |
| interaction of immune sera with synthetic peptides corresponding to the structural protein region of hepatitis c virus. | comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence from the structural region of the hutchinson strain of hepatitis c virus (hcv-h) with four other hcv isolates clearly divides the five isolates into two groups based on sequence homology. the first group includes hcv-h, hcv-1, and hc-j1, while the second includes hcv-j1 and hc-j4. among the five isolates the first 190 residues (putative nucleocapsid) are highly conserved whereas residues 196-513 exhibit significant diversity and include a hypervariab ... | 1992 | 1373489 |
| the natural history of infection with hepatitis c virus (hcv) in chimpanzees: comparison of serologic responses measured with first- and second-generation assays and relationship to hcv viremia. | the sensitivity of first- and second-generation tests for antibody to hepatitis c virus (hcv) and the relationship among the patterns of antibody response and hcv viremia were examined in serial serum samples from 6 chimpanzees experimentally infected with hcv and followed less than or equal to 3 years. hcv infection was transient in 4 chimpanzees and became chronic in 2. all chimpanzees developed antibodies to hcv detectable by second-generation assays, while only 5 of the 6 became positive by ... | 1992 | 1374781 |
| antibodies are produced to the variable regions of the external envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in chimpanzees infected with the virus and baboons immunized with a candidate recombinant vaccine. | chimpanzees infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 produce antibodies against the variable regions of the external envelope glycoprotein gp120. all five variable regions contain an epitope which is recognized by at least one of five chimpanzee sera. each of the sera recognized a different pattern of epitopes. it is suggested that this varying response contributes to the emergence of variant viruses in the host. in contrast with the variability of the chimpanzees' response to replicati ... | 1992 | 1375277 |
| functional characterization of non-human primate erythrocyte immune adherence receptors: implications for the uptake of immune complexes by the cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. | erythrocytes from primates express an immune adherence (ia) receptor that binds complement-opsonized immune complexes (ic) both in vivo and in vitro. we have analyzed the immunochemical and functional properties of the ia receptor from erythrocytes from species that have been used for in vivo ic clearance studies and have compared these properties to the human ia receptor (which is called complement receptor type 1, cr1). erythrocytes from all species (chimpanzee, baboon, rhesus and cynomolgus m ... | 1992 | 1376254 |
| antibodies of hiv-1 positive subjects and experimentally immunized primates and rodents bind to sequence divergent regions of the third variable domain (v3) of gp120. | several motifs have been found to be the target of the neutralizing antibody response to hiv, the human immunodeficiency virus. one of the well characterized motifs maps to a loop within the third hypervariable region (v3) of the exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 at amino acid positions 308-331 and is referred to as the principal neutralizing determinant (pnd). the sequence of this v3 loop raises the question of the immunogenicity and the degree of diversity of the antibody response to the pn ... | 1992 | 1377948 |
| hepatitis c virus antigen in hepatocytes: immunomorphologic detection and identification. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) antigen was detected immunohistochemically using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled immunoglobulin g fractions from chimpanzee and human sera strongly reactive with recombinant hepatitis c virus structural and non-structural proteins. the antigen was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in all 9 chimpanzees with acute hepatitis c, in 5 of 10 chimpanzees with chronic hcv infection, and in 11 of 12 patients with chronic hepatitis c. the specificity of the hepatocellula ... | 1992 | 1378804 |
| follow-up of hepatitis c virus infection in chimpanzees: determination of viraemia and specific humoral immune response. | chimpanzees were inoculated intravenously with the h strain of hepatitis c virus (hcv), and analysed for viraemia using the polymerase chain reaction and for a humoral immune response using first and second generation anti-hcv elisas and an immunoblot assay (4-riba). in all seven chimpanzees studied, viraemia occurred several weeks before a significant increase in serum alanine transferase (alt) activity, whereas the first circulating anti-hcv antibodies became detectable at the time of signific ... | 1992 | 1378877 |
