| chromosome complement of the fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum based on genetic and physical mapping and cytological observations. | a genetic map of the filamentous fungus fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: gibberella zeae) was constructed to both validate and augment the draft whole-genome sequence assembly of strain ph-1. a mapping population was created from a cross between mutants of the sequenced strain (ph-1, nrrl 31084, originally isolated from michigan) and a field strain from minnesota (00-676, nrrl 34097). a total of 111 ascospore progeny were analyzed for segregation at 235 loci. genetic markers consisted of sequen ... | 2005 | 16079234 |
| a symbiosis expressed non-ribosomal peptide synthetase from a mutualistic fungal endophyte of perennial ryegrass confers protection to the symbiotum from insect herbivory. | while much is known about the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by filamentous fungi their biological role is often less clear. the assumption is these pathways have adaptive value to the organism but often the evidence to support this role is lacking. we provide the first genetic evidence that the fungal produced secondary metabolite, peramine, protects a host plant from insect herbivory. peramine is a potent insect feeding deterrent synthesized by epichloë/neotyphodium mutualistic endophyt ... | 2005 | 16091042 |
| species-specific pcr-based assays for the detection of fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis. | species-specific pcr was used for the identification of nine fusarium species in pure mycelial culture. a pcr-based method was compared with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis for three toxin-producing fusarium species using 85 grain samples of wheat, barley, oat, corn and rye. a simple sds-based dna extraction system followed by potassium acetate precipitation resulted in consistent pcr amplification of dna fragments from cultures and grain samples. the species-specific ... | 2005 | 16099312 |
| pcr detection assays for the trichothecene-producing species fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, fusarium poae, fusarium equiseti and fusarium sporotrichioides. | contamination of small-grain cereals with the fungal species fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum, f. poae, f. sporotrichioides and f. equiseti is an important source of trichothecenes, zearalenone and other mycotoxins which cause serious diseases in human and animals. additionally, these species contribute to fusarium head blight, a disease which produces important losses in cereal yield. early detection and control of these fusarium species is crucial to prevent toxins entering the food chain and ... | 2005 | 16104354 |
| molecular mapping of qtls for resistance to gibberella ear rot, in corn, caused by fusarium graminearum. | gibberella ear rot, caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum schwabe, is a serious disease of corn (zea mays) grown in northern climates. infected corn is lower yielding and contains toxins that are dangerous to livestock and humans. resistance to ear rot in corn is quantitative, specific to the mode of fungal entry (silk channels or kernel wounds), and highly influenced by the environment. evaluations of ear rot resistance are complex and subjective; and they need to be repeated over several y ... | 2005 | 16121248 |
| screening of putative oxygenase genes in the fusarium graminearum genome sequence database for their role in trichothecene biosynthesis. | in the biosynthesis of type b trichothecenes, four oxygenation steps remain to have genes functionally assigned to them. on the basis of the complete genome sequence of fusarium graminearum, expression patterns of all oxygenase genes were investigated in fusarium asiaticum (f. graminearum lineage 6). as a result, we identified five cytochrome p450 monooxygenase (cyp) genes that are specifically expressed under trichothecene-producing conditions and are unique to the toxin-producing strains. the ... | 2005 | 16125338 |
| genotyping of madurella mycetomatis by selective amplification of restriction fragments (amplified fragment length polymorphism) and subtype correlation with geographical origin and lesion size. | one of the causative organisms of mycetoma is the fungus madurella mycetomatis. previously, extensive molecular typing studies identified sudanese isolates of this fungus as clonal, but polymorphic genetic markers have not yet been identified. here, we report on the selective amplification of restriction fragment (aflp) analysis of 37 sudanese clinical isolates of m. mycetomatis. of 93 aflp fragments generated, 25 were polymorphic, and 12 of these 25 polymorphic fragments were found in a large f ... | 2005 | 16145076 |
| circadian rhythms in neurospora crassa: clock gene homologues in fungi. | computer-based analysis of a total of 17 filamentous fungal and yeasts genomes has shown: (1) homologues of frq, wc-1, wc-2, and vvd, key gene components of the neurospora crassa clock, are present in magnaporthe grisea, gibberella zeae, and podospora anserina, suggesting an frq-based oscillator in these organisms; (2) some fungal species that are more distantly related to neurospora, such as rhizopus oryzae do not appear to have frq homologues; (3) many fungal species that do not appear to cont ... | 2005 | 16154782 |
| comparative pathogenicity of fusarium graminearum isolates from china revealed by wheat coleoptile and floret inoculations. | fusarium head blight (fhb) or scab caused by fusarium species is an economically important disease on small grain cereal crops worldwide. accurate assessments of the pathogenicity of fungal isolates is a key obstacle toward a better understanding of the fusarium-wheat scab system. in this study, a new laboratory method for inoculation of wheat coleoptiles was developed, which consists of cutting off the coleoptile apex, covering the cut apex with a piece of filter paper soaked in conidial suspen ... | 2005 | 16160772 |
| screening and identification of the levoglucosan kinase gene (lgk) from aspergillus niger by lc-esi-ms/ms and rt-pcr. | a protein of 75,000 daltons with levoglucosan kinase activity was purified from aspergillus niger. after in-gel digestion by trypsin, a 14-mer peptide was sequenced and analyzed by lc-esi-ms/ms. using a primer derived from the 14-mer peptide in combination with oligo-(dt)18, a cdna fragment was obtained by rt-pcr. a search of the genbank database indicated that the protein had not been identified before. a similar protein named hypothetical protein fg07802.1 (eaa77996.1) was found to exist in gi ... | 2005 | 16165323 |
| nonribosomal peptide synthetase genes in the genome of fusarium graminearum, causative agent of wheat head blight. | fungal nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nrpss) are responsible for the biosynthesis of numerous metabolites which serve as virulence factors in several plant-pathogen interactions. the aim of our work was to investigate the diversity of these genes in a fusarium graminearum sequence database using bioinformatic techniques. our search identified 15 nrps sequences, among which two were found to be closely related to peptide synthetases of various fungi taking part in ferrichrome biosynthesis. ano ... | 2005 | 16196211 |
| differential proteomic analysis of proteins in wheat spikes induced by fusarium graminearum. | scab, caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious spike disease in wheat. to identify proteins in resistant wheat cultivar wangshuibai induced by f. graminearum infection, proteins extracted from spikes 6, 12 and 24 h after inoculation were separated by 2-de. thirty protein spots showing 3-fold change in abundance when compared with treatment without inoculation were characterized by maldi-tof ms and matched to proteins by querying the mass spectra in protein databases or the triticeae est tran ... | 2005 | 16222720 |
