| spatial and space-time distribution of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum malaria in china, 2005-2014. | despite the declining burden of malaria in china, the disease remains a significant public health problem with periodic outbreaks and spatial variation across the country. a better understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of malaria is essential for consolidating the disease control and elimination programme. this study aims to understand the spatial and spatiotemporal distribution of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum malaria in china during 2005-2009. | 2016 | 27993171 |
| diversification of the genus anopheles and a neotropical clade from the late cretaceous. | the anopheles genus is a member of the culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. the genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among anopheles subgenera. we assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the coi, coii and 5.8s rrna genes and used maximum likelihood and bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times o ... | 2015 | 26244561 |
| malaria incidence from 2005-2013 and its associations with meteorological factors in guangdong, china. | the temporal variation of malaria incidence has been linked to meteorological factors in many studies, but key factors observed and corresponding effect estimates were not consistent. furthermore, the potential effect modification by individual characteristics is not well documented. this study intends to examine the delayed effects of meteorological factors and the sub-population's susceptibility in guangdong, china. | 2015 | 25881185 |
| mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids - a review. | constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. one of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. the voltage-gated sodium channel (nav) is the target of pyrethroids and ddt insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultur ... | 2014 | 25292318 |
| a potential threat to malaria elimination: extensive deltamethrin and ddt resistance to anopheles sinensis from the malaria-endemic areas in china. | insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is a growing concern in many countries and requires immediate attention because of the limited chemical arsenal available for vector control. there is lack of systematic and standard monitoring data of malaria vector resistance in the endemic areas, which is essential for the ambitious goal of malaria elimination programme of china. | 2013 | 23683359 |
| random repeated cross sectional study on breeding site characterization of anopheles sinensis larvae in distinct villages of yongcheng city, people's republic of china. | characterizing the breeding site of anopheles sinensis is of major importance for the transition from malaria control to elimination in china. however, little information is available especially regarding the characteristics and influencing factors of breeding sites of an. sinensis in yongcheng city, a representative region of unstable malaria transmission in the huang-huai river region of central china. the aims of this study were to determine the breeding site characteristics of an. sinensis a ... | 2012 | 22444032 |
| epidemiology of plasmodium vivax malaria in india. | historically, malaria in india was predominantly caused by plasmodium vivax, accounting for 53% of the estimated cases. after the spread of drug-resistant plasmodium falciparum in the 1990s, the prevalence of the two species remained equivalent at the national level for a decade. by 2014, the proportion of p. vivax has decreased to 34% nationally, but with high regional variation. in 2014, p. vivax accounted for around 380,000 malaria cases in india; almost a sixth of all p. vivax cases reported ... | 2016 | 27708188 |
| where chloroquine still works: the genetic make-up and susceptibility of plasmodium vivax to chloroquine plus primaquine in bhutan. | bhutan has made substantial progress in reducing malaria incidence. the national guidelines recommend chloroquine (cq) and primaquine (pq) for radical cure of uncomplicated plasmodium vivax, but the local efficacy has not been assessed. the impact of cases imported from india on the genetic make-up of the local vivax populations is currently unknown. | 2016 | 27176722 |
| insecticide resistance in areas under investigation by the international centers of excellence for malaria research: a challenge for malaria control and elimination. | scale-up of the main vector control interventions, residual insecticides sprayed on walls or structures and/or impregnated in bed nets, together with prompt diagnosis and effective treatment, have led to a global reduction in malaria transmission. however, resistance in vectors to almost all classes of insecticides, particularly to the synthetic pyrethroids, is posing a challenge to the recent trend of declining malaria. ten international centers of excellence for malaria research (icemr) locate ... | 2015 | 26259947 |
| genetic population structure of the malaria vector anopheles baimaii in north-east india using mitochondrial dna. | anopheles baimaii is a primary vector of human malaria in the forest settings of southeast asia including the north-eastern region of india. here, the genetic population structure and the basic population genetic parameters of an. baimaii in north-east india were estimated using dna sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase sub unit ii (coii) gene. | 2012 | 22429500 |
| malaria in south asia: prevalence and control. | the "malaria evolution in south asia" (mesa) program project is an international center of excellence for malaria research (icemr) sponsored by the us national institutes of health. this us-india collaborative program will study the origin of genetic diversity of malaria parasites and their selection on the indian subcontinent. this knowledge should contribute to a better understanding of unexpected disease outbreaks and unpredictable disease presentations from plasmodium falciparum and plasmodi ... | 2012 | 22248528 |
| plasmodium vivax malaria in cambodia. | the cambodian national strategic plan for elimination of malaria aims to move step by step toward elimination of malaria across cambodia with an initial focus on plasmodium falciparum malaria before achieving elimination of all forms of malaria, including plasmodium vivax in 2025. the emergence of artemisinin-resistant p. falciparum in western cambodia over the last decade has drawn global attention to support the ultimate goal of p. falciparum elimination, whereas the control of p. vivax lags m ... | 2016 | 27708187 |
| 'nature or nurture': survival rate, oviposition interval, and possible gonotrophic discordance among south east asian anophelines. | mosquito survival, oviposition interval and gonotrophic concordance are important determinants of vectorial capacity. these may vary between species or within a single species depending on the environment. they may be estimated by examination of the ovaries of host-seeking mosquitoes. | 2016 | 27405767 |
| natural human plasmodium infections in major anopheles mosquitoes in western thailand. | the thai-myanmar border is a remaining hotspot for malaria transmission. malaria transmission in this region continues year-round, with a major peak season in july-august, and a minor peak in october-november. malaria elimination requires better knowledge of the mosquito community structure, dynamics and vectorial status to support effective vector control. | 2016 | 26762512 |
