| a reticulocyte-binding protein complex of plasmodium vivax merozoites. | plasmodium vivax merozoites primarily invade reticulocytes. the basis of this restricted host cell preference has been debated. here we introduce two novel p. vivax proteins that comigrate on reducing sds-polyacrylamide gels, colocalize at the apical pole of merozoites, and adhere specifically to reticulocytes. the genes encoding these proteins, p. vivax reticulocyte-binding proteins 1 and 2 (pvrbp-1 and pvrbp-2), have been cloned and analyzed. homologous genes are evident in the closely related ... | 1992 | 1617731 |
| a polytene chromosome study of four populations of anopheles aquasalis from venezuela. | polytene chromosome studies were undertaken to elucidate taxonomic relationships among populations of anopheles aquasalis and a. emilianus in venezuela. four collection sites were chosen: two in sucre state (santa fe and guayana) where a. aquasalis (considered to be a. emilianus by gabaldón and escalante) is presumed to be the major regional vector of plasmodium vivax; and two in areas where no malaria transmission occurs (caño rico, aragua state, and puerto cabello, carabobo state). the chromos ... | 1992 | 1618392 |
| prevalence of antibody to the variant repeat of the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax in peru. | individuals living in a malaria-endemic area in northern peru were found to have antibodies to the variant repeat sequence of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax. the presence of igg antibody to the predominant repeat sequence gdraa/dgpa represented by the recombinant protein ns1(81) v20 (v20), and the variant repeat sequence angagnqpg contained in the synthetic peptide pvk247, was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. igg antibodies to the repeats were present in 78 ... | 1992 | 1621895 |
| circumsporozoite genotyping of global isolates of plasmodium vivax from dried blood specimens. | the prevalence and global distribution of two circumsporozoite (cs) genotypes of plasmodium vivax (vk210 and vk247) were determined by genetic analysis of isolates from 234 malaria-infected patients. whole blood specimens were collected on filter paper from patients infected with malaria in thailand, mexico, papua new guinea, peru, afghanistan (pakistan), india, and western africa and from 50 asymptomatic smear-negative controls. following extraction of dna from the filter paper samples, the cs ... | 1992 | 1629344 |
| reactivation of varicella-zoster virus during acute malaria. | | 1991 | 1658946 |
| malaria and widal reaction. | widal reaction was studied in 52 patients having malaria parasites in the peripheral blood smear. twenty had plasmodium vivax, 26 had plasmodium falciparum and the rest had mixed (both vivax and falciparum) infections. widal test for both o and h antigens of salmonella typhi was positive in high titres in 3 falciparum, 3 vivax and 2 cases of mixed infection. of these 8 cases, one had been treated for typhoid fever 3 months back and again one month back for relapse. blood culture for salmonella t ... | 1991 | 1669964 |
| rapid diagnosis of malaria by fluorescence microscopy with light microscope and interference filter. | fluorochrome staining to detect malaria parasites in bloodfilms is more sensitive, is easier to do, and is less time-consuming than giemsa staining. however, standard epi-illuminated, mercury vapour, fluorescence microscopes are expensive, especially for tropical countries where malaria is endemic. fluorescence microscopy with a standard light microscope and a new interference filter specially designed for the fluorochrome stain, acridine orange, was used to detect malaria parasites in thick and ... | 1991 | 1670842 |
| resistance to chloroquine by plasmodium vivax in irian jaya, indonesia. | evidence of emerging resistance to chloroquine by plasmodium vivax is described from irian jaya (indonesian new guinea). sixteen of 24 residents in the village of arso pir ii taking supervised weekly chloroquine prophylaxis (5 mg base/kg) had asexual parasitemia with p. vivax at least once during eight weeks of surveillance. an american working in the same village developed symptomatic p. vivax parasitemia despite chloroquine prophylaxis. five days after therapy with 600 mg chloroquine base, the ... | 1991 | 1676566 |
| [imported case of malaria in taiwan: analysis of 11 cases]. | the "eradication of malaria" in taiwan was announced by who in 1965. from 1966 to 1989, 919 malaria cases were detected in taiwan. of these cases, 803 were classified as imported malaria. during 1977 to 1989, our hospital collected 11 cases of imported malaria, 6 of plasmodium falciparum (pf), including 1 suspicious case, 2 of plasmodium vivax (pv), 1 of mixed infection (pf plus pv), and 2 unclassified. most of the patients presented clinically with fever and chills. hepatosplenomegaly was the m ... | 1991 | 1677409 |
| immune responses against sexual stages of plasmodium vivax during human malarial infections in sri lanka. | during natural infections of p. vivax malaria a variety of immune responses to the infection affect infectivity of the parasites to mosquitoes. sexual stage antigens present in the blood stage parasites induce antibodies which may either enhance or suppress the infectivity of the sexual parasites to mosquitoes. subsequent infections of p. vivax do not, unless occurring within less than 4 months, boost this response indicating a very short immune memory for the relevant antigens. blood infection ... | 1991 | 1688139 |
| identification of a t-cell epitope on the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | a series of overlapping peptides, representing sequences in the vicinity of region ii on the plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite protein, was synthesized. one of the peptides (pv-23), a 20-mer containing the 6 c-terminal amino acids of region ii, was found to evoke an in vitro t-cell proliferative response in spleen cells from c3hf (h-2km2) mice immunized with the peptide. these results demonstrate that pv-23 contains a t-cell epitope. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a t-cell epitope ... | 1990 | 1688828 |
| use of synthetic peptides in the study of the antibody response to plasmodium vivax sporozoites. | synthetic peptides reproducing 4 dradgqpag (d4) and a sequential array of dradgqpag and draagqpag repeats (ddaad) of the plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (cs) protein were investigated for their potential use in the detection of p. vivax sporozoite antibodies in human sera. these peptides specifically inhibited the binding of monoclonal antibodies to the p. vivax cs protein in western blots. however, when d4 and ddaad peptides were used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the de ... | 1990 | 1689124 |
