| oviposition by african malaria vector mosquitoes. i. temporal activity patterns of caged, wild-caught, freshwater anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato. | blood-fed females of the anopheles gambiae species complex, most of which would have been a. gambiae giles sensu stricto, were collected from a freshwater locality in coastal kenya and used for laboratory studies of their temporal patterns of oviposition. contrary to previous reports these patterns were not found to be constrained to the early hours of the night but varied widely, evidently dependent on the time of blood-feeding and on subsequent temperatures but not on endogenous activity rhyth ... | 1983 | 6660969 |
| distribution of genetic diversity in relation to chromosomal inversions in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | the epidemiology of malaria in africa is complicated by the fact that its principal vector, the mosquito anopheles gambiae, constitutes a complex of six sibling species. each species is characterized by a unique array of paracentric inversions, as deduced by karyotypic analysis. in addition, most of the species carry a number of polymorphic inversions. in order to develop an understanding of the evolutionary histories of different parts of the genome, we compared the genetic variation of areas i ... | 1995 | 7643407 |
| effects of ecological changes on the malaria vectors anopheles funestus and the anopheles gambiae complex of mosquitoes in accra, ghana. | studies have been conducted on mosquito breeding, indoor resting density and some parasitological and vectorial indices in accra since 1911. an. gambiae s.l. has adapted to breeding appreciably in water-filled domestic containers in recent times (viz. 21.14 +/- 4.4% of all breeding), compared with a low frequency of breeding in such domestic containers in the earlier years 1911-1930 (viz. 1.97 +/- 1.67% of all breeding). its breeding has also increased (viz. 5.3% to 25.4% of all breeding) in the ... | 1984 | 6748132 |
| studies on the use of a membrane feeding technique for infecting anopheles gambiae with plasmodium falciparum. | an investigation was made of the optimum feeding time when using stirred membrane feeders for infecting anopheles gambiae s.s. with plasmodium falciparum. the aim was to stimulate the natural situation of direct feeding on a host and so enable the malaria susceptibility of different populations of a. gambiae to be assessed. 45 feeds were carried out on blood donated by p. falciparum gametocyte carriers. the results show that only patients with at least 300 gametocytes/mm3 are likely to produce a ... | 1980 | 7010696 |
| the anopheles gambiae giles complex and bancroftian filariasis transmission in a tanzanian coastal village. | | 1981 | 7023404 |
| identification of mosquitoes of anopheles gambiae species complex a and b by analysis of cuticular components. | two important vectors of malaria in africa, anopheles gambiae and anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae), often occur sympatrically and cannot be distinguished morphologically. a chemical method was developed to identify individual laboratory-reared adult males or females of either species by extraction and analysis of cuticular components with gas chromatography. statistically significant differences were seen between species when selected pairs of peaks were compared. | 1980 | 7355276 |
| intraspecific polymorphism of sex chromosome heterochromatin in two species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | the hoechst 33258 banding pattern of the mitotic chromosomes of several laboratory and natural populations of the sibling species a. gambiae and a. arabiensis has been analyzed. a clear intraspecific polymorphism of sex chromosome heterochromatin has been observed. nevertheless in each species heterochromatic variations fall within a characteristic species-specific pattern. moreover, while laboratory polulations tend to be monomorphic for a given heterchromatic variant, natural populations exhib ... | 1980 | 7358009 |
| constitutive and blood meal-induced trypsin genes in anopheles gambiae. | trypsin genes in anopheles gambiae are arranged as a tightly clustered gene family consisting of seven related coding sequences, devoid of introns. the two blood meal-inducible members of this family, antryp1 and antryp2, were shown to play a crucial role in the breakdown of the blood meal constituents. the role of antryp3,4,5,6, and antryp7 in the process of blood meal digestion remains to be elucidated. we have examined the localization and the expression patterns of these trypsins as well as ... | 1995 | 7498434 |
| origin of blood meals in indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in western kenya. | blood meals were obtained from indoor and outdoor resting malaria vectors in three villages of western kenya and tested by sandwich elisa to determine host preferences and their human blood index (hbi). anopheles gambiae s.s. collected indoors at kisian village had a hbi of 0.97 while that of anopheles arabiensis collected at ahero was 0.23. however, the hbi of a. arabiensis varied depending on the availability of outdoor resting shelters. most female a. arabiensis (98.9%) collected outdoors in ... | 1994 | 7709869 |
| mosquito production and species succession from an area of irrigated rice fields in the gambia, west africa. | the succession of mosquito species and their abundance was observed through one cycle of dry-season irrigated rice cultivation near bansang in the gambia. the study covered a 21-week period, february-june 1975. mosquitoes were sampled using a single suction trap located in a dry field beside the rice fields. few mosquitoes were present before irrigation began. anopheles gambiae s.1., a. rufipes and culex neavei reached peak numbers 4 weeks after full-scale irrigation began and then declined in a ... | 1983 | 6142963 |
| detection of falciparum malarial forms in naturally infected anophelines in cameroon using a fluorescent anti-25-kd monoclonal antibody. | anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. funestus were sampled in houses located in a plasmodium falciparum-holoendemic site in southern cameroon. the midguts of female mosquitoes in half-gravid or gravid stages of blood digestion were incubated with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody directed against the p. falciparum zygote/ookinete surface protein pfs25 and examined using a fluorescent light microscope. malarial forms were detected in 11.6% of the half-gravid mosquitoes and in 0.0% of the gravid ones (p ... | 1995 | 7741180 |
| glutathione s-transferases from larval manduca sexta midgut: sequence of two cdnas and enzyme induction. | two glutathione s-transferase (gst) clones from a larval midgut cdna library of the tobacco hornworm, manduca sexta were sequenced. the nucleotide sequence of the first clone, m. sexta gst1, encoded a protein of 217 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 24,644 and isoelectric point of 4.8. the m. sexta gst1 was 45.9-48.6% identical to gsts from musca domestica and several drosophila species. the m. sexta gst2 cdna encoded a protein of 203 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight ... | 1995 | 7742833 |
| anopheles gambiae and a. melas at brefet, the gambia, and their role in malaria transmission. | anopheles melas and a. gambiae were studied at the village of brefet, the gambia. the population density of a. gambiae varied according to the rainfall. however, this was not so with a. melas, the highest densities of which occurred after the cessation of the rains. the sporozoite rate averaged 3.5% in a. gambiae but only 0.35% in a. melas. possible causes of these differences are discussed. | 1983 | 6882050 |
