| in vitro antifungal activity of clotrimazole (bay b 5097). | the in vitro antifungal activity of clotrimazole (bay b 5097) was compared with those of amphotericin b, griseofulvin, nystatin, and pyrrolnitrin. the inhibitory activity of clotrimazole against most systemic pathogens was comparable to that of amphotericin b; minimal inhibitory concentrations of the two drugs for blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, sporothrix schenckii, cryptococcus neoformans, and coccidioides immitis were in the range of 0.20 to 3.13 and 0.10 to 6.25 mug/ml, res ... | 1971 | 4949484 |
| serological comparison of the three morphological phases of coccidioides immitis by the agar gel diffusion method. | hyperimmune sera against spherules and against arthrospores of coccidioides immitis were prepared by inoculation of rabbits. the antibody content of these sera was studied by the agar gel diffusion method. it was observed that antispherule pooled sera formed multiple precipitin bands with extracts of spherules and of arthrospores. the antiarthrospore pooled serum, however, failed to precipitate with the spherule extract, and formed a single band in the presence of an arthrospore solution. when t ... | 1967 | 4960151 |
| serological response of rhesus monkeys to histoplasma, blastomyces, and coccidioides antigens. | fifteen adult rhesus monkeys were inoculated with nonviable histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, or coccidioides immitis. antibody assays were made periodically during a 2-year period by use of a complement-fixation (cf) test employing four antigens and a latex-agglutination test. selected sera were also studied in an immunodiffusion test and a coccidioidin-precipitin test. the serological patterns obtained with the anti-histoplasma, anti-blastomyces, and anti-coccidioides monkey se ... | 1967 | 4961413 |
| cytolytic plasma factor in experimental coccidioidomycosis. | peripheral blood leukocytes from guinea pigs infected with coccidioides immitis 5 weeks previously were lysed significantly when incubated at 37 c for 3.5 hr with a concentrated c. immitis culture filtrate, but not with a concentrated aspergillus fumigatus or blastomyces dermatitidis culture filtrate. mononuclear leukocytes and presumably granulocytes were both lysed. characterization of the factor responsible for this leukocytolysis reaction revealed that it was contained in plasma and serum bu ... | 1967 | 4963788 |
| agar-gel precipitin-inhibition test for coccidioidomycosis. ii. serological test antigen studies in agar-gel. | in this study of saprophytic and parasitic growth-phase extracts of coccidioides immitis, an antigen from the spherule culture supernatant fluid detected a specific antibody in heretofore serologically negative suspect coccidioidomycosis human sera when diffused in agar-gel. this antigen-antibody reaction occurred also in some of the serologically positive human coccidioidomycosis sera. this study indicates that this antigen-antibody reaction should be utilized as a possible routine serological ... | 1967 | 4964065 |
| agar-gel precipitin-inhibition test for coccidioidomycosis. i. preliminary evaluation of the complement-fixation and agar-gel precipitin tests in the serodiagnosis of human coccidioidomycosis. | the agar-gel precipitin-inhibition serological test for coccidioidomycosis was a more sensitive indicator of coccidioides immitis antibodies than the tube precipitin, the agar-gel immunodiffusion, in the complement-fixation tests in assaying monkey sera, whether these sera were from prechallenge-vaccinated or postchallenged animals. when applying this technique to the assay of human sera, an analogous finding generally persisted. however, some human sera were positive by the complement-fixation ... | 1967 | 4965616 |
| preparation and standardization of antigens of histoplasma capsulatum and coccidioides immitis. | | 1970 | 4999876 |
| some evidence for the development of a phagocytic response by polymorphonuclear leukocytes recovered from the venous blood of dogs inoculated with coccidioides immitis or vaccinated with an irradiated spherule vaccine. | | 1972 | 5020634 |
| granulomatous anterior uveitis caused by coccidioides immitis. | | 1972 | 5064424 |
| subcutaneous abscess due to coccidioides immitis. | | 1972 | 5085486 |
| deficient resistance to coccidioides immitis following intravenous vaccination. i. distribution of spherules after intravenous and intramuscular doses. | | 1971 | 5111562 |
| deficient resistance to coccidioides immitis following intravenous vaccination. 3. humoral and cellular responses to intravenous and intramuscular doses. | | 1971 | 5111563 |
| fractionation and composition studies of skin test-active components of sensitins from coccidioides immitis. | coccidioidin skin-test activities from mycelial culture filtrates and autolysates were partially purified. major chemical constituents included 3-o-methylmannose, mannose, and amino acids. | 1971 | 5119201 |
| immunization of mice with induced mutants of coccidioides immitis. i. characterization of mutants and preliminary studies of their use as viable vaccines. | | 1971 | 5135085 |
| factors affecting the reversion of coccidioides immitis spherules to mycelium. | | 1971 | 5135090 |
| characterization of 3-o-methylmannose from coccidioides immitis. | 3-o-methylmannose isolated from coccidioides immitis was characterized by gas chromatographic comparison of derivatives with those of synthetic 3-o-methylmannose. gas chromatographic behavior of three derivatives of the natural and synthetic sugars was identical. | 1971 | 5154900 |
| the detection of coccidioides immitis in pulmonary cytology. | | 1968 | 5243454 |
| fluorescent antibody inhibition test for coccidioides immitis antibodies. | | 1966 | 5336718 |
| sugars and amino acids as carbon, nitrogen, or energy sources for coccidioides immittis spherules and endospores. | of various carbohydrates and amino acids tested, glucose, mannose, fructose, and glutamate were the most efficient substrates metabolized by the endospores and spherules of coccidioides immitis. | 1969 | 5373684 |
