| [seasonal variations in the parasitic activity of the cattle tick boophilus microplus (acari, ixodidae), in new caledonia]. | | 1980 | 7291655 |
| ultrastructural evidence for the endocrine nature of the lateral organs of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | the lateral organs of the tick boophilus microplus were previously thought to have a neurohaemal function, but the present study shows that they consist of glandular cells which contain a rich system of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser) and golgi but no indication of neurosecretory production or release. there is acid phosphatase activity throughout the ser as well as in golgi and a major function of the latter may be the production of lysosomal enzymes. it is suggested that the organs are endo ... | 1981 | 7324027 |
| the transmission of babesia bovis in herds of european and zebu x european cattle infested with the tick, boophilus microplus. | transmission of babesia bovis by the tick boophilus microplus was studied in 4 breeding herds of european and zebu x european cattle under different levels of tick infestation. the observations consisted of weekly counts of female ticks on the cattle, monthly serological tests for antibodies to b. bovis, examination of tick larvae from the pasture to determine b. bovis infection rates and comparison of the suitability of paddocks for tick reproduction. the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) ... | 1981 | 7337597 |
| increased numbers of strahlenkörper in boophilus microplus ticks ingesting a blood-passaged strain of babesia bigemina. | observations were made on the morphology and infectivity of babesia bigemina parasites in the gut of boophilus microplus ticks. the babesia parasites were derived from stabilates of a laboratory strain, prepared at intervals during several years of blood-passaging in cattle. increased numbers of a particular developmental stage of the parasite, considered to be a type of strahlenkörper, were observed in ticks ingesting parasites derived from the latter stages of passaging. the presence of large ... | 1981 | 7342228 |
| a survey for resistance in cattle ticks to acaricides. | a survey was made from late 1976 to late 1977 to determine the extent of resistance to acaricides in the cattle tick boophilus microplus in queensland. questionnaires and requests for samples of ticks were forwarded to more than 900 randomly selected stock owners in the tick infested area which had been divided into 4 regions. far north, coastal north, coastal cental and south east. the response measured by the number of tick samples tested was 43%. the prevalence of resistance to organophosphor ... | 1981 | 7342942 |
| [ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the pellicle and apical complexes of the kinete of babesia bigemina and babesia ovis in the hemolymph and oavry of the tick]. | the term kinete is used in this paper for the cigar-shaped, motile development stages (vermicule") of babesia occurring intra- and extracellularly in hemolymph and overy (including oocytes) of vectors, hard ticks (ixodoidea). the structure of, and cytochemical activities of hydrolases (acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase) in the pellicle and the apical complex was studied at the fine-structural level in kinetes of babesia bigemina smith & kilborne, in hemolympho of female boophilus microplus ... | 1980 | 7373571 |
| boophilus microplus: the effect of histamine on the attachment of cattle-tick larvae--studies in vivo and in vitro. | circumstantial evidence suggests that the earlier detachment of boophilus microplus larvae from highly resistant cattle follows the release of histamine at the attachment site. in vivo and in vitro experiments show that a proportion of the larvae will detach following injection or infusion of histamine. other mediators such as bradykinin, prostaglandin e2, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine have little or no effect on tick behaviour in vivo. sensitivity to histamine declines as larval attachments ... | 1980 | 7393620 |
| the effect of locality, breed and previous tick experience on seasonal changes in the resistance of cattle to boophilus microplus (ixodoidea: ixodidae). | a seasonal cycle in the expression of resistance to the tick boophilus microplus occurs in cattle in central and southeastern queensland, australia. this is due to a seasonal fluctuation in the capacity of cattle to mount an effective immune response against the parasitic tick and is manifest as a waning of the expression of resistance in autumn and early winter which occurs irrespective of breed or the nutritional state of the cattle. | 1980 | 7418795 |
| bovine babesiosis in northern mexico. | the occurrence of boophilus microplus infections accompanied by bovine babesiosis was confirmed for 2 locations in northern mexico. the confirmation at one location was made by transferring whole blood to a splenectomised calf which subsequently developed an acute babesia bovis infection. examination of thin blood smears from a suspect animal at the second location revealed b. bovis-infected erthrocytes. a serological survey of other herd members at both locations showed antibody activity agains ... | 1980 | 7434473 |
| a survey concerning cattle tick control in queensland. 2. managerial aspects which indirectly affect tick control. | this paper reports those findings concerning property management from the 1977-78 survey of tick control in queensland, which could effect efficient tick control and also presents a profile of the cattle industry in the tick infested areas at the time of the survey. the average property size was 400 hectares and the average number of cattle on the properties was 726.4. larger properties tended to have crossbred zebu cattle. the average number of paddocks per property was 7.2. the most popular st ... | 1980 | 7436923 |
| a survey concerning cattle tick control in queensland. 3. chemical control. | survey results concerning chemical control of the cattle tick (boophilus microplus) in queensland are reported in detail, and differences due to region, breed and type of enterprise are discussed. the results show that chemical control was more intensive in zebu and zebu crossbred cattle than could be justified economically and that a minority of producers with european cattle carried out strategic dipping. owners of plunge dips did not make regular use of testing facilities, available from the ... | 1980 | 7436924 |
| a survey concerning cattle tick control in queensland. 4. use of resistant cattle and pasture spelling. | the results of a survey on tick control carried out in 1977-78 indicate that tick resistant cattle have been introduced for their heat and drought tolerance and their ability to grow more rapidly than european cattle, especially in the extensive grazing country of northern and central queensland. in south-eastern queensland acceptance of tick resistant cattle has been slower because producers believe they are more difficult to manage than european cattle. a need for more publicity to be given to ... | 1980 | 7436925 |