| [prevention of post-transfusion non-a, non-b hepatitis by anti-hcv screening]. | since may 1990 a specific enzyme immunoassay (eia) for nanbh has been developed by recombinant dna technology which detects antibodies to a virus called hepatitis c virus (hcv). the anti-hcv eia was manufactured by ortho-diagnostic systems with recombinant antigens from chiron corp. based on extraction from high infectious titre chimpanzee plasma rna after transcription into cdna. we tested the anti-hcv prevalence of blood donors and hemodialysis patients. the anti-hcv prevalence with the first ... | 1992 | 1379861 |
| interferon-inducible gene expression in chimpanzee liver infected with hepatitis c virus. | the molecular host response to hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection was examined by isolation of hcv-induced genes from a cdna library constructed from chimpanzee liver during the acute phase of hepatitis c. two cdna clones, 130-7 and 130-51, were obtained by differential hybridization with cdna probes prepared from poly(a)+ rnas of infected and uninfected livers. northern blot analysis revealed that the 130-7 and 130-51 cdnas were expressed as 1.5- and 1.0-kb products, respectively, in chimpanzee ... | 1992 | 1381540 |
| species-specific epitopes exist on the cytoplasmic amino-terminal domain of erythrocyte band 3 protein. | monoclonal antibodies (p3-9h, p3-1f, p3-2h, p3-4a, and p3-4c) to human erythrocyte band 3 were produced using human erythrocyte membranes as the immunogen. all epitopes defined by these antibodies were found on the amino-terminal cytoplasmic domain of erythrocyte band 3. the antibodies crossreacted variously with erythrocyte band 3 of primates (chimpanzee, orangutan, rhesus monkey, japanese monkey, spider monkey, and capuchin monkey) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. p3-9h did not crossreact ... | 1992 | 1383196 |
| immune response to gor, a marker for non-a, non-b hepatitis and its correlation with hepatitis c virus infection. | recently, identification and molecular cloning of a host cellular gene designated gor from chimpanzees experimentally infected with non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) agent was reported. it was further demonstrated that there is a close association between the immune response to an antigenic peptide of gor (gor2) and nanbh. in order to define the specificity of the immune response, in the present study we have identified an additional epitope in the gor gene sequence, upstream from gor2, and studied ... | 1992 | 1383257 |
| genomic characterization and mutation rate of hepatitis c virus isolated from a patient who contracted hepatitis during an epidemic of non-a, non-b hepatitis in japan. | to investigate the genomic characterization of hepatitis c virus (hcv) isolated from patient who contracted hepatitis during an epidemic of non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis in shimizu city, japan, we have cloned the nucleotide sequence of the viral genome (hcv-kf) spanning the structural domain. when compared to other previously reported hcv isolates, hcv-kf showed an overall identity at the amino acid level of 90.0 to 92.1% with japanese isolates and 80.9 to 82.1% with american-like isolates. the ... | 1992 | 1383400 |
| determination of b-cell epitopes of nef hiv-i protein: immunogenicity related to their structure. | determination of the b-cell epitopes of the nef molecule encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was undertaken using a set of six synthetic peptides. sequences that were both antigenic and immunogenic and stimulated the production of antibodies recognizing the full length molecule, were considered as b-cell epitopes. two peptidic sequences were antigenic both in rodents (mice and rats) and in non-human primates (chimpanzee). they were located in the regions 45-69 and 176-206 ... | 1992 | 1383694 |
| young children's (homo sapiens) understanding of knowledge formation in themselves and others. | three- and 4-year-old children (homo sapiens) were tested for comprehension of knowledge formation. in experiment 1, 34 subjects watched as a surprise was hidden under 1 of 4 obscured cups. the experimenter then pointed to the cup. all children searched under the correct cup, but no 3-year-olds (in contrast to most 4-year-olds) could explain how they knew where to look. subjects then discriminated between simultaneous pointing by 2 adults, one who had hidden a surprise and one who had left the r ... | 1992 | 1395492 |
| entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus. | entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus coronatus is a granulomatous infection characterized by lesions that originate in the inferior turbinate, spread through ostia and foramina to involve the facial and subcutaneous tissues and paranasal sinuses. the majority of the cases have been described from areas of tropical rainforest in west africa, agricultural and outdoor workers (aged 20-60 years) being the ones most frequently affected. the fungus is common in soil and decaying vegetation. infect ... | 1992 | 1397203 |