| past and new challenges for malaria control and elimination: the role of operational research for innovation in designing interventions. | this meeting report presents the outcomes of a workshop held in bangkok on december 1st 2014, where the following challenges were discussed: the threat of resistance to artemisinin and artemisinin-based combination therapy in the greater mekong sub-region (gms) and in africa; access to treatment for most at risk and hard to reach population; insecticide resistance, residual and outdoors transmission. the role of operational research and the interactions between research institutions, national ma ... | 2015 | 26185098 |
| re-imagining malaria: heterogeneity of human and mosquito behaviour in relation to residual malaria transmission in cambodia. | in certain regions in southeast asia, where malaria is reduced to forested regions populated by ethnic minorities dependent on slash-and-burn agriculture, malaria vector populations have developed a propensity to feed early and outdoors, limiting the effectiveness of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llin) and indoor residual spraying (irs). the interplay between heterogeneous human, as well as mosquito behaviour, radically challenges malaria control in such residual transmission contexts. ... | 2015 | 25908498 |
| spatial clustering and risk factors of malaria infections in ratanakiri province, cambodia. | malaria incidence worldwide has steadily declined over the past decades. consequently, increasingly more countries will proceed from control to elimination. the malaria distribution in low incidence settings appears patchy, and local transmission hotspots are a continuous source of infection. in this study, species-specific clusters and associated risk factors were identified based on malaria prevalence data collected in the north-east of cambodia. in addition, plasmodium falciparum genetic dive ... | 2014 | 25269827 |
| a phase iii trial to evaluate the efficacy, fabric integrity and community acceptance of netprotect using a recommended long-lasting insecticidal net as positive control. | the evaluation of new long-lasting insecticidal bed nets (llins) is coordinated by the who pesticide evaluation scheme (whopes). in 2007, netprotect® was granted whopes interim recommendation after phase i and ii evaluations. present study evaluates netprotect in a phase iii trial in rural cambodia. | 2014 | 24998677 |
| outdoor malaria transmission in forested villages of cambodia. | despite progress in malaria control, malaria remains an important public health concern in cambodia, mostly linked to forested areas. large-scale vector control interventions in cambodia are based on the free distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins), targeting indoor- and late-biting malaria vectors only. the present study evaluated the vector density, early biting activity and malaria transmission of outdoor-biting malaria vectors in two forested regions in cambodia. | 2013 | 24044424 |
| progress towards malaria elimination in sabang municipality, aceh, indonesia. | indonesia has set 2030 as its deadline for elimination of malaria transmission in the archipelago, with regional deadlines established according to present levels of malaria endemicity and strength of health infrastructure. the municipality of sabang which historically had one of the highest levels of malaria in aceh province aims to achieve elimination by the end of 2013. | 2013 | 23363768 |
| host feeding patterns and preference of anopheles minimus (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria endemic area of western thailand: baseline site description. | host feeding patterns of anopheles minimus in relation to ambient environmental conditions were observed during a 2-year period at tum sua village, located in mae sot district, tak province, in western thailand, where an. minimus is found in abundance and regarded as the most predominant malaria vector species. detailed information on mosquito behavior is important for understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and developing more effective and efficient vector control methods. | 2012 | 22676415 |
| sero-epidemiological evaluation of changes in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax transmission patterns over the rainy season in cambodia. | in cambodia, malaria transmission is low and most cases occur in forested areas. sero-epidemiological techniques can be used to identify both areas of ongoing transmission and high-risk groups to be targeted by control interventions. this study utilizes repeated cross-sectional data to assess the risk of being malaria sero-positive at two consecutive time points during the rainy season and investigates who is most likely to sero-convert over the transmission season. | 2012 | 22443375 |
| biology, distribution and control of anopheles (cellia) minimus in the context of malaria transmission in northeastern india. | among six dominant mosquito vector species involved in malaria transmission in india, anopheles minimus is a major species in northeast india and held responsible for focal disease outbreaks characterized by high-rise of plasmodium falciparum infections and attributable death cases. it has been now genetically characterized that among the three-member species of the minimus complex spread in asia, an. minimus (former species a) is prevalent in india including northeastern states and east-central ... | 2016 | 27846911 |
| the relationship of malaria between chinese side and myanmar's five special regions along china-myanmar border: a linear regression analysis. | understanding malaria along the international border of two countries is important for malaria control and elimination; however, it is difficult to investigate a quantitative relationship between two countries' border areas due to a shortage of malaria surveillance data. | 2016 | 27430217 |
| asymptomatic plasmodium infections in 18 villages of southern savannakhet province, lao pdr (laos). | a large fraction of plasmodium infections do not cause clinical signs and symptoms of disease and persist at densities in blood that are not detectable by microscopy or rapid diagnostic tests. these infections may be critical as a transmission reservoir in areas of low malaria endemicity. understanding the epidemiology of these infections would be helpful for malaria elimination. | 2016 | 27234446 |
| a cost-effectiveness analysis of plasmodium falciparum malaria elimination in hainan province, 2002-2012. | in hainan province, china, great achievements in elimination of falciparum malaria have been made since 2010. there have been no locally acquired falciparum malaria cases since that time. the cost-effectiveness of elimination of falciparum malaria has been analyzed in hainan province. there were 4,422 falciparum malaria cases reported from 2002 to 2012, more cases occurred in males than in females. from 2002 to 2012, a total of 98.5 disability-adjusted life years (dalys) were reported because of ... | 2015 | 26438030 |
| artemisinin-resistant plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates can infect diverse mosquito vectors of southeast asia and africa. | artemisinin-resistant plasmodium falciparum parasites are rapidly spreading in southeast asia, yet nothing is known about their transmission. this knowledge gap and the possibility that these parasites will spread to africa endanger global efforts to eliminate malaria. here we produce gametocytes from parasite clinical isolates that displayed artemisinin resistance in patients and in vitro, and use them to infect native and non-native mosquito vectors. we show that contemporary artemisinin-resis ... | 2015 | 26485448 |