| perineurial and glial cells in the tick boophilus microplus (acarina: ixodidae): freeze-fracture and tracer studies. | in the cattle tick boophilus microplus, the cells of the perineurium are characterized by accumulations of glycogen which increase dramatically after feeding. gap junctions couple both these perineurial cells which enshealth the c.n.s. and the underlying glial cells. no tight junctions have been found between perineurial cells and there is in consequence no blood-brain barrier. using ionic lanthanum as a tracer the extensive gap junctions are shown to have no occluding effect and lanthanum penet ... | 1980 | 7441296 |
| cattle ticks from the waterberg district of the transvaal. | macroscopically visible ticks were collected from the hides of 28 cattle slaughtered in pairs during a period of 14 months in the waterberg district. in order of prevalence rhipicephalus appendiculatus, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, amblyomma hebraeum, hyalomma marginatum rufipes, ixodes cavipalpus, hyalomma truncatum and boophilus decoloratus were recovered. immature stages of the three commonest species constituted a major portion of the population for varying periods during the months april ... | 1980 | 7452655 |
| cattle tick identification and seasonal variation in infestation rates in paraguay. | a study of cattle ticks (ixodoidea) in 2 locations in paraguay showed boophilus microplus to be the most prevalent. seasonal infestation rates were studied over a year as also was the effect of acaricide treatment on weight gain, which proved to be insignificant. | 1980 | 7456127 |
| on the biological role of a proteolytic-enzyme inhibitor from the ectoparasitic tick boophilus microplus. | the tick boophilus microplus contains a protein that inhibits a range of proteolytic enzymes. variations in the concentration of this protein throughtout the life cycle were followed by measuring simultaneously the inhibition of trypsin and chymotrypsin and reaction with an antiserum to the purified inhibitor. the protein is present in large amounts in eggs and in unfed larvae, but its concentration falls very rapidly after the start of the parasitic stage of the life cycle. this, together with ... | 1980 | 7458913 |
| seasonal incidence and hemoparasite infection rates of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) detached from cattle in costa rica. | to determine the tick species hindering the cattle industry in costa rica and to assess infection rates of ticks with three important hemoparasite species, cattle were monitored during a period of six months (october 1992-march 1993). four farms were located in the dry pacific region of the canton of tilarán and a fifth farm on the slopes of the poás volcano in a cool tropical cloud-forest ecosystem. on each farm 3 to 5 animals of 6 to 24 months of age were selected at random. all ticks were rem ... | 1994 | 7501871 |
| acaricidal and insecticidal activities of cadina-4,10 (15)-dien-3-one. | the novel assignment of 13c and 1h nmr data for cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one obtained from hyptis verticillata is presented. the study revealed that cadina-4,10(15)-dien-3-one possesses chemosterilant activities against the economically important cattle tick, boophilus microplus, and toxic action against adult cylas formicarius the most destructive pest of sweet potato (i pomoea sp.). | 1995 | 7576456 |
| strategies for the control of one-host ticks and relationship with tick-borne diseases in south america. | a variety of hemoparasites occurs in ruminants of south america (12 degrees 00'n-56 degrees 00's), but there is consensus on the significant economic impact of babesiosis (babesia bovis and babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale). the tick vector for the babesia spp. for the whole region is boophilus microplus which has been the most important target in control/eradication programs. boophilus microplus and many different hematophagous diptera species are considered vectors of a. ... | 1995 | 7597780 |
| vector situation of tick-borne diseases in the caribbean islands. | the most important ticks transmitting diseases to ruminants in the caribbean islands are: amblyomma variegatum, vector of cowdriosis and associated with acute dermatophilosis; amblyomma cajennense, potential vector of cowdriosis; boophilus microplus, vector of babesiosis and anaplasmosis. at the present time, amblyomma variegatum is widespread in the lesser antilles from barbados to puerto rico. the intensity of the tick control program varies in the different islands and the tick infestation in ... | 1995 | 7597781 |
| modelling the field efficacy of a genetically engineered vaccine against the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | the cattle tick boophilus microplus canestrini (ixodidae) is an obligate parasite of bovines in the tropics. vaccination against the tick, using concealed antigens, has previously been demonstrated to give partial protection which can vary under field conditions. in this paper computer modelling is used to evaluate the potential impact of the vaccine on populations of ticks on grazing cattle. the degree and duration of protection required to maintain tick numbers at acceptable levels is investig ... | 1995 | 7601586 |
| a survey of cattle producers in the boophilus microplus endemic area of queensland to determine attitudes to the control of and vaccination against tick fever. | a survey by mail was used to determine the views of beef producers in the boophilus microplus endemic area of queensland on the control of and vaccination against tick fever. data from 448 questionnaires were analysed, representing 2.7% of beef producers in the survey area. producers considered buffalo fly (haematobia irritans exigua) infestation as the most important problem whereas tick fever ranked sixth overall. private veterinarians were regarded as the most important source of information ... | 1995 | 7611988 |
| antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies in tissue sections of boophilus microplus. | a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) raised against midgut antigens of boophilus microplus were used to probe various stages and organs of the tick. one of the monoclonal antibodies in this panel (qu13) has previously been shown to recognize protective antigens. of the 18 mabs tested, all except two (qu5 and qu12) reacted with sections of adult midgut and malpighian tubules using an avidin-biotin alkaline phosphatase method for immunostaining. mabs qu1, qu2, qu3, qu4, qu12, qu13, and qu18 rea ... | 1995 | 7622331 |
| pathogenicity of 17 isolates of entomophagous nematodes (steinernematidae and heterorhabditidae) for the ticks amblyomma variegatum (fabricius), boophilus microplus (canestrini) and boophilus annulatus (say). | entomopathogenous nematodes are well known biocontrol agents of insects. they live in the superficial layer of the soil, a location where ticks accomplish their molt and where they oviposit their eggs, making them, theoretically, the preys of infective larvae of nematodes. seventeen strains of entomopathogenous nematodes: eight strains of steinernema and nine strains of heterorhabditis were placed in contact with each of the free living stages of three tick species: amblyomma variegatum, boophil ... | 1993 | 7628227 |