| influence of autoclaved fungal materials on spearmint (mentha spicata l.) growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism. | the influence of autoclaved fungal materials such as culture filtrate, freeze-dried mycelium (fdm), mycelium suspension, and spore suspension (ss) on the growth, morphogenesis, and carvone production of spearmint (mentha spicata l.) plants was studied. fungal materials were either applied as a drench or spray on the plants. spearmint plants (cv. "294099") drenched with ss (1 x 10(8) spores/ml) of trichoderma reesei showed no significant differences in leaf numbers, root numbers, or shoot numbers ... | 2005 | 16222794 |
| histopathological effects of dietary fusarium graminearum on rat duodenum. | microscopic pathology of duodenum in rats exposed to fusarium graminearum, a fungus infecting small-grain cereals, was investigated. intestinal haemorrhage was observed macroscopically in one of the rats. light microscopy demonstrated detachments between the surface epithelium and the lamina propria and severe interstitial oedema in the lamina propria in the test group. electron microscopy identified epithelial absorptive cells with highly expanded endoplasmic reticulum tubules, abundant cytopla ... | 2005 | 16222885 |
| temperature and water activity effects on growth and temporal deoxynivalenol production by two argentinean strains of fusarium graminearum on irradiated wheat grain. | the objective of this study was to determine the effects of water activity (a(w); 0.900-0.995), temperature (5, 15, 25 and 30 degrees c), time of incubation (7-49 days) and their interactions on mycelial growth and deoxynivalenol (don) production on irradiated wheat grain by two strains of fusarium graminearum isolated from wheat ears in argentina. optimal a(w) levels for growth were in the range 0.950-0.995 with a temperature optima of 25 degrees c. maximum growth rates were obtained at the hig ... | 2006 | 16236377 |
| a model transgenic cereal plant with detoxification activity for the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone. | zearalenone (zen) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the necrotrophic cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. this mycotoxin is detoxified by zhd101, a lactonohydrolase from clonostachys rosea, or egfp:zhd101, its fusion to the c-terminus of an enhanced green fluorescence protein. we previously showed that egfp:zhd101 is efficiently expressed in t(0) leaves of rice. in this study, we assessed the feasibility of in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin using progeny. when protein extract from ... | 2005 | 16245162 |
| characterization of fusarium spp. isolates by pcr-rflp analysis of the intergenic spacer region of the rrna gene (rdna). | in the present study, 44 fusarium spp. isolates (5 fusarium culmorum, 7 fusarium graminearum, 1 fusarium cerealis, 1 fusarium poae, 26 fusarium oxysporum, and 4 gibberella fujikuroi species complex) were characterized morphologically, physiologically and genetically. all except one (dutch collection: cbs 620.72) were isolated from different hosts grown in various spanish localizations. morphological characterization was made according to macroscopic and microscopic aspects. physiological charact ... | 2006 | 16246443 |
| a model wheat cultivar for transformation to improve resistance to fusarium head blight. | fusarium head blight (fhb), caused primarily by fusarium graminearum, is a major disease problem in wheat (triticum aestivum). genetic engineering holds significant potential to enhance fhb resistance in wheat. due to the requirement of screening for fhb resistance on flowers at anthesis, the number of screens carried out in a year is limited. our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of using the rapid-maturing dwarf wheat cultivar apogee as an alternative genotype for transgenic fhb resist ... | 2006 | 16252090 |
| contamination of malt barley and wheat by fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum from the crop years 2001-2003 in eastern croatia. | this study investigated infection levels with fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum in malt barley and wheat in eastern croatia. the contamination was surveyed over three consecutive crop years (2001-2003) on five locations for barley and three wheat cultivating locations. f. graminearum loads reached levels of potentially serious threat for the commercial production of malting raw materials in both cereals (up to 29.1%). on the other hand, the mean percentage of kernels infected with f. cu ... | 2005 | 16255139 |
| two different polyketide synthase genes are required for synthesis of zearalenone in gibberella zeae. | zearalenone (zea) is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by some species of gibberella/fusarium and causes hyperestrogenic syndrome in animals. zea occurs naturally in cereals infected by gibberella zeae in temperate regions and threatens animal health. in this study, we report on a set of genes that participate in the biosynthesis of zea in g. zeae. focusing on the non-reducing polyketide synthase (pks) genes of the g. zeae genome, we demonstrated that pks13 is required for zea production. subseque ... | 2005 | 16262793 |
| infection patterns in barley and wheat spikes inoculated with wild-type and trichodiene synthase gene disrupted fusarium graminearum. | fusarium head blight epidemics of wheat and barley cause heavy economic losses to farmers due to yield decreases and production of mycotoxin that renders the grain useless for flour and malt products. no highly resistant cultivars are available at present. hyphae of germinating fungal spores use different paths of infection: after germination at the extruded tip of an ovary, the hyphae travel along the epicarp in the space between the lemma and palea. infection of the developing kernel proceeds ... | 2005 | 16263921 |
| [cloning of beta-tubulin gene from gibberella zeae and analysis its relationship with carbendazim-resistance]. | whole beta-tubulin genes from wild carbendazim(mbc)-sensitive isolate, field mbc-resistant isolate and induced mbc-resistant mutant of gibberella zeae were cloned and sequenced with 3 pairs of primers. these genes have 1631bp length, including 3 introns, encoding 447 amino acid. the homology of amino acid tubulin gene of g. zeae with that of other common plant pathogenic filamentous fungi is from 95.12% approximately 99.30%. sequence comparison among mbcs, field mbcr and induced mbcr isolates re ... | 2003 | 16276914 |
| fusarium graminearum tri14 is required for high virulence and don production on wheat but not for don synthesis in vitro. | fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), caused by the fungus fusarium graminearum, is a major concern worldwide. fhb grain is reduced in yield, may fail to germinate, and is often contaminated with deoxynivalenol, a trichothecene mycotoxin linked to a variety of animal diseases and feed refusals. annual losses in the tens of millions of dollars due to fhb underscore the need to develop improved methods of disease control and prevention. previous research has identified deoxyn ... | 2005 | 16277434 |
| functional analysis of the polyketide synthase genes in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). | polyketides are a class of secondary metabolites that exhibit a vast diversity of form and function. in fungi, these compounds are produced by large, multidomain enzymes classified as type i polyketide synthases (pkss). in this study we identified and functionally disrupted 15 pks genes from the genome of the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae. five of these genes are responsible for producing the mycotoxins zearalenone, aurofusarin, and fusarin c and the black perithecial pigment. a comprehensi ... | 2005 | 16278459 |
| diversity of the exoproteome of fusarium graminearum grown on plant cell wall. | the exoproteome of the fungus fusarium graminearum grown on glucose and on hop (humulus lupulus, l.) cell wall has been investigated. the culture medium was found to contain a higher quantity of proteins and the proteins are more diverse when the fungus is grown on cell wall. using both 1d and 2d electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry analysis and protein identification based on similarity searches, 84 unique proteins were identified in the cell wall-grown fungal exoproteome. many are put ... | 2005 | 16283313 |