| genetic complexity of plasmodium vivax parasites in individual human infections analyzed with monoclonal antibodies against variant epitopes on a single parasite protein. | monoclonal antibodies against variant epitopes of a highly polymorphic protein (pv200) in schizonts of plasmodium vivax have been used to analyze the variety of genetically distinct populations of parasites present in the peripheral blood of individual p. vivax infections in sri lanka. in 9 out of 10 isolates of freshly drawn p. vivax infected blood from different individuals, parasites of only 1 pv200 serotype was found within each individual infection, even though parasites were serotypically ... | 1990 | 1690521 |
| human immune response directed against plasmodium falciparum heat shock-related proteins. | heat shock-related stress proteins present in all eucaryotes and procaryotes have been shown to be immune targets in a broad range of infections. we have analyzed sera from people exposed primarily to plasmodium falciparum for specific antibodies against two heat shock-related proteins (proteins similar to the heat shock protein with a molecular weight of 75,000 [pfhsp] and a glucose-regulated protein with a molecular weight of 72,000 [pfgrp]). in an immunoprecipitation analysis with metabolical ... | 1990 | 1691147 |
| target antigens of transmission blocking immunity of plasmodium vivax malaria. characterization and polymorphism in natural parasite isolates. | a panel of 20 anti-plasmodium vivax female gamete mab has been established and was characterized with respect to their transmission-blocking properties in membrane-feeding experiments and their target ag identified. seven mab suppressed the infectivity of p. vivax parasites to anopheles tesselatus mosquitoes. the m.w. of the ag recognized by these mab were ascertained by sds-page and western blots. three sets of polypeptides of low mr--20, 24, and a doublet of 37/42 kda--have been defined as tar ... | 1990 | 1692862 |
| high frequency of antibody response to plasmodium falciparum gametocyte antigens during acute malaria infections in papua new guinea highlanders. | sera from 62 adult papua new guinea highlanders with suspected acute malaria were tested by competitive elisa for the presence of antibodies capable of inhibiting binding of 8 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against epitopes on gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum. between 33% and 72% of the malaria cases were inhibitory, depending on the mab. there was no difference between the proportion of persons with p. falciparum (asexuals or gametocytes) and p. vivax whose sera inhibited mab binding ... | 1990 | 1695490 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a plasmodium vivax sporozoite vaccine. | a recombinant dna plasmodium vivax sporozoite vaccine containing the repeating region of the salvador i strain circumsporozoite (cs) protein was produced in escherichia coli. this vaccine was tested in 13 naive volunteers at doses of 10-1,000 micrograms. no serious adverse reactions were noted. none of 4 volunteers receiving the 10 micrograms dose developed antibodies measurable by elisa. six of 9 volunteers in the other dose groups developed measurable antibodies: 5 of 5 volunteers receiving 10 ... | 1990 | 1695491 |
| further studies on the immunization of saimiri sciureus boliviensis with recombinant vaccines based on the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | reported are the results of a trial in squirrel monkeys of 2 plasmodium vivax malaria vaccine candidates based on the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, namely, rpvcs-2 and rpvcs-3. compared with an earlier recombinant p. vivax cs construct, rpvcs-1, rpvcs-2 has an additional 24 amino acids at the c-terminal, which includes the thrombospondin region of homology and a putative t cell epitope. the rpvcs-3 was generated from a chemically synthesized gene that contained an additional 54 amino acids at t ... | 1990 | 1702586 |
| inability of malaria vaccine to induce antibodies to a protective epitope within its sequence. | saimiri monkeys immunized with a recombinant protein containing 20 copies of the nine amino acid repeat of the plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (cs) protein developed high concentrations of antibodies to the repeat sequence and to sporozoites, but were not protected against challenge. after intravenous injection of an immunoglobulin g3 monoclonal antibody (nvs3) against irradiated p. vivax sporozoites, four of six monkeys were protected against sporozoite-induced malaria, and the remaining two ... | 1991 | 1704150 |
| t cell epitopes of the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. recognition by lymphocytes of a sporozoite-immunized chimpanzee. | the humoral and cellular antisporozoite immune responses of a laboratory-born chimpanzee were measured following multiple exposures to the bites of plasmodium vivax-infected mosquitoes. t cell lines and clones derived from the chimpanzee's pbl were used to identify t cell epitopes of the p. vivax circumsporozoite (cs) protein. two independently obtained cell lines, established by culturing the pbl with either a recombinant p. vivax circumsporozoite (rpvcs) protein or a pool of synthetic peptides ... | 1991 | 1704402 |
| identification of epitopes within the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax recognized by murine t lymphocytes. | the murine cellular immune response to the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax was characterized using five synthetic peptides, some of which we identified as corresponding to t cell epitopes. the peptides p308-320, p344-355 and p353-364 were immunogenic, inducing a genetically restricted proliferative response, due to the activation of cd4+ t cells. the peptide p308-320 was recognized only by the lymphocytes of b10 (h-2b) mice. the other two peptides were recognized by primed lymp ... | 1991 | 1707825 |
| synthetic peptides for plasmodium vivax malaria sero-epidemiology. application of fmoc-polyamide and displacement chromatography. | the immunodominant epitope of plasmodium vivax, one of the major causative agents of malaria in man, consists of the tandem repetitions of a nonapeptide sequence, aspargalaasp/alaglyglnproalagly, with asp (variant d) or ala (variant a), in the fourth position. synthetic peptides corresponding to the p. vivax epitope, containing a different number of nonapeptide sequences, were prepared by solid-phase synthesis according to the fmoc-polyamide method. three peptides, containing 1, 2, and 4 copies ... | 1991 | 1710611 |