| the localization of a paralysis toxin in granules and nuclei of prefed female rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi tick salivary gland cells. | a monoclonal antibody directed against a paralysis toxin of rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi ticks was used to localize the toxin in cytoplasmic granules and, surprisingly, chromatin of the nuclei of cells which resemble the "b" cell type in the salivary glands of rhipicephalus appendiculatus, boophilus microplus and ixodes holocyclus. the association of toxin with chromatin indicates that the toxin may have a regulatory function. evidence is provided to support the view that the toxin is made up o ... | 1993 | 7628232 |
| experimental studies of the rate of infection of boophilus microplus eggs with babesia bovis. | babasia bovis infection in the eggs of boophilus microplus was investigated by examining the total output of eggs by 10 engorged female ticks with a level of haemolymph infection with b bovis ranging from 0.2 to 20.6 kinetics per microscope field. the ticks were fed on infected calves, with a parasitaemia ranging from 0.01 per cent to 0.02 per cent, inoculated with a stabilate of b microplus larvae containing the protozoa. infected eggs, 9.5 per cent of the total eggs laid, were detected from th ... | 1995 | 7659857 |
| control of boophilus microplus populations in grazing cattle vaccinated with a recombinant bm86 antigen preparation. | current methods for the control of cattle tick boophilus microplus infestations are not effective and the parasite remains a serious problem for the cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas. recently, we developed a vaccine against b. microplus employing a recombinant bm86 (rbm86) antigen preparation (gavac, heber biotec) and it was shown to induce a protective response in vaccinated animals under controlled conditions. here we show that, under field conditions in grazing cattle, the va ... | 1995 | 7660571 |
| infection dynamics of babesia spp. kinetes in naturally infected, engorged, female boophilus microplus. | | 1995 | 7668923 |
| epidemiological aspects of equine babesioses in a herd of horses in brazil. | epidemiological studies of babesia equi and b. caballi were undertaken in a herd of 120 pastured horses in rio de janeiro, brazil. the area where the horses were held was shown to be highly endemic for both babesia spp., i.e. the prevalence of b. equi antibodies in horses aged 6 months or older ranged from 90.6% to 100% as determined by the immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) test, and the prevalence of b. caballi antibodies as determined by western blot ranged from 59.4% to 65.5%. from the herd, ... | 1995 | 7676590 |
| the effect of various adjuvants on the humoral immune response of sheep and cattle to soluble and membrane midgut antigens of boophilus microplus. | sheep and cattle were immunized with soluble and membrane midgut antigens of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus in association with various adjuvants, and antibody levels to soluble and membrane midgut extracts were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the adjuvants used were quil a, freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia) and aluminium hydroxide (a1(oh)3). significant antibody levels to midgut membrane antigen (gm) were not detected in the sera of sheep immunized with gm plus a1( ... | 1995 | 7676593 |
| comparison of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus, and quantification of pge2 in saliva, hemolymph, ovary and gut of b. microplus. | the amount of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) in salivary gland of semi-engorged adult female boophilus microplus, haemaphysalis longicornis and ixodes holocyclus were 374.3 pg, 427.0 pg and 825.0 pg per one tick, respectively. it was thought that the pge2 production is a common phenomenon among ticks. then pge2 concentrations in saliva and hemolymph, salivary gland, ovary and gut of fully-engorged adult female b. microplus were compared. the pge2 concentration in saliva induced by pilocarpine was 40.3 ... | 1994 | 7696426 |
| host resistance to ectoparasites. | examples of immunological reactions to arthropod parasites include responses by hosts to the following stimuli: excretory and secretory antigens produced by myiasis-producing larvae or skin-dwelling (mange) mites salivary antigens of blood-sucking arthropods. in many cases, these are hypersensitivity reactions, which often appear not to produce very deleterious effects on the parasites. however, some reactions--such as those induced by natural infestations with ixodid ticks and certain mange mit ... | 1994 | 7711313 |
| the effects of moxidectin against natural infestations of the cattle tick (boophilus microplus). | | 1994 | 7726764 |
| relationships and influences between boophilus microplus characteristics in tick-naive or repeatedly infested cattle. | six tick-naive male hereford calves were infested once a month for 6 months with 18,000 boophilus microplus larvae on the back and with 400 larvae in a cloth bag glued on the lumbar region. working with the bag ticks, 12 tick characteristics were recorded for each infestation. each tick attribute was analyzed for significant differences with those of the first infestation (analysis of variance), and for similarity (clustering), degree of relationship (correlation), and concomitant variation (reg ... | 1995 | 7732646 |
| anti-idiotypic antibodies as surrogate antigens for vaccinating against the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | qu13, a monoclonal antibody (mab) raised against midgut (gm) antigens from boophilus microplus and shown to recognise antigens which protect cattle from tick challenge was used to immunise cattle and rabbits to produce anti-idiotypic antibodies (aia). polyclonal antisera against mab qu13 were produced in rabbits and cattle. aia were purified from these antisera by affinity chromatography procedures. these purified aia were found to block mab qu13 binding to gm in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assa ... | 1995 | 7754608 |
| tick resistance to pyrethroids in new caledonia. | boophilus microplus is the common cattle tick of great economic importance in new caledonia. since 1986, deltamethrin has been used for dipping. in 1992, an increase of tick infestations was seen on some ranches. field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine if resistant ticks were present. ticks resistant to deltamethrin were detected on three ranches, with resistance factors from 8.3 to 97.7. all deltamethrin-resistant isolates were also resistant to fenvalerate, but only one was al ... | 1995 | 7754609 |
| high level expression of the b. microplus bm86 antigen in the yeast pichia pastoris forming highly immunogenic particles for cattle. | recently, a gene coding for the bm86 tick gut glycoprotein was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli and shown to induce an immunological response in cattle to damage ticks engorging on these animals (rand et al., 1989). we report here the increased expression of the bm86 antigen from the cattle tick boophilus microplus in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the recombinant protein was obtained with a purity higher than 95% by a procedure with a high yield. the conducted biochemical studie ... | 1994 | 7764729 |
| acid phosphatase in midgut digestive cells in partially fed females of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | enzyme cytochemistry was used to identify vesicles containing acid phosphatase in the midgut digestive cells of partially fed females of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. the vesicles were elongated or tubular in shape and appeared to be involved with the digestion of host bloodmeal. in mature cells, they were sometimes in close contact with large endosomes, which contained host blood. the vesicles were identified as tubular lysosomes because their morphological and cytochemical characteristi ... | 1995 | 7776118 |