| malaria ecology along the thailand-myanmar border. | malaria in southeast asia frequently clusters along international borders. for example, while most of thailand is malaria free, the border region shared with myanmar continues to have endemic malaria. this spatial pattern is the result of complex interactions between landscape, humans, mosquito vectors, and malaria parasites. an understanding of these complex ecological and socio-cultural interactions is important for designing and implementing malaria elimination efforts in the region. this art ... | 2015 | 26437860 |
| population dynamics and community structure of anopheles mosquitoes along the china-myanmar border. | understanding the ecology of malaria vectors such as species composition and population dynamics is essential for developing cost-effective strategies to control mosquito vector populations. | 2015 | 26338527 |
| modified mosquito landing boxes dispensing transfluthrin provide effective protection against anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes under simulated outdoor conditions in a semi-field system. | efforts to control malaria vectors have primarily focused on scaling-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying. although highly efficient against indoor-biting and indoor-resting vectors, these interventions have lower impact on outdoor-biting mosquitoes. innovative vector control tools are required to prevent outdoor human-mosquito contacts. in this work, the potential of spatial repellents, delivered in an active system that requires minimal user compliance, to ... | 2015 | 26104719 |
| malaria and the mobile and migrant population in cambodia: a population movement framework to inform strategies for malaria control and elimination. | the relationships between human population movement (hpm) and health are a concern at global level. in the case of malaria, those links are crucial in relation to the spread of drug resistant parasites and to the elimination of malaria in the greater mekong sub-region (gms) and beyond. the mobile and migrant populations (mmp) who are involved in forest related activities are both at high risk of being infected with malaria and at risk of receiving late and sub-standard treatment due to poor acce ... | 2015 | 26088924 |
| establishment of the ivermectin research for malaria elimination network: updating the research agenda. | the potential use of ivermectin as an additional vector control tool is receiving increased attention from the malaria elimination community, driven by the increased importance of outdoor/residual malaria transmission and the threat of insecticide resistance where vector tools have been scaled-up. this report summarizes the emerging evidence presented at a side meeting on "ivermectin for malaria elimination: current status and future directions" at the annual meeting of the american society of t ... | 2015 | 26068560 |
| coverage, use and maintenance of bed nets and related influence factors in kachin special region ii, northeastern myanmar. | myanmar is one of the 31 highest burden malaria countries worldwide. scaling up the appropriate use of insecticide-treated nets (itns) is a national policy for malaria prevention and control. however, the data on use, influencing factors and maintenance of bed nets is still lack among the population in kachin special region ii (kr2), northeastern myanmar. | 2015 | 25990715 |
| screening for an ivermectin slow-release formulation suitable for malaria vector control. | the prospect of eliminating malaria is challenged by emerging insecticide resistance and vectors with outdoor and/or crepuscular activity. ivermectin can simultaneously tackle these issues by killing mosquitoes feeding on treated animals and humans. a single oral dose, however, confers only short-lived mosquitocidal plasma levels. | 2015 | 25872986 |
| risk factors for border malaria in a malaria elimination setting: a retrospective case-control study in yunnan, china. | a retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for border malaria in a malaria elimination setting of yunnan province, china. the study comprised 214 cases and 428 controls. the controls were individually matched to the cases on the basis of residence, age, and gender. in addition, statistical associations are based on matched analyses. the frequencies of imported, male, adult, and vivax malaria cases were respectively 201 (93.9%), 194 (90.7%), 210 (98.1%), and 176 (82 ... | 2015 | 25601994 |
| submicroscopic and asymptomatic plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax infections are common in western thailand - molecular and serological evidence. | malaria is a public health problem in parts of thailand, where plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax are the main causes of infection. in the northwestern border province of tak parasite prevalence is now estimated to be less than 1% by microscopy. nonetheless, microscopy is insensitive at low-level parasitaemia. the objective of this study was to assess the current epidemiology of falciparum and vivax malaria in tak using molecular methods to detect exposure to and infection with parasites ... | 2015 | 25849211 |
| epidemiology of forest malaria in central vietnam: the hidden parasite reservoir. | after successfully reducing the malaria burden to pre-elimination levels over the past two decades, the national malaria programme in vietnam has recently switched from control to elimination. however, in forested areas of central vietnam malaria elimination is likely to be jeopardized by the high occurrence of asymptomatic and submicroscopic infections as shown by previous reports. this paper presents the results of a malaria survey carried out in a remote forested area of central vietnam where ... | 2015 | 25880664 |
| genetic diversity of plasmodium vivax population before elimination of malaria in hainan province, china. | hainan province is one of the most severe endemic regions with high transmission of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in china. however, the incidence of p. falciparum and p. vivax has dropped dramatically since 2007 and a national elimination malaria programme (nemp) was launched after 2010. to better understand the genetic information on p. vivax population before elimination of malaria in hainan province, the extent of genetic diversity of p. vivax isolates in hainan province was inv ... | 2015 | 25888891 |
| are topical insect repellents effective against malaria in endemic populations? a systematic review and meta-analysis. | recommended vector control tools against malaria, such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs), mainly target mosquitoes that rest and feed on human hosts indoors. however, in some malaria-endemic areas, such as southeast asia and south america, malaria vectors primarily bite outdoors meaning that llins and irs may be less effective. in these situations the use of topical insect repellents may reduce outdoor biting and morbidity from malaria. a systematic rev ... | 2014 | 25413142 |