| identification of two subclasses of iga in the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | chimpanzee secretory immunoglobulin a (siga) was separated into two fractions by chromatography using the terminal galactose-binding lectin jacalin. the siga fraction bound by jacalin was cleaved by haemophilus influenzae iga1 protease, whereas the siga nonbinding fraction was not cleaved. it is proposed that these fractions represent iga1 and iga2 subclasses because the presence or absence of galactose-terminal oligosaccharides (jacalin binding) and susceptibility or resistance to iga1 protease ... | 1992 | 1404336 |
| specificity of anti-p25 antibodies produced against whole hiv-1 particles or soluble forms of the protein. | specificity of anti-p25 antibodies produced against either whole human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) particles in humans and chimpanzees, or against soluble forms of the protein in chimpanzees and rabbits was analyzed by elisa using a panel of 37 long (> or = 30 residues) or shorter (9-21 residues) overlapping peptides covering the entire p25 sequence. antibodies elicited by intact virions presented similar reactivity patterns in hiv-1-infected humans and in hiv-1-infected or immunized c ... | 1992 | 1406719 |
| emergence of the keratinocyte growth factor multigene family during the great ape radiation. | the structural gene for human keratinocyte growth factor (kgf), a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, consists of three coding exons and two introns typical of other fibroblast growth factor loci. a portion of the kgf gene, located on chromosome 15, is amplified to approximately 16 copies in the human genome, and these highly related copies (which consist of exon 2, exon 3, the intron between them, and a 3' noncoding segment of the kgf transcript) are dispersed to multiple human chrom ... | 1992 | 1409637 |
| miocene fossil hominids and the chimp-human clade. | miocene hominoids from europe are among the earliest members of the great ape and human clade (the hominidae). one of these forms, represented by well-preserved cranial remains from rudabánya, hungary, sheds new light on the question of the evolutionary relations among living hominids. this new evidence supports the view that humans have a specific evolutionary relation with chimpanzees, to the exclusion of all other apes. | 1992 | 1411507 |
| cloning and sequences of primate cd4 molecules: diversity of the cellular receptor for simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus. | to study the interaction between the primate lentiviruses simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and the cd4 receptor we have cloned and sequenced the cd4 molecule from six non-human primate species: african green monkeys (three subspecies: sabeus, pytherethrus, aethiops), sooty mangabeys, patas monkeys, chimpanzees, rhesus macaques, and pig-tail macaques. molecular cdna clones representing cd4 mrna were generated from total rna from peripheral blood mononucle ... | 1992 | 1425921 |
| immunogenic properties of structurally modified human tissue plasminogen activators in chimpanzees and mice. | immunogenic properties of second generation human tissue plasminogen activator (tpa) derivatives were examined in chimpanzee and mouse systems. five species of modified tpas (mtpas) (designated 2660, 2663, 2810, 8000, and 9200), recombinant native tpa or bovine serum albumin (bsa) as a positive control were subcutaneously injected nine times at suitable intervals into chimpanzees, genetically the closest species to man. these animals were tested for antigen(ag)-specific antibodies to the corresp ... | 1992 | 1426714 |
| comparison of five tandem repeat loci between humans and chimpanzees. | five tandem repeat loci were studied in humans and chimpanzees using vntr probes derived from human dna. shared alleles were found at three loci and were often the modal allele in one species but never in both. there was no difference in the mean number of alleles per locus. however, these species exhibited substantially different levels of gene diversity, with chimpanzees monomorphic at two loci. evidence of reduced variability in chimpanzees corroborates earlier comparisons using isozymes and ... | 1992 | 1427897 |
| mhc-drb diversity of the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes). | fifty-four chimpanzee patr-drb and five human hla-drb second exons were cloned and sequenced from thirty-five chimpanzees and four human b-cell lines and compared with known mhc-drb sequences of these two species. equivalents of the hla-drb1*02, -drb1*03, -drb1*07 allelic lineages and the hla-drb3, -drb4, -drb5, -drb6, and -drb7 loci were all found in the chimpanzee. in addition, two chimpanzee patr-drb lineages (patr-drbx and -drby) were found for which no human counterparts have been described ... | 1992 | 1428007 |