| aflatoxin b1, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by aspergillus parasiticus and fusarium graminearum in interactive cultures on irradiated corn kernels. | the influence of inoculum size in the production of aflatoxin b1 (afb1), zearalenone (zen) and deoxynivalenol (don) was determined when aspergillus parasiticus nrrl 3000 and fusarium graminearum item 124 were cultured alone and in pairs on irradiated corn kernels at 28 degrees c and 0.97 water activity (a(w)). the highest levels of afb1 produced by a. parasiticus were produced at the lowest levels of the inoculum (10(3) spores/ml). no significant differences were observed in zen and don producti ... | 1998 | 16284857 |
| purification and characterization of aldoxime dehydratase of the head blight fungus, fusarium graminearum. | fungal aldoxime dehydratase (oxd) of fusarium graminearum maff305135 was purified and characterized for the first time from its overexpressing escherichia coli transformant. the enzyme showed about 20% identity with known oxds, and had similar enzymatic properties with nitrilase-linked oxd from the bacillus strain. it belongs to a group of phenylacetaldoxime dehydratases (ec 4.99.1.7), based on its substrate specificity and kinetic analysis. | 2005 | 16306715 |
| the maize an2 gene is induced by fusarium attack and encodes an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase. | using the technique of differential display, a maize transcript was identified whose silk tissue expression is induced in the presence of the ear rot pathogen fusarium graminearum. the 3445 nt transcript includes a 727 nt 5' untranslated leader with the potential for extensive secondary structure and represents the maize gene an2. an2 encodes a copalyl diphosphate synthase (cps)-like protein with 60% amino acid sequence identity with the maize an1 gene product involved in gibberellin (ga) biosyn ... | 2005 | 16307364 |
| a secreted lipase encoded by lip1 is necessary for efficient use of saturated triglyceride lipids in fusarium graminearum. | a triglyceride lipase gene lip1 was identified in the genome of fusarium graminearum strain ph-1. the predicted protein encoded by lip1 contains 591 amino acid residues with a putative n-terminal signal peptide and shows 57 and 40-44 % identity to a botrytis cinerea lipase and five candida rugosa lipases, respectively. yeast cells overexpressing lip1 showed lipolytic activity against a broad range of triglyceride substrates. northern blot analyses revealed that expression of lip1 was activated i ... | 2005 | 16339936 |
| control of sexual reproduction in gibberella zeae (fusarium roseum "graminearum"). | sexual reproduction in gibberella zeae (fusarium roseum) is regulated by the fungal sex hormone zearalenone, which is known to be synthesized only by species of fusarium. the presence of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (camp) in mycelium of this fungus has been confirmed by analyses with thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography, fluorescent properties, ultraviolet absorption, competitive protein-binding tests, and degradation by cyclic phosphodies-terase. camp but not cyclic guanosine monop ... | 1977 | 16345205 |
| selective isolation of fusarium graminearum mutants derepressed for production of beta-glucosidase. | a strain of fusarium graminearum produced extracellular beta-glucosidase (beta-d-glucoside glucohydrolase [ec 3.2.1.21]) subject to carbon catabolite repression. derepressed mutants were selectively isolated by the use of 2-deoxyglucose, a nonmetabolizable catabolic repressor. on each plate of cellobiose and 2-deoxy-glucose inoculated with 10 spores and irradiated with uv light, a few colonies emerged. comparative growth experiments with one of the derepressed mutants and the parent strain showe ... | 1982 | 16346101 |
| production of deepoxy-diacetoxyscirpenol in a culture of fusarium graminearum. | deepoxy-diacetoxyscirpenol was isolated from a laboratory culture of fusarium graminearum grown on a solid rice substrate. it was characterized as 3-hydroxy-4,15-diacetoxy-trichothec-9,12-diene by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. this is the first report of the occurrence of this metabolite in a fungus culture. | 1986 | 16347128 |
| effects of metals on 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol production by fusarium graminearum r2118 in submerged cultures. | the effects of selected metals (mg, mn, zn, and fe) on 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adn) production by fusarium graminearum r2118 and on its mycelial growth were investigated by using a two-stage submerged-culture technique. in certain concentrations ranges, mg and fe stimulated growth but suppressed 3-adn production; at other concentrations, mg, fe, and zn suppressed growth but stimulated 3-adn production. in contrast, mn stimulated growth but totally inhibited 3-adn production at all concentratio ... | 1988 | 16347603 |
| variation in deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and zearalenone production by fusarium graminearum isolates. | of 88 isolates of fusarium graminearum collected from soil or cereals in the united states, 49 produced 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon) as the major isomer; one produced 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon). a total of 26 isolates collected from cereals or soil in australia, new zealand, norway, china, and poland were used for comparison. of these, 15 produced 3-adon as the major isomer and 2 produced 15-adon. | 1989 | 16347922 |
| purification and properties of a beta-1,3-glucanase from chaetomium sp. that is involved in mycoparasitism. | a beta-1,3-glucanase was detected, using laminarin as substrate, in the culture broth of chaetomium sp. major activity was associated with a 70 kda protein band visualized on a polyacrylamide gel. beta-1,3-glucanase was purified by a one-step, native gel purification procedure. optimal activity was observed at ph 6.0 and 30 degrees c (over 30 min). it could degrade cell walls of plant pathogens including rhizoctonia solani, gibberella zeae, fusarium sp., colletotrichum gloeosporioides and phoma ... | 2006 | 16369697 |
| antimicrobial activity of flavonoids from pelargonium radula (cav.) l'hérit. | flavonoids from pelargonium radula (cav.) l'hérit were purified by column chromatography. two fractions were obtained: f1 (main flavonoid isoquercitrin) and f2 (main flavonoid rutin). in vitro antimicrobial activity of f1 and f2 were tested against eleven species of bacteria and eleven species of fungi. both fractions demonstrated strong inhibitory activity against staphylococcus aureus, proteus rettgeri, candida tropicalis and microsporum gypseum. staphylococcus sp. (coagulase-negative) and can ... | 2005 | 16375833 |
| determination of ergosterol in fusarium-infected wheat by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry. | a rapid liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry (lc-appi-ms) method was developed for the determination of ergosterol in wheat grains. the effects of the dopants acetone, toluene and anisole on the ionization efficiency were studied. to identify the predominant ions, appi-ms-ms studies were performed. different lc and ms parameters were optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity. the effects of the mobile phase composition and of the flow rate were investigated. ... | 2006 | 16376910 |
| cryptic promoter activity in the coding region of the hmg-coa reductase gene in fusarium graminearum. | head blight or scab disease caused by fusarium graminearum poses a major threat to wheat and barley production in north america and other countries. to better understand the molecular mechanisms of f. graminearum pathogenesis, we have generated a collection of random insertional mutants. in mutant 222, one of the transformants significantly reduced in virulence, the transforming vector was inserted at amino acid 269 of the hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coa reductase gene (hmr1) that encodes a key enzym ... | 2006 | 16377218 |