| immunity to sexual stages of human malaria parasites: immune modulation during natural infections, antigenic determinants, and the induction of transmission-blocking immunity. | four antigens of plasmodium falciparum have so far been identified as targets of transmission-blocking antibodies; three of them (pfs 230, 48/45) are detectable in gametocytes and expressed on gametes, the fourth (pfs 25) appears only after fertilization. epitope analyses of each antigen were made with competitive immunoassays, and the extent of antigenic diversity determined amongst numerous isolates of p. falciparum. there was minimal variation within one of the two epitopes on pfs 230 both of ... | 1990 | 1714627 |
| world malaria situation in 1989. part ii. | | 1991 | 1720650 |
| the hypnozoite and relapse in primate malaria. | although the phenomenon of malarial relapse was known to the ancients, the mechanism has only recently been explained satisfactorily. the long-held hypothesis of a tissue "cycle" in primate malaria as a cause of relapse did not fit clinical and experimental observations. a latent stage for plasmodium spp. in the liver, for which there is now extensive morphological and experimental confirmation, best explains both the relapse phenomenon and the long prepatent periods seen with some strains of pl ... | 1992 | 1735093 |
| malaria in an urban emergency department: epidemiology and diagnostic features of 25 cases. | this article presents a retrospective study of 25 patients diagnosed with malaria in an urban emergency department (ed) between june 1986 and june 1989. the mean annual case rate of malaria in this study group was more than three times the national rate. this may be ascribed to the notable ethnic diversity of the population. a history of travel to an area endemic for malaria was eventually elicited from all patients. the most common chief complaint was fever (56%) followed by abdominal pain (12% ... | 1991 | 1741811 |
| sero-epidemiological survey of malaria by immunofluorescence in pakistan (district gujranwala-punjab). | indirect immunofluorescence antibody (ifa) technique was employed, for field detection of malarial parasite. the technique involved application of homologous antigen slides of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax prepared in the field conditions. serological study, simultaneously using p. falciparum and p. vivax antigens, brought out a clearer picture of distribution and role of the parasite species in the epidemiology of the disease in the area studied. the survey supported the contention of pers ... | 1991 | 1744969 |
| imported malaria in australia. | to obtain information on imported malaria in australia. | 1991 | 1745165 |
| transfusion associated malaria in endemic areas. | | 1991 | 1752686 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant sporozoite malaria vaccine against plasmodium vivax. | a recombinant plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite (cs) antigen representing approximately 70% of the cs protein was expressed in yeast and adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide for use as a malaria vaccine. in a study of safety and immunogenicity, 30 volunteers were divided into four groups of 5, 5, 10, and 10 individuals, and inoculated intramuscularly with 50, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms of vaccine, respectively. primary vaccinations were followed by two booster immunizations at six weeks and six mon ... | 1991 | 1763796 |
| evaluation of monoclonal antibodies against plasmodium vivax sporozoites for elisa development. | nine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) developed against plasmodium vivax (grassi & feletti) salivary gland sporozoites were evaluated for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using sporozoites developed in anopheles dirus peyton & harrison an. gambiae giles and an.maculatus theobald. four of the antibodies were unsuitable due to the low sensitivity of the resulting assays or the requirement for high concentrations of capture antibody. an additional two mabs were rejected because they ... | 1991 | 1768896 |
| [differential diagnosis in "fever of unknown origin"--an unusual disease course with long latency]. | | 1991 | 1769802 |
| antigenic similarity between the mosquito vectors of malaria and filariasis. | rabbit antisera were raised to the malaria vector anopheles tessellatus, head-thorax, abdomen, and midgut preparations. reactivity of the antisera with an. tessellatus and the filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus, were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blots. although many antigens were shared between the two species of mosquitoes, tissue- and species-specific antigens also were identified. | 1991 | 1770509 |
| [malaria in intravenous drug users associated with hiv seropositivity]. | cases of induced malaria have been notified in s. paulo state, brazil, in recent years. at the same time the number of cases imported from endemic regions of brazil has been increasing. one case of induced malaria by plasmodium vivax was registered in presidente prudente, located in the west of the state, in 1988 and a further eleven cases in 1989. this city is considered to be one of the main transit ports for people who come into the state from the amazonian region. the patients declared that ... | 1991 | 1784955 |
| a mathematical model for plasmodium vivax malaria transmission: estimation of the impact of transmission-blocking immunity in an endemic area. | we have developed a multi-state mathematical model to describe the transmission of plasmodium vivax malaria; the model accommodates variable transmission-blocking/enhancing immunity during the course of a blood infection, a short memory for boosting immunity, and relapses. using the model, we simulated the incidence of human malaria, sporozoite rates in the vector population, and the level of transmission-blocking immunity for the infected population over a period of time. field data from an epi ... | 1991 | 1786621 |
| [the molecular bases of the pathogenesis of malaria and their potential uses in developing a combined therapy for the infection]. | molecular mimicry of a host is essential malaria parasite invasion and spreading in a host and it makes self-advantage for the parasite affecting vital organs and systems of the latter. it is tempting to assume that monoclonal antibody (ma) blocking specific (such as imam-i or cd36) and some unspecific (such as c3b) receptors of the blood stages of p. falciparum may prevent the malignant course of the infection. in our experience pyrazolone derivative not only suppressed schizont p. vivax infect ... | 1991 | 1795679 |
| the haematology of plasmodium vivax before and after chloroquine and primaquine treatment in north madras area. | changes in haematological parameters were studied in 35 plasmodium vivax infected patients and compared with those in an equal number of normal subjects. patients showed a high proportion of schizonts of p. vivax (1-2%). hb, pcv and rbc values were significantly decreased (p less than 0.001) with increasing parasitaemia. osmotic fragility was slightly increased (15%) when compared to controls and ranged from 0.385-0.405 (50% hypo-osmotic haemolysis given at gm/dl of nacl) with increasing parasit ... | 1991 | 1810747 |