| commercialisation of a recombinant vaccine against boophilus microplus. | increasingly, there is need for methods to control cattle tick (boophilus microplus) infestations by the use of non-chemical technology. this need is brought about by a mixture of market forces and the failure or inadequacy of existing technology. a recombinant vaccine has now been developed against the tick. this vaccine relies on the uptake with the blood meal of antibody directed against a critical protein in the tick gut. the isolation of the vaccine antigen, bm86, and its production as a re ... | 1995 | 7784128 |
| efficacy of injectable doramectin against natural boophilus microplus infestations in cattle. | three experiments were conducted in latin america--1 in brazil, 1 in venezuela, and 1 in argentina--using a common protocol to investigate the efficacy of a single sc injection of doramectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) for treatment and control of boophilus microplus infestations in grazing cattle. in each experiment, 2 groups of 20 to 27 cattle were allocated on the basis of tick burdens present 24 hours before treatment to a treated or control group, which received saline solution (1 ml ... | 1995 | 7785822 |
| studies on the morphological changes in the midguts of two ixodid tick species boophilus microplus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus during digestion of the blood meal. | light and electron microscopy were used to study the morphological changes which accompanied feeding and digestion of the blood meal in the midgut epithelium of two ixodid tick species boophilus microplus and rhipicephalus appendiculatus. in unfed ticks of both species, the midgut epithelium was lined by stem cells and empty digest cells in which haematin accumulated with starvation. on attachment to its hosts, differentiation of the stem cells and the loss of haematin from the midgut epithelium ... | 1995 | 7797373 |
| detection of bm86 antigen in different strains of boophilus microplus and effectiveness of immunization with recombinant bm86. | the control of tick populations by using conventional strategies poses several problems, including the appearance of organophosphate resistant strains, among others. the possibility of using alternative strategies such as vaccination with tick antigens has been suggested by several authors. one particular antigen (bm86) has been described and shown to be able to induce a protective immunity against the cattle tick boophilus microplus. in this paper we demonstrate by means of immunohistochemical ... | 1994 | 7838598 |
| seasonal variation of ticks (ixodidae) in bos taurus x bos indicus cattle under rotational grazing in forested and deforested habitats in northwestern argentina. | the seasonal occurrence of ticks infesting cattle was monitored in a bos taurus x bos indicus commercial herd fed on a combination of native grasses and annual pastures in northwestern argentina. the number of female ticks (boophilus and amblyomma) and the proportion of cattle infested with larvae and nymphs of amblyomma ticks were recorded from a sample of 15 cows in 24 visits at intervals of 21-50 days from 5 december 1986 to 24 november 1988. the cattle were maintained on native grasses in fo ... | 1994 | 7839563 |
| ingestion of host immunoglobulin by three non-blood-feeding nematode parasites of ruminants. | host immunoglobulin was detected in homogenates of adult worms or fourth stage larvae of haemonchus contortus, ostertagia ostertagi, o circumcincta and dictyocaulus viviparus, but not in preparasitic third stage larvae of h contortus. all the worms had been washed in detergent before being homogenised to remove any immunoglobulin adhering to the cuticle. this procedure, the concentrations of immunoglobulin detected and observations on sections of the worms stained with fluorescent anti-sheep imm ... | 1994 | 7871262 |
| a protective "concealed" antigen from boophilus microplus. purification, localization, and possible function. | a membrane protein that can be used successfully to vaccinate cattle against the tick boophilus microplus has been purified and characterized. the mature protein, which is referred to as bm91, has an apparent m.w. of 86,000, an isoelectric point of 4.8 to 5.2, and is glycosylated, with an affinity for lentil lectin. bm91 is of relatively low abundance, with approximately 300 to 400 micrograms being recovered from 1 kg of semiengorged adult female ticks. the protein is located largely in the sali ... | 1994 | 7963573 |
| prostaglandin e2 production by the cattle tick (boophilus microplus) into feeding sites and its effect on the response of bovine mononuclear cells to mitogen. | prostaglandin e2 (pge2) secretion by the cattle tick boophilus microplus into feeding sites was quantified. it was detected by the in vitro tube feeding experiment and it was determined that a semi-engorged female tick could produce and transmit 1.8 ng pge2 into the feeding site. using the in vitro membrane feeding system, newly molted adult ticks were also shown to secrete 0.04-0.15 ng pge2 into the feeding site; however, female ticks produced more pge2 than male ticks. the immune suppressive e ... | 1994 | 7975125 |
| vaccines against arthropods. | the possibility of vaccinating hosts against blood-feeding arthropods using antigens derived from salivary gland, gut, and other tissues is reviewed. these vaccines directed against vector arthropods also have the potential to effect the arthropods capacity to transmit pathogens, and this is distinct from transmission-blocking vaccines that use antigens derived from pathogens. antigen extracts have been used in attempts to vaccinate against fleas, lice, keds, flies, mosquitoes, and a number of t ... | 1994 | 8024089 |
| babesia bovis: infectivity of an attenuated strain of brazilian origin for the tick vector, boophilus microplus. | in order to verify the infectivity and transovarian transmission of one strain of babesia bovis of brazilian origin, attenuated by repeated passages in splenectomized calves to the biological tick vector, boophilus microplus, an inoculation of that strain was performed in hemoparasite-free calves infested with hemoparasite-free ticks. subsequently, engorged female ticks were collected to examine hemolymph and progeny for presence of developing stages of babesia bovis. using an optical microscope ... | 1994 | 8030179 |
| tick infestations on cattle vaccinated with extracts from the eggs and the gut of boophilus microplus. | extracts prepared from the membranes of eggs (em) and guts (gm) of boophilus microplus were used to immunise cattle which were then infested twice with 20,000 larval ticks 1 week apart. em antigens did not protect cattle against challenge with ticks, despite high levels of anti-egg antibodies in the sera of the vaccinated cattle, detected by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). cattle vaccinated with gm, however, had high levels of antibodies against gm and were protected signi ... | 1994 | 8030189 |