| annulment of amphotericin b inhibition of coccidioides immitis endospores. effects on growth, respiration and morphogenesis. | | 1969 | 5385152 |
| attributes of deficient immunity in mice receiving coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine by the intravenous route. | | 1969 | 5385153 |
| unusual reducing sugar from coccidioides immitis. | documentation is offered for the identification of 3-o-methyl-mannose as one of several neutral sugars found in defatted arthrospore and mycelial cell walls of coccidioides immitis. | 1970 | 5432015 |
| safe isolation of coccidioides immitis from clinical specimens. | | 1970 | 5478923 |
| [combination of the use of amphotericin b and some antigens of coccidioides immitis in experimental coccidioidosis]. | | 1970 | 5479697 |
| inhibiion of the mold phase of coccidioides immitis by beta-ionone and dimethoxane. | | 1970 | 5496702 |
| cysteine oxidation and annulment of amphotericin b inhibition of coccidioides immitis. | | 1970 | 5496807 |
| [an immunologic evaluation of several coccidioides immitis antigens]. | | 1970 | 5503343 |
| isolation and identificationof coccidioides immitis from natural sources. | | 1970 | 5520711 |
| ecology of coccidioides immitis. | | 1970 | 5520713 |
| a serological comparison of the three morphological phases of coccidioides immitis; complement fixation tests with anti-histoplasma capsulatum serum. | | 1967 | 5586973 |
| studies of coccidioides immitis. 4. the effect of previous injection with human red cell stromata of the abo groups on infection of mice with c. immitis. | | 1968 | 5640987 |
| cellular responses in lungs of immunized mice to intranasal infection with coccidioides immitis. | | 1968 | 5647153 |
| survival of dry coccidioides immitis at 4 c for five years. | | 1968 | 5649668 |
| conversion of coccidioides immitis in tissue culture. | | 1968 | 5658241 |
| a solitary pulmonary lesion due to coccidioides immitis. | | 1968 | 5687986 |
| the use of bait in isolating coccidioides immitis from soil: a preliminary study. | | 1968 | 5748623 |
| [fungistatic and fungicidal effect of phenol, lysol and formaldehyde on the fungi coccidioides immitis 7-86, histoplasma capsulatum 6652, and blastomyces dermatitidis 6064]. | | 1969 | 5787564 |
| occurrence of dermatophytes in fresh bat guano. | evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that fresh bat guano serves as a means of pathogenic fungi dissemination in caves. a total of 371 guano samples were collected from caves in southeastern new mexico. each sample was agitated in sterile saline and sand. the supernatant fluid was treated with an antibiotic and streaked on differential media. cultures were incubated at 25 and 37 c and examined at intervals over a 4-week period. for animal inoculation, highly concentrated inoculum w ... | 1965 | 5867652 |
| immunity development in mice receiving killed coccidioides immitis spherules: effect of removing residual vaccine. | | 1965 | 5873693 |
| recovery of coccidioides immitis from the air. | | 1965 | 5874155 |
| antibiotic control of tissue reactions in dogs vaccinated with viable cells of coccidioides immitis. | castleberry, merida w. (u.s. army biological laboratories, fort detrick, frederick, md.), john l. converse, and peter j. soto, jr. antibiotic control of tissue reactions in dogs vaccinated with viable cells of coccidioides immitis. j. bacteriol. 87:1216-1220. 1964.-a total of 12 dogs (15 to 25 lb each), vaccinated with viable coccidioides immitis (subcutaneous injection of 260 viable arthrospores in the medial surface of the hind leg), resisted a respiratory challenge (aerosol) with the same org ... | 1964 | 5874542 |
| an unusual isolate of coccidioides immitis from the los banos area of california. | | 1963 | 5875359 |
| delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of coccidioides immitis. | kong, yi-chi m. (university of california, berkeley), d. c. savage, and leighton n. l. kong. delayed dermal hypersensitivity in mice to spherule and mycelial extracts of coccidioides immitis. j. bacteriol. 91:876-883. 1966.-a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to spherule and mycelial extracts of coccidioides immitis was elicited in the footpads of mice vaccinated with killed spherules. emulsification of the spherules with freund's adjuvants was unnecessary, but a high concentration of antigen wa ... | 1966 | 5894227 |
| the natural history of experimental primary-inoculation coccidioides immitis infection. | | 1971 | 5900077 |
| immunologic impairment in mice treated intravenously with killed coccidioides immitis spherules: suppressed response to intramuscular doses. | | 1966 | 5925701 |
| diagnostic possibilities of utilizing precipitation in agar for the identification of histoplasma capsulatum, coccidioides immitis, blastomyces dermatitidis and paracoccidioides brasiliensis. | | 1966 | 5950913 |
| use of refined agar for the in vitro propagation of the spherule phase of coccidioides immitis. | | 1967 | 6020419 |
| disc electrophoretic studies of proteins from coccidioides immitis. | | 1967 | 6020674 |
| histopathologic response of mice to killed vaccines of coccidioides immitis. | | 1967 | 6029459 |
| resistance of vaccinated mice to typical and atypical strains of coccidioides immitis. | in earlier reports, it was shown that mice and monkeys could be immunized against otherwise lethal challenge doses of coccidioides immitis arthrospores. the vaccine was composed of formalin-killed, in vitro grown, endosporulating spherules of c. immitis strain silveira. in this study, mice were immunized as in the earlier work and then challenged intranasally with arthrospores from seven heterologous strains of c. immitis. two of these strains were typical of the species, and five were atypical ... | 1967 | 6051364 |
| experimental irradiated arthrospore vaccine against coccidioidomycosis in mice. | an experimental irradiated ((60)co) arthrospore vaccine against coccidioidomycosis protected approximately 75% of mice from death after an intraperitoneal challenge sufficient to kill approximately 90% of the nonimmunized control mice. although the majority of the immunized mice became infected with coccidioides immitis, the histologic lesions were substantially less severe than those