| plasmodium vivax: older and wiser? | | 1991 | 1817289 |
| the adhesion of malaria merozoite proteins to erythrocytes: a reflection of function? | | 1991 | 1817296 |
| [the importation of malaria into rostov-on-don (1981-1989)]. | the distribution of the imported [correction of exported] cases of malaria has been studied in rostov-on-don for all species of parasites and categories of patients to assess them as effective sources of infection or in other words to determine the degree of jeopardy of the epidemic process recurrence. local cases of malaria and measures directed at their elimination are described. | 1991 | 1829785 |
| a retrospective study on malaria cases admitted to the university hospital, kuala lumpur, 1984-1988. | a review of malaria cases over a five year period from 1984-1988 at the university hospital, kuala lumpur, malaysia is presented. a total of 64 cases were recorded; 50% of which were due to plasmodium falciparum, 40.6% were due to plasmodium vivax, 6.2% due to plasmodium malariae and 3.1% due to a mixed infection of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax. the breakdown of species type compared similarly with other studies conducted in the region. of this total, sixteen cases were imported fr ... | 1991 | 1839423 |
| [malaria induced in the state of sao paulo, brazil]. | a review is presented of 58 induced malaria cases diagnosed in the são paulo state, from january 1983 to july 1990. these cases represent 0.3% of the malaria notifications. the parameters sex, age, parasitaemia, clinical symptoms, clinical course and mean time interval between disease onset and diagnosis were studied in 25 blood-transmitted cases and 28 related to sharing needles. plasmodium vivax was diagnosed in 79.4% and in 5.6% plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum were seen. lower mean ... | 1991 | 1842842 |
| [frequency of malaria relapse due to plasmodium vivax in a non-endemic region (são paulo, brazil)]. | very few well-established information is available about the frequency and timeliness of relapses in cases of plasmodium vivax malaria acquired in brazil. so, we analysed a series of correctly treated patients observed out of endemic areas. the rate of relapses seen in são paulo, which may represent that of the parasitosis in the whole country, was high, ranging from 7.5% to 24.5%, and early in most cases, i.e. appearing by three months, what anticipates a high endemicity. | 1991 | 1844384 |
| antibody response of humans to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | we studied the interaction of sera from residents of an area in northern peru where vivax malaria is endemic with four recombinant dna-derived circumsporozoite (cs) proteins of plasmodium vivax. the antigens used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay included one escherichia coli-produced and three saccharomyces cerevisiae-produced recombinant proteins. three of the proteins (ns1(81)v20, vivax-1, and vivax-2) contain the entire central repeat region of the p. vivax cs protein, and one protein ... | 1991 | 1855998 |
| significance of circumsporozoite-specific antibody in the natural transmission of plasmodium falciparum, plasmodium vivax, and plasmodium malariae in an aboriginal (orang asli) population of central peninsula malaysia. | two hundred and seventy-five orang asli volunteers living in nine villages in the pos legap valley of perak state, peninsular malaysia, participated in a prospective study designed to characterize the epidemiological, parasitological, and entomological characteristics of plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax, and p. malariae malaria transmission. prevalence rates for the three plasmodial species at initiation of the study ranged from 56% in the 0-4-year-old age group to 0% in individuals over the age ... | 1991 | 1867348 |
| effect of liver extract on growth of plasmodium vivax in vitro. | | 1991 | 1874547 |
| anopheline ecology and malaria infection during the irrigation development of an area of the mahaweli project, sri lanka. | a study on adult anopheline ecology and malaria vector incrimination was carried out from 1986 to 1989 during irrigation development in an area of the mahaweli project in eastern sri lanka. eleven potential vector species were collected resting indoors or by using human or bovid bait, and from light trap catches. overall, anopheles vagus (donitz), an. annularis (van der wulp), and an. subpictus (grassi) were the most prevalent, and an. culicifacies (giles) and an. barbirostris (van der wulp) wer ... | 1991 | 1877717 |
| lack of h-2 restriction of the plasmodium falciparum (nanp) sequence as multiple antigen peptide. | the major surface antigen of malaria sporozoites, the circumsporozoite protein, contains a region of tandem amino acid repeats, which in the case of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum, consist of four amino acids asn-ala-asn-pro (nanp) repeated up to about 40 times. this repetitive sequence has been considered as the basis for the development of subunit vaccines against p. falciparum malaria. we and others had previously shown that synthetic and recombinant nanp peptides were immun ... | 1991 | 1889465 |
| ultrastructure of erythrocytes from aotus trivirgatus and saimiri sciureus monkeys infected by plasmodium vivax. | erythrocytes from aotus and saimiri monkeys parasitized by plasmodium vivax show dramatic changes starting during the early stages of parasite development. invaginations of the erythrocyte membrane, caveolae, are found during all parasite development stages. up to six vesicles can be fused with one caveola, forming a caveola-vesicle complex. as the parasite grows, large accumulations of these vesicles can be seen within the erythrocyte cytoplasm. in addition to these caveolae-vesicle complexes, ... | 1991 | 1891448 |
| update: self-induced malaria associated with malariotherapy for lyme disease--texas. | in december 1990, the texas department of health (tdh) was contacted by a man who had recently moved from the northeastern united states and who was considering malariotherapy for lyme disease (ld). he described a 2-year history of unsuccessful treatment with multiple antibiotics for arthralgias and palpitations, which had been diagnosed as ld. | 1991 | 1896006 |
| the acute phase response and vitamin a status in malaria. | plasma retinol and 5 carotenes were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography in thai rural and urban malaria patients and matched control subjects. plasma retinol was lower in the rural than in the urban controls and both groups of malaria patients had lower serum retinol concentrations than their respective controls. 29% (6/21) of the rural patients were biochemically deficient in retinol (less than or equal to 0.35 mumol/litre), suggesting severely depleted liver stores of vitamin a. ... | 1991 | 1909468 |
