| insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization. | there has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (isfs) discovered in the last decade. historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. this viewpoint has changed in recent years because some isfs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. additionally, comparative studies between isfs and medically important flaviviruses can ... | 2015 | 25866904 |
| larval feeding behavior of three co-occurring species of container mosquitoes. | interspecific differences in foraging behavior may help to determine whether the outcome of interspecific competition is coexistence or exclusion. mosquitoes in the genus culex are commonly described as foraging primarily by filtering the water column. this behavior contrasts with that of other container-dwelling genera, such as aedes and ochlerotatus, that are thought to forage primarily by browsing on container and detritus surfaces. we compared the feeding behavior of cx. pipiens, ae. albopic ... | 0 | 15707290 |
| host associations of mosquitoes at eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in connecticut, usa. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne arbovirus, with active transmission foci in freshwater hardwood swamps in eastern north america, where enzootic transmission is maintained between the ornithophilic mosquito, culiseta melanura, and wild passerine birds. the role of other locally abundant mosquito species in virus transmission and their associations with vertebrate hosts as sources of blood meals within these foci are largely unknown but are of importa ... | 2016 | 27577939 |
| insights into the recent emergence and expansion of eastern equine encephalitis virus in a new focus in the northern new england usa. | eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) causes a highly pathogenic zoonosis that circulates in an enzootic cycle involving the ornithophagic mosquito, culiseta melanura, and wild passerine birds in freshwater hardwood swamps in the northeastern u.s. epidemic/epizootic transmission to humans/equines typically occurs towards the end of the transmission season and is generally assumed to be mediated by locally abundant and contiguous mammalophagic "bridge vector" mosquitoes. | 2015 | 26453283 |
| potential for north american mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) to transmit rift valley fever virus. | to determine which arthropods should be targeted for control should rift valley fever virus (rvfv) be detected in north america, we evaluated culex erraticus (dyar and knab), culex erythrothorax dyar, culex nigripalpus theobald, culex pipiens l., culex quinquefasciatus say, culex tarsalis coquillett, aedes dorsalis (wiedemann), aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles quadrimaculatus say, and culicoides sonorensis wirth and jones from the western, midwestern, and southern united states for their ability ... | 2010 | 20939385 |
| current status of invasive mosquito surveillance in the uk. | non-native invasive mosquitoes have for many years made incursions into europe, and are now established in many european countries. the continued european importation of potential vectors and their expansion within europe increases their potential for importation and establishment in the uk. coupled with increasing numbers of returning dengue and chikungunya infected travellers, the potential exists for transmission of vector borne disease in new regions. | 2015 | 26122427 |
| the first outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis in vermont: outbreak description and phylogenetic relationships of the virus isolate. | the first known outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis (eee) in vermont occurred on an emu farm in rutland county in 2011. the first isolation of eee virus (eeev) in vermont (vt11) was during this outbreak. phylogenetic analysis revealed that vt11 was most closely related to fl01, a strain from florida isolated in 2001, which is both geographically and temporally distinct from vt11. eeev rna was not detected in any of the 3,905 mosquito specimens tested, and the specific vectors associated with ... | 2015 | 26043136 |
| arboviruses in north dakota, 2003-2006. | to investigate arbovirus transmission in north dakota, we collected and screened mosquitoes for viral infection by vero cell culture assay. seven viruses were isolated from 13 mosquito species. spatial and temporal distributions of the important vectors of west nile virus (wnv), cache valley virus, jamestown canyon virus (jcv), and trivittatus virus are reported. snowshoe hare virus, potosi virus, and western equine encephalomyelitis virus were also isolated. the risks of culex tarsalis and aede ... | 2014 | 25487728 |
| emergency mosquito control on a selected area in eastern north carolina after hurricane irene. | natural disasters such as hurricanes may contribute to mosquito abundance and, consequently, arbovirus transmission risk. in 2011, flooding from hurricane irene in eastern north carolina (nc) resulted in increased mosquito populations that hindered recovery efforts. budget shortfalls in nc have reduced the functionality of long-term mosquito surveillance and control programs; hence, many counties rely on the federal emergency management agency for post-disaster mosquito control. this pilot study ... | 2014 | 25574141 |
| field investigations of winter transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus in florida. | studies investigating winter transmission of eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) were conducted in hillsborough county, florida. the virus was detected in culiseta melanura and anopheles quadrimaculatus in february 2012 and 2013, respectively. during the winter months, herons were the most important avian hosts for all mosquito species encountered. in collections carried out in the summer of 2011, blood meals taken from herons were still common, but less frequently encountered than in winte ... | 2014 | 25070997 |
| mosquito cell lines: history, isolation, availability and application to assess the threat of arboviral transmission in the united kingdom. | mosquitoes are highly effective vectors for transmission of human and animal pathogens. understanding the relationship between pathogen and vector is vital in developing strategies to predict and prevent transmission. cell lines derived from appropriate mosquito hosts provide a relatively simple tool for investigating the interaction between the host and viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. this review provides a brief overview of the development of mosquito cell lines, methods of isolation, their ... | 2014 | 25141888 |
| identification of hotspots in the european union for the introduction of four zoonotic arboviroses by live animal trade. | live animal trade is considered a major mode of introduction of viruses from enzootic foci into disease-free areas. due to societal and behavioural changes, some wild animal species may nowadays be considered as pet species. the species diversity of animals involved in international trade is thus increasing. this could benefit pathogens that have a broad host range such as arboviruses. the objective of this study was to analyze the risk posed by live animal imports for the introduction, in the e ... | 2013 | 23894573 |