| novel approaches to risk stratification to support malaria elimination: an example from cambodia. | accurate malaria stratification is essential for effective targeting of interventions but represents a particular challenge in pre-elimination settings. in these settings transmission is typically sufficiently low and spatially heterogeneous to warrant a need for estimates of malaria risk at sub-district or village level but is also likely to be sufficiently high to render the type of decision support systems appropriate to the final stages of malaria elimination impractical. in such a scenario ... | 2014 | 25233886 |
| prevention measures and socio-economic development result in a decrease in malaria in hainan, china. | historically, the incidence of malaria in the hainan province, china has been high. however, since 2001 the malaria incidence in hainan has decreased due to large-scale, public educational, promotional campaigns and the adoption of preventative measures against malaria following the fast growth of socio-economic development. the present study analysed the correlation between prevention measures and social economic development on the incidence of malaria in hainan from 2001 to 2013. | 2014 | 25223723 |
| molecular surveillance of pvdhfr, pvdhps, and pvmdr-1 mutations in plasmodium vivax isolates from yunnan and anhui provinces of china. | plasmodium vivax is the predominant species of human malaria parasites present in china. although sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) and chloroquine (cq) have been widely used for malaria treatment in china, the resistance profiles of these drugs are not available. analysis of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), dihydropteroate synthase (dhps), and multidrug resistance (mdr-1) gene mutations in p. vivax isolates is a valuable molecular approach for mapping resistance to sp and cq. this study investigat ... | 2014 | 25179752 |
| discovery and evolution of bunyavirids in arctic phantom midges and ancient bunyavirid-like sequences in insect genomes. | bunyaviridae is a large family of rna viruses chiefly comprised of vertebrate and plant pathogens. we discovered novel bunyavirids that are approximately equally divergent from each of the five known genera. we characterized novel genome sequences for two bunyavirids, namely, kigluaik phantom virus (kigv), from tundra-native phantom midges (chaoborus), and nome phantom virus (nomv), from tundra-invading phantom midges, and demonstrated that these bunyavirid-like sequences belong to an infectious ... | 2014 | 24850747 |
| eliminating plasmodium falciparum in hainan, china: a study on the use of behavioural change communication intervention to promote malaria prevention in mountain worker populations. | in the island of hainan, the great majority of malaria cases occur in mountain worker populations. using the behavioral change communication (bcc) strategy, an interventional study was conducted to promote mountain worker malaria prevention at a test site. this study found the methods and measures that are suitable for malaria prevention among mountain worker populations. | 2014 | 25017319 |
| diversity of anopheles mosquitoes in binh phuoc and dak nong provinces of vietnam and their relation to disease. | human malaria is still a burden in dak nong and binh phuoc provinces in south-central vietnam that border cambodia. several anopheles species that transmit human malarial plasmodium may also transmit wuchereria bancrofti, the nematode that causes bancroftian lymphatic filariasis. the objective of this study was to investigate the role of anopheles species in the transmission of these two pathogens in the two highly malaria endemic provinces of vietnam. | 2014 | 25008314 |
| pirna pathway gene expression in the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. | the ability of transposons to mobilize to new places in a genome enables them to introgress rapidly into populations. the pirna pathway has been characterized recently in the germ line of the fruit fly, drosophila melanogaster, and is responsible for downregulating transposon mobility. transposons have been used as tools in mosquitoes to genetically transform a number of species including anopheles stephensi, a vector of human malaria. these mobile genetic elements also have been proposed as too ... | 2014 | 24947897 |
| changing malaria transmission and implications in china towards national malaria elimination programme between 2010 and 2012. | towards the implementation of national malaria elimination programme in china since 2010, the epidemiology of malaria has changed dramatically, and the lowest malaria burden was achieved yearly. it is time to analyze the changes of malaria situation based on surveillance data from 2010 to 2012 to reconsider the strategies for malaria elimination. | 2013 | 24040210 |
| can topical insect repellents reduce malaria? a cluster-randomised controlled trial of the insect repellent n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet) in lao pdr. | mosquito vectors of malaria in southeast asia readily feed outdoors making malaria control through indoor insecticides such as long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying more difficult. topical insect repellents may be able to protect users from outdoor biting, thereby providing additional protection above the current best practice of llins. | 2013 | 23967083 |
| border malaria associated with multidrug resistance on thailand-myanmar and thailand-cambodia borders: transmission dynamic, vulnerability, and surveillance. | this systematic review elaborates the concepts and impacts of border malaria, particularly on the emergence and spread of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax multidrug resistance (mdr) malaria on thailand-myanmar and thailand-cambodia borders. border malaria encompasses any complex epidemiological settings of forest-related and forest fringe-related malaria, both regularly occurring in certain transmission areas and manifesting a trend of increased incidence in transmission prone areas al ... | 2013 | 23865048 |
| susceptibility of anopheles sinensis to plasmodium vivax in malarial outbreak areas of central china. | anopheles sinensis, anopheles anthropophagus, anopheles minimus and anopheles dirus are the major vectors of malaria transmission in china. anopheles sinensis is considered a secondary vector due to its relatively low malaria-transmission ability. however, in 2005, an outbreak of over 40,000 plasmodium vivax malaria cases was reported in areas where anopheles sinensis was the only major vector. therefore, it is necessary to reassess the malaria transmission ability of this vector species in chin ... | 2013 | 23768077 |
| ivermectin to reduce malaria transmission: a research agenda for a promising new tool for elimination. | the heterogeneity of malaria transmission makes widespread elimination a difficult goal to achieve. most of the current vector control measures insufficiently target outdoor transmission. also, insecticide resistance threatens to diminish the efficacy of the most prevalent measures, indoor residual spray and insecticide treated nets. innovative approaches are needed. the use of endectocides, such as ivermectin, could be an important new addition to the toolbox of anti-malarial measures. ivermect ... | 2013 | 23647969 |
| multicentre studies of insecticide-treated durable wall lining in africa and south-east asia: entomological efficacy and household acceptability during one year of field use. | indoor residual spraying (irs) is a primary method of malaria vector control, but its potential impact is constrained by several inherent limitations: spraying must be repeated when insecticide residues decay, householders can tire of the annual imposition and campaign costs are recurrent. durable lining (dl) can be considered an advanced form of long-lasting irs where insecticide is gradually released from an aesthetically attractive wall lining material to provide vector control for several ye ... | 2012 | 23107112 |