| serum of boophilus microplus infested cattle reacts with different tick tissues. | five cattle were each experimentally infested with 30,000 boophilus microplus larvae and their humoral immune response to salivary gland, gut, embryo and larval extracts during infestation were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot analysis. serum antibodies to embryo extract were detected by elisa 21 days after infestation and antibodies to the other extracts 28 days following infestation. using western blot analysis, new bands were recognized and others disap ... | 1994 | 8030190 |
| microorganisms in the development of subunit vaccines against parasites. | because of the increasing problems of resistance to chemicals and chemical residues, preventative vaccination has increasing appeal as a way to control parasite infestations in humans and in animals. such vaccines are now feasible through the application of genetic engineering technology to allow production of parasite protective antigens in microorganisms in commercially viable quantities at an acceptable cost. this concept is illustrated by describing research toward subunit vaccines against h ... | 1994 | 8080628 |
| quil a and iscoms as adjuvants for midgut membrane antigens of boophilus microplus. | quil a used with boophilus microplus gut membrane antigen (gm) had a significant effect on antibody levels induced in sheep (p < 0.05) since gm alone did not induce a significant level of antibodies. injection of a vaccine containing gm and quil a, either subcutaneously or intramuscularly, induced similar levels of antibodies in sheep. however, quil a injected subcutaneously induced acute inflammatory reaction. the amount of quil a for use with gm was determined to be 1000 micrograms/ml. immunos ... | 1994 | 8087157 |
| evaluation of the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic babesia bovis strain from argentina to boophilus microplus. | three trials were performed to test the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic strain of babesia bovis for the tick boophilus microplus. the progeny of engorged female ticks fed on calves inoculated with the pathogenic strain were able to transmit the infection to splenectomised calves (measured by the presence of the parasite in their blood and seroconversion), whereas the progeny of engorged females fed on calves inoculated with the vaccinal strain did not transmit the organisms. these res ... | 1993 | 8128578 |
| wildlife as hosts for ticks (acari) in antigua, west indies. | a survey was conducted to determine the status of wild mammals and birds as hosts for amblyomma variegatum (f.) and other tick species in antigua. surveys of wild mammals and birds were conducted periodically from september 1988 through may 1991. wild mammals surveyed included the small indian mongoose (herpestes auropunctatus hodgson), norway rat (rattus norvegicus berkenhout), and house mouse (mus musculus l.), but only mongooses were surveyed intensively. larvae and nymphs of a. variegatum, l ... | 1994 | 8158630 |
| some observations on mating and fertilization in the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | | 1994 | 8161836 |
| observations on cattle ticks in huila province (angola). | in huila province of angola, 3864 ticks were collected during a parasitological survey carried out in the rainy season from october 1990 to april 1991. the samples were collected from cattle gathered for the annual vaccination campaign against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, anthrax and blackleg in 18 veterinary stations of six municipalities. after tick classification, the following proportions of ticks were obtained: rhipicephalus evertsi mimeticus (27.1%), amblyomma pomposum (26.4%), booph ... | 1994 | 8171837 |
| immunity in vaccinated cattle exposed to experimental and natural infestations with boophilus microplus. | gut membranes of the cattle tick boophilus microplus were extracted using a low ionic strength buffer and the soluble antigens were used to vaccinate hereford cattle. following either experimental infestation with 40,000 larval ticks or exposure to field infestation, ticks from vaccinated cattle laid 54 and 75% fewer eggs, respectively, than ticks from control cattle. after cattle were given booster injections of vaccine, and either experimentally infested with 20,000 larval ticks or exposed to ... | 1993 | 8225775 |
| therapeutic and persistent efficacy of doramectin against boophilus microplus in cattle. | one therapeutic and one persistent efficacy study were conducted in brazil to evaluate doramectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms kg-1 against induced infestations of the single host tick, boophilus microplus. doramectin was highly effective in eliminating established tick populations from cattle and also in preventing infestation by the parasite. in the therapeutic study, 12 calves were infested three times a week along the dorsal line with 2500 recently hatched larvae, for a total of 11 times ... | 1993 | 8236733 |
| [the cattle tick boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1888) (acarina, ixodidae)]. | the external morphology and life cycle of boophilus microplus--a cattle tick--were given. the control of ticks as well as host resistance to ticks were also mentioned. | 1993 | 8237003 |
| native and baculovirus-expressed forms of the immuno-protective protein bm86 from boophilus microplus are anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol linkage. | a glycoprotein (bm86) from the gut cells of the cattle tick boophilus microplus, when used to vaccinate cattle, has been shown to protect cattle from tick infestation. a recombinant bm86 protein is the principal component of a novel tick vaccine currently under development. the nature of the anchorage of bm86 to tick gut epithelial cells has been investigated using bm86 from b. microplus and recombinant bm86 proteins expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system. bm86 from b. ... | 1993 | 8269092 |
| stagewise mortality, ovipositional biology, and egg viability of boophilus annulatus (acari: ixodidae) on boselaphus tragocamelus (artiodactyla: bovidae). | the stagewise mortality, ovipositional biology, and egg viability of the cattle tick, boophilus annulatus (say), on nilgai antelope, boselaphus tragocamelus pallas, was compared with ticks reared on bos taurus (hereford) cattle. mortality was highest during the larval stage on both host species, but larval mortality on nilgai (78.6%) was significantly higher than on cattle (45.6%) hosts. mortality during the nymphal stage was also significantly higher on nilgai (49.3%) than on cattle (13.9%). du ... | 1993 | 8271258 |
| localization of a low abundance membrane protein (bm86) on the gut cells of the cattle tick boophilus microplus by immunogold labeling. | a preembedding immunogold technique was used to locate bm86, an antigen from the gut digest cells of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. gut from partially engorged female ticks was everted to expose the cells, lightly fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, and then incubated in rabbit antisera against a recombinant form of bm86. following incubation in a secondary antibody conjugated to 1-nm colloidal gold, bm86 antigenic sites were visualized for both light and electron microscopy using silver enhance ... | 1993 | 8277383 |
| the camel, camelus dromedarius, as a host of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | | 1993 | 8368973 |