| heterogeneities of the malaria vectorial system in tropical africa and their significance in malaria epidemiology and control. | the most important units of the malaria vectorial system in tropical africa are included in the linnaean taxon anopheles gambiae, which has been split into six sibling species recognized by the application of genetic techniques. more recent studies have shown further complexities involving chromosomal inversion polymorphism in some vector populations as well as incipient speciation processes. the significance for field research in malaria of the splitting of a morphological taxon into geneticall ... | 1984 | 6335681 |
| human ecology and behaviour in malaria control in tropical africa. | since about 250 bc, human modification of african environments has created increasingly favourable breeding conditions for anopheles gambiae. subsequent adaptations to the increased malaria risk are briefly described and reference is made to macdonald's mathematical model for the disease. since values for the variables in that model are high in tropical africa, there is little possibility that simple, inexpensive, self-help primary health care initiatives can control malaria in the region. howev ... | 1984 | 6335685 |
| lessons learned from applied field research activities in africa during the malaria eradication era. | the malaria conference in equatorial africa, convened by the world health organization in 1950 in kampala, uganda, was a milestone in the history of modern malaria control activities on the continent of africa. it presented and assessed the available international information on epidemiological aspects of this disease and attempted to coordinate the various methods of research and control of malaria. its two main recommendations were that malaria should be controlled by all available methods, ir ... | 1984 | 6397274 |
| [effectiveness of coils and mats for protection against malaria vectors in cameroon]. | the evaluation of the effectiveness of coils and mats on mosquitoes, especially malaria vectors was carried out in the southern cameroon. the study was performed in the nsimalen village from november 1993 to august 1994. two brands of coils: timor and moon tiger containing 0.15% w/w of esbiothrin and two brands of mats: ars mats (containing d-allethrin) and moon tiger (with s biothrin and diethyl-toluamide) were tested. the evaluation was based on night catches on human bait inside houses. a cat ... | 1995 | 7780671 |
| vector control operations in the african context. | in order to define the scope of vector control as a component of malaria control in the who african region, examples of recent experiences with different vector control methods in this region are reviewed. residual house spraying applied alone or in combination with mass drug administration has failed to interrupt malaria transmission in savanna areas for several technical and administrative reasons. nevertheless, there is evidence that residual house spraying has led to an improvement in genera ... | 1984 | 6397279 |
| field trials of bromophos and schering 34615 residual sprays and of cheesecloth impregnated with bayer 39007 for control of anopheles gambiae and a. funestus in nigeria. | in a continuation of the world health organization's collaborative scheme for testing new insecticides against malaria vectors, field trials were carried out during 1965 in the forest belt of western nigeria near lagos and in the guinea savanna belt of northern nigeria near kaduna, using bromophos residual spray and cheesecloth impregnated with bayer 39007; schering 34615 was applied as a residual spray in lagos. although bromophos appeared to be effective for at least five months after spraying ... | 1966 | 5297804 |
| choice of resting sites by anopheles gambiae (diptera: culici) in mwea rice irrigation scheme, kirinyaga district, kenya. | investigations on anopheles gambiae were carried out in mwea rice irrigation scheme, kenya, to determine their preference for resting on various colours of fabrics and bare walls inside rural houses. the inside wall surface of each house was divided into upper, middle and lower sections and the section further partitioned into subsections measuring 0.6 x 0.3m. two sets of experiments were conducted: one in which the walls were partly fitted with one colour of fabric at a time (double-choice situ ... | 1995 | 7796769 |
| the effect of woodsmoke on the feeding and resting behaviour of anopheles gambiae s.s. | | 1994 | 7810390 |
| recent applied field research activities carried out in tropical africa. | a review has been undertaken of applied field research in malaria in tropical africa from 1975 onwards, the aim being to show recent trends and to emphasize the needs for further research in support of malaria control.studies are grouped according to whether they relate to parasites, vectors, epidemiology, or control. the first group is concerned mainly with the study of the appearance and development of resistance of plasmodium falciparum to drugs. the second group deals with vector bionomics a ... | 1984 | 6397275 |
| trapping system for testing olfactory responses of the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae in a wind tunnel. | | 1994 | 7841494 |
| studies of the anopheles gambiae complex in west africa. | | 1967 | 5299678 |
| separation of anopheles merus from freshwater anopheles gambiae by salinity tolerance test and morphological characters. | the separation methods for anopheles merus from freshwater a. gambiae s.l. involving the use of salinity tolerance test, sensilla coeloconica, palpal ratio and palpal bands were evaluated for a period of one year on a total of about 340 mosquitoes. the salinity tolerance test method was found to be quite simple and reliable but unsuitable in disease transmission studies due to an interval of 2-3 days between the collection and dissection periods and also due to the fact that only a fraction of t ... | 1982 | 6926942 |
| oviposition by african malaria vector mosquitoes. ii. effects of site tone, water type and conspecific immatures on target selection by freshwater anopheles gambiae giles, sensu lato. | females of anopheles gambiae s. lat., most of which would have been a. gambiae s. str., were collected from houses in coastal kenya and tested for their oviposition preferences using petri dishes in large laboratory cages with lighting equivalent to weak moonlight. significantly more eggs were laid overnight in water over black than over paler tones, and this difference increased as contrast with the surrounding floor was increased. direct observation revealed that over white targets, females ov ... | 1984 | 6486937 |
| an anchored restriction-mapping approach applied to the genetic analysis of the anopheles gambiae malaria vector complex 1. | we introduce here a simple approach for rapidly determining restriction maps for a number of regions of a genome; this involves "anchoring" a map with a rare restriction site (in this case the seldom-cutting eagi) followed by partial digestion of a frequent-cutting enzyme (e.g., sau 3a). we applied this technology to five species of the anopheles gambiae complex. in a single southern blot we obtained about a 15-kb restriction map each for the mtdna, rrna gene, and a scndna region for each of fiv ... | 1995 | 7877485 |