| insecticide substitutes for ddt to control mosquitoes may be causes of several diseases. | malaria continues to be a public health problem in bangladesh, despite efforts in the 1960s to eradicate the vectors through the use of ddt. at one point, eradication of malaria was acclaimed but later on it reappeared. the use of ddt is no more legally allowed in bangladesh, which has been officially replaced by a number organophosphates and/or synthetic pyrethroids and their combinations in addition to the integrated vector management (ivm) package. ivm being a community approach is still to g ... | 2012 | 22956113 |
| joint malaria surveys lead towards improved cross-border cooperation between savannakhet province, laos and quang tri province, vietnam. | in savannakhet province, laos and quang tri province, vietnam, malaria is still an important health problem and most cases are found in the mountainous, forested border areas where ethnic minority groups live. the objectives of this study were to obtain a better joint understanding of the malaria situation along the border and, on the basis of that, improve malaria control methods through better cooperation between the two countries. | 2012 | 22862795 |
| assessing the quality of service of village malaria workers to strengthen community-based malaria control in cambodia. | malaria continues to be a major public health problem in remote forested areas in cambodia. as a national strategy to strengthen community-based malaria control, the cambodian government has been running the village malaria worker (vmw) project since 2001. this study sought to examine the nature and quality of the vmws' services. | 2010 | 20412600 |
| long-lasting insecticidal hammocks for controlling forest malaria: a community-based trial in a rural area of central vietnam. | in vietnam, malaria remains a problem in some remote areas located along its international borders and in the central highlands, partly due to the bionomics of the local vector, mainly found in forested areas and less vulnerable to standard control measures. long lasting insecticidal hammocks (llih), a tailored and user-friendly tool for forest workers, may further contribute in reducing the malaria burden. their effectiveness was tested in a large community-based intervention trial carried out ... | 2009 | 19809502 |
| the insecticide resistance status of malaria vectors in the mekong region. | knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes. malaria transmission in the mekong region is mainly concentrated in forested areas along the country borders, so that decisions on insecticide use should ideally be made at regional level. consequently, cross-country monitoring of insecticide resistance is indispensable to acquire comparable baseline data on insecticide resistance. | 2008 | 18534006 |
| access to artemisinin combination therapy for malaria in remote areas of cambodia. | malaria-endemic countries are switching antimalarial drug policy to artemisinin combination therapies (acts) and the global community are considering the setting up of a global subsidy mechanism in order to make them accessible and affordable. however, specific interventions may be needed to reach remote at-risk communities and to ensure that they are used appropriately. this analysis documents the coverage with acts versus artemisinin monotherapies, and the effectiveness of malaria outreach tea ... | 2008 | 18510724 |
| cryptic species in the anopheles (nyssorhynchus) albitarsis (diptera: culicidae) complex: incongruence between random amplified polymorphic dna-polymerase chain reaction identification and analysis of mitochondrial dna coi gene sequences. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) diagnostic bands are one tool used to differentiate cryptic mosquito species in the anopheles albitarsis complex. monophyly of four species (a. albitarsis lynch-arribálzaga, a. albitarsis b, a. deaneorum rosa-freitas, and a. marajoara galvão & damasceno) currently identified with the rapd technique was assessed using sequences of the cytochrome oxidase i (coi) mitochondrial dna (mtdna) gene. maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and bayesian analyses supp ... | 0 | 17082822 |
| predicted distribution of major malaria vectors belonging to the anopheles dirus complex in asia: ecological niche and environmental influences. | methods derived from ecological niche modeling allow to define species distribution based on presence-only data. this is particularly useful to develop models from literature records such as available for the anopheles dirus complex, a major group of malaria mosquito vectors in asia. this research defines an innovative modeling design based on presence-only model and hierarchical framework to define the distribution of the complex and attempt to delineate sibling species distribution and environ ... | 2012 | 23226292 |
| species diversity and biting activity of anopheles dirus and anopheles baimaii (diptera: culicidae) in a malaria prone area of western thailand. | a survey of adult anopheline mosquito diversities, collected from september 2009 to august 2010, was conducted in a malaria endemic area of western thailand. two anopheline species complexes, dirus and minimus, along with the maculatus group were observed. of several species documented from within each complex and group, four important malaria vectors were identified, including an. dirus, an. baimaii, an. minimus, and an. sawadwongporni. information on biting activity and host preference for any ... | 2012 | 23009133 |
| partial mitochondrial dna sequences suggest the existence of a cryptic species within the leucosphyrus group of the genus anopheles (diptera: culicidae), forest malaria vectors, in northern vietnam. | during the last decade, southeast asian countries have been very successful in reducing the burden of malaria. however, malaria remains endemic in these countries, especially in remote and forested areas. the leucosphyrus group of the genus anopheles harbors the most important malaria vectors in forested areas of southeast asia. in vietnam, previous molecular studies have resulted in the identification of only anopheles dirus sensu stricto (previously known as an. dirus species a) among the leuc ... | 2010 | 20433694 |
| comparative mt genomics of the tipuloidea (diptera: nematocera: tipulomorpha) and its implications for the phylogeny of the tipulomorpha. | a traditionally controversial taxon, the tipulomorpha has been frequently discussed with respect to both its familial composition and relationships with other nematocera. the interpretation of internal relationships within the tipuloidea, which include the tipulidae sensu stricto, cylindrotomidae, pediciidae and limoniidae, is also problematic. we sequenced the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of symplecta hybrida (meigen, 1804), which belongs to the subfamily chioneinae of family limoni ... | 2016 | 27341029 |
| zoonotic malaria - global overview and research and policy needs. | the four main plasmodium species that cause human malaria, plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, plasmodium malariae, and plasmodium ovale, are transmitted between humans by mosquito vectors belonging to the genus anopheles. it has recently become evident that plasmodium knowlesi, a parasite that typically infects forest macaque monkeys, can be transmitted by anophelines to cause malaria in humans in southeast asia. plasmodium knowlesi infections are frequently misdiagnosed microscopically as ... | 2014 | 25184118 |