| an epizootic of eastern equine encephalitis virus, maine, usa in 2009: outbreak description and entomological studies. | from july to september, 2009, an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) occurred in five counties in maine. the virus was isolated from 15 horses, 1 llama, and pheasants in three separate captive flocks. one wild turkey, screened before translocation, also showed exposure to the virus in january 2010. two pools of culiseta melanura (coquillett) tested positive for eeev during routine seasonal surveillance in york county in september, but none of the mosquitoes collected during rapi ... | 2012 | 23208877 |
| development of a multi-target taqman assay to detect eastern equine encephalitis virus variants in mosquitoes. | disease outbreaks caused by eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; togaviridae, alphavirus) may be prevented by implementing effective surveillance and intervention strategies directed against the mosquito vector. methods for eeev detection in mosquitoes include a real-time reverse transcriptase pcr technique (taqman assay), but we report its failure to detect variants isolated in connecticut in 2011, due to a single base-pair mismatch in the probe-binding site. to improve the molecular detect ... | 2012 | 22835151 |
| habitat associations of eastern equine encephalitis transmission in walton county florida. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev; family togaviridae, genus alphavirus) a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus is endemic to eastern north america. the ecology of eeev in florida differs from that in other parts of the united states; eeev in the northeastern united states is historically associated with freshwater wetlands. no formal test of habitat associations of eeev in florida has been reported. geographical information sciences (gis) was used in conjunction with sentinel chicken ee ... | 0 | 22679885 |
| the effect of multiple vectors on arbovirus transmission. | many mosquito-borne arboviruses have more than one competent vector. these vectors may or may not overlap in space and time, and may interact differently with vertebrate hosts. the presence of multiple vectors for a particular virus at one location over time will influence the epidemiology of the system, and could be important in the design of intervention strategies to protect particular hosts. a simulation model previously developed for west nile and st. louis encephalitis viruses and culex ni ... | 0 | 23741205 |
| chikungunya virus-vector interactions. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever, a severe, debilitating disease that often produces chronic arthralgia. since 2004, chikv has emerged in africa, indian ocean islands, asia, europe, and the americas, causing millions of human infections. central to understanding chikv emergence is knowledge of the natural ecology of transmission and vector infection dynamics. this review presents current understanding of chikv infection dynamics in mosquito v ... | 2014 | 25421891 |
| larval habitat characteristics of the genus anopheles (diptera: culicidae) and a checklist of mosquitoes in guilan province, northern iran. | ecological data are important in the vector control management of mosquitoes. there is scattered published information about the larval habitat characteristics and ecology of the genus anopheles (diptera: culicidae) in iran and most of available data is in relation to malaria vectors in southern iran. | 2011 | 22808409 |
| pilot longitudinal mosquito surveillance study in the danube delta biosphere reserve and the first reports of anopheles algeriensis theobald, 1903 and aedes hungaricus mihályi, 1955 for romania. | mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses) are of growing importance in many countries of europe. in romania and especially in the danube delta biosphere reserve (ddbr), mosquito and mobovirus surveillance are not performed on a regular basis. however, this type of study is crucially needed to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission, to understand the ecology of emerging moboviruses, or to plan vector control programmes. | 2016 | 27066827 |
| impacts of the creation, expansion and management of english wetlands on mosquito presence and abundance - developing strategies for future disease mitigation. | the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases is increasing in europe, partly due to the incursion of a number of invasive species known to be vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses, but also due to the involvement of native species in the transmission of west nile virus and malaria. for some of these pathogens, there is a risk of the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases that were once widespread in europe, but declined partly due to large-scale land-drainage projects. some mosquito species explo ... | 2015 | 25889666 |
| mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and their relevance as disease vectors in the city of vienna, austria. | mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) are important vectors for a wide range of pathogenic organisms. as large parts of the human population in developed countries live in cities, the occurrence of vector-borne diseases in urban areas is of particular interest for epidemiologists and public health authorities. in this study, we investigated the mosquito occurrence in the city of vienna, austria, in order to estimate the risk of transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. mosquitoes were captured using di ... | 2014 | 25468380 |
| european surveillance for west nile virus in mosquito populations. | a wide range of arthropod-borne viruses threaten both human and animal health either through their presence in europe or through risk of introduction. prominent among these is west nile virus (wnv), primarily an avian virus, which has caused multiple outbreaks associated with human and equine mortality. endemic outbreaks of west nile fever have been reported in italy, greece, france, romania, hungary, russia and spain, with further spread expected. most outbreaks in western europe have been due ... | 2013 | 24157510 |
| lack of evidence for the presence of mosquito-borne arboviruses in the upper rhine valley, germany, in 1999 to 2000. | | 2010 | 20592140 |
| ecological approaches to informing public health policy and risk assessments on emerging vector-borne zoonoses. | pathogens associated with vector-borne zoonoses occur in enzootic cycles within nature. they are driven by a combination of vertebrate host and invertebrate vector population dynamics, which in turn respond to changes in environmental stimuli. human involvement in these cycles, and hence the occurrence of human disease, is often to act as incidental host. from a public health perspective our ability to better predict human outbreaks of these diseases and prepare intervention and mitigation strat ... | 2010 | 22460391 |
| new insights into flavivirus evolution, taxonomy and biogeographic history, extended by analysis of canonical and alternative coding sequences. | to generate the most diverse phylogenetic dataset for the flaviviruses to date, we determined the genomic sequences and phylogenetic relationships of 14 flaviviruses, of which 10 are primarily associated with culex spp. mosquitoes. we analyze these data, in conjunction with a comprehensive collection of flavivirus genomes, to characterize flavivirus evolutionary and biogeographic history in unprecedented detail and breadth. based on the presumed introduction of yellow fever virus into the americ ... | 2015 | 25719412 |