| a theoretical model of the dynamics of an anopheles gambiae population under challenge with eggs giving rise to sterile males. | an explanation is given of the probable effects of seeding a breeding place of anopheles gambiae with hybrid eggs that produce almost exclusively sterile males. for the calculations, the dynamics of an a. gambiae population in a single breeding place have been simulated in a computer programme.general considerations and implications are discussed with reference to practical applications, and the conclusion is reached that it will be feasible to eradicate the species from any breeding place only ... | 1969 | 5306541 |
| the potential use of sterile hybrid males for the eradication of member species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | the eradication of certain insect pests of medical importance has already been achieved in some countries by inundation of the natural populations with sterilized insects.the crossing of member species of the anopheles gambiae complex results in the production of vigorous competitive males which are sterile. crosses between the males of the freshwater species, provisionally called species a and b, and the females of the saltwater species a. melas and a. merus result in f(1) generations almost en ... | 1969 | 5306543 |
| response of plasmodium refractory and susceptible strains of anopheles gambiae to inoculated sephadex beads. | a refractory strain of the mosquito, anopheles gambiae, melanotically encapsulates and destroys malaria parasites in the midgut. normal development of parasites is observed in a closely related susceptible strain. to examine the basis for the difference in response, the two strains were compared for responses to inoculated sephadex beads of varying charge. negatively charged c-25 beads elicited a much stronger reaction in the refractory strain where 49% of the beads were strongly melanized by 24 ... | 1994 | 7535253 |
| ecological genetic studies in the chromosomal form mopti of anopheles gambiae s.str. in mali, west africa. | among the sibling species of the afrotropical anopheles gambiae complex, the nominal taxon (an. gambiae s.str.) is the major malaria vector. its bionomics suggest a man-dependent speciation process which involves, in west africa, various incipient species chromosomally recognized by different combinations of 2r paracentric inversions. one of the most recent evolutionary steps of such a speciation process appears to be the chromosomal form mopti, which is associated with dry season irrigation in ... | 1994 | 7896141 |
| effect of mosquito age and reproductive status on melanization of sephadex beads in plasmodium-refractory and -susceptible strains of anopheles gambiae. | malaria-refractory and -susceptible strains of the mosquito vector, anopheles gambiae, differ in their response to negatively-charged sephadex cm-25 beads. cm-25 beads elicit a much stronger melanization reaction in refractory mosquitoes than in susceptible mosquitoes. light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies documented a progression from early stages with small spots of melanin adhering to cm-25 beads to late stages where spots had grown and coalesced to form a dark dense cap ... | 1995 | 7544819 |
| behavioral response of host-seeking mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to insecticide-impregnated bed netting: a new approach to insecticide bioassays. | the response of anopheles gambiae giles s.s and culex quinquefasciatus say to insecticide-treated netting in a wind tunnel permeated with guinea pig odors was recorded on videotape. with no insecticide present, mosquitoes spent 99% of the time on the netting, either at rest or occasionally walking across it. on nylon netting, permethrin at 50, 400, and 1,000 mg m-2 irritated the mosquitoes, causing them to spend significantly more time away from the netting and relatively more time walking than ... | 1994 | 7908985 |
| the suitability of restriction fragment length polymorphism markers for evaluating genetic diversity among and synteny between mosquito species. | restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers derived from the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, were used in hybridizations to genomic dna of the following mosquito species: ae. albopictus, ae. togoi, armigeres subalbatus, culex pipiens, and anopheles gambiae. interspecific hybridization with ae. aegypti probes varied from 50% (an. gambiae) to 100% (ae. albopictus) under high stringency conditions. we demonstrated the usefulness of using rflp profiles to examine genetic diversity ... | 1994 | 7909414 |
| a new odour-baited trap to collect host-seeking mosquitoes. | a new odour-baited entry trap which releases an air stream containing chemical cues collected from a bait, has been used successfully to collect west african mosquito species, most of them important vectors of malaria, such as anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus. 85% of the yield consisted of live, unfed and partially fed specimens. the trap has some practical and theoretical advantages over similar sampling techniques. | 1993 | 7915027 |
| [evaluation of a deet-based repellent on 3 vectors of malaria in central africa]. | as part of the framework of studies on personal protection against disease-transmitting mosquitoes, a field evaluation was carried out in a forest area of cameroon on human subjects to assess the efficacy of a common repellent: deet (a 50% active ingredient formulation). one ml of deet applied to the legs of resting persons gave an 85% reduction in anopheles bites during the 5 hours following application. the repellent effect decreased gradually with time. the effect was more than 90% maximum af ... | 1994 | 7921700 |
| effects of para-aminobenzoic acid, insulin, and gentamicin on plasmodium falciparum development in anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | anopheles gambiae giles sensu lato (s.l.) and an. stephensi liston were exposed as adults to para-aminobenzoic acid (paba), human insulin, or gentamicin sulfate, an antimicrobial solution, to determine their effects on plasmodium falciparum welch development to the oocyst stage. for both mosquito species, concentrations of paba from 0.001 to 0.05% had no effect on either oocyst infection rates or oocyst densities. at higher concentrations, paba-fed mosquitoes had decreased oocyst infection rates ... | 1994 | 7932602 |
| mosquito gonotrophic cycle and multiple feeding potential: contrasts between anopheles and aedes (diptera: culicidae). | two aedine and three anopheline species were allowed to blood-feed to repletion, and their host-seeking behavior was measured with an olfactometer at intervals afterward. both aedes aegypti (l.) and ae. albopictus (skuse) were inhibited from subsequently seeking a host during the gonotrophic cycle, but anopheles gambiae giles, an. albimanus wiedemann, and an. freeborni aitken, all showed varying degrees of host-seeking behavior while their eggs matured. continued host-seeking by some anophelines ... | 1994 | 7932610 |
| polymorphisms detected by random pcr distinguish between different chromosomal forms of anopheles gambiae. | we have applied pcr amplification using random primers to distinguish between incipient species of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. individuals belonging to three chromosomally characterized west african forms of this mosquito, which are important epidemiologically as they differ in vectorial capacity, were sampled both from laboratory stocks and from wild populations collected in three localities. the techniques used allowed for the unambiguous classification of the mosquitoes, providing a ... | 1994 | 7937947 |