| identification, genomic organization, and oxidative stress response of a sigma class glutathione s-transferase gene (accgsts1) in the honey bee, apis cerana cerana. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are members of a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme superfamily that play pivotal roles in both detoxification and protection against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. in this study, a complementary dna (cdna) encoding a sigma class gst was identified in the chinese honey bee, apis cerana cerana (accgsts1). accgsts1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues of adult worker bees, including the brain, fat body, epidermis, muscle, and midgut, wi ... | 2012 | 23250585 |
| entomologic investigation of plasmodium knowlesi vectors in kuala lipis, pahang, malaysia. | the first natural infection of plasmodium knowlesi in humans was recorded in 1965 in peninsular malaysia. extensive research was then conducted and it was postulated that it was a rare incident and that simian malaria will not be easily transmitted to humans. however, at the turn of the 21st century, knowlesi malaria was prevalent throughout southeast asia and is life threatening. thus, a longitudinal study was initiated to determine the vectors, their seasonal variation and preference to humans ... | 2012 | 22727041 |
| the salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi reveals accelerated evolution of genes relevant to hematophagy. | mosquito saliva, consisting of a mixture of dozens of proteins affecting vertebrate hemostasis and having sugar digestive and antimicrobial properties, helps both blood and sugar meal feeding. culicine and anopheline mosquitoes diverged ~150 mya, and within the anophelines, the new world species diverged from those of the old world ~95 mya. while the sialotranscriptome (from the greek sialo, saliva) of several species of the cellia subgenus of anopheles has been described thoroughly, no detailed ... | 2009 | 19178717 |
| salivary glands proteins expression of anopheles dirus a fed on plasmodium vivax- and plasmodium falciparum-infected human blood. | mosquitoes are able to adapt to feed on blood by the salivary glands which created a protein that works against the haemostasis process. this study aims to investigate the salivary glands proteins expression of 50 adult female an. dirus a mosquitoes, a main vector of malaria in thailand, each group with an age of 5 days which were artificial membrane fed on sugar, normal blood, blood infected with p. vivax, and blood infected with p. falciparum. then mosquito salivary gland proteins were analyze ... | 2013 | 23956841 |
| multigene phylogenetics reveals temporal diversification of major african malaria vectors. | the major vectors of malaria in sub-saharan africa belong to subgenus cellia. yet, phylogenetic relationships and temporal diversification among african mosquito species have not been unambiguously determined. knowledge about vector evolutionary history is crucial for correct interpretation of genetic changes identified through comparative genomics analyses. in this study, we estimated a molecular phylogeny using 49 gene sequences for the african malaria vectors an. gambiae, an. funestus, an. ni ... | 2014 | 24705448 |
| efficient method for establishing f1 progeny from wild populations of anopheles mosquitoes. | the changing malaria situation in madagascar requires additional knowledge on the physiology and behaviour of local mosquito vectors. however, the absence of established colonies for several anopheline species present in madagascar constitutes a limiting factor. to avoid labour intensive work and uncertainty for success of establishing anopheles colonies from malagasy species, field collections of blood-fed females and in-tube forced oviposition were combined to reliably produce large numbers of ... | 2017 | 28069024 |
| characterizing, controlling and eliminating residual malaria transmission. | long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) interventions can reduce malaria transmission by targeting mosquitoes when they feed upon sleeping humans and/or rest inside houses, livestock shelters or other man-made structures. however, many malaria vector species can maintain robust transmission, despite high coverage of llins/irs containing insecticides to which they are physiologically fully susceptible, because they exhibit one or more behaviours that define the b ... | 2014 | 25149656 |
| blood meal preference of some anopheline mosquitoes in command and non-command areas of rajasthan, india. | the present study was undertaken to compare the entomological situation by analyzing the blood meal of mosquitoes of canal irrigated and non-irrigated areas of bikaner in order to explore scientific information on the vector biology and malaria burden profile and to plan proper strategies for malaria control and eradication. | 2012 | 23378966 |
| mosquito infection studies with aotus monkeys and humans infected with the chesson strain of plasmodiun vivax. | oocyst counts were compared between mosquitoes that fed on humans versus mosquitoes that fed on aotus monkeys, both of which were infected with the chesson strain of plasmodium vivax. oocyst counts obtained from mosquitoes fed on humans were almost 10-fold higher in number. mosquitoes were more likely to be infected and with a higher rate of infection when they fed on monkeys before the peak in the asexual parasite count. mosquitoes that fed on humans were more likely to be more heavily infected ... | 0 | 22403307 |
| tyrosine hydroxylase is crucial for maintaining pupal tanning and immunity in anopheles sinensis. | tyrosine hydroxylase (th), the initial enzyme in the melanin pathway, catalyzes tyrosine conversion into dopa. although expression and regulation of th have been shown to affect cuticle pigmentation in insects, no direct functional studies to date have focused on the specific physiological processes involving the enzyme during mosquito development. in the current study, silencing of asth during the time period of continuous high expression in anopheles sinensis pupae led to significant impairmen ... | 2016 | 27416870 |
| differential roles of an anopheline midgut gpi-anchored protein in mediating plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax ookinete invasion. | novel strategies to directly thwart malaria transmission are needed to maintain the gains achieved by current control measures. transmission-blocking interventions (tbis), namely vaccines and drugs targeting parasite or mosquito molecules required for vector-stage parasite development, have been recognized as promising approaches for preventing malaria transmission. however, the number of tbi targets is limited and their degree of conservation among the major vector-parasite systems causing huma ... | 2014 | 24929123 |
| heterochromatin, histone modifications, and nuclear architecture in disease vectors. | interactions between a pathogen and a vector are plastic and dynamic. such interactions can be more rapidly accommodated by epigenetic changes than by genetic mutations. gene expression can be affected by the proximity to the heterochromatin, by local histone modifications, and by the three-dimensional position within the nucleus. recent studies of disease vectors indicate that gene regulation by these factors can be important for susceptibility to pathogens, reproduction, immunity, development, ... | 0 | 26097808 |