| novel flaviviruses from mosquitoes: mosquito-specific evolutionary lineages within the phylogenetic group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. | novel flaviviruses that are genetically related to pathogenic mosquito-borne flaviviruses (mbfv) have been isolated from mosquitoes in various geographical locations, including finland. we isolated and characterized another novel virus of this group from finnish mosquitoes collected in 2007, designated as ilomantsi virus (ilov). unlike the mbfv that infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, the mbfv-related viruses appear to be specific to mosquitoes similar to the insect-specific flaviviruses (is ... | 2014 | 25108382 |
| molecular characterization of flaviviruses from field-collected mosquitoes in northwestern italy, 2011-2012. | the genus flavivirus comprises several mosquito-borne species, including the zoonotic pathogens west nile and usutu virus, circulating in animals and humans in italy since 1998. due to its ecological and geographical features, piedmont is considered a risk area for flavivirus transmission. here we report the results of a flavivirus survey (detection and genetic characterization) of mosquitoes collected in piedmont in 2012 and the genetic characterization of three strains detected in 2011. | 2014 | 25160565 |
| west nile virus state of the art report of malwest project. | during the last three years greece is experiencing the emergence of west nile virus (wnv) epidemics. within this framework, an integrated surveillance and control programme (malwest project) with thirteen associate partners was launched aiming to investigate the disease and suggest appropriate interventions. one out of seven work packages of the project is dedicated to the state of the art report for wnv. three expert working groups on humans, animals and mosquitoes were established. medical dat ... | 2013 | 24317379 |
| comparison of genotypes i and iii in japanese encephalitis virus reveals distinct differences in their genetic and host diversity. | japanese encephalitis (je) is an arthropod-borne disease associated with the majority of viral encephalitis cases in the asia-pacific region. the causative agent, japanese encephalitis virus (jev), has been phylogenetically divided into five genotypes. recent surveillance data indicate that genotype i (gi) is gradually replacing genotype iii (giii) as the dominant genotype. to investigate the mechanism behind the genotype shift and the potential consequences in terms of vaccine efficacy, human c ... | 2014 | 25056890 |
| predicting the mosquito species and vertebrate species involved in the theoretical transmission of rift valley fever virus in the united states. | rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a mosquito-borne virus in the family bunyaviridiae that has spread throughout continental africa to madagascar and the arabian peninsula. the establishment of rvfv in north america would have serious consequences for human and animal health in addition to a significant economic impact on the livestock industry. published and unpublished data on rvfv vector competence, vertebrate host competence, and mosquito feeding patterns from the united states were combined ... | 2014 | 25211133 |
| monitoring of west nile virus in mosquitoes between 2011-2012 in hungary. | west nile virus (wnv) is a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus. wnv strains are classified into several genetic lineages on the basis of phylogenetic differences. whereas lineage 1 viruses are distributed worldwide, lineage 2 wnv was first detected outside of africa in hungary in 2004. since then, wnv-associated disease and mortality in animal and human hosts have been documented periodically in hungary. after the first detection of wnv from a pool of culex pipiens mosquitoes in 2010, s ... | 0 | 25229703 |
| serological, molecular and entomological surveillance demonstrates widespread circulation of west nile virus in turkey. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with significant impact on human and animal health, has recently demonstrated an expanded zone of activity globally. the aim of this study is to investigate the frequency and distribution of wnv infections in potential vectors and several mammal and avian species in turkey, where previous data indicate viral circulation. the study was conducted in 15 provinces across turkey during 2011-2013. in addition, the entomological study was extended to 4 ... | 2014 | 25058465 |
| scoping review of the zika virus literature. | the global primary literature on zika virus (zikv) (n = 233 studies and reports, up to march 1, 2016) has been compiled using a scoping review methodology to systematically identify and characterise the literature underpinning this broad topic using methods that are documented, updateable and reproducible. our results indicate that more than half the primary literature on zikv has been published since 2011. the articles mainly covered three topic categories: epidemiology of zikv (surveillance an ... | 2016 | 27244249 |
| climate change impacts on west nile virus transmission in a global context. | west nile virus (wnv), the most widely distributed virus of the encephalitic flaviviruses, is a vector-borne pathogen of global importance. the transmission cycle exists in rural and urban areas where the virus infects birds, humans, horses and other mammals. multiple factors impact the transmission and distribution of wnv, related to the dynamics and interactions between pathogen, vector, vertebrate hosts and environment. hence, among other drivers, weather conditions have direct and indirect i ... | 0 | 25688020 |
| detection of japanese encephalitis virus genotype v in culex orientalis and culex pipiens (diptera: culicidae) in korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) causes significant viral encephalitis and is distributed throughout the asian countries. the virus is known to be transmitted by culex tritaeniorhynchus, which mainly breeds in rice paddies in korea. in this study, we investigated the presence of other mosquito species that can transmit jev as a second or regional vector. we selected five cities where patients have experienced je in the last 5 years as mosquito-collecting locations and subdivided them into four ... | 2015 | 25658839 |
| the roles of mosquito and bird communities on the prevalence of west nile virus in urban wetland and residential habitats. | this study investigated the impacts of urban wetlands and their adjacent residential environments on the transmission dynamics of west nile virus (wnv) within the state of new jersey (usa). a working hypothesis was that urban wetlands decrease the local prevalence of wnv through the dilution effect from increased bird diversity, and through relative reductions in the numbers of competent avian host and mosquito species commonly associated with wnv. surveys of mosquito and bird communities were u ... | 0 | 25484570 |
| mosquito, bird and human surveillance of west nile and usutu viruses in emilia-romagna region (italy) in 2010. | in 2008, after the first west nile virus (wnv) detection in the emilia-romagna region, a surveillance system, including mosquito- and bird-based surveillance, was established to evaluate the virus presence. surveillance was improved in following years by extending the monitoring to larger areas and increasing the numbers of mosquitoes and birds tested. | 2012 | 22666446 |