| fgdb: a comprehensive fungal genome resource on the plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. | the mips fusarium graminearum genome database (fgdb) is a comprehensive genome database on one of the most devastating fungal plant pathogens of wheat and barley. fgdb provides information on two gene sets independently derived by automated annotation of the f.graminearum genome sequence. a complete manually revised gene set will be completed within the near future. the initial results of systematic manual correction of gene calls are already part of the current gene set. the database can be acc ... | 2006 | 16381910 |
| the development and differentiation of gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) during colonization of wheat. | worldwide, one of the most devastating pathogens of small grains is the head blight fungus, gibberella zeae. ascospore-laden perithecia of this fungus develop on mature cereal crops and crop debris and provide the primary inoculum of the disease. we characterize the process of colonization of wheat tissue that leads to perithecium production. stems were colonized systemically and extensively following inoculation of the wheat head. haploid mycelia moved down the vascular system and pith and then ... | 2005 | 16389974 |
| identification of proteins induced or upregulated by fusarium head blight infection in the spikes of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum). | fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum is a destructive disease of wheat and barley. it causes economic losses due to reduction in both yield and quality. although fhb resistance has been well documented and resistant cultivars have been developed to reduce incidence and severity of fhb, there is a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in plant resistance against the infection and spread of f. graminearum. in the current study, 2-dimensional displays of pr ... | 2005 | 16391683 |
| the presence of gc-ag introns in neurospora crassa and other euascomycetes determined from analyses of complete genomes: implications for automated gene prediction. | a combination of experimental and computational approaches was employed to identify introns with noncanonical gc-ag splice sites (gc-ag introns) within euascomycete genomes. evaluation of 2335 cdna-confirmed introns from neurospora crassa revealed 27 such introns (1.2%). a similar frequency (1.0%) of gc-ag introns was identified in fusarium graminearum, in which 3 of 292 cdna-confirmed introns contained gc-ag splice sites. computational analyses of the n. crassa genome using a gc-ag intron conse ... | 2006 | 16406724 |
| genomics reveals traces of fungal phenylpropanoid-flavonoid metabolic pathway in the f ilamentous fungus aspergillus oryzae. | fungal secondary metabolites constitute a wide variety of compounds which either play a vital role in agricultural, pharmaceutical and industrial contexts, or have devastating effects on agriculture, animal and human affairs by virtue of their toxigenicity. owing to their beneficial and deleterious characteristics, these complex compounds and the genes responsible for their synthesis have been the subjects of extensive investigation by microbiologists and pharmacologists. a majority of the funga ... | 2005 | 16410762 |
| a microsatellite based method for quantification of fungi in decomposing plant material elucidates the role of fusarium graminearum don production in the saprophytic competition with trichoderma atroviride in maize tissue microcosms. | common pcr assays for quantification of fungi in living plants cannot be used to study saprophytic colonization of fungi because plant decomposition releases pcr-inhibiting substances and saprophytes degrade the plant dna which could serve as internal standard. the microsatellite pcr assays presented here overcome these problems by spiking samples prior to dna extraction with mycelium of a reference strain. pcr with fluorescent primers co-amplifies microsatellite fragments of different length fr ... | 2006 | 16420629 |
| a simple method with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of the six trichothecene mycotoxins in rice medium. | a selective and speedy lc-ms/ms method was developed to determine six trichothecene mycotoxins (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon x, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and t-2 toxin) in rice medium where fusarium graminearum were cultivated for in vitro tests. the analytes were extracted from the rice medium with acetonitrile/water (85/15, v/v), and diluted with acetonitrile/water (5/95, v/v) in order to minimize the effects of matrices. diluted solutions were analyzed by lc-ms/ ... | 2006 | 16428841 |
| stereoselective synthesis and fungicidal activities of (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring. | fifteen novel (e)-alpha-(methoxyimino)-benzeneacetate derivatives, the analogues of strobilurins, which contain two pharmacophoric substructures of (e)-methyl methoxyiminoacetate moiety and 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring were stereoselectively synthesized. it was first found that the coupling reaction could give stereoselectively the key intermediate (e) and (z)-methyl 2-(hydroxyimino)-2-o-tolylacetate 2 with a ratio of 14:1. the preliminary bioassays indicated that all the compounds 1 showed potent fung ... | 2006 | 16455246 |
| morphogenesis in germinating fusarium graminearum macroconidia. | fusarium graminearum (teleomorph gibberella zeae) is a significant pathogen of wheat and corn. f. graminearum forms multicellular macroconidia that play an important role in dissemination of the disease. the spatial pattern of morphogenesis in germinating macroconidia is described. germ tubes preferentially emerge from the apical cells in a bipolar pattern that appears to be common to filamentous fungi. chitin deposition occurs at two locations: the spore apices and cortical regions of macroconi ... | 2005 | 16457357 |
| gip2, a putative transcription factor that regulates the aurofusarin biosynthetic gene cluster in gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum) is an important pathogen of maize, wheat, and rice. colonies of g. zeae produce yellow-to-tan mycelia with the white-to-carmine red margins. in this study, we focused on nine putative open reading frames (orfs) closely linked to pks12 and gip1, which are required for aurofusarin biosynthesis in g. zeae. among them is an orf designated gip2 (for gibberella zeae pigment gene 2), which encodes a putative protein of 398 amino acids that carries a zn(i ... | 2006 | 16461721 |
| functional identification of high-affinity iron permeases from fusarium graminearum. | the scftr1 gene encodes an iron permease in saccharomyces cerevisiae. its homologues, fgftr1 and fgftr2, were identified from filamentous pathogenic plant fungus, fusarium graminearum. homologies between the deduced amino acid sequences of scftr1p and fgftr1 and fgftr2 were 56 and 54%, respectively, and both had rexxe sequences, which form the conserved amino acid sequence of scftr1p. fgftr1 expression increased under iron depletion, and although fgftr2 mrna was not detected in the wild-type str ... | 2006 | 16464625 |
| nonribosomal peptide synthesis in schizosaccharomyces pombe and the architectures of ferrichrome-type siderophore synthetases in fungi. | a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps) in schizosaccharomyces pombe, which possesses an unusual structure incorporating three adenylation domains, six thiolation domains and six condensation domains, has been shown to produce the cyclohexapeptide siderophore ferrichrome. one of the adenylation domains is truncated and contains a distorted key motif. substrate-binding specificities of the remaining two domains were assigned by molecular modelling to glycine and to n-acetyl-n-hydroxy-l-ornithine ... | 2006 | 16502473 |