| plasmodium falciparum infection during dry season: igg responses to anopheles gambiae salivary gsg6-p1 peptide as sensitive biomarker for malaria risk in northern senegal. | the northern part of senegal is characterized by a low and seasonal transmission of malaria. however, some plasmodium falciparum infections and malaria clinical cases are reported during the dry season. this study aims to assess the relationship between igg antibody (ab) responses to gsg6-p1 mosquito salivary peptide and the prevalence of p. falciparum infection in children during the dry season in the senegal river valley. the positive association of the ab response to gsg6-p1, as biomarker of ... | 2013 | 23988032 |
| igg responses to the gsg6-p1 salivary peptide for evaluating human exposure to anopheles bites in urban areas of dakar region, sénégal. | urban malaria can be a serious public health problem in africa. human-landing catches of mosquitoes, a standard entomological method to assess human exposure to malaria vector bites, can lack sensitivity in areas where exposure is low. a simple and highly sensitive tool could be a complementary indicator for evaluating malaria exposure in such epidemiological contexts. the human antibody response to the specific anopheles gsg6-p1 salivary peptide have been described as an adequate tool biomarker ... | 2012 | 22424570 |
| present and future potential of plant-derived products to control arthropods of veterinary and medical significance. | the use of synthetic pesticides and repellents to target pests of veterinary and medical significance is becoming increasingly problematic. one alternative approach employs the bioactive attributes of plant-derived products (pdps). these are particularly attractive on the grounds of low mammalian toxicity, short environmental persistence and complex chemistries that should limit development of pest resistance against them.several pesticides and repellents based on pdps are already available, and ... | 2014 | 24428899 |
| bioefficacy of mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito aedes aegypti l. | to assess the larvicidal and repellent potential of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of peppermint plant, mentha piperita (m. piperita) against the larval and adult stages of aedes aegypti (ae. aegypti). | 0 | 23569733 |
| using infective mosquitoes to challenge monkeys with plasmodium knowlesi in malaria vaccine studies. | when rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) are used to test malaria vaccines, animals are often challenged by the intravenous injection of sporozoites. however, natural exposure to malaria comes via mosquito bite, and antibodies can neutralize sporozoites as they traverse the skin. thus, intravenous injection may not fairly assess humoral immunity from anti-sporozoite malaria vaccines. to better assess malaria vaccines in rhesus, a method to challenge large numbers of monkeys by mosquito bite was deve ... | 2014 | 24893777 |
| assessment of the prophylactic activity and pharmacokinetic profile of oral tafenoquine compared to primaquine for inhibition of liver stage malaria infections. | as anti-malarial drug resistance escalates, new safe and effective medications are necessary to prevent and treat malaria infections. the us army is developing tafenoquine (tq), an analogue of primaquine (pq), which is expected to be more effective in preventing malaria in deployed military personnel. | 2014 | 24731238 |
| antibodies to a single, conserved epitope in anopheles apn1 inhibit universal transmission of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax malaria. | malaria transmission-blocking vaccines (tbvs) represent a promising approach for the elimination and eradication of this disease. anapn1 is a lead tbv candidate that targets a surface antigen on the midgut of the obligate vector of the plasmodium parasite, the anopheles mosquito. in this study, we demonstrated that antibodies targeting anapn1 block transmission of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax across distantly related anopheline species in countries to which malaria is endemic. usin ... | 2013 | 24478095 |
| positive selection drives accelerated evolution of mosquito salivary genes associated with blood-feeding. | the saliva of bloodsucking animals contains dozens to hundreds of proteins that counteract their hosts' haemostasis, inflammation and immunity. it was previously observed that salivary proteins involved in haematophagy are much more divergent in their primary sequence than those of housekeeping function, when comparisons were made between closely related organisms. while this pattern of evolution could result from relaxed selection or drift, it could alternatively be the result of positive selec ... | 2013 | 24237399 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi infections in rhesus macaques display clinical and parasitological features pertinent to modelling vivax malaria pathology and relapse infections. | plasmodium vivax infections in humans or in new world monkeys pose research challenges that necessitate the use of alternative model systems. plasmodium cynomolgi is a closely related species that shares genetic and biological characteristics with p. vivax, including relapses. here, the haematological dynamics and clinical presentation of sporozoite-initiated p. cynomolgi infections in macaca mulatta (rhesus macaques) are evaluated over a 100-day period. | 2016 | 27590312 |
| evolution of the transmission-blocking vaccine candidates pvs28 and pvs25 in plasmodium vivax: geographic differentiation and evidence of positive selection. | transmission-blocking (tb) vaccines are considered an important tool for malaria control and elimination. among all the antigens characterized as tb vaccines against plasmodium vivax, the ookinete surface proteins pvs28 and pvs25 are leading candidates. these proteins likely originated by a gene duplication event that took place before the radiation of the known plasmodium species to primates. we report an evolutionary genetic analysis of a worldwide sample of pvs28 and pvs25 alleles. our result ... | 2016 | 27347876 |
| transmission blocking potency and immunogenicity of a plant-produced pvs25-based subunit vaccine against plasmodium vivax. | malaria transmission blocking (tb) vaccines (tbvs) directed against proteins expressed on the sexual stages of plasmodium parasites are a potentially effective means to reduce transmission. antibodies induced by tbvs block parasite development in the mosquito, and thus inhibit transmission to further human hosts. the ookinete surface protein p25 is a primary target for tbv development. recently, transient expression in plants using hybrid viral vectors has demonstrated potential as a strategy fo ... | 2016 | 27177945 |
| plasmodium evasion of mosquito immunity and global malaria transmission: the lock-and-key theory. | plasmodium falciparum malaria originated in africa and became global as humans migrated to other continents. during this journey, parasites encountered new mosquito species, some of them evolutionarily distant from african vectors. we have previously shown that the pfs47 protein allows the parasite to evade the mosquito immune system of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. here, we investigated the role of pfs47-mediated immune evasion in the adaptation of p. falciparum to evolutionarily distant mosqui ... | 2015 | 26598665 |