| from the centers for disease control. self-induced malaria associated with malariotherapy for lyme disease--texas. | | 1991 | 1920712 |
| proguanil/sulfamethoxazole malaria chemoprophy-laxis on the thai-cambodian border. | 383 thai soldiers on the thai-cambodian border were entered into a randomized malaria chemoprophylactic trial. proguanil (200 mg/day) combined with sulfamethoxazole (1000 or 1500 mg/day) were compared to a standard combination of weekly pyrimethamine/dapsone (maloprim). men receiving proguanil/sulfamethoxazole had a significantly lower malaria attack rate than those taking pyrimethamine/dapsone. this was true of both the first five-week phase in which 1000 mg of sulfamethoxazole was used (0.11 v ... | 1991 | 1948264 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using detergent-soluble plasmodium vivax antigen for seroepidemiological surveys. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to detect antibodies to plasmodium vivax parasites in human sera was developed using p. vivax-infected erythrocytes from local malarious patients in southern mexico. infected cells were concentrated using a discontinuous percoll gradient and detergent-soluble antigens obtained using triton x100. the use of detergent and the addition of protease inhibitors to the antigen preparation ensured high sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay. no cross re ... | 1991 | 1949138 |
| detection of antigens in urine of patients with acute falciparum and vivax malaria infections. | using an antigen-capture, dot-blot assay, antigens were detected in the urine of 50 patients infected with plasmodium falciparum. antigens were also detected in 12/15 patients who had no detectable parasitemias 1-2 weeks after chemotherapy. by western blotting and immunoprecipitation, four predominant antigens were identified with the following molecular masses (mr) and isoelectric points (pi): antigen 1, 200 kda, pi 6.4-6.27; antigen 2, 180 kda, pi 5.2-4.8; antigen 3, 150 kda, pi 5.5; antigen 4 ... | 1991 | 1951853 |
| comparative susceptibility of anopheline mosquitoes in rondonia, brazil to infection by plasmodium vivax. | seven anopheline species from costa marques, rondonia, brazil were compared with anopheles darlingi for susceptibility to infection by plasmodium vivax. laboratory-reared f1 progeny of field-collected an. darlingi and the test anopheline species were fed at the same time on the same patients, all of whom had gametocytes in peripheral blood before treatment. mosquitoes were dissected on day 8 after infection for oocysts and on days 14-16 after infection for sporozoites. the mean numbers of p. viv ... | 1991 | 1951854 |
| infection of anopheles darlingi fed on patients infected with plasmodium vivax before and during treatment with chloroquine in costa marques, rondonia, brazil. | patients with asexual and sexual parasites of plasmodium vivax were treated orally with 600 mg of chloroquine diphosphate at hour zero, followed by 300 mg at 8, 24 and 48 hr. anopheles darlingi were fed before the first dose (-0.5 hr) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hr later. mosquitoes were examined for oocysts on day 8 and sporozoites on day 15 after infection. the frequency of infected mosquitoes and the mean number of oocysts were lower in mosquitoes that ... | 1991 | 1951855 |
| [ideal treatment of malaria attack: more questions than answers? experience of a department of infectious diseases]. | the number of cases of malaria imported to western europe from tropical areas is steadily growing, due to the increased number of people traveling to endemic regions and to the spread of plasmodium strains resistant to chemoprophylaxis. this has prompted the who to frequently update its guidelines concerning preventive therapy. we report on 143 consecutive cases of benign attacks of malaria in patients returning primarily from western and central africa. plasmodium falciparum was responsible for ... | 1991 | 1929049 |
| the number of sporozoites produced by individual malaria oocysts. | mature oocysts of plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax from western thailand were separated from the midguts of anopheles dirus by collagenase digestion, and the number of sporozoites contained in each was counted. for 26 p. vivax oocysts, the mean count was 3, 688 (range 1, 954-5, 577) and for 14 p. falciparum, the mean count was 3, 385 (range 1, 359-4, 554); a single p. cynomolgi oocyst contained 7, 521. counts were not significantly correlated with oocyst density, oocyst age, or identity of the ... | 1991 | 1951866 |
| [ultrastructural observation on the oocyst development and sporozoite formation of plasmodium vivax]. | the oocyst development of plasmodium vivax was heralded by the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles and membraneous clefts. these clefts broke up oocyst cytoplasm into many sporoblasts. the onset of transformation from oocyst to sporozoite was heralded by forming pellicular complex, at some point of pelliculum of sporoblast dense inner membrane and subpellicular microtubules formed beneath the plasmalemma. the pellicular complex bulged out to form sporozoite buds appearing as small domes. followin ... | 1991 | 1959175 |
| transmission of plasmodium vivax malaria in san diego county, california, 1986. | between 18 june and 20 september 1986, 28 cases of plasmodium vivax malaria were documented in carlsbad, california, a coastal town north of san diego. malaria occurred in 1 local resident who had no risk factors, a second local resident who had traveled to a malarious area 9 months earlier, and 26 mexican migrant workers (mws). among the 28 cases, 27 lived in a square mile marshy area where anopheles hermsi, a newly described american species of the anopheles maculipennis group, was known to be ... | 1990 | 1967916 |
| parasitologic and clinical human response to immunoglobulin administration in falciparum malaria. | the protective effect of african igg antibodies against plasmodium falciparum malaria was investigated by passive transfer in thai patients. sera from 333 african adults were collected in the cote d'ivoire and subjected to extensive screening. one hundred fifty-three samples were discarded for safety reasons, and igg was extracted from those remaining under conditions allowing their use by the intravenous (iv) route. eight thai patients with p. falciparum parasitemia were treated by iv inoculati ... | 1991 | 1928564 |
| from the centers for disease control. imported malaria associated with malariotherapy of lyme disease--new jersey. | | 1991 | 1984528 |