| identification of the down-regulated genes in a mat1-2-deleted strain of gibberella zeae, using cdna subtraction and microarray analysis. | gibberella zeae (anamorph: fusarium graminearum), a self-fertile ascomycete, is an important pathogen of cereal crops. here, we have focused on the genes specifically controlled by the mating type (mat) locus, a master regulator of sexual developmental process in g. zeae. to identify these genes, we employed suppression subtractive hybridization between a g. zeae wild-type strain z03643 and the isogenic self-sterile mat1-2 strain t43deltam2-2. both reverse northern and cdna microarray analyses u ... | 2006 | 16504554 |
| confirmation of reduced toxicity of deoxynivalenol in extrusion-processed corn grits by the mtt bioassay. | the objective of this study was to determine the loss of toxicity of deoxynivalenol in extruded cereal-based products by the tetrazolium salt (mtt) bioassay using a sensitive chinese hamster ovary (cho-k1) cell line and to compare the results to chemical (high-performance liquid chromatography, hplc) and biochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, elisa) methods of analysis. a split-split plot design was used for the extrusion process experiments at temperatures of 150, 175, and 200 degrees ... | 2006 | 16506858 |
| characterization of two polyketide synthase genes involved in zearalenone biosynthesis in gibberella zeae. | zearalenone, a mycotoxin produced by several fusarium spp., is most commonly found as a contaminant in stored grain and has chronic estrogenic effects on mammals. zearalenone is a polyketide derived from the sequential condensation of multiple acetate units by a polyketide synthase (pks), but the genetics of its biosynthesis are not understood. we cloned two genes, designated zea1 and zea2, which encode polyketide synthases that participate in the biosynthesis of zearalenone by gibberella zeae ( ... | 2006 | 16517624 |
| fine mapping fhb1, a major gene controlling fusarium head blight resistance in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). | a major fusarium head blight (fhb) resistance gene fhb1 (syn. qfhs.ndsu-3bs) was fine mapped on the distal segment of chromosome 3bs of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) as a mendelian factor. fhb resistant parents, sumai 3 and nyubai, were used as sources of this gene. two mapping populations were developed to facilitate segregation of qfhs.ndsu-3bs in either a fixed resistant (sumai 3*5/thatcher) (s/t) or fixed susceptible (hc374/3*98b69-l47) (hc/98) genetic background (hc374 = wuhan1/nyubai ... | 2006 | 16518614 |
| genetically engineered resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat by expression of arabidopsis npr1. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease of wheat and barley which causes extensive losses worldwide. monogenic, gene-for-gene resistance to fhb has not been reported. the best source of resistance to fhb is a complex, quantitative trait derived from the wheat cv. sumai 3. here, we show that the arabidopsis thaliana npr1 gene (atnpr1), which regulates the activation of systemic acquired resistance, when expressed in the fhb-susceptible wheat cv. bobwhite, confers a heritable, type ii ... | 2006 | 16529374 |
| development of a fusarium graminearum affymetrix genechip for profiling fungal gene expression in vitro and in planta. | recently the genome sequences of several filamentous fungi have become available, providing the opportunity for large-scale functional analysis including genome-wide expression analysis. we report the design and validation of the first affymetrix genechip microarray based on the entire genome of a filamentous fungus, the ascomycetous plant pathogen fusarium graminearum. to maximize the likelihood of representing all putative genes (approximately 14,000) on the array, two distinct sets of automat ... | 2006 | 16531083 |
| the mycoestrogen zearalenone induces cyp3a through activation of the pregnane x receptor. | zearalenone is a mycoestrogen that is produced in the fungi fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, fusarium equiseti, and fusarium crookwellense. these fungi commonly exist in agricultural products. human pregnane x receptor (hpxr) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates the expression of numerous hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes, including several clinically important cytochrome p450s. in this report, we show that zearalenone is an efficacious ligand for hpxr. we also descr ... | 2006 | 16547076 |
| heterologous expression of two trichothecene p450 genes in fusarium verticillioides. | fusarium graminearum z-3639 and f. sporotrichioides nrrl3299 produce the trichothecene mycotoxins 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and t-2 toxin, respectively. these toxins differ in oxygenation at c-4, c-7, and c-8. in f. sporotrichioides, tri1 (fstri1) controls c-8 hydroxylation. to determine the function of an apparent f. graminearum tri1 (fgtri1) homolog, both fstri1 and fgtri1 genes were heterologously expressed in the trichothecene-nonproducing species f. verticillioides by fusing the tri1 coding r ... | 2006 | 16604118 |
| transcriptome analysis of the barley-fusarium graminearum interaction. | fusarium head blight (fhb) of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is caused by fusarium graminearum. fhb causes yield losses and reduction in grain quality primarily due to the accumulation of trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (don). to develop an understanding of the barley-f. graminearum interaction, we examined the relationship among the infection process, don concentration, and host transcript accumulation for 22,439 genes in spikes from the susceptible cv. morex from 0 to 144 h after ... | 2006 | 16610744 |
| accumulation of deoxynivalenol and its 15-acetylated form is significantly modulated by oxidative stress in liquid cultures of fusarium graminearum. | liquid cultures of fusarium graminearum were supplemented with h2o2 or other oxidative compounds. the accumulation kinetics of the resulting trichothecenes were monitored. at non-lethal concentrations, the h2o2 treatments modulated toxin accumulation, dependent on the method of supplementation. when h2o2 was added at the same time as the inoculation, higher levels of toxins accumulated 30 days later. conversely, adding h2o2 2 or 7 days after inoculation had little effect. when h2o2 was added dai ... | 2006 | 16630263 |
| fusarium graminearum-induced changes in gene expression between fusarium head blight-resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars. | fusarium head blight (fhb), primarily caused by fusarium graminearum schw., is a destructive disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.). although several genes related to fhb resistance have been reported, global analysis of gene expression in response to fhb infection remains to be explored. the expression patterns of transcriptomes from wheat spikes of fhb-resistant cultivar ning 7840 and susceptible cultivar clark were monitored during a period of 72 h after inoculation (hai) with f. graminearum ... | 2007 | 16636822 |
| multiplex pcr assay for the identification of nivalenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol chemotypes in fusarium. | the ability to rapidly distinguish trichothecene chemotypes in a given species/population of the genus fusarium is important due to significant differences in the toxicity of these secondary metabolites. a multiplex pcr assay, based on primer pairs derived from the tri3, tri5 and tri7 genes of the trichothecene gene cluster was established for the identification of the different chemotypes among fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum and f. cerealis. using the selected primers, specific amplification ... | 2006 | 16684095 |
| the dawn of fungal pathogen genomics. | recent advances in sequencing technologies have led to a remarkable increase in the number of sequenced fungal genomes. several important plant pathogenic fungi are among those that have been sequenced or are being sequenced. additional fungal pathogens are likely to be sequenced in the near future. analysis of the available genomes has provided useful information about genes that may be important for plant infection and colonization. genome features, such as repetitive sequences, telomeres, con ... | 2006 | 16704358 |