| a rapid and scalable density gradient purification method for plasmodium sporozoites. | malaria remains a major human health problem, with no licensed vaccine currently available. malaria infections initiate when infectious plasmodium sporozoites are transmitted by anopheline mosquitoes during their blood meal. investigations of the malaria sporozoite are, therefore, of clear medical importance. however, sporozoites can only be produced in and isolated from mosquitoes, and their isolation results in large amounts of accompanying mosquito debris and contaminating microbes. | 2012 | 23244590 |
| a systematic review of mosquito coils and passive emanators: defining recommendations for spatial repellency testing methodologies. | mosquito coils, vaporizer mats and emanators confer protection against mosquito bites through the spatial action of emanated vapor or airborne pyrethroid particles. these products dominate the pest control market; therefore, it is vital to characterize mosquito responses elicited by the chemical actives and their potential for disease prevention. the aim of this review was to determine effects of mosquito coils and emanators on mosquito responses that reduce human-vector contact and to propose s ... | 2012 | 23216844 |
| review of pyronaridine anti-malarial properties and product characteristics. | pyronaridine was synthesized in 1970 at the institute of chinese parasitic disease and has been used in china for over 30 years for the treatment of malaria. pyronaridine has high potency against plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine-resistant strains. studies in various animal models have shown pyronaridine to be effective against strains resistant to other anti-malarials, including chloroquine. resistance to pyronaridine appears to emerge slowly and is further retarded when pyronaridine ... | 2012 | 22877082 |
| rna-seq based phylogeny recapitulates previous phylogeny of the genus flaveria (asteraceae) with some modifications. | the genus flaveria has been extensively used as a model to study the evolution of c4 photosynthesis as it contains c3 and c4 species as well as a number of species that exhibit intermediate types of photosynthesis. the current phylogenetic tree of the genus flaveria contains 21 of the 23 known flaveria species and has been previously constructed using a combination of morphological data and three non-coding dna sequences (nuclear encoded ets, its and chloroplast encoded trnl-f). | 2015 | 26084484 |
| human ipsc-derived hepatocyte-like cells support plasmodium liver-stage infection in vitro. | malaria eradication is a major goal in public health but is challenged by relapsing malaria species, expanding drug resistance, and the influence of host genetics on antimalarial drug efficacy. to overcome these hurdles, it is imperative to establish in vitro assays of liver-stage malaria for drug testing. induced pluripotent stem cells (ipsc) potentially allow the assessment of donor-specific drug responses, and ipsc-derived hepatocyte-like cells (ihlcs) can facilitate the study of host genetic ... | 2015 | 25660406 |
| igg1 and igg4 antibody responses to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6 in the sympatric ethnic groups mossi and fulani in a malaria hyperhendemic area of burkina faso. | human antibody response to the anopheles gambiae salivary protein gsg6 has recently emerged as a potentially useful tool for malaria epidemiological studies and for the evaluation of vector control interventions. however, the current understanding of the host immune response to mosquito salivary proteins and of the possible crosstalk with early response to plasmodium parasites is still very limited. we report here the analysis of igg1 and igg4 subclasses among anti-gsg6 igg responders belonging ... | 2014 | 24760038 |
| chemical composition and insecticidal activity of plant essential oils from benin against anopheles gambiae (giles). | insecticide resistance in sub-saharan africa and especially in benin is a major public health issue hindering the control of the malaria vectors. each anopheles species has developed a resistance to one or several classes of the insecticides currently in use in the field. therefore, it is urgent to find alternative compounds to conquer the vector. in this study, the efficacies of essential oils of nine plant species, which are traditionally used to avoid mosquito bites in benin, were investigate ... | 2013 | 24298981 |
| in vitro effect of seven essential oils on the reproduction of the cattle tick rhipicephalus microplus. | the acaricidal effect of seven essential oils was examined in vitro against the cattle tick (rhipicephalus microplus). engorged female ticks were manually collected in farms of southern brazil and placed into petri dishes (n = 10) in order to test the following oils: juniper (juniperus communis), palmarosa (cymbopogon martinii), cedar (cedrus atlantica), lemon grass (cymbopogon citratus), ginger (zingiber officinale), geranium (pelargonium graveolens) and bergamot (citrus aurantium var bergamia) ... | 2016 | 27857849 |
| combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and metabolomic data in support of dry-season survival in the two main species of the malarial mosquito anopheles gambiae. | in dry savannahs of west-africa, the malarial mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae sensu stricto complex annually survive the harsh desiccating conditions of the dry season. however, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying how these mosquitoes survive such desiccating conditions are still undefined, and controversial. in this context, we provide the first work examining both proteomic and metabolomic changes in the two molecular forms of a. gambiae s.s (m and s forms) experimental ... | 2015 | 26543889 |
| humans frequently exposed to a range of non-human primate malaria parasite species through the bites of anopheles dirus mosquitoes in south-central vietnam. | recent studies have described natural human infections of the non-human primate parasites plasmodium knowlesi and plasmodium cynomolgi. in southeast asia, mosquitoes of the anopheles leucosphyrus group bite both humans and monkeys in the forest and thus offer a possible route for plasmodium species to bridge the species barrier. in this study we analysed the species composition of malarial sporozoites infecting the salivary glands of anopheles dirus in order to determine their potential role as ... | 2015 | 26178324 |
| epidemiology of plasmodium knowlesi malaria in north-east sabah, malaysia: family clusters and wide age distribution. | the simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in malaysian borneo, with a particularly high incidence in kudat, sabah. little is known however about the epidemiology in this substantially deforested region. | 2012 | 23216947 |
| emerging protozoal pathogens in india: how prepared are we to face the threat? | emerging protozoal pathogens have become a major threat to human health. the number of protozoal pathogens causing human disease has been on the rise since the last two to three decades. significant increase in the number of immunocompromised people, increase in international travel, deforestation, and widespread urban dwellings are some of the factors contributing to this changing epidemiology of protozoal diseases. apart from naegleria and acanthamoeba, other free-living amoebae like balamuthi ... | 0 | 23508066 |