| from the centers for disease control. mosquito-transmitted malaria--california and florida, 1990. | | 1991 | 1995962 |
| malaria in pregnancy: clinical features and outcome of treatment. | over two consecutive malaria seasons in 1987 and 1988, 37 patients were admitted to the gonder college hospital with malaria in pregnancy. in 10 patients the diagnosis was missed initially and delayed for up to 72 hours after admission. the differential diagnoses considered on first line included incomplete abortion, labour, postpartum haemorrhage, and fulminant hepatitis in pregnancy. twelve patients (32.4%) died, five of these died undelivered. fifteen pregnancies (40.5%) ended up in abortion, ... | 1991 | 1915317 |
| inhibitory activity against plasmodium vivax sporozoites induced by plasma from saimiri monkeys immunized with circumsporozoite recombinant proteins or irradiated sporozoites. | two saimiri monkey vaccine trials have been conducted comparing four recombinant plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite proteins and irradiated sporozoites. only a small number of animals immunized with certain recombinants or irradiated sporozoites became fully protected against sporozoite challenge. preimmunization and postimmunization plasma samples obtained from 30 monkeys on the day of challenge were tested in an in vitro assay based on sporozoite development into exoerythrocytic stages in prima ... | 1991 | 1907809 |
| halofantrine hydrochloride--efficacy and safety in children with acute malaria. | thirty two children with symptomatic malaria due to p. vivax and p. falciparum infections were treated with three doses of halofantrine hydrochloride 8 mg/kg body weight every 6 hours. mean fever clearance was 30 hours (range 24-48 hours). no significant clinical or biochemical side effects were observed. symptoms cleared rapidly. halofantrine hydrochloride was found to be highly effective and appeared to have no side effects in children with acute malaria infections. | 1991 | 1900550 |
| mosquito-transmitted malaria--california and florida, 1990. | in 1990, two persons--one each in california and florida--were diagnosed with malaria classified as cryptic; their infections may have been acquired in the united states through bites of mosquitoes that became infected after biting parasitemic migrant workers. | 1991 | 1899462 |
| endoscopic assessment of chloroquine phosphate-induced damage to esophageal, gastric, and duodenal mucosa. | eighteen patients with plasmodium vivax malaria were prospectively evaluated to assess the time of onset and extent of upper gastrointestinal mucosal injury caused by oral administration of four tablets (600-mg base) of chloroquine. endoscopy was performed in the group of three separate patients. each patient underwent endoscopy, both before the drug was given, and at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 36 h. before the drug was given, endoscopy was normal in all of the patients. however, mucosal ... | 1991 | 2012045 |
| malaria in wisconsin 1981-1989: a review of cases and update on chemoprophylaxis. | malaria continues to be a significant cause of travel related morbidity and mortality for us citizens. yet there have been no previous analyses of malaria cases reported in wisconsin. to provide timely information to wisconsin physicians, the authors present a review of reported malaria cases in wisconsin for the years 1981 through 1989, and an update of current center for disease control malaria chemoprophylaxis. | 1991 | 1897236 |
| anopheles vestitipennis, the probable vector of plasmodium vivax in the lacandon forest of chiapas, méxico. | baseline studies to evaluate the role of different anopheline mosquitoes as probable vectors of malaria in the lacandon rainforest region in chiapas (méxico) were carried out in 3 rural villages between june and november 1988. anopheles vestitipennis was the most abundant species in all the villages, followed by an. albimanus, an. punctimacula and an. darlingi. human bait collections showed that an. vestitipennis and an. albimanus tended to bite man either indoors or outdoors, while an. punctima ... | 1991 | 1887463 |
| wide distribution of the variant form of the human malaria parasite plasmodium vivax. | we have found polymorphism in the repetitive and nonrepetitive regions of the sporozoite vaccine antigen, the circumsporozoite (cs) protein, in plasmodium vivax malaria parasites from two geographically distant malaria endemic regions of the world. like the recently described variant repeat sequence of p. vivax from thailand, the cs protein repeat sequence of the variant p. vivax parasites from papua new guinea and brazil is anga(g/d)(n/d)qpg, which differs from the previously identified cs repe ... | 1991 | 1885563 |
| second meiotic division of plasmodium vivax. | during the formation of sporozoites, the nuclei formed after mitotic division in sporoblast enter sporozoite buds. the spindle appears in the nucleus of the sporozoite bud, while its nuclear membrane disappears. the spindle is an evidence of the second meiosis of the life cycle of plasmodium. | 1991 | 1874014 |
| imported dual plasmodial infection. | | 1991 | 2035102 |
| clustering of malaria infections within an endemic population: risk of malaria associated with the type of housing construction. | the occurrence of malaria infections due to plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum was monitored in a population of 3,023 people living in six contiguous villages in kataragama, an area of endemic malaria in southern sri lanka, over a period of 17 months. the annual incidence of malaria in this population during the study period was 25.8%. malaria attacks were clustered, occurring more frequently than expected in certain individuals and housing groups and less frequently than expected in others. in ... | 1991 | 1867350 |
| cellular proliferative responses in squirrel monkeys immunized with recombinant and synthetic plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite peptides. | the role of circulating peripheral blood momonuclear cells (pbmc) in mediating protective immunity was examined during an immunization trial in saimiri monkeys. three engineered constructs representing different but overlapping regions of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax were used to immunize the saimiri monkeys. monkeys were randomly placed into three immunization groups: rpvcs2, rpvcs3, and lcv3 (representing three different but overlapping portions of the p. vivax cs prot ... | 1991 | 1858966 |
| cloning of the plasmodium vivax duffy receptor. | plasmodium vivax and plasmodium knowlesi merozoites invade only duffy blood group-positive human erythrocytes. soluble p. vivax and p. knowlesi merozoite proteins of 135 kda bind specifically to duffy blood group determinants. the gene encoding a member of the duffy receptor gene family of p. knowlesi has been cloned. we report here the molecular cloning of the presumptive duffy receptor gene of p. vivax, using the p. knowlesi gene as a probe. there is a single gene in p. vivax which codes for a ... | 1991 | 1849231 |