| fusarium graminearum on plant cell wall: no fewer than 30 xylanase genes transcribed. | the transcription of a set of 32 putative xylanase genes from fusarium graminearum was examined by quantitative pcr after growth on different carbon sources (hop cell wall, xylan, xylose, or carboxymethylcellulose). growing on plant cell wall medium, this fungus displays a great diversity of expression of xylan-related genes, with 30 being induced. a second level of diversity exists because expression patterns can be very different for loci encoding enzymes with the same activity (the same ec nu ... | 2006 | 16707104 |
| genomic analysis of host-pathogen interaction between fusarium graminearum and wheat during early stages of disease development. | fusarium graminearum strains responsible for causing the plant disease fusarium head blight vary greatly in their ability to cause disease and produce mycotoxins on wheat. with the goal of understanding fungal gene expression related to pathogenicity, three cdna libraries were created by suppression subtractive hybridization using wheat heads inoculated with a highly aggressive strain and either water or a less aggressive strain of this pathogen. eighty-four fungal genes expressed during initial ... | 2006 | 16735750 |
| impact of transgenic bt maize residues on the mycotoxigenic plant pathogen fusarium graminearum and the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride. | transformation of maize with genes encoding for insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) could have an impact on the saprophytic survival of plant pathogens and their antagonists on crop residues. we assessed potential effects on the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don)-producing wheat and maize pathogen fusarium graminearum and on the biocontrol agent trichoderma atroviride. purified cry1ab protein caused no growth inhibition of these fungi on agar plates. cry1ab concentra ... | 2006 | 16738384 |
| microarray analysis of transcript accumulation during perithecium development in the filamentous fungus gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum). | gibberella zeae (anamorph fusarium graminearum) is the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat and barley in the united states. ascospores forcibly discharged from mature fruiting bodies, the perithecia, serve as the primary inoculum for fhb epidemics. to identify genes important for perithecium development and function, a cdna microarray that covered 11% of the g. zeae genome was constructed. the microarray was used to measure changes in transcription levels of genes expressed durin ... | 2006 | 16741730 |
| cellular iron utilization is regulated by putative siderophore transporter fgsit1 not by free iron transporter in fusarium graminearum. | this report investigated fgsit1, which encodes a putative ferrichrome transporter of fusarium graminearum. the identity of the deduced amino acid sequence of fgsit1 with the amino acid sequence of scarn1p, an fc-fe(3+) transporter of saccharomyces cerevisiae, was 51%; both the growth defect related to the deltafet3deltaarn1-4 strain of s. cerevisiae in an iron-depleted condition and the fc-fe(3+) uptake activity were recovered upon the introduction of fgsit1 into the deltafet3deltaarn1-4 strain. ... | 2006 | 16750173 |
| the pks4 gene of fusarium graminearum is essential for zearalenone production. | zearalenones are produced by several fusarium species and can cause reproductive problems in animals. some aurofusarin mutants of fusarium pseudograminearum produce elevated levels of zearalenone (zon), one of the estrogenic mycotoxins comprising the zearalenones. an analysis of transcripts from polyketide synthase genes identified in the fusarium graminearum database was carried out for these mutants. pks4 was the only gene with an enoyl reductase domain that had a higher level of transcription ... | 2006 | 16751498 |
| identification of bifunctional delta12/omega3 fatty acid desaturases for improving the ratio of omega3 to omega6 fatty acids in microbes and plants. | we report the identification of bifunctional delta12/omega3 desaturases from fusarium moniliforme, fusarium graminearum, and magnaporthe grisea. the bifunctional activity of these desaturases distinguishes them from all known delta12 or omega3 fatty acid desaturases. the omega3 desaturase activity of these enzymes also shows a broad omega6 fatty acid substrate specificity by their ability to convert linoleic acid (la), gamma-linolenic acid, di-homo-gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid to t ... | 2006 | 16763049 |
| [fusariosis of seeds of winter triticale]. | the results of studying the mycoflora of winter triticale grains and seedlings after artificial and natural inoculation are presented. the species of fusarium, alternaria, helminthosporium, septoria, cladosporium, penicillium, rhizopus were identified. fusarium spp., prevailed over other fungi as to the number of its isolates. its isolates (n = 142) were distinguished, 5 species were identified. it is significant, that most isolates of fusarium graminearum caused a disease of grains. the species ... | 2006 | 16786634 |
| effects of zearalenone on in utero development in rats. | zearalenone (ze), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum or f. roseum, is one of the most common contaminants of cereal grains world-wide. the objective of this study was to determine the effects of ze on in utero development of rats. pregnant female charles river sprague-dawley rats were gavaged once daily with ze (in corn oil) at doses of 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg body weight on gestation days (gd) 6-19. all females survived to cesarean section on gd 20. at cesarean section, rep ... | 2006 | 16797818 |
| identification of differentially regulated proteins in response to a compatible interaction between the pathogen fusarium graminearum and its host, triticum aestivum. | using proteomic analyses, a study was carried out aimed at understanding the molecular mechanism of interaction between fusarium graminearum and triticum aestivum. wheat spikelets were inoculated with h2o and conidia spores of f. graminearum. proteins were extracted from spikelets harvested at three time points: 1, 2 and 3 days post inoculation. about 1380 protein spots were displayed on 2-d gels stained with sypro ruby. in total, 41 proteins were detected to be differentially regulated due to f ... | 2006 | 16858732 |
| real-time pcr assay to quantify fusarium graminearum wild-type and recombinant mutant dna in plant material. | fusarium graminearum (teleomorph, gibberella zeae) is the predominant causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat resulting in yearly losses through reduction in grain yield and quality and accumulation of fungal generated toxins in grain. numerous fungal genes potentially involved in virulence have been identified and studies with deletion mutants to ascertain their role are in progress. although wheat field trials with wild-type and mutant strains are critical to understand the role th ... | 2006 | 16859788 |
| the biosynthetic pathway for aurofusarin in fusarium graminearum reveals a close link between the naphthoquinones and naphthopyrones. | fungal polyketide biosynthesis typically involves multiple enzymatic steps and the encoding genes are often found in gene clusters. a gene cluster containing pks12, the polyketide synthase gene responsible for the synthesis of the pigment aurofusarin, was analysed by gene replacement using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to determine the biosynthesis pathway of aurofusarin. replacement of aurr1 with hygb shows that it encodes a positively acting transcription factor that is req ... | 2006 | 16879655 |