| eye pigments in wild-type and eye-color mutant strains of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | chromatographic analysis of pigments extracted from wild-type eyes of the mosquito anopheles gambiae reveals the presence of the ommatin precursor 3-hydroxykynurenine, its transamination derivative xanthurenic acid, and a dark, red-brown pigment spot that probably is composed of two or more low mobility xanthommatins. no colored or fluorescent pteridines are evident. mosquitoes homozygous for an autosomal recessive mutation at the red-eye (r) locus have a brick-red eye color in larvae, pupae, an ... | 1995 | 7560874 |
| plasmodium berghei: selection of mefloquine-resistant parasites through drug pressure in mosquitoes. | mefloquine is an antimalarial drug with schizonticidal activity on blood-stage parasites. studies of the role of mefloquine on the development of plasmodium berghei anka in anopheles stephensi have been carried out that showed a dose-dependent effect on the sporogonic cycle of these parasites, with changes in the numbers of oocysts and the extent of sporozoite invasion of salivary glands. in this study, we show that mefloquine-resistant p. berghei anka blood stage parasites could be selected thr ... | 1995 | 7628567 |
| entomological evaluation of the gambia's national impregnated bednet programme. | entomological studies were conducted in paired study villages in three of the five study areas used for the epidemiological assessment of the gambia's national impregnated bednet programme. baseline data collected in 1991 were compared with post-intervention data from 1992, when one of each village pair (from areas ii, iii and v) was included in the treatment programme in which villagers' nets were dipped in permethrin. in a longitudinal study, indoor-resting densities of anopheles gambiae s.l. ... | 1995 | 7668914 |
| relationships between plasmodium falciparum transmission by vector populations and the incidence of severe disease at nine sites on the kenyan coast. | the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied in relation to the incidence of severe malaria infections at nine sites in the kilifi district in kenya. intensive mosquito sampling during a one-year period yielded anopheles gambiae s. l., an. funestus, an. coustani, an. squamosus, an. nili, and an. pharoensis. anopheles gambiae s.l. was the predominant vector, comprising 98.4% of the total anophelines collected. overall, 3.5% of 2,868 an. gambiae s.l. collected indoors and 0.8% of 261 coll ... | 1995 | 7694959 |
| do mosquito coils and killer sticks work against anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes in zimbabwe? | tests against anopheles gambiae s. 1. mosquitoes (malaria transmitting mosquitoes) were carried out in chegutu, chiredzi and kamhororo (gokwe). these tests were done in relatively closed rural huts and experimental huts. the tests demonstrated that a one hour exposure to smoke from the burning of insecticidal coils contain 0.3 pc pyrethrin, achieve 100 pc knockdown of mosquitoes. mosquito killer sticks gave 85 pc knockdowns with 30 pc recoveries and less than 10 pc recoveries for the coils. with ... | 1994 | 7954723 |
| studies of anopheline mosquitoes transmitting malaria in a newly developed highland urban area: a case study of moi university and its environs. | throughout the duration of these studies, anopheles gambiae was the only mosquito species recovered at the study site. it bred in several habitats, showing strong preference for temporary waterponds contained in a variety of reservoirs created through man's construction activities. the dams as permanent water bodies were the most favoured perennial breeding habitat as opposed to swamps. of the 393 mosquitoes tested, a very small percentage (0.76%) was infected with sporozoites (0.51%) and oocyst ... | 1994 | 7956862 |
| salivary vasodilators of aedes triseriatus and anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae). | salivary vasodilators of aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles albimanus (wiedemann) were characterized previously as a tachykinin peptide and a catechol oxidase/peroxidase activity, respectively. to verify whether these two different vasodilators also were found in other distantly related members of each mosquito genus, we characterized the vasodilators from a. triseriatus and a. gambiae. a. triseriatus salivary gland homogenates produced a reversible, endothelium dependent vasorelaxation of rabbit ... | 1994 | 7966179 |
| village trial of bednets impregnated with wash-resistant permethrin compared with other pyrethroid formulations. | a village-scale field trial of pyrethroid-impregnated mosquito nets was undertaken in the gambia, west africa, in the mandinka village of saruja (13 degrees 13'n, 14 degrees 55'w) during july-november 1989. nearly all the villagers possessed and used their own bednets. anopheles gambiae is the main vector of human malaria in the area. an experimental wash-resistant formulation of permethrin was compared with standard emulsifiable concentrate (ec) formulations of permethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin ... | 1995 | 7696687 |
| exposure of gambian children to anopheles gambiae malaria vectors in an irrigated rice production area. | variation in exposure of children to malaria vectors of the anopheles gambiae complex was recorded in a gambian village situated near an irrigated area of rice cultivation. observations were made in 1987 and 1988 during two dry seasons, when pumped water was used to grow rice, and two rainy seasons, when rice was produced using a combination of irrigated and rainfed paddies. routine collections of mosquitoes were made from under bednets. most of these specimens were assumed to have fed on the oc ... | 1995 | 7696688 |
| further studies on the sporozoite transmission of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. | different species of saimiri and aotus monkeys were inoculated with sporozoites of the salvador i strain of plasmodium vivax. of 58 saimiri inoculated, 45 developed parasitemia (4 following bites and 41 following intravenous inoculation). prepatent periods ranged from 10 to 63 days. twelve of 19 monkeys inoculated with sporozoites that had been stored frozen developed patent parasitemia after 16-53 days. of 41 aotus monkeys inoculated, only 10 (2 via bites and 8 via intravenous inoculation) deve ... | 1994 | 8064516 |
| biolistic techniques for transfection of mosquito embryos (anopheles gambiae). | to compensate for the extremely low rates of transformation by dna microinjection into mosquito embryos of anopheles gambiae, biolistic techniques were evaluated for introduction of dna into large numbers of mosquito embryos. biolistic experiments were first performed with a commercially available instrument intended for this purpose, according to the recommended procedure. the amount of dna delivered was measured by the expression of luciferase under the control of the drosophila heat shock pro ... | 1994 | 8068349 |
| complete base sequence for the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar (l.). | a 1355 bp sequence (accession number l32141) isolated from a gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) cdna library showed 68-74% sequence identity to mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mt irrna) sequences of locusta migratoria, apis mellifera, aedes albopictus, anopheles gambiae and two drosophila species. a comparison of the primary sequences of the mt irrnas from the above insects in four orders and from esherichia coli demonstrated regions of conservation which presumably correspond to regions o ... | 1994 | 7704305 |