| [the molecular diagnosis of dirofilaria immitis in vector mosquitoes in felahiye district of kayseri]. | this study was designed to determine the potential vectors of dirofilaria immitis by molecular techniques in felahiye district of kayseri. mosquitoes were sampled from 11 points between june-august 2008 and collected live samples were brought to laboratory. in order to allow the larval development, mosquitoes were incubated in in vitro conditions for seven days. after this mosquitoes were killed and species identifications were done. among the totally collected 301 mosquitoes, 96 (31.9%) were be ... | 2010 | 20954124 |
| pathogenic landscapes: interactions between land, people, disease vectors, and their animal hosts. | landscape attributes influence spatial variations in disease risk or incidence. we present a review of the key findings from eight case studies that we conducted in europe and west africa on the impact of land changes on emerging or re-emerging vector-borne diseases and/or zoonoses. the case studies concern west nile virus transmission in senegal, tick-borne encephalitis incidence in latvia, sandfly abundance in the french pyrenees, rift valley fever in the ferlo (senegal), west nile fever and t ... | 2010 | 20979609 |
| aedes vexans and culex pipiens as the potential vectors of dirofilaria immitis in central turkey. | this study was carried out to investigate the potential vectors and relative mosquito infection rates of dirofilaria immitis throughout two mosquito seasons (2008-2009) in kayseri province where is located in central anatolian part of turkey. for this aim, totally 1198 genomic dna pools, extracted and grouped according to the species and collection site (1-17 specimens/pool) from 6153 mosquito specimens, were examined by pcr using species-specific primers for d. immitis. the captured mosquitoes ... | 2010 | 21232866 |
| ectopic migration of an adult heartworm in a dog with dirofilariasis (case report). | a 3-yr-old female mongrel dog was referred to the veterinary teaching hospital of chungnam national university in the republic of korea. an adult heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, was found in the abdominal cavity of the dog during spaying. dirofilariasis in this dog was also diagnosed by modified knott's test, elisa test, and pcr analysis. the present case is the first report on the migration of an adult dog heartworm to the abdominal cavity of a dog in the republic of korea. | 2008 | 18830057 |
| further assessment of houseflies (musca domestica) as vectors for the mechanical transport and transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus under field conditions. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for houseflies (musca domestica) to mechanically transport and transmit porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) between pig populations under controlled field conditions. the study employed swine housed in commercial livestock facilities and a release-recapture protocol involving marked (ochre-eyed) houseflies. to assess whether transport of prrsv by insects occurred, ochre-eyed houseflies were released and collected fro ... | 2009 | 19436589 |
| distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of dirofilariasis in northwestern iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. | a study of the distribution and ecology of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in ardebil province of northwestern iran, with special reference to the known dirofilariasis focus in meshkinshahr county, was carried out in july-august 2005 and april-october 2006. in total, 17,533 adult mosquitoes and 3090 third- and fourth-instar larvae were collected on 14 occasions and identified using morphological characters and dna sequence data. twenty species belonging to seven genera were found: anopheles clav ... | 2009 | 19493192 |
| relationship between distance from major larval habitats and abundance of adult mosquitoes in semiarid plains landscapes in colorado. | we examined the relationship between distance from major larval habitats and abundance of adult mosquitoes in the semiarid plains landscape characteristic of eastern colorado. mosquito collection was conducted from late june to early august 2007 and included trap locations at distances ranging from <10 m up to 20-150 m and 160-373 m from three major larval habitats: one area along a river corridor and two small reservoirs. the study yielded 65,140 mosquitoes of 14 species, and five species were ... | 2009 | 19960672 |
| climate impacts on environmental risks evaluated from space: a conceptual approach to the case of rift valley fever in senegal. | climate and environment vary across many spatio-temporal scales, including the concept of climate change, which impact on ecosystems, vector-borne diseases and public health worldwide. | 2009 | 20052381 |
| avian communal roosts as amplification foci for west nile virus in urban areas in northeastern united states. | west nile virus (wnv) perpetuates in an enzootic transmission cycle involving culex mosquitoes and virus-competent avian hosts. in the northeastern united states, the enzootic vectors, cx. pipiens and cx. restuans, feed preferentially on american robins (turdus migratorius), suggesting a key role for this bird species in the wnv transmission cycle. we examined the role of american robin communal roosts as virus amplification foci in greater new haven, connecticut. robin communal roosts were loca ... | 2010 | 20134014 |
| nationwide surveillance of west nile virus targeting mosquitoes and dead birds from april 2004 through march 2007 in japan. | we conducted nationwide west nile virus (wnv) surveillance targeting mosquitoes and dead birds to reveal whether the virus and its potential vectors are present in japan. a total of 12 766 mosquitoes and 230 dead birds were collected in april 2004-march 2005 (the 2004-2005 period), 10 755 mosquitoes and 267 dead birds in april 2005-march 2006 (the 2005-2006 period), and 8624 mosquitoes and 245 dead birds in april 2006-march 2007 (the 2006-2007 period). the species of most of the mosquitoes colle ... | 2011 | 20163573 |
| species abundance and seasonal activity of mosquitoes on cattle facilities in southern alberta, canada. | seventeen mosquito species were collected at eight cattle facilities in southern alberta, canada, during 2002-2004. five species, culiseta inornata (williston), aedes dorsalis (meigen), culex tarsalis (coquillett), aedes vexans (meigen), and aedes campestris dyar & knab accounted for 93.6% of the mosquitoes collected. culiseta inornata, ae. dorsalis, and ae. campestris were trapped earliest in the year. cs. inornata was active latest in the year and had the longest period of activity. ae. dorsal ... | 2010 | 20180306 |
| developing gis-based eastern equine encephalitis vector-host models in tuskegee, alabama. | a site near tuskegee, alabama was examined for vector-host activities of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev). land cover maps of the study site were created in arcinfo 9.2 from quickbird data encompassing visible and near-infrared (nir) band information (0.45 to 0.72 microm) acquired july 15, 2008. georeferenced mosquito and bird sampling sites, and their associated land cover attributes from the study site, were overlaid onto the satellite data. sas 9.1.4 was used to explore univariat ... | 2010 | 20181267 |