| xyloglucanases in the interaction between saprobe fungi and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus glomus mosseae. | we studied the production of xyloglucanase enzymes of pea and lettuce roots in the presence of saprobe and arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi. the am fungus glomus mosseae and the saprobe fungi fusarium graminearum, fusarium oxysporum-126, trichoderma harzianum, penicillium chrysogenum, pleurotus ostreatus and aspergillus niger were used. g. mosseae increased the shoot and root dry weight of pea but not of lettuce. most of the saprobe fungi increased the level of mycorrhization of pea and lettuce ... | 2007 | 16904235 |
| fusarium tri4 encodes a multifunctional oxygenase required for trichothecene biosynthesis. | fusarium graminearum and fusarium sporotrichioides produce the trichothecene mycotoxins 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and t-2 toxin, respectively. in both species, disruption of the p450 monooxygenase-encoding gene, tri4, blocks production of the mycotoxins and leads to the accumulation of the trichothecene precursor trichodiene. to further characterize its function, the f. graminearum tri4 (fgtri4) was heterologously expressed in the trichothecene-nonproducing species fusarium verticillioides. transg ... | 2006 | 16917519 |
| transgenic rice plants expressing trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase show resistance to the fusarium phytotoxin deoxynivalenol. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a devastating disease of small grain cereal crops caused by the necrotrophic pathogen fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum. these fungi produce the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) and its derivatives, which enhance the disease development during their interactions with host plants. for the self-protection, the trichothecene producer fusarium species have tri101 encoding trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase. although transgenic expression of tri101 ... | 2007 | 17031651 |
| nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nps) genes in fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum and f. pseudograminearium and identification of nps2 as the producer of ferricrocin. | fungi have the potential to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites including polyketides and small peptides produced by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (nps). fusarium graminearum is a mycotoxin producing pathogen of cereals and knowledge of the infection process is essential for the development of disease control. bioinformatics provide a means to identify genes encoding npss, the products of which may act as fungal virulence factors. the f. graminearum genome sequence was analysed and ... | 2007 | 17043871 |
| nps6, encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase involved in siderophore-mediated iron metabolism, is a conserved virulence determinant of plant pathogenic ascomycetes. | nps6, encoding a nonribosomal peptide synthetase, is a virulence determinant in the maize (zea mays) pathogen cochliobolus heterostrophus and is involved in tolerance to h(2)o(2). deletion of nps6 orthologs in the rice (oryza sativa) pathogen, cochliobolus miyabeanus, the wheat (triticum aestivum) pathogen, fusarium graminearum, and the arabidopsis thaliana pathogen, alternaria brassicicola, resulted in reduced virulence and hypersensitivity to h(2)o(2). introduction of the nps6 ortholog from th ... | 2006 | 17056706 |
| quantification of estrogenic mycotoxins at the ng/l level in aqueous environmental samples using deuterated internal standards. | because of their pronounced estrogenicity, resorcyclic acid lactones (rals) are of concern in aqueous environments even at the low ng/l level. therefore, we developed an accurate, precise and sensitive hplc-ms/ms method to detect these mycotoxins in different aqueous environmental samples. the compounds investigated included zearalenone (zon), alpha- and beta-zearalenol, zearalanone as well as alpha- and beta-zearalanol. the use of isotope labelled internal standards (in this case deuterated ral ... | 2007 | 17084850 |
| a novel antiproliferative and antifungal lectin from amaranthus viridis linn seeds. | a lectin from the seeds of amaranthus viridis linn has been purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-linked amino activated silica. amaranthus viridis lectin (avl) has a native molecular mass of 67 kda. it is a homodimer composed of two 36.6 kda subunits. the lectin gave a single band in non-denaturing page at ph 4.5 and ph 8.3 and a single peak on hplc size exclusion and cation exchange columns. the purified lectin was specific for both t-antigen and n-acetyl-d-lactosamine, markers f ... | 2006 | 17100645 |
| overexpression of defense response genes in transgenic wheat enhances resistance to fusarium head blight. | fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat, caused by fusarium graminearum and other fusarium species, is a major disease problem for wheat production worldwide. to combat this problem, large-scale breeding efforts have been established. although progress has been made through standard breeding approaches, the level of resistance attained is insufficient to withstand epidemic conditions. genetic engineering provides an alternative approach to enhance the level of resistance. many defense response genes ... | 2007 | 17103001 |
| cloning and characterization of six highly similar endo-1,3-beta-glucanase genes in hexaploid wheat. | pathogenesis-related (pr) proteins are often used as a marker of plant defense reactions. some endo-1,3-beta-glucanase (gns) genes encode proteins that belong to the pr protein family 2 (pr-2). although the number of homologous family member genes is significantly greater in hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.) compared to other model plants, earlier studies did not evaluate the possible contribution of their homologs to hybridization signals in northern blot analysis. in this study, we have e ... | 2006 | 17110121 |
| tagging target genes of the mat1-2-1 transcription factor in fusarium verticillioides (gibberella fujikuroi mp-a). | mating type in filamentous ascomycetes is controlled by idiomorphic alleles, named mat1-1 and mat1-2, which contain 1-3 genes. of these genes mat1-1-1 and mat1-2-1 encode putative transcription factors and are thus considered to be the major regulators of sexual communication and mating. fungi with no known sexual stage may also have fully functional mating type genes and therefore it was plausible to hypothesize that the mat products may also regulate other types of genes not involved directly ... | 2007 | 17124547 |
| toxin-dependent utilization of engineered ribosomal protein l3 limits trichothecene resistance in transgenic plants. | the contamination of agricultural products with fusarium mycotoxins is a problem of world-wide importance. fusarium graminearum and related species, which are important pathogens of small grain cereals and maize, produce an economically important and structurally diverse class of toxins designated trichothecenes. trichothecenes inhibit eukaryotic protein synthesis. therefore, a proposed role for these fungal toxins in plant disease development is to block or delay the expression of defence-relat ... | 2004 | 17134394 |
| functional characterization of acetylglutamate synthase and phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase genes in gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae (anamorph, fusarium graminearum) is an important pathogen of cereal crops found in many regions of the world. in this study, we have characterized two auxotrophic strains, designated s4b1279 and s4b3008, which were discovered from a collection of insertional mutants of g. zeae generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi). both mutant strains exhibited pleiotropic phenotypic changes that include reduction of mycelial growth and virulence and abolished sexual reprodu ... | 2007 | 17146619 |
| a novel gene cluster in fusarium graminearum contains a gene that contributes to butenolide synthesis. | the development of expressed sequence tag (est) databases, directed transformation and a sequenced genome has facilitated the functional analysis of fusarium graminearum genes. extensive analysis of 10,397 ests, derived from thirteen cdna libraries of f. graminearum grown under diverse conditions, identified a novel cluster of eight genes (gene loci fg08077-fg08084) located within a 17kb region of genomic sequence contig 1.324. the expression of these genes is concomitantly up-regulated under gr ... | 2007 | 17175185 |