| host blood meals and chromosomal inversion polymorphism in anopheles arabiensis in the baringo district of kenya. | studies were carried out in the villages of kapkuikui and maji-ndege in the loboi area of baringo district, kenya, to obtain baseline data on species identification of the anopheles gambiae group, their feeding and resting behavior, and their frequencies of chromosomal inversions. this was carried out towards predicting the effect of introducing permethrin-impregnated cloths or other intervention measures. in this study, anopheles arabiensis was identified as the only species of the an. gambiae ... | 1994 | 7707055 |
| in vitro binding of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis individual toxins to midgut cells of anopheles gambiae larvae (diptera: culicidae). | midguts from anopheles gambiae fourth instars were dissected and processed for immuno-light microscopy. cloned insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) from bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) were individually expressed in crystal-negative strains of bacillus thuringiensis. tissue sections of a. gambiae were incubated in vitro with each solubilized and trypsin-activated icp. immunodetection of cryiva, cryivb, cryivd and cyta toxins on sections was performed using purified rabbit igg direc ... | 1995 | 7720855 |
| analysis of mitochondrial dna and development of pcr-based diagnostic molecular markers for mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitata) populations. | a 2.99 kb mtdna fragment containing two variable restriction endonuclease sites (ecorv and xbai) was subcloned and sequenced from the mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitata). this fragment represents approximately one-fifth of the entire mitochondrial sequence. the sequence was aligned with the comparable region from drosophila yakuba and anopheles gambiae, resulting in 81.8% and 76.7% identity at the nucleotide level, and 77% and 67.7% identity, respectively, at the amino acid level. the s ... | 1995 | 7742977 |
| [aspects of malaria in a village of the humid savannah of the ivory coast]. | malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in ivory coast. this fact justifies further epidemiological investigations to define regional features and allow implementation of the most suitable control measures. to this end, a study focusing on transmission of malaria was conducted between january and may 1993 concurrently with malarial parasite identification in allokoukro, a village in the humid savannah in the central region of ivory coast. two vectors of malaria were found in the vill ... | 1994 | 7746125 |
| plasmodium gallinaceum: a refractory mechanism of ookinete killing in the mosquito, anopheles gambiae. | we have identified a mechanism for refractoriness to a bird malaria, plasmodium gallinaceum, in the african vector of human malaria, anopheles gambiae. oocysts fail to develop in the refractory mosquitoes as a result of ookinete death which occurs within 27 hr of midgut invasion. ultrastructural studies showed that parasite death occurs while the ookinete lies free in the midgut epithelial cell cytosol, usually surrounded by an organelle-free zone that consists of finely fibrillar material. the ... | 1995 | 7758539 |
| cytotoxicity and adp-ribosylating activity of the mosquitocidal toxin from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1: possible roles of the 27- and 70-kilodalton peptides. | clones expressing regions of the 100-kda bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 mosquitocidal toxin (mtx) as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase were constructed, and the toxin-derived peptides were purified. the in vitro adp-ribosylation activities of these peptides and their effects on larvae and cells in culture were studied. mtx25 (amino acids 30 to 493) was found to adp-ribosylate two proteins with molecular masses of 38 and 42 kda, respectively, in culex quinquefasciatus (g7) cell extracts, ... | 1993 | 8096838 |
| tyrosinase-type prophenoloxidase distribution in the alimentary canal of strains of anopheles gambiae refractory and susceptible to plasmodium infection. | tyrosinase-type prophenoloxidase distribution was investigated in the posterior midgut and salivary glands of strains of noninfected adult anopheles gambiae refractory (blue strain) and susceptible (g3 strain) to infection with malaria parasites. immunocytochemical localization showed that in the posterior midgut epithelium tyrosinase-type prophenoloxidase was almost entirely restricted to apical granules. these are known to be a mixture of secretory granules and lysosomes; it was not possible t ... | 1995 | 7758546 |
| variation of larval susceptibility to lagenidium giganteum in three mosquito species. | a significantly greater number of lagenidium giganteum zoospores were found encysting on the dorsal thoracic surface of anopheles gambiae larvae than on the larvae of aedes aegypti and culex pipiens. however, germ tube penetration in the cuticle of a. gambiae provoked an intense and diffuse melanization which encapsulated the fungus and protected 56% from death. although a small number of zoospores attach to and penetrate the cuticular surface of a. aegypti and c. pipiens approximately 99% of bo ... | 1993 | 8104999 |
| mapping the densities of malaria vectors within a single village. | small scale spatial variation and temporal heterogeneity in mosquito densities can have important consequences for disease transmission, but the extreme variation which is observed in populations of malaria vectors makes it difficult to obtain good predictions of densities for short time periods over limited areas. we have applied bayesian techniques derived for use in cancer epidemiology in order to map densities of anopheles gambiae s.l. and a. funestus in a tanzanian village where there is in ... | 1995 | 7785522 |
| malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern cameroon. | nsimalen, a village in southern cameroon, has been deforested over a surface of 370 hectares for the construction of the new yaounde international airport (cameroon). mosquitoes night catches on human bait were performed over a year in two hamlets of this village, one adjoining the airport and the other situated 3 kilometers off the deforested area. the aim of the survey was to observe malaria vectors and transmission around the airport and to record malaria epidemiological changes resulting fro ... | 1995 | 7794062 |
| field testing an enzyme-linked synthetic oligonucleotide probe for identification of anopheles gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis. | tests were carried out in kenya to determine whether the enzyme-linked synthetic oligonucleotide probe (pana 1) developed for identifying species of the anopheles gambiae complex could be used under field conditions. the an. arabiensis male-specific pana 1 probe was able to identify all male larval instars and adult males. however, the non-radioactive assay was not sufficiently sensitive to identify male sperm dna in all the mated female an. arabiensis. although the ratio of an. arabiensis to an ... | 1993 | 8122921 |
| transmission blockade of plasmodium falciparum malaria by anti-pfs230-specific antibodies is isotype dependent. | by use of the parental hybridoma cell line 63f2a2 that produces specific antibodies of immunoglobulin isotype g1 (igg1; 63f2a2.1) against pfs230, we attempted to enrich for the synthesis of the downstream switch variant igg2b and igg2a monoclonal antibodies (mabs) of the hybridoma cell line (63f2a2.2b and 63f2a2.2a, respectively). the parental igg1 did not reduce the plasmodium falciparum transmission in a bioassay irrespective of the presence of complement. mabs 63f2a2.2b and 63f2a2.2a were eff ... | 1995 | 7822011 |