| the nucleotidase of boophilus microplus and its relationship to enzymes from the rat and escherichia coli. | boophilus microplus contains a nucleotidase-like enzyme which is able to hydrolyze a range of nucleoside 5'-mono-, di- and triphosphates to the nucleoside. its relationship to several other nucleotide hydrolyzing enzymes has been explored. limited peptide sequencing shows similarities to both mammalian nucleotidases and the escherichia coli uridine diphosphate sugar hydrolase. the tick enzyme also hydrolyzes udp-glucose, though by a mechanism different to that of the bacterial enzyme. on the oth ... | 1993 | 8387372 |
| inhibition and recovery of tick functions in cattle repeatedly infested with boophilus microplus. | six tick-naive male hereford calves were infested with about 18,000 boophilus microplus larvae, 400 in a cloth bag, once a month for 6 mo. working with the bag ticks, 12 tick characteristics were recorded for each infestation. manifestations of resistance to some attributes appeared by the second infestation, peaked by the third (detachment weight, egg weight, fertility index) or fourth (feeding length, start of oviposition), and vanished by the fifth or sixth. resistance to corpse weight, ovipo ... | 1993 | 8410542 |
| effects of cattle tick (boophilus microplus) infestation on the bovine immune system. | the immunosuppressive effect of experimental boophilus microplus infestation on bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (pbl) and on host antibody production to a protein antigen (ovalbumin) was examined. boophilus microplus infestation caused a marginal decrease in the percentage of t lymphocytes in pbl, which was observed in both lightly (5000 larvae) and heavily (40,000 larvae) infested cattle, and began at the second infestation and continued until the end of the fourth infestation. the percenta ... | 1993 | 8493757 |
| adhesion to and invasion of cultured tick (acarina: ixodidae) cells by borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) and maintenance of infectivity. | lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi, interact with cultured tick cells in ways similar to those reported to occur in the vector ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin. spirochete adhesion and penetration were examined using a cell line from embryos of rhipicephalus appendiculatus neumann that morphologically resembles tick gut cells, rae25. cocultivation of b. burgdorferi with these cells permitted prolonged maintenance of infectivity for hamsters. borrelial adherence to ... | 1993 | 8510118 |
| changing patterns of vitellin-related peptides during development of the cattle tick boophilus microplus. | the major components of protein extracts from the cattle tick boophilus microplus eggs and larvae of various ages were characterized by molecular sieving chromatography, ion exchange chromatography and sds-page. the fractions analysed showed a changing chromatographic pattern development. a serum raised against the components of a fraction showing characteristics of vitellin strongly reacted in western blots with the major peptides of extracts from eggs, larvae, gut and ovary. comparison of patt ... | 1995 | 8521746 |
| the effects of continuous and intermittent delivery of antigens of boophilus microplus on the development of murine antibodies. | protective antigens solubilised from the membranes of the midgut (li-gm) of the adult cattle tick boophilus microplus were delivered to mice either continuously for up to 4 weeks from osmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously or intermittently in a pulsatile fashion by injections or by a combination of both modes of delivery. the effects of delivery profile on antigen specific antibody levels and avidity were compared. li-gm delivered either by three injections (weeks 0, 2 and 4), or continuously f ... | 1995 | 8533285 |
| boophilus microplus: multiple proteolytic activities in the midgut. | | 1996 | 8617328 |
| costs of major parasites to the australian livestock industries. | a cost-benefit model is developed to estimate the costs of major parasites to australian livestock industries and to evaluate the benefits from improving parasite management. the model disaggregates the australian livestock industries into agro-climatic regions and various stock classes to estimate the total treatment and production loss costs of major parasites. experimental trials and a computer simulation model are used to estimate the productivity of livestock under different treatment regim ... | 1995 | 8635886 |
| functional bovine immunoglobulins in boophilus microplus hemolymph. | the aim of the present work was to quantify the passage of bovine immunoglobulins into the hemolymph of the tick boophilus microplus during the feeding process and to determine their antibody activity. the knowledge is of paramount importance when vector control or blocking of disease transmission is attempted by vaccination of cattle. approximately 2% of bovine immunoglobulin present in the serum as determined by competitive elisa was demonstrated in hemolymph of b. microplus and antibody activ ... | 1996 | 8638388 |
| catabolism of dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by monoamine oxidase in the ixodid tick, amblyomma hebraeum. | the purpose of this study was to assess biogenic amine catabolism in amblyomma hebraeum koch (an african cattle tick). we assayed haemolymph and saliva for a variety of biogenic amines (usually following injection of substrate into the haemolymph) in partially fed females using hplc coupled to electrochemical detection. dopamine (da) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) were rapidly converted to dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (dopac) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hiaa) respectively, indicating that mo ... | 1996 | 8673075 |
| effect of vaccination with a recombinant bm86 antigen preparation on natural infestations of boophilus microplus in grazing dairy and beef pure and cross-bred cattle in brazil. | current methods for the control of the cattle tick boophilus microplus infestations are not effective and the parasite remains a serious problem for the cattle industry in tropical and sub-tropical areas. recent advances have introduced the possibility for the immunological control of the parasite through the use of recombinant vaccines. recently, it was shown that the recombinant vaccine gavac (heber biotec s.a.) is able to control b. microplus populations in artificially infected grazing dairy ... | 1995 | 8701597 |
| light microscopy diagnosis of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina kinetes in the haemolymph of artificially infected boophilus microplus engorged female ticks. | the length, width and position of the nucleus of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina kinetes from the haemolymph of boophilus microplus engorged female ticks were recorded. additionally, the shape of babesia bovis kinetes were registered as curved, semi-curved or straight. to this aim boophilus microplus tick larvae from a colony free of babesia were fed on splenectomised calves artificially infected with either babesia bovis or babesia bigemina pathogenic strains. six engorged female ticks showi ... | 1996 | 8750679 |