| the lem2 gene promoter of barley directs cell- and development-specific expression of gfp in transgenic plants. | transgenic approaches to combating fungal pathogens, such as fusarium graminearum, require the targeting of antifungal gene expression in tissues of developing seed spikes of cereal grains, especially lemmas and epicarps. the lem2 gene of barley encodes a lectin-like protein that is strongly up-regulated by salicylic acid and is preferentially expressed in lemmas, paleas (lemma/palea) and coleoptiles. transient expression studies have indicated that the proximal -75/+70 region (relative to the t ... | 2006 | 17177783 |
| fusarium tri4 encodes a key multifunctional cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for four consecutive oxygenation steps in trichothecene biosynthesis. | fusarium tri4 encodes a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase (cyp) for hydroxylation at c-2 of the first committed intermediate trichodiene (tdn) in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. to examine whether this cyp further participates in subsequent oxygenation steps leading to isotrichotriol (4), we engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae for de novo production of the early intermediates by introducing cdnas of fusarium graminearum tri5 (fgtri5 encoding tdn synthase) and tri4 (fgtri4). from a culture of the ... | 2007 | 17188234 |
| mould germination: data treatment and modelling. | the objectives of this study were i/ to examine germination data sets over a range of environmental conditions (water activity, temperature) for eight food spoilage moulds, ii/ to compare the ability of the gompertz equation and logistic function to fit the experimental plots, iii/ to simulate germination by assessing various distributions of the latent period for germination amongst a population of spores. data sets (percentage germination, p (%), versus time, t) of aspergillus carbonarius, asp ... | 2007 | 17188772 |
| microarray analysis of fusarium graminearum-induced wheat genes: identification of organ-specific and differentially expressed genes. | a wheat cdna microarray consisting of 5739 expressed sequence tags (ests) was used to investigate the transcriptome patterns of the glume, lemma, palea, anther, ovary and rachis dissected from infected wheat spikes after inoculation with the fungus fusarium graminearum, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) disease. stringent conditions were employed to reduce the false discovery rate. the significance analysis of microarrays (sam) was used to identify transcripts that showed a differen ... | 2007 | 17207255 |
| reduced contamination by the fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone in maize kernels through genetic modification with a detoxification gene. | maize is subject to ear rot caused by toxigenic aspergillus and fusarium species, resulting in contamination with aflatoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone (zen). the trichothecene group and zen mycotoxins are produced by the cereal pathogen fusarium graminearum. a transgenic detoxification system for the elimination of zen was previously developed using an egfp::zhd101 gene (gfzhd101), encoding an enhanced green fluorescent protein fused to a zen-degrading enzyme. in this study, w ... | 2007 | 17209063 |
| galactose oxidase immobilized on silica in an analytical determination of galactose-containing carbohydrates. | galactose oxidase from fusarium graminearum imv-1060 adsorbed on, and covalently bound to, silica carriers has been used for analytical determinations of d-galactose and galactose-containing sugars. using a flowing oxygen electrode of the clark-type, sensor system for enzymatic analysis of water solutions of galactose-containing carbohydrates was made. measurements were taken both in the pulse and continuous modes of a substrate flowing through a column with an immobilized biocatalyst. the linea ... | 2007 | 17213632 |
| passage through alternative hosts changes the fitness of fusarium graminearum and fusarium pseudograminearum. | species of the necrotrophic fungal pathogen fusarium that cause head blight and crown rot of cereals including wheat also infect a number of alternative host plants. this raises the prospect of more damaging pathogen strains originating and persisting as highly successful saprophytes on hosts other than wheat. the immediate impact on pathogenic (aggressiveness) and saprophytic (growth rate and fecundity) behaviour of six isolates with low, moderate or high initial aggressiveness was examined in ... | 2007 | 17222149 |
| differential expression of genes involved in iron metabolism in aspergillus fumigatus. | the ability of fungi to survive in many environments is linked to their capacity to acquire essential nutrients. iron is generally complexed and available in very limited amounts. like bacteria, fungi have evolved highly specific systems for iron acquisition. production and uptake of iron-chelating siderophores has been shown to be important for certain human bacterial pathogens, as well as in fungal pathogens such as cryptococcus neoformans and fusarium graminearum. this system also enables the ... | 2006 | 17236162 |
| exogenous h(2)o(2) and catalase treatments interfere with tri genes expression in liquid cultures of fusarium graminearum. | effect of exogenous h(2)o(2) and catalase was tested in liquid cultures of the deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing fungus fusarium graminearum. accordingly to previous results, h(2)o(2) supplementation of the culture medium leads to increased toxin production. this study indicates that this event seems to be linked to a general up regulation of genes involved in the deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol biosynthesis pathway, commonly named tri genes. in catalase-treated cul ... | 2007 | 17250833 |
| two mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling cascades mediate basal resistance to antifungal plant defensins in fusarium graminearum. | antifungal defensins, msdef1 and mtdef4, from medicago spp., inhibit the growth of fusarium graminearum, which causes head blight disease in cereals. in order to determine the signalling cascades that are modulated by these defensins, we have isolated several insertional mutants of f. graminearum that exhibit hypersensitivity to msdef1, but not to mtdef4. the molecular characterization of two of these mutants, designated enhanced sensitivity to defensin (esd), has revealed that the mgv1 and gpmk ... | 2007 | 17253976 |
| retrotransposon and gene activation in wheat in response to mycotoxigenic and non-mycotoxigenic-associated fusarium stress. | despite inhibition of protein synthesis being its mode of action, the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don) induced accumulation of transcripts encoding translation elongation factor 1alpha (ef-1alpha), class iii plant peroxidase (pox), structure specific recognition protein, basic leucine zipper protein transcription factor (bzip), retrotransposon-like homologs and genes of unknown function in the roots of wheat cultivars cm82036 and remus. fusarium head blight (fhb) studies using fusari ... | 2007 | 17256175 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of ornithine decarboxylase gene fragments from the ascomycota. | ornithine decarboxylase (odc; ec 4.1.1.17) catalyzes the initial step in the biosynthesis of polyamines, the conversion of ornithine to putrescine. based on the most conserved regions of fungal odcs, we designed and synthesized oligonucleotides to amplify homologous fragments of three important plant pathogenic pyrenomycete fungi (ascomycota), magnaporthe grisea, colletotrichum lindemuthianum and fusarium solani, and one insect pathogenic fungus metarhizium anisopliae. cloning and sequencing of ... | 2006 | 17286052 |