| selection of biting sites on man by two malaria mosquito species. | while searching for blood, female mosquitoes pass through a behavioural process involving responses to visual, physical and chemical properties of the host. temperature and humidity are thought to dominate mosquito orientation near the host. we observed that biting of two malaria mosquito species, i.e. anopheles atroparvus (van thiel) and anopheles gambiae s.s. (giles) preferentially occurs on different body regions of a naked motionless human host. their preference for the head and foot regions ... | 1995 | 7843335 |
| [vectorial fauna at the site of the future dam at memve'ele(cameroon)]. | the present study was designed to assess the health risk of the future hydroelectric dam of memve'ele with reference to vector-borne diseases. entomological and malacological surveys were carried out in the project area. the main vectors collected were anopheles gambiae and an. nili for malaria; simulium damnosum for onchocerciasis; glossina palpalis for trypanosomiasis; chrysops dimidiata and c. silacea for loasis. no snail host of schistosome was reported. the risk of introduction of the disea ... | 1994 | 7866048 |
| a land filled with mosquitoes: fred l. soper, the rockefeller foundation, and the anopheles gambiae invasion of brazil. | the success of fred soper and the rockefeller foundation's international health division in eradicating the anopheles gambiae mosquito from northeast brazil was a significant watershed in the history of malaria control. it revived faith in vector control strategies and paved the way for the application of eradication methods in the fight against malaria following world war ii. yet soper's achievement needs to be re-examined from a wider analytical perspective that takes account of the longer epi ... | 1994 | 7898956 |
| activation of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes by carbon dioxide and human breath. | female anopheles gambiae giles mosquitoes were observed individually in a cage within a wind tunnel and their responses to pulses of carbon dioxide recorded on video tape. the range of concentrations tested revealed an 'activation' threshold concentration of carbon dioxide in the region of 0.01% above background. at this concentration, approximately 60% of the mosquitoes took off and flew upwind. pulses of human breath, diluted with wind tunnel air to reproduce equivalent concentrations of carbo ... | 1995 | 7548953 |
| [influence of mosquito nets impregnated with deltamethrin on the aggressivity cycle of anopheles gambiae in djoumouna, congo]. | several studies recently done in africa south of the sahara have clearly demonstrated that pyrethroid impregnated bednets should actually reduce malaria inoculation rate due to anopheles gambiae and therefore high plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia and malaria morbidity, even mortality. nevertheless some concerns were recently raised on an eventual shift in the usual behavior of this species induced by the presence inside the house of bednets treated with pyrethroid insecticide known to have a d ... | 1994 | 7944652 |
| reduced susceptibility of anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in kenya. | susceptibility of the malaria vector anopheles gambiae to permethrin decreased following the installation of mosquito nets impregnated with 0.5 g permethrin per square metre in four villages near kisumu, kenya. during the first year that permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains were in place, the exposure time to 50% mortality (lt50) increased 2.5-fold from 13 to 33 min, while the lt50 for an.gambiae was unchanged in two other villages where no intervention measures were used. two years after ... | 1994 | 8161849 |
| effects of physico-chemical treatments on haemagglutination activity of anopheles gambiae haemolymph and midgut extract. | anopheles gambiae midgut extracts and haemolymph possessed agglutinins, titre 1:16 to 1:256, against human red blood cells (rbcs). subjection of both tissues to protein precipitation reagents, organic chemical and selected protease, neuraminidase and other glycosidic hydrolase treatments revealed the haemagglutinins to be protein, most likely glycoprotein, in nature--not lipoprotein, lipid, glycolipid or nucleic acid. an.gambiae agglutinins were thermo-labile > 40 degrees c, affected by freezing ... | 1994 | 8161851 |
| an anopheles gambiae cdna predicts a protein similar to a yeast suil translation factor. | the nucleotide (nt) sequence of a cdna cloned from the mosquito anopheles gambiae was determined. the amino acid (aa) sequence of the deduced protein was 56% identical (60/108 aa) to the recently discovered translation initiation factor suil of yeast, suggesting that the two proteins are homologs and have similar functions. database searches also revealed strong similarity to other sequences, including the deduced gene products of cdnas from organisms as diverse as nematodes, humans and plants. ... | 1994 | 8163206 |
| [susceptibility of anopheles gambiae to insecticides in the ivory coast]. | studies on the susceptibility of anopheles gambiae to insecticides were carried out in rice field areas of côte-d'ivoire. an. gambiae larvae populations from côte-d'ivoire were resistant to ddt but susceptible to organophosphorous insecticides. adult populations from the surroundings of bouake were resistant to ddt and permethrin. resistance to propoxur was strongly suspected. the knock-down effect of both deltamethrin and lambdacyhalothrin was delayed and strongly decreased. the control strain ... | 1994 | 8186931 |
| dna-based methods for the identification of insect vectors. | many insect vectors are members of complexes composed of morphologically identical sibling species. the identification of individual species, a requirement of epidemiological studies and control programmes, has traditionally relied upon techniques such as chromosomal analysis or isoenzyme typing. owing to the limitations of these techniques, the last few years have seen many developments in dna-based technologies for identification. dna-based protocols have advantages over the other techniques u ... | 1994 | 7944669 |
| malaria in a rural area of sierra leone. iii. vector ecology and disease transmission. | studies were undertaken on the role of anopheles gambiae and an. funestus in the transmission of malaria in four villages in a high-rainfall, forested area in the bo district of southern sierra leone. anopheles gambiae s.s., identified chromosomally as the forest form, was the most important vector, with a mean annual sporozoite rate, based on elisa, of 7.4%. anopheles funestus, which was found in considerably lower numbers, was mainly a dry season vector, with an annual sporozoite rate of 11.4% ... | 1994 | 7944670 |
| plasmodium falciparum: the population structure of mature gametocyte cultures has little effect on their innate fertility. | in vitro cultured plasmodium falciparum gametocytes were fed to anopheles gambiae (g3) mosquitoes to identify parasite population characteristics useful for predicting successful mosquito infections. parameters were collected from an initial study of 90 infections over a two year period and a second study of 55 infections over 12 weeks. parasite isolate/clone was identified as the most reliable predictor of gametocyte infectiousness. parameters such as gametocyte age structure (stage iv:v ratio) ... | 1994 | 7863850 |
| identification of single specimens of the anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. | a ribosomal dna-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has been developed for species identification of individuals of the five most widespread members of the anopheles gambiae complex, a group of morphologically indistinguishable sibling mosquito species that includes the major vectors of malaria in africa. the method, which is based on species-specific nucleotide sequences in the ribosomal dna intergenic spacers, may be used to identify both species and interspecies hybrids, regardless of life ... | 1993 | 8214283 |