| trans-species origin of mhc-drb polymorphism in the chimpanzee. | trans-specific evolution of allelic polymorphism at the major histocompatibility complex loci has been demonstrated in a number of species. estimating the substitution rates and the age of trans-specifically evolving alleles requires detailed information about the alleles in related species. we provide such information for the chimpanzee drb genes. dna fragments encompassing exon 2 were amplified in vitro from genomic dna of ten chimpanzees. the nucleotide sequences were determined and their rel ... | 1992 | 1428008 |
| cd4 immunoadhesins in anti-hiv therapy: new developments. | cd4, the cell-surface receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is a member of the immunoglobulin (ig) gene superfamily. it contains 4 extracellular sequences homologous to ig variable domains, the first of which (v1) is sufficient for binding to hiv. to develop cd4 as an anti-hiv therapeutic, we engineered a cd4 immunoadhesin (cd4-igg)--a fusion protein containing the v1 and v2 domains of cd4 with the hinge and fc regions of human ig heavy chain. a chimeric protein of this type has s ... | 1992 | 1428410 |
| worldwide survey of aids vaccine challenge studies in nonhuman primates: vaccines associated with active and passive immune protection from live virus challenge. | an aids vaccine surveillance system (avss) was designed and implemented to track the rapidly growing international database supporting the development of promising aids vaccines. both preclinical nonhuman primate (nhp) and clinical human trials are tracked by the avss. this report presents summary data generated from the avss on the nhp aids vaccine/live virus challenge studies only. summary data on more than 100 preclinical hiv/siv vaccines are presented within the framework of 1) 13 arbitrary ... | 1992 | 1433265 |
| diversity of human anti-d monoclonal antibodies revealed by reactions with chimpanzee red blood cells. | fifty-three human anti-d monoclonal antibodies (mabs) revealed a striking diversity of reactions in tests with panels of chimpanzee red blood cells (rbcs) of various r-c-e-f blood group phenotypes (counterparts of the human rh-hr groups). the reactivities of these antibodies, which depended on the agglutination technique used, could be classified into four main types. these patterns of reactivity of anti-d mabs with chimpanzee rbcs showed only limited correlation with types of reactions observed ... | 1992 | 1441303 |
| manufacture and in vitro characterization of a solvent/detergent-treated human plasma. | we have developed a modified solvent/detergent (s/d) treatment to inactivate viruses in human plasma using 1% w/w final concentration of tri(n-butyl) phosphate (tnbp) and triton x-100 and an incubation period of 4 h at 30 degrees c. the procedure inactivates > or = 10(6) chimpanzee-infectious doses (cid50) of hbv, > or = 10(5) cid50 of hcv, and > or = 10(6.2) tissue culture infectious doses (tcid50) of hiv. after virus inactivation, eleven plasma batches were lyophilized and 12 batches were deep ... | 1992 | 1448962 |
| hepatitis c viral rna in serum of patients with chronic non-a, non-b hepatitis: detection by the polymerase chain reaction using multiple primer sets. | the recently introduced antibody test for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection has proven to have certain limitations. since hcv itself is usually present in clinical specimens at very low titers, a useful assay for the virus must have very high sensitivity. we have developed a simple, highly sensitive assay for hcv rna based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in this test, rna extracted from hcv infected serum or plasma is used as the template for double pcr with nested primers. sensitivity s ... | 1992 | 1450686 |
| [experimental vaccination against hiv-1 protects the chimpanzee against challenge with injections of infected lymphocytes]. | two chimpanzees were immunized against hiv-1 : c-339, using whole inactivated hiv-1 followed by purified recombinant gp160 and a klh-v3 peptide conjugate; and, c-499, using purified recombinant gp160 and p18gag followed by a mixture of uncoupled v3 peptides. the antigens were emulsified prior to use with one volume syntex adjuvant saf-1 containing 1 mg/ml threonyl-mdp. the animals were challenged twice one year apart by the intravenous route, the first time with cell-free virus, using 40 chimpan ... | 1992 | 1464038 |