| morphology and development of anaplasma marginale in midgut of engorged female ticks of boophilus microplus. | morphology and development of anaplasma marginale were studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult boophilus microplus females using light and transmission electron microscopy. hemoparasite-free b. microplus larvae were used to infest holstein calves experimentally inoculated with a. marginale. when a. marginale parasitemia varied from 0.4% to 4.3%, 140 engorged female ticks were collected and kept individually in steel wire tubes and incubated outdoors on brachiaria decumbens grass pasture. fem ... | 1996 | 8750681 |
| incidence and intensity of babesia spp. sporokinetes in engorged boophilus microplus from a dairy herd in venezuela. | the objective of this study was to determine the incidence and intensity of babesia spp. sporokinetes in hemolymph of engorged females (ef) boophilus microplus monthly detached from two herds of a local dairy breed of cattle named carora breed. the experimental herds were located in 2 ranches, 45 km apart, having different management of tick control (tc). proper methods of tc were commonly used at ranch "a," whereas ineffective methods were used at ranch "b," babesia spp. sporokinetes were diagn ... | 1996 | 8784496 |
| age and weight relationship in boophilus microplus (ixodoidea: ixodidae) larvae. | the study of the age of free-living stages of ticks is not a frequent subject in acarology research. baseline knowledge and some possible applications both in research and in tick control are to be considered. sixty engorged females were incubated at 28 +/- 1 degrees c and 100% relative humidity. age zero of larvae was established at 10 days after the beginning of eclosion. larvae were weighted in paper envelopes in groups ranging from 150 to 400 each. live weight means (lwm) and dry weight mean ... | 1996 | 8784504 |
| light microscopy diagnosis of babesia bovis and b. bigemina kinetes in the hemolymph of artificially infected boophilus microplus engorged female ticks. | | 1996 | 8784530 |
| immunological cross-reactivity between salivary gland proteins of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and boophilus microplus ticks. | immunological cross-reactivity was established between salivary gland extract antigens of hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (h.a.a) and boophilus microplus (b.m.), using native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-page), immunoblotting, dot-enzyme immunoassay (dot-eia) and in vivo intra-dermal skin test revealing immediate type hypersensitivity swelling reaction. native-page revealed six proteins in common of molecular weights of 60, 66, 148, 264, 300 and > 300 kda in the salivary gland extra ... | 1996 | 8792571 |
| formulation of integrated control of boophilus microplus in paraguay: analysis of natural infestations. | a 3-year study into the seasonal variation in the numbers of boophilus microplus ticks infesting three breeds of beef cattle in paraguay was carried out to provide the basic data necessary to formulate tick control recommendations. the effect of tick burden on weight gain was also analysed. economic parameters for tick control were calculated. half body counts of standard female b. microplus were carried out every 2 weeks, at the same time engorged female ticks were placed in the field to observ ... | 1996 | 8792584 |
| simulation of control strategies for the cattle tick boophilus microplus employing vaccination with a recombinant bm86 antigen preparation. | current strategies for the control of the cattle tick boophilus microplus include the use of chemicals as the principal control method. these methods, however, have met with partially successful results. the recent development of immunological methods for the control of the cattle tick has opened new possibilities for the design of control strategies. employing the results obtained by us in experiments testing the effect of vaccination with the recombinant vaccine, gavac (heber biotec s.a.), on ... | 1996 | 8792587 |
| the efficacy of amitraz against cattle ticks in tanzania. | the efficacy of amitraz on cattle ticks was assessed by susceptibility tests, spraying and dipping trials. tests on the susceptibility of three tick species, rhipicephalus appendiculatus, amblyomma variegatum and boophilus decoloratus to amitraz (technical grade-purity 98.6% w/w) showed all 15 tick strains tested to be highly susceptible, with lc50 ranging between 0.001% and 0.03%, and lc99, between 0.01% and 0.07%. spraying trials were carried out on calves infested with r. appendiculatus, a. v ... | 1996 | 8856759 |
| biochemical characterization of the recombinant boophilus microplus bm86 antigen expressed by transformed pichia pastoris cells. | in the present paper we report the biochemical characteristics of the recombinant tick (boophilus microplus) gut antigen bm86 that previously has been cloned, expressed and recovered at high levels in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. the results demonstrate that rbm86 had a modification at position 92 (thr replaced by ile) and aggregated, forming particles ranging between 17 and 40 nm. the rbm86 was n-glycosylated, having at least two non-glycosylated sequons (asn-329 and asn-363) and a ... | 1996 | 8867893 |
| endocytosis by digest cells of the cattle tick boophilus microplus: regulation by protein kinase c. | endocytosis of fluorescently-labeled bovine serum albumin by digest cells of the gut of the cattle tick boophilus microplus is inhibited by approx 60% in the presence of the tumour promoter 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate. the results are consistent with a role for protein kinase c in regulating the uptake of blood meal by digest cells. protein kinase c activity has been measured in the digest cell and the amount of enzyme has also been determined using a phorbol ester binding assay. the pr ... | 1996 | 8882657 |
| vaccination against worm parasites of animals. | the 1990s have seen the culmination of decades of painstaking research with the registration and launch of tickgard (hoechst), a recombinant vaccine against boophilus microplus, and the provisional registration of a taenia ovis vaccine. research continues to hold promise for immunological control of echinococcus, fasciola, haemonchus, trichostrongylus and ostertagia. blood-sucking parasites (e.g. ticks and h. contortus) are susceptible to control by vaccines containing 'novel' or 'concealed' ant ... | 1996 | 8893462 |
| integrated tick and tick-borne disease control trials in crossbred dairy cattle in malawi. | crossbred dairy heifers on a farm in an east coast fever (ecf) endemic area in malawi were immunised against theileria parva, anaplasma spp., babesia bigemina, babesia bovis and cowdria ruminantium. they were treated at infrequent intervals with chlorfenvinphos to limit infestation with adult ticks, without providing complete tick control. in one trial, which tested a threshold dipping regimen, 20 heifers were dipped only once in 6 months to control a flush of boophilus microplus. unimmunised co ... | 1996 | 8983132 |
| uniformity of protective antigens among isolates of the cattle tick, boophilus microplus. | gut membrane antigens were extracted from ten isolates of the cattle tick boophilus microplus; the antigen extracts were probed with bovine antisera and three murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) in western blots and dot-elisa. the antisera had been obtained from cattle which were vaccinated with larval and gut extracts of b. microplus, and which were subsequently protected (84% and 94% respectively) against challenge with b. microplus. one of the mabs (qu13) has been demonstrated to precipitate ... | 1996 | 8994130 |