| control of endophagic anopheles mosquitoes and human malaria in guinea bissau, west africa by permethrin-treated bed nets. | we compared the anti-mosquito and antimalarial potentialities of placebo-treated versus permethrin-impregnated bed nets in north-western guinea bissau. baseline, pre-intervention entomological and parasitological data were collected during the rainy season of 1990 and bed nets were distributed shortly before the rainy season of 1991. pairs of 3 ethnically different villages were investigated. the villages in each pair were at least 2 km apart but belonged to the same ethnic group in an ecologica ... | 1994 | 7886749 |
| malaria prevalence is inversely related to vector density in the gambia, west africa. | baseline epidemiological and entomological studies were conducted in 5 different areas of the gambia before the introduction of a national malaria control programme, the objective of which was to treat all the bed nets belonging to people living in primary health care villages with insecticide. all malariometric indices used (parasite density, parasite rates, splenomegaly, and packed cell volume) indicated that malaria transmission was more intense in the east of the country than elsewhere. high ... | 1994 | 7886754 |
| analysis of the anopheles gambiae genome using rapd markers. | rapd analysis technique is used as a rapid and reliable tool for genome analysis in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. using more than eighty different commercially available primers we identified more than sixty different dna segments that were differentially amplified in different strains of an. gambiae s.s. and an. arabiensis. an estimate of the cytogenetic position of these markers is provided by their hybridization to divisional dot-blot filters. potentially useful rapd markers can be cy ... | 1994 | 7894747 |
| relationship between prevalence and intensity of plasmodium falciparum infection in natural populations of anopheles mosquitoes. | wild-caught anopheles gambiae s. l. and an. funestus were dissected and their midguts were examined for the presence of plasmodium falciparum oocyst infections. the mean intensity of infection and the prevalence of infected mosquitoes were determined for each sample, with one sample representing the mosquitoes caught in a single house at any given time. the patterns of infection were investigated using the relationships between prevalence, intensity, and variance within samples, and were found t ... | 1994 | 7943543 |
| molecular phylogeny of the anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors. | the six afrotropical species of mosquitoes comprising the anopheles gambiae complex include the most efficient vectors of malaria in the world as well as a nonvector species. the accepted interpretation of evolutionary relationships among these species is based on chromosomal inversions and suggests that the two principal vectors, a. gambiae and anopheles arabiensis, are on distant branches of the phylogenetic tree. however, dna sequence data indicate that these two species are sister taxa and s ... | 1994 | 8041714 |
| polytene chromosome microdissection and molecular genome mapping in drosophila and other dipterans. | we are constructing a molecular physical map of the drosophila melanogaster genome, using microdissection of polytene chromosomes as a source of region specific probes applied to direct mapping work. chromosome microdissection has been used for a low resolution map of the anopheles gambiae s.s. genome. | 1993 | 8233623 |
| evaluation of light traps for sampling anopheline mosquitoes in kilifi, kenya. | anopheline mosquitoes were sampled inside houses, where residents slept under untreated bednets, by cdc light traps and human-biting catches to evaluate light traps as a means for determining human exposure to malaria vectors in kilifi district, kenya. mosquitoes were sampled during 2 all-night collections by light traps and one all-night biting catch in a series of 262 houses. collections yielded 1,721 anopheles gambiae s.l. and 46 an. funestus, and 60.3% of the houses were negative for anophel ... | 1993 | 8245934 |
| laboratory evaluation of the irritancy of bendiocarb, lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt to anopheles gambiae. | in a laboratory study, the irritancy of bendiocarb, lambda-cyhalothrin and ddt to anopheles gambiae was evaluated at field, 1/3 field and 1/10 field rates using who conical exposure chambers and excito-repellency test boxes. bendiocarb was the least irritant insecticide at all rates, inducing levels of takeoff, flight and exiting behavior similar to those of a distilled water control treatment. of those mosquitoes introduced to the bendiocarb-treated boxes, not more than 1% exited and survived a ... | 1993 | 8245937 |
| prior blood feeding effects on susceptibility of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) to infection with cultured plasmodium falciparum (haemosporida: plasmodiidae). | we examined the relative susceptibilities of anopheles gambiae giles of different physiological ages to infection with cultured plasmodium falciparum (welch). cohorts of mosquitoes were divided into three groups; one was fed uninfected blood on day 3 after emergence (i.e., one prior blood meal); another on days 3 and 7 after emergence (i.e., two prior blood meals); and a control group was maintained on sucrose. on days 10 to 12 after emergence, mosquitoes were fed human blood containing p. falci ... | 1994 | 8057320 |
| importance of low dispersion of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on malaria transmission in hilly towns in south cameroon. | the dispersion of anopheles gambiae giles s.l. from larval breeding places was examined in the towns of yaounde and edea, cameroon. the study areas are characterized by hilly reliefs of approximately 40 m and by larval breeding places in the swampy valleys. mosquito density was estimated by night-biting indoor catches carried out during 1 yr in three districts, with four collecting houses in each, along a transect from 0 (at the valley bottom) to 350 m (at the hilltop). in each district, the hum ... | 1993 | 8254644 |
| a cytoskeletal actin gene in the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | five actin genes have been identified in the mosquito anopheles gambiae, and a constitutively expressed actin gene has been chosen for detailed analysis. we have physically mapped and sequenced this gene and six associated cdnas, including translated coding regions, as well as the 5' and 3' flanking sequences. analysis of stage-specific rna shows this gene to be present in all stages of mosquito development and in an established a. gambiae cell line, thus indicating a cytoskeletal actin. in the ... | 1994 | 8069411 |
| the dielmo project: a longitudinal study of natural malaria infection and the mechanisms of protective immunity in a community living in a holoendemic area of senegal. | the dielmo project, initiated in 1990, consisted of long-term investigations on host-parasite relationships and the mechanisms of protective immunity in the 247 residents of a senegalese village in which malaria is holoendemic. anopheles gambiae s.l. and an. funestus constituted more than 98% of 11,685 anophelines collected and were present all year round. inoculation rates of plasmodium falciparum, p. malariae, and p. ovale averaged respectively 0.51, 0.10, and 0.04 infective bites per person p ... | 1994 | 8074247 |