| surveillance for west nile virus in american white pelicans, montana, usa, 2006-2007. | west nile virus (wnv)-associated deaths of american white pelican (pelecanus erythrorhynchos) chicks have been recognized at various nesting colonies in the united states since 2002. we evaluated american white pelican nesting colonies in sheridan county, montana, usa, for an association between wnv-positive pelican carcasses and human west nile neuroinvasive disease. persons in counties hosting affected colonies had a 5x higher risk for disease than those in counties with unaffected colonies. w ... | 2010 | 20202414 |
| emergence of zoonotic arboviruses by animal trade and migration. | abstract: arboviruses are transmitted in nature exclusively or to a major extend by arthropods. they belong to the most important viruses invading new areas in the world and their occurrence is strongly influenced by climatic changes due to the life cycle of the transmitting vectors. several arboviruses have emerged in new regions of the world during the last years, like west nile virus (wnv) in the americas, usutu virus (usuv) in central europe, or rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in the arabian ... | 2010 | 20377873 |
| identification of environmental covariates of west nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. | the rapid spread of west nile virus (wnv) in north america is a major public health concern. culex pipiens-restuans is the principle mosquito vector of wnv in the northeastern united states while aedes vexans is an important bridge vector of the virus in this region. vector mosquito abundance is directly dependent on physical environmental factors that provide mosquito habitats. the objective of this research is to determine landscape elements that explain the population abundance and distributi ... | 2010 | 20482343 |
| genetic diversity of aedes vexans (diptera, culicidae) from new orleans: pre- and post-katrina. | the floodwater mosquito aedes vexans, a potential vector of west nile virus, has a worldwide distribution that includes the continental united states and southern canada. in order to determine the effect that hurricane katrina had on the temporal genetic variation of ae. vexans from new orleans, we compared genetic diversity of a portion of the mtdna nd5 gene of mosquito specimens collected during 2005 (n = 99) with specimens from 2006 (n = 103), after the hurricane. average haplotype diversity ... | 2010 | 20526734 |
| Environmental factors associated with the distribution of floodwater mosquito eggs in irrigated fields in Wroclaw, Poland. | A survey of distribution patterns of floodwater mosquito eggs related to environmental conditions such as moisture and plant associations was conducted by using soil samples from irrigated fields in Wroclaw, Poland. Mosquito egg distribution was determined by repeatedly flooding the soil samples with aerated water at a temperature of 25° C. Under laboratory conditions, hatching in installments of Aedes caspius (Pallas) and Aedes vexans (Meigen) were commonly observed. The results show that ~75% ... | 2011 | 22129404 |
| Isolation of usutu virus in Germany. | Usutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged 2001 in Austria and caused deaths in wild birds. In Germany, 70,378 female mosquitoes were captured in 2009 and 2010 and assayed for USUV. Virus was isolated in cell culture from one pool of Culex pipiens pipiens mosquitoes trapped exclusively in August 2010 in Weinheim, Germany. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between the isolated USUV strain from Germany and a USUV strain from Austria, which was d ... | 2011 | 21896821 |
| Competency of reptiles and amphibians for eastern equine encephalitis virus. | Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is endemic throughout most of the eastern United States. Although it is transmitted year round in Florida, transmission elsewhere is seasonal. The mechanism that enables EEEV to overwinter in seasonal foci remains obscure. In previous field studies, early season EEEV activity was detected in mosquito species that feed primarily upon ectothermic hosts, suggesting that reptiles and amphibians might represent overwintering reservoir hosts for EEEV. To determ ... | 2011 | 21896798 |
| Mosquito species composition and Plasmodium vivax infection rates on Baengnyeong-do (island), Republic of Korea. | Vivax malaria is a significant military and civilian health threat in the north of the Republic of Korea (ROK). The island of Baengnyeong-do is the westernmost point of the ROK and is located close to the southwestern coast of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Mosquitoes were collected using a black light trap on Baengnyeong-do, and Anopheles spp. were assayed by PCR, to identify the species, and screened for sporozoites of Plasmodium vivax. Of a subsample of 257 mosquitoes, Anop ... | 2011 | 22072836 |
| circulation of diverse genotypes of tahyna virus in xinjiang, people's republic of china. | tahyna virus (tahv) is widely distributed in europe and asia. a previous study reported a high level of conservation of the tahv genome in isolates from europe. during 2006 and 2007, three tahyna virus isolates from mosquitoes were obtained from various locations in xinjiang, people's republic of china. we analyzed the complete coding sequence of full-length small, medium, and large segments of these isolates. molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the three complete tahv genomes showed that seq ... | 2011 | 21896801 |
| re-emergence of rift valley fever virus in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002-2003: identification of new vectors and epidemiological implications. | the rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is a threat that must not be neglected, as the consequences of rvfv are dramatic, both for human and animal health. this virus is a zoonotic virus that already has demonstrated a real capacity for re-emerging after long periods of silence, as observed in barkedji (senegal, west africa) in 2002. in this article we present the 2nd emergence in barkedji after the 1st manifestation in 1993, and for the 1st time the circulation of rvfv during 2 consecutive years amo ... | 2012 | 23833896 |
| vector-host interactions of culiseta melanura in a focus of eastern equine encephalitis virus activity in southeastern virginia. | eastern equine encephalitis virus (eeev) causes a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne zoonosis that is responsible for sporadic outbreaks of severe illness in humans and equines in the eastern usa. culiseta (cs.) melanura is the primary vector of eeev in most geographic regions but its feeding patterns on specific avian and mammalian hosts are largely unknown in the mid-atlantic region. the objectives of our study were to: 1) identify avian hosts of cs. melanura and evaluate their potential role in ... | 2015 | 26327226 |
| the mosquito aedes (aedimorphus) vexans arabiensis as a probable vector bridging the west nile virus between birds and horses in barkedji (ferlo, senegal). | active catches of adult females of aedes vexans arabiensis patton, (diptera: culicidae) patton by nets or aspirator, were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in the vegetation at the edge of temporary ponds in barkedji, senegalese ferlo area. two hundred and forty-one engorged females were captured, dissected and the gut content adsorbed on a whatman filter paper and analysed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) technique to determinate the bloodmeal origin. results indicated that ae v. ar ... | 2011 | 21790686 |
| surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ... | 2013 | 23358634 |
| molecular detection and genotyping of japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes during a 2010 outbreak in the republic of korea. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen, is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis. to reduce the impact of japanese encephalitis among children in the republic of korea (rok), the government established a mandatory vaccination program in 1967. through the efforts of this program only 0-7 (mean 2.1) cases of japanese encephalitis were reported annually in the rok during the period of 1984-2009. however, in 2010 there was an outbreak of 26 confirmed cases of j ... | 2013 | 23390520 |
| recurrence of japanese encephalitis epidemic in wuhan, china, 2009-2010. | japanese encephalitis (je) was once epidemic in most areas of china, including wuhan, a city located in the central part of china. the incidence of je dramatically decreased due to nationwide immunization with the live attenuated je virus (jev) vaccine, and no je cases were reported during 2005-2008 in wuhan. in 2009 and 2010, 31 je cases reoccurred in this area. in this study, we investigated the causes of je recurrence. | 2013 | 23326348 |
| a video clip of the biting midge culicoides anophelis ingesting blood from an engorged anopheles mosquito in hainan, china. | biting midges are hematophagus ectoparasites of insects, humans and other animals. culicoides (trithicoides) anophelis edwards1922 is a predator of engorged mosquitoes. | 2013 | 24499575 |
| japanese encephalitis virus in mosquitoes and swine in yunnan province, china 2009-2010. | the residential regions of yunnan province, canton of jing hong, in china were surveyed for japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquito and swine vectors to determine the frequency of jev-carrying zoonotic vectors in 2009-2010. a total of 21,500 mosquitoes were collected and divided by species, and brain tissue was collected from 108 stillborn piglets. the infection rates for the different jev species were 13.2% for culex tritaeniorhynchus, 2.7% for anopheles sinensis, 0.7% for armig ... | 2012 | 23199264 |
| fauna and larval habitats of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) of west azerbaijan province, northwestern iran. | several important diseases are transmitted by mosquitoes. despite of the potential of the occurrence of some mosquito-borne diseases such as west nile, dirofilariasis and malaria in the region, there is no recent study of mosquitoes in west azerbaijan province. the aim of this investigation was to study the fauna, composition and distribution of mosquitoes and the characteristics of their larval habitats in this province. | 2014 | 26114130 |
| west nile virus: a re-emerging pathogen revisited. | west nile virus (wnv), a flavivirus of the flaviviridae family, is maintained in nature in an enzootic transmission cycle between avian hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors, although the virus occasionally infects other vertebrates. wnv causes sporadic disease outbreaks in horses and humans, which may result in febrile illness, meningitis, encephalitis and flaccid paralysis. until recently, its medical and veterinary health concern was relatively low; however, the number, frequency and sever ... | 0 | 24175211 |
| detection of west nile virus in six mosquito species in synchrony with seroconversion among sentinel chickens in india. | west nile virus (wnv) is a zoonotic flavivirus maintained in mosquito-bird transmission cycle. although humans are accidental hosts, fatal outcomes following wnv infection have been reported from india. studies have identified wnv as an important etiological agent causing acute encephalitis syndrome in assam, northeast india. while circulation of wnv is evident, the role of vectors and avian hosts involved in the transmission remains unclear. in this study we identified local mosquito species fo ... | 2017 | 28061903 |
| culicinae (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes in chabahar county, sistan and baluchistan province, southeastern iran. | mosquito-borne diseases are a major public health threat in iran. the objective of this study was to determine the fauna of culicinae mosquitoes for future mosquito control programs. | 2009 | 22808369 |
| evolutionary relationships of west nile virus detected in mosquitoes from a migratory bird zone of colombian caribbean. | west nile virus (wnv) is a member of the genus flavivirus, and it is transmitted between culex sp. mosquitoes and avian hosts. equids and humans are commonly infected with wnv as dead-end hosts, and the signs and symptoms of infection range from mild illness to neurologic symptoms as encephalitis, meningitis and sometimes death. previous phylogenetic studies have classified wnv into six genetically distinct lineages and provided valuable insight on wnv dispersal patterns within the americas and ... | 2015 | 25989901 |
| evaluating the feeding preferences of west nile virus mosquito vectors using bird-baited traps. | the total contact rates (tcrs) between mosquito vectors and their potential hosts have a serious impact on disease transmission dynamics. culex pipiens (sensu stricto) (s.s.) is considered the main vector of the west nile virus (wnv) in europe and birds are the reservoir hosts. the results of our previous study showed that wnv seroreactors are significantly more prevalent among raptors compared to a range of other wild avian groups. the current study aims to assess the role of bird type (raptor ... | 2016 | 27580694 |
| vector contact rates on eastern bluebird nestlings do not indicate west nile virus transmission in henrico county, virginia, usa. | sensitive indicators of spatial and temporal variation in vector-host contact rates are critical to understanding the transmission and eventual prevention of arboviruses such as west nile virus (wnv). monitoring vector contact rates on particularly susceptible and perhaps more exposed avian nestlings may provide an advanced indication of local wnv amplification. to test this hypothesis we monitored wnv infection and vector contact rates among nestlings occupying nest boxes (primarily eastern blu ... | 2013 | 24287858 |
| molecular identification of vertebrate and hemoparasite dna within mosquito blood meals from eastern north dakota. | to understand local transmission of vector-borne diseases, it is important to identify potential vectors, characterize their host feeding patterns, and determine if vector-borne pathogens are circulating within the region. this study simultaneously investigated these aspects of disease transmission by collecting engorged mosquitoes within two rural study sites in the central red river valley of north dakota. mosquitoes were identified, midguts were excised, and the blood was expelled from the mi ... | 2013 | 24107213 |
| anthropogenic impacts on mosquito populations in north america over the past century. | the recent emergence and spread of vector-borne viruses including zika, chikungunya and dengue has raised concerns that climate change may cause mosquito vectors of these diseases to expand into more temperate regions. however, the long-term impact of other anthropogenic factors on mosquito abundance and distributions is less studied. here, we show that anthropogenic chemical use (ddt; dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and increasing urbanization were the strongest drivers of changes in mosquito ... | 2016 | 27922001 |