| shared polymorphism between gorilla and human major histocompatibility complex drb loci. | a high degree of polymorphism and high nucleotide diversity mark the functional genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mbc). alleles at the different mbc loci can be classified into distinct lineages that are shared between species and, therefore, are presumed to have been founded before speciation. we have sequenced the most polymorphic part of 25 gorilla mbc-drb genes from six individuals. (the drb genes code for the beta-polypeptide chain of the alpha beta heterodimer that constitutes ... | 1992 | 1464555 |
| immunization and challenge of chimpanzees with hiv-1. | | 1992 | 1466994 |
| nonhuman sources of leprosy. | our findings establish that there are known extrahuman reservoirs of m. leprae in three animal species. there is considerable evidence that the armadillo plays a role in the epidemiology of leprosy in humans in texas and louisiana. the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem (defined by the world health organization as one active patient per 10,000 population) may be attainable by the wide application of current control measures; however, the ultimate eradication of leprosy must take i ... | 1992 | 1474287 |
| junctions between genes in the haptoglobin gene cluster of primates. | to investigate the nature of the recombination that generated the haptoglobin three-gene cluster in old world primates, we sequenced the region between the second gene (hpr) and the third gene (hpp) in chimpanzees (15 kb), as well as the region 3' to the cluster in humans (14 kb). comparison to the previously sequenced human haptoglobin (hp) and hpr genes showed that the junction point between hp and hpr in humans (junction 1) was not identical to the junction point between the hpr and hpp genes ... | 1992 | 1478675 |
| evolution of the power ("squeeze") grip and its morphological correlates in hominids. | the "squeeze" form of power grip is investigated for the purposes of clarifying the hand posture and activities associated with the grip, assessing the potential in chimpanzees for using the grip, and identifying morphological correlates of an effective power grip that may be recognized in fossil hominid species. our approaches include: (1) the analysis of the human grip, focusing on both the hand posture involved and hand movements associated with use of the grip in hammering; (2) the analysis ... | 1992 | 1485637 |
| characterization of the specificity of the human antibody response to the v3 neutralization domain of hiv-1. | the major neutralization domain of hiv-1, contained in the third variable region (v3) of the external envelope, is highly variable at positions flanking a conserved glycine-proline-glycine sequence. we investigated the relation between v3 sequences of hiv-1 variants circulating in a host and that host's antibody specificity. multiple v3 sequences were obtained directly, via pcr and subsequent cloning, from serum rna or cellular dna from 26 individuals (from 12 around seroconversion). then, speci ... | 1992 | 1489578 |
| selection of the chimpanzee over the baboon as a model for helicobacter pylori infection. | baboons (papio sp.) and chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) were screened for the presence of helicobacter pylori. the gastric mucosae of the baboons were colonized by large spiral bacteria. however, a group of adult chimpanzees were identified that were free of spiral gastric bacteria, with five animals being recruited into an h. pylori challenge study. these animals were inoculated orogastrically with one of four strains of h. pylori and followed for up to 26 weeks. h. pylori was established in one ... | 1992 | 1499934 |
| evolutionary relationships of multiple alpha satellite subfamilies in the centromeres of human chromosomes 13, 14, and 21. | using southern and in situ hybridization analyses, we have earlier defined four different subfamilies of alpha satellite dna (designated ptra-1, -2, -4, and -7), each of which has a unique higher order structure represented almost identically on human chromosomes 13, 14, and 21. here we present the complete sequence of single isolates of these four subfamilies, representing approximately 12 kb of sequence information. sequences of the individual 171-bp monomers that constitute these four subfami ... | 1992 | 1501254 |
| man's place in hominoidea revealed by mitochondrial dna genealogy. | molecular biology has resurrected c. darwin and t.h. huxley's question about the origin of humans, but the precise branching pattern and dating remain controversial. to settle this issue, a large amount of sequence information is required. we determined mitochondrial (mt) dna sequences for five hominoids; pygmy and common chimpanzees, gorilla, orangutan, and siamang. the common region compared with the known human sequence is 4759 bp long, encompassing genes for 11 transfer rnas and 6 proteins. ... | 1992 | 1518083 |