| suppression of boophilus microplus populations with fluazuron--an acarine growth regulator. | | 1996 | 9006870 |
| [vaccines against parasitic diseases of domestic animals]. | this review presents short information on the present status and some future perspectives of vaccination against parasitoses of domestic animals. for the control of such parasitoses in some european countries only a few vaccines are registered: paracox and livacox (for coccidiosis in chickens), toxovax (for toxoplasmosis in sheep), pirodog (for babesiosis in dogs) and dictol (for dictyocaulosis in cattle). these are live vaccines containing attenuated parasites, except pirodog. as a world-wide i ... | 1996 | 9012013 |
| the history of the cattle tick boophilus microplus in australia and achievements in its control. | for more than 100 years, tick fever and the cattle tick have caused tremendous financial loss to cattle producers around the world. since australia became infected with the disease and infested with its tick vector in the mid-19th century, a great deal of research effort has been directed towards their effective control by australian farmers, administrators and scientists. such research has yielded information which has facilitated the development of various control strategies that have equal ap ... | 1996 | 9024884 |
| transmission of anaplasma marginale with adult boophilus microplus ticks fed as nymphs on calves with different levels of rickettsaemia. | nine splenectomised calves were infested with dissimilar numbers of adult boophilus microplus ticks 72 h after collection as engorged nymphs from three non splenectomised calves with different levels of anaplasma marginale rickettsaemia. successful transmission of a. marginale appeared to be more dependent on the level of rickettsaemia of the donor calves than on the number of ticks attaching to the splenectomised calves, since infection was transmitted only when the rickettsaemia was 0.3% or gr ... | 1994 | 9140508 |
| large-scale production in pichia pastoris of the recombinant vaccine gavac against cattle tick. | a gene coding for the bm86 tick protein was recently cloned, expressed in pichia pastoris and shown to induce an inmunological response in cattle against ticks. moreover, the gavac vaccine (heber biotec s.a., havana, cuba), which contains this recombinant protein, has proved to control the boophilus microplus populations under field conditions. this paper reviews the development and large-scale production of this vaccine, the efficacy of the resulting product and the strategy followed in designi ... | 1997 | 9141213 |
| monoclonal antibodies against boophilus microplus and their effects on tick reproductive efficiency. | four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against extracts of embryo and gut tissue obtained from fully engorged boophilus microplus were produced. the mab brbml reacted with different instars and tissues, the brbm2 recognized only antigens present in gut extract and the mabs brbm3 and brbm4 recognized vitellin. the effect of inoculation of these mabs into fully engorged boophilus microplus females was also evaluated. the mabs brbm1 and brbm2 caused a decrease in oviposition of approximately 50% and 70% ... | 1997 | 9195739 |
| epidemiological aspects of the brazilian spotted fever: seasonal activity of ticks collected in an endemic area in são paulo, brazil. | ticks were collected from vegetation and animals at monthly intervals during one year (1993-1994) in an endemic area of brazilian spotted fever in the country of pedreira, state of são paulo. six species of ticks were identified amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma cooperi, amblyomma triste, anocentor nitens, rhipicephalus sanguineus and boophilus microplus. only the first species was sufficiently numerous to permit a quantitative study with seasonal activity, although the distribution and source of ... | 1997 | 9197151 |
| different seasonal occurrence of anaplasmosis outbreaks in beef and diary cattle in an area of argentina free of boophilus microplus ticks. | the seasonal occurrence of anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) outbreaks in dairy and beef cattle was analysed for a region of argentina (29 degrees to 31 degrees s and 58 degrees to 62 degrees w) that is free of boophilus microplus ticks, using data collected from december 1978 to november 1995. the outbreaks were confirmed by inspection of blood smears obtained from sick or dead cattle. a total of 94 outbreaks were confirmed by inspection of blood smears obtained from sick or dead cattle. a tot ... | 1997 | 9225428 |
| comparative vaccination of cattle against boophilus microplus with recombinant antigen bm86 alone or in combination with recombinant bm91. | cattle were vaccinated either with a single recombinant tick antigen, bm86 or with a combination of two recombinant antigens, bm86 and bm91 from the tick boophilus microplus. in three experiments, the responses of cattle to subsequent challenge with the tick were assessed. the addition of the bm91 antigen enhanced the efficacy of the vaccination over that with bm86 alone to a statistically significant degree. moreover, co-vaccination with two antigens did not impair the response of cattle to the ... | 1996 | 9229376 |
| cross-sectional estimation of babesia bovis antibody prevalence in an area of argentina used for extensive cattle breeding as an aid to control babesiosis. | the prevalence of babesia bovis antibodies was estimated by using an elisa (98% sensitivity and 95% specificity). sera were obtained from 165 calves (mean age and standard deviation: 9.7 +/- 2.7 months) from an area in argentina known to be unfavourable for the development of the vector tick, boophilus microplus. the area comprised about 300,000 ha used for cattle breeding. the cattle population of 55,000 included 12,000 cattle under 1 year of age. cattle were maintained mainly on natural grasse ... | 1997 | 9234418 |
| antibody-mediated inhibition of the growth of larvae from an insect causing cutaneous myiasis in a mammalian host. | many insects feed on blood or tissue from mammalian hosts. one potential strategy for the control of these insects is to vaccinate the host with antigens derived from the insect. the larvae of the fly lucilia cuprina feed on ovine tissue and tissue fluids causing a cutaneous myiasis associated with considerable host morbidity and mortality. a candidate vaccine antigen, peritrophin 95, was purified from the peritrophic membrane, which lines the gut of these larvae. serum from sheep vaccinated wit ... | 1997 | 9256413 |
| novel vaccines for ectoparasites. | novel vaccines against ectoparasites have the potential to be cost-effective new technology for pest control that avoids some of the real and perceived problems with insecticide and acaricide usage. nevertheless, their development is in its infancy. a vaccine against the cattle tick boophilus microplus, the world's first vaccine against an ectoparasite, is in field use in australia. considerable effort had gone into the development of a vaccine against the sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina, while ot ... | 1997 | 9261979 |