| aedes mosquito saliva modulates rift valley fever virus pathogenicity. | rift valley fever (rvf) is a severe mosquito-borne disease affecting humans and domestic ruminants. mosquito saliva contains compounds that counteract the hemostatic, inflammatory, and immune responses of the host. modulation of these defensive responses may facilitate virus infection. indeed, aedes mosquito saliva played a crucial role in the vector's capacity to effectively transfer arboviruses such as the cache valley and west nile viruses. the role of mosquito saliva in the transmission of r ... | 2013 | 23785528 |
| analysis and optimization of a synthetic milkweed floral attractant for mosquitoes. | a pentane extract of flowers of common milkweed, asclepias syriaca (asclepiadaceae), elicited significant orientation from both male and female culex pipiens in a dual-port flight olfactometer. analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed six major constituents in order of relative abundance: benzaldehyde, (e)-β-ocimene, phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, nonanal, and (e)-2-nonenal. although not all were collected from the headspace profile of live flowers, a synthet ... | 2012 | 22711028 |
| analysis of post-blood meal flight distances in mosquitoes utilizing zoo animal blood meals. | we assessed the post-blood meal flight distance of four mosquito species in a unique environment using blood meal analysis. mosquitoes were trapped at the rio grande zoo in albuquerque, nm, and the blood source of blood-engorged mosquitoes was identified. the distance from the enclosure of the animal serving as a blood source to the trap site was then determined. we found that mosquitoes captured at the zoo flew no more than 170 m with an average distance of 106.7 m after taking a blood meal. th ... | 0 | 22548540 |
| modifiable risk factors for west nile virus infection during an outbreak--arizona, 2010. | west nile virus (wnv) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the united states; however, risk factors for infection are poorly defined. we performed a case-control study to identify modifiable risk factors for wnv infection. case-patients (n = 49) had laboratory evidence of recent wnv infection, whereas control-subjects (n = 74) had negative wnv serology. we interviewed participants, surveyed households, and assessed environmental data. wnv infection was associated with living in or n ... | 0 | 22556093 |
| molecular xenomonitoring of dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens in mosquitoes from north-eastern italy by real-time pcr coupled with melting curve analysis. | dirofilaria immitis and dirofilaria repens are transmitted by bloodsucking culicid mosquitoes belonging to culex, aedes, ochlerotatus, anopheles and mansonia genera. the detection of filarioids in mosquitoes for assessing distribution of vectors and/or of pathogens in a given area (also known as "xenomonitoring"), when based on individual dissection of wild-caught female mosquitoes is time consuming and hardly applicable in large epidemiological surveys. our study aimed to evaluate the recently ... | 2012 | 22520170 |
| north american wetlands and mosquito control. | wetlands are valuable habitats that provide important social, economic, and ecological services such as flood control, water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, and primary/secondary production export to terrestrial and aquatic food chains. there is disagreement about the need for mosquito control in wetlands and about the techniques utilized for mosquito abatement and their impacts upon wetlands ecosystems. mosquito control in wetlands is a complex issue influenced by ... | 2012 | 23222252 |
| west nile virus surveillance in 2013 via mosquito screening in northern italy and the influence of weather on virus circulation. | west nile virus (wnv) is a recently re-emerged health problem in europe. in italy, an increasing number of outbreaks of west nile disease, with occurrences of human cases, have been reported since 2008. this is particularly true in northern italy, where entomological surveillance systems have been implemented at a regional level. the aim of this study was to use, for the first time, all the entomological data collected in the five regions undergoing surveillance for wnv in northern italy to char ... | 2015 | 26488475 |
| first report outside eastern europe of west nile virus lineage 2 related to the volgograd 2007 strain, northeastern italy, 2014. | west nile virus (wnv) is a flavivirus transmitted to vertebrate hosts by mosquitoes, maintained in nature through an enzootic bird-mosquito cycle. in europe the virus became of major public health and veterinary concern in the 1990s. in italy, wnv re-emerged in 2008, ten years after the previous outbreak and is currently endemic in many areas of the country. in particular, the northeastern part of italy experience continuous viral circulation, with human outbreaks caused by different genovariant ... | 2015 | 26265490 |
| avian hosts of west nile virus in arizona. | west nile virus (wnv) causes sporadic outbreaks of human encephalitis in phoenix, arizona. to identify amplifying hosts of wnv in the phoenix area, we blood-sampled resident birds and measured antibody prevalence following an outbreak in the east valley of metropolitan phoenix during summer, 2010. house sparrow (passer domesticus), house finch (haemorhous mexicanus), great-tailed grackle (quiscalus mexicanus), and mourning dove (zenaida macroura) accounted for most wnv infections among locally r ... | 2013 | 23857022 |
| identification of blood meal sources in aedes vexans and culex quinquefasciatus in bernalillo county, new mexico. | culex quinquefasciatus say (diptera: culicidae) and aedes vexans meigen are two of the most abundant mosquitoes in bernalillo county, new mexico, usa. in this study, a polymerase chain reaction based methodology was used to identify the sources of blood meals taken by these two species. ae. vexans was found to take a large proportion of its meals from mammals. although less specific in terms of its blood meal preferences, cx. quinquefasciatus was found to feed more commonly on birds. the results ... | 0 | 24224615 |
| evaluation of seasonal feeding patterns of west nile virus vectors in bernalillo county, new mexico, united states: implications for disease transmission. | many mosquito species take bloodmeals predominantly from either birds or mammals. other mosquito species are less host-specific and feed readily on both. furthermore, some species tend to alter their feeding patterns over the course of the year; early in the mosquito season such species may feed primarily on a particular host type, and subsequently take an increasingly larger proportion of their bloodmeals from an alternative host type as the season progresses. we have examined the feeding patte ... | 0 | 24605477 |
| modeling dynamics of culex pipiens complex populations and assessing abatement strategies for west nile virus. | the primary mosquito species associated with underground stormwater systems in the united states are the culex pipiens complex species. this group represents important vectors of west nile virus (wnv) throughout regions of the continental u.s. in this study, we designed a mathematical model and compared it with surveillance data for the cx. pipiens complex collected in beaufort county, south carolina. based on the best fit of the model to the data, we estimated parameters associated with the eff ... | 2014 | 25268229 |