| cellular immune response of humans to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | the cellular immune response to the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax of individuals from malaria-endemic areas of brazil was studied. we examined the in vitro proliferative response of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of 22 individuals when stimulated with a cs recombinant protein (rpvcs-2) and two other synthetic peptides based on the sequence of the p. vivax cs protein. seven of the individuals from malaria-endemic area displayed an antigen-specific in vitro proli ... | 1991 | 1842409 |
| periodic and chaotic host-parasite interactions in human malaria. | it has been recognized since ancient times that malaria fever is highly periodic but the mechanism has been poorly understood. malaria fever is related to the parasite growth cycle in erythrocytes. after a fixed period of replication, a mature parasite (schizont) causes the infected erythrocyte to rupture, releasing progeny that quickly invade other erythrocytes. simultaneous rupture of a large number of schizonts stimulates a host fever response. febrile temperatures are damaging to plasmodium ... | 1991 | 2052590 |
| fecundity, parity, and adult feeding relationships among nyssorhynchus malaria vectors from venezuela. | relative to their pre-engorgement weights, nulliparous anopheles nuneztovari consumed significantly smaller blood meals than a. marajoara, a. triannulatus or a. aquasalis. when females were deprived of sugar before blood feeding, only one-quarter of a. nuneztovari, but more than two-thirds of a. marajoara, a. triannulatus and a. aquasalis matured eggs. sugar feeding before blood, or two successive blood meals by sugar-deprived females, increased the proportion of nulliparous a. nuneztovari which ... | 1991 | 1842402 |
| [the results of serological studies in different foci of tropical and tertiary malaria]. | attempt was made to determine the value of serologic indices of malaria surveys. following uniformed methodological and technical approaches 3 foci of p. vivax and 6 foci of p. falciparum malaria were surveyed in different endemic zones of vietnam and the ussr. it was shown that the most objective criteria for a foci classification is its serologic mean geometric titre. the latter in its turn directly depends of transmission longevity in a foci. | 1991 | 1840153 |
| importance of clinical diagnosis of malaria in national malaria control programme. | the study conducted at kheda district, gujarat, revealed that judgement of patient on the basis of symptoms and diagnosis of the doctor were correct in 50 and 27% of the suspected malaria cases respectively. in malaria control programme, emphasis on health education and passive case detection is indicated. | 1991 | 1822457 |
| relapse/reinfection patterns of plasmodium vivax infection: a four year study. | in an endemic area relapse and reinfection in plasmodium vivax cases poses serious problems for the malaria control program. we have studied the relapse/reinfection patterns of p. vivax infection in 26 villages of district shahjahanpur, a malaria endemic area of up, india for a period of four years (may, 1986 to october, 1988). all the p. vivax cases were given a complete course of radical treatment and were followed-up for relapse/reinfection. there were 8,914, 2,484, 1,439 and 883 p. vivax cas ... | 1991 | 1820634 |
| antigenic polymorphism in malaria: is it an important mechanism for immune evasion? | malarial infections do not readily evoke an effective protective immunity against re-infection. possible reasons for this include the ability of the parasites to interfere with the host's immune response and to evade the response in an immune host, by, for example, exploiting antigenic polymorphism or variation. antigenic polymorphism undoubtedly exists in malaria parasite populations but does this polymorphism actually contribute to immune evasion by the parasite? here, kamini mendis and collea ... | 1991 | 2069676 |
| detection of blood stage antigens of plasmodium vivax by sandwich elisa using pan-species monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. | this paper reports an improved pcab-mcab-elisa test to detect blood stage plasmodium vivax antigen in which the plates were coated with rabbit anti-p. cynomolgi polyclonal antibody to capture the antigens in test samples and two monoclonal antibodies, m26-32 and 3f9, were added together to react with the captured antigens. the coincidence rate with this test was 93% with microscopically confirmed p. vivax cases, 97% with normal samples, 95% with microscopically negative fever cases from nonendem ... | 1991 | 1818391 |
| [an update on the therapy of malaria]. | the authors analyze the recent treatment regimens of malaria, related to plasmodium strains and clinical manifestation. chloroquine is the first choice drug for uncomplicated chloroquine-sensitive p. falciparum, whereas for p. malariae, p. vivax and p. ovale infections treatment with chloroquine plus primaquine is also recommended. for uncomplicated chloroquine-resistant p. falciparum infections many treatment regimens are available. management of complications is also analyzed. | 1990 | 2075276 |
| macrophage activation in vivax malaria: fever is associated with increased levels of neopterin and interferon-gamma. | in order to evaluate the relationship between fever and macrophage activation in vivax malaria, serum interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) and urinary neopterin concentrations were determined in thai adults with plasmodium vivax parasitaemia. magnitude of fever, after controlling for parasite density, was found to be positively correlated with both ifn-gamma (r = 0.47) and neopterin (r = 0.57). in the 26 febrile patients, neopterin excretion increased further during the first two days of chemotherapy (p ... | 1991 | 1811217 |
| detection of multiple invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodium vivax. | an attempt was made to detect multiple invasion of erythrocytes by plasmodium vivax in district shahjahanpur, india. out of 33,027 p. vivax cases examined, 84 showed multiple invasion of erythrocytes. there were 14 cases who showed more than five rings in an erythrocyte. maximum invasion of an erythrocyte was observed in a 50 year old male patient, a single erythrocyte was harbouring 12 rings. in 5 patients more than one schizonts were present in single erythrocyte. the number of merozoites per ... | 1990 | 2075390 |