| comparison of two ribosomal dna-based methods for differentiating members of the anopheles gambiae complex (diptera: culicidae). | two dna-based methods, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), were used to identify mosquitoes of the anopheles gambiae giles complex collected in kenya. field-collected specimens of an. gambiae, an. arabiensis patton, and an. merus donity were tested. from a sample of 208 mosquitoes, 181 (87%) were identified by the rflp method and 205 (99%) were identified by the pcr method. there was complete concordance between the two methods with regard to ... | 1993 | 8096250 |
| anthropophilic mosquitoes and malaria transmission at edea, cameroon. | an entomological study was carried out during 1990 in the town of edea in the south of cameroon to study anthropophilic mosquitoes with special reference to malaria transmission. man-biting mosquitoes were caught regularly during one night each month in two different districts: bilalang which is a well planned suburb with 160 houses on a hill-top, provided with a piped water supply; and pongo which is a densely urbanised suburb in a valley. from 188 man-nights 1030 mosquitoes were collected, com ... | 1993 | 8100084 |
| codon usage patterns in chromosomal and retrotransposon genes of the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | codon usage was compiled for fourteen chromosomal genes and four retrotransposons from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. variation exists among chromosomal genes in the degree of bias. the genes showing the highest bias are probably most highly expressed. in these genes, the base composition at the third codon position is much richer in g + c than is the overall coding sequence. thus, codon usage is biased toward g- or c-ending codons. codon usage in each retrotransposon is quite different, not on ... | 1993 | 8269095 |
| random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers readily distinguish cryptic mosquito species (diptera: culicidae: anopheles). | the usefulness of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) was examined as a potential tool to differentiate cryptic mosquito species. it proved to be a quick, effective means of finding genetic markers to separate two laboratory populations of morphologically indistinguishable african malaria vectors, anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis. in an initial screening of fifty-seven rapd primers, 377 bands were produced, 295 of which differed between the two species. based on criteria of interpretabil ... | 1993 | 8269099 |
| [epidemiological malaria surveillance in 3 villages of the madagascar highlands]. | results of the epidemiological surveillance of falciparum malaria carried out since 1987 in three villages of the malagasy highlands are reported. they clearly show the unsteady endemo-epidemic characteristic of the disease with highly variable transmission levels according to foci. at manarintsoa, a south-western village 20km away from the capital, the disease has now fully disappeared after the ravage of 1986. but it might reappear with new imported cases and by lack of antivectorial measures. ... | 1993 | 8192540 |
| salivary gland surface carbohydrate variations in three species of the anopheles gambiae complex. | fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated lectins (agglutinins) were employed as probes to distinguish between the various carbohydrates present on the surface of salivary glands of three species of mosquito of the anopheles gambiae complex. of twenty lectins tested, eight (concanavalin a- con a, lathyrus odoratus- loa, lens culinaris, pisum sativum-psa, vicia faba- vfa, triticum vulgaris, maclura pomifera- mpa and ulex europaeus) specifically reacted with the salivary gland membrane. both ma ... | 1993 | 8279867 |
| [malaria indices, larval ecology and trophic activity of anopheles mosquitoes in djohong (adamaoua, cameroon) in the rainy season]. | in djohong in the wet season the prevalence of malaria is 17.5% for plasmodium falciparum and 1.1% for plasmodium malariae. in children 2 to 9 years of age the plasmodic index is 38.6% (mesoendemicity) for the children of the peasants and 9.4% for those belonging to other socioeconomical groups. in infants less than 12 months old, the plasmodic index is 9.3%, this relatively high rate corresponding to the high transmission period of the rainy season. anopheles gambiae is the mosquito species mos ... | 1993 | 8289630 |
| entomological risk factors for severe malaria in a peri-urban area of the gambia. | a study was undertaken of possible entomological risk factors for severe malaria in a peri-urban area of the gambia. households of children who had experienced a severe or a mild attack of malaria and of matched controls were visited and their characteristics recorded. mosquitoes were then collected in the bedrooms of study subjects using both insecticide spray catches and light traps. mud-walled buildings and bedrooms without ceilings were found more frequently in the households of children who ... | 1993 | 8311575 |
| species composition and inversion polymorphism of the anopheles gambiae complex in some sites of ghana, west africa. | samples of anopheles gambiae s.1. were collected from eight localities belonging to four of the five main ecological strata of ghana. analysis of ovarian polytene chromosomes revealed the presence of a. gambiae s.s. in all the sites studied, while a. arabiensis was detected only in the extreme northern locality of navrongo and a. melas in some southern sites. anopheles arabiensis showed a degree of inversion polymorphism comparable to the one observed in other west african countries. the analysi ... | 1994 | 8203292 |
| a malaria control trial using insecticide-treated bed nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in a rural area of the gambia, west africa. 3. entomological characteristics of the study area. | baseline entomological surveillance was carried out in a rural area of the gambia during the rainy season in 1988, one year before the implementation of a malaria control programme using insecticide-impregnated nets and targeted chemoprophylaxis in villages with a primary health care (phc) system. mosquito collections took place in 6 pairs of settlements each with untreated bed nets; within each pair there was a large phc village with a resident village health worker (vhw) and traditional birth ... | 1993 | 8212105 |
| a cdna encoding an adp/atp carrier from the mosquito anopheles gambiae. | two cdnas are described from anopheles gambiae that correspond to the adp/atp carrier or translocase. the clones are identical except for minor differences in the 5' non-coding region and in the lengths of the poly-a tails. they code for mrnas of 1261 and 1263 bp and contain one open reading frame of 906 bp. a probe made from the 1263 bp cdna hybridized to bands of approximately 1260 and 1700 bp on developmental northern blots. the putative 300 amino acid peptide sequence shows from 53.4-78.5% i ... | 1994 | 8069414 |
| a technique for nucleic acid in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes of mosquitoes in the anopheles gambiae complex. | a sensitive, simple, and reproducible in situ hybridization technique for the detection and precise localization of specific nucleic acid sequences on chromosomes of members of the anopheles gambiae complex is described. modifications of the in situ hybridization technique are described that allow simultaneous hybridization of several probes with the chromosomes on a single slide and the multiple use of a single chromosome preparation for several different probes hybridized successively on the s ... | 1994 | 8069415 |