| weather variability affects abundance of larval culex (diptera: culicidae) in storm water catch basins in suburban chicago. | culex pipiens l. (diptera: culicidae) and culex restuans theobald are the primary enzootic and bridge vectors of west nile virus in the eastern united states north of 36 degrees latitude. recent studies of the natural history of these species have implicated catch basins and underground storm drain systems as important larval development sites in urban and suburban locales. although the presence of larvae in these habitats is well-documented, the influence of abiotic factors on the ecology of cu ... | 0 | 22493843 |
| a review of the vector management methods to prevent and control outbreaks of west nile virus infection and the challenge for europe. | west nile virus infection is a growing concern in europe. vector management is often the primary option to prevent and control outbreaks of the disease. its implementation is, however, complex and needs to be supported by integrated multidisciplinary surveillance systems and to be organized within the framework of predefined response plans. the impact of the vector control measures depends on multiple factors and the identification of the best combination of vector control methods is therefore n ... | 2014 | 25015004 |
| field evaluation of four widely used mosquito traps in central europe. | to monitor adult mosquitoes several trapping devices are available. these are differently constructed and use various mechanisms for mosquito attraction, thus resulting in different trapping sensitivities and efficacies for the various species. mosquito monitoring and surveillance programs in europe use various types of mosquito traps, but only a few comparisons have been conducted so far. this study compared the performance of four commercial trapping devices, which are commonly used in europe. | 2014 | 24924481 |
| a tale of two city blocks: differences in immature and adult mosquito abundances between socioeconomically different urban blocks in baltimore (maryland, usa). | infrastructure degradation in many post-industrial cities has increased the availability of potential mosquito habitats, including container habitats that support infestations of invasive disease-vectors. this study is unique in examining both immature and adult mosquito abundance across the fine-scale variability in socio-economic condition that occurs block-to-block in many cities. we hypothesized that abundant garbage associated with infrastructure degradation would support greater mosquito p ... | 2014 | 24651396 |
| satellite microwave remote sensing for environmental modeling of mosquito population dynamics. | environmental variability has important influences on mosquito life cycles and understanding the spatial and temporal patterns of mosquito populations is critical for mosquito control and vector-borne disease prevention. meteorological data used for model-based predictions of mosquito abundance and life cycle dynamics are typically acquired from ground-based weather stations; however, data availability and completeness are often limited by sparse networks and resource availability. in contrast, ... | 0 | 23049143 |
| aedes aegypti: an emerging model for vector mosquito development. | blood-feeding mosquitoes, including the dengue and yellow fever vector aedes aegypti, transmit many of the world's deadliest diseases. such diseases have resurged in developing countries and pose clear threats for epidemic outbreaks in developed countries. recent mosquito genome projects have stimulated interest in the potential for arthropod-borne disease control by genetic manipulation of vector insects. targets of particular interest include genes that regulate development. however, although ... | 2010 | 20889691 |
| emerging pathogens - how safe is blood? | during the last few decades, blood safety efforts were mainly focused on preventing viral infections. however, humanity's increased mobility and improved migration pathways necessitate a global perspective regarding other transfusion-transmitted pathogens. this review focuses on the general infection risk of blood components for malaria, dengue virus, trypanosoma cruzi (chagas disease) and babesia spp. approximately 250 million people become infected by plasmodium spp. per year. dengue virus aff ... | 2013 | 24659943 |
| presence of three dengue serotypes in ouagadougou (burkina faso): research and public health implications. | the significant malaria burden in africa has often eclipsed other febrile illnesses. burkina faso's first dengue epidemic occurred in 1925 and the most recent in 2013. yet there is still very little known about dengue prevalence, its vector proliferation, and its poverty and equity impacts. | 2016 | 27044528 |
| particularities of allergy in the tropics. | allergic diseases are distributed worldwide and their risk factors and triggers vary according to geographical and socioeconomic conditions. allergies are frequent in the tropics but aspects of their prevalence, natural history, risk factors, sensitizers and triggers are not well defined and some are expected to be different from those in temperate zone countries. the aim of this review is to investigate if allergic diseases in the tropics have particularities that deserve special attention for ... | 2016 | 27386040 |
| aedes hensilli as a potential vector of chikungunya and zika viruses. | an epidemic of zika virus (zikv) illness that occurred in july 2007 on yap island in the federated states of micronesia prompted entomological studies to identify both the primary vector(s) involved in transmission and the ecological parameters contributing to the outbreak. larval and pupal surveys were performed to identify the major containers serving as oviposition habitat for the likely vector(s). adult mosquitoes were also collected by backpack aspiration, light trap, and gravid traps at se ... | 2014 | 25299181 |
| a 2015 outbreak of getah virus infection occurring among japanese racehorses sequentially to an outbreak in 2014 at the same site. | as we reported previously, getah virus infection occurred in horses at the miho training center of the japan racing association in 2014. this was the first outbreak after a 31-year absence in japan. here, we report a recurrent outbreak of getah virus infection in 2015, sequential to the 2014 one at the same site, and we summarize its epizootiological aspects to estimate the risk of further outbreaks in upcoming years. | 2016 | 27286658 |
| diversity of mosquitoes and the aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites along the pacific coast of mexico. | the abundance, richness and diversity of mosquitoes and aquatic insects associated with their oviposition sites were surveyed along eight states of the pacific coast of mexico. diversity was estimated using the shannon index (h'), similarity measures and cluster analysis. | 2014 | 24450800 |
| key factors influencing canine heartworm, dirofilaria immitis, in the united states. | an examination of the companion animal parasite council's (capc) canine heartworm data to clarify the spatial prevalence of heartworm in the united states. factors thought to influence the spatial risk of disease, as identified in a recent capc workshop, are discussed. | 2012 | 23111089 |