| [erythrocytic schizogony of plasmodium vivax under various conditions of in vitro cultivation]. | this study was performed to observe the erythrocytic schizogony of p. vivax under several culture conditions in vitro. five experimental groups included: 1) static cultivation in candle jar; 2) static cultivation in candle jar with candle relightened; 3) static cultivation under low oxygen tension (5-10%); 4) deep suspension cultivation in test tubes with cotton plunger; 5) deep suspension cultivation in closed test tubes with screw cap. two different isolates of p. vivax collected from jingshan ... | 1991 | 1802448 |
| effect of radical treatment on erythrocyte lipid peroxidation in plasmodium vivax-infected malaria patients. | elevated levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increased in vitro heinz body formation in erythrocytes of plasmodium vivax-infected malarial patients were observed. radical treatment with chloroquine and primaquine increased the per cent maximal release of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and catalase were decreased significantly in vivax malaria. superoxide dismutase showed restoration of enzyme activity while catalase activity w ... | 1991 | 1789788 |
| [preliminary study on malaria transmission at the end of the rainy season in mahitsy near tananarive]. | this survey carried out from march to june 1989, demonstrated the important part of an. funestus in malaria transmission, in mahisty, a village near the malagasy capital city. end of march, the number of an. funestus bites reached 6 per man per night, and only 0.75 for an. gambiae s.l. in march a mean of 23 an. funestus per room were found as indoor resting mosquitoes. one indoor resting an. funestus, caught in june, was positive against p. vivax by elisa. observed of 52 indoor-resting an. funes ... | 1990 | 2078087 |
| identification of a chloroquine artifact by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. | | 1990 | 2084135 |
| [atypical forms of plasmodium vivax. apropos of a case]. | in one case of human malaria imported from gabon, abnormal forms of plasmodium vivax are described; severe multiple infections of the host erythrocytes are noticed (up to 6 amoeboid trophozoites in a single red blood cell). attention is drawn to the numerous morphologically abnormal intra-erythrocytic stages of p. vivax: severe multiple infections of red cells, parasites "ressembling" p. ovale, mature schizonts of small size, with reduced number of merozoites... the geographical distribution of ... | 1991 | 1789678 |
| large-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites. | mass-scale production of plasmodium vivax sporozoites in anopheles stephensi was achieved using the chimpanzee (pan troglodytes) as a source of infective blood. membrane feeding was as successful as feeding mosquitoes directly on the animal so long as the time between drawing the blood and feeding was restricted to 45 min. longer delays such as 2-3 h resulted in loss of infectivity in terms of oocyst production. the selected strain of a. stephensi was highly susceptible to p. vivax (chesson stra ... | 1990 | 2092287 |
| anopheles gambiae as a host for geographic isolates of plasmodium vivax. | the g-3 strain of anopheles gambiae was compared with 2 other strains of an. gambiae and an. freeborni, an. stephensi, and an. dirus for susceptibility to infection with 7 different geographic strains of plasmodium vivax. ratios of infection varied, indicating that certain strains of p. vivax were more infectious to the g-3 strain of an. gambiae than to other anopheline species/strains. based on the comparative number of oocysts per mosquito, the relationships between the 3 strains of an. gambia ... | 1991 | 1787402 |
| infectious reservoir of plasmodium vivax and plasmodium falciparum malaria in an endemic region of sri lanka. | the infectious reservoir of plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum in a malaria endemic region in sri lanka was defined in a population of 3,625 by directly feeding mosquitoes on a sample of infected individuals during a period of 17 months. the malaria case incidence in this population was concurrently monitored. p. vivax gametocyte densities were highest in the youngest age groups, and decreased steadily with increasing age. however, the infectivity per gametocyte appeared to be lower in the young ... | 1991 | 1951856 |
| prevalence of antibody to heterologous circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax in thailand. | the distribution in thailand of antibody to a recently discovered variant of circumsporozoite proteins of plasmodium vivax was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). the elisa capture antigens were a synthetic peptide of the principal variant sequence angagnqpg and a candidate p vivax vaccine that contained the predominant repeat sequence gdraa/dgqpa. serological evidence of recent inoculation with the variant was found throughout thailand and in migrants from cambodia, malaysi ... | 1990 | 1975379 |
| acridine orange fluorescent microscopy and the detection of malaria in populations with low-density parasitemia. | detection of low-density malaria parasites with giemsa-stained thick smears (g-ts) requires time and experience and becomes impractical with high sample loads. acridine orange fluorescent microscopy (ao/fm) of capillary centrifuged blood may offer an alternative technique. we compared ao/fm readings with g-ts in 290 specimens from asymptomatic people in thai villages endemic for malaria. ao/fm specimens were prepared in modified capillary tubes coated with acridine orange (quantitative buffy coa ... | 1991 | 1996735 |
| characteristics of natural antibody responses to the circumsporozoite protein of plasmodium vivax. | the antibody response to the prototype circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium vivax (cspv) was studied in thai soldiers experiencing occupational malaria. seventy-four (65%) of 114 men followed during assignment to a malaria transmission area developed blood-stage infection with p. vivax. igg antibodies against the central repeat region of the cspv protein were quantitated by elisa using the recombinant protein, ns181v20, as the capture antigen. one quarter of the subjects had detectable an ... | 1991 | 1996736 |
| effects of untreated bed nets on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum, p. vivax and wuchereria bancrofti in papua new guinea. | the impact of untreated bed nets on the transmission of human malaria and filariasis in a village in a hyperendemic area of papua new guinea was studied. in anopheline mosquitoes, the plasmodium falciparum sporozoite antigen positivity rate, filarial infection rates and human blood indices dropped significantly after bed nets were introduced. this reduction in human-vector contact did not affect mosquito density as no significant difference in either landing rates or indoor resting catches was f ... | 1990 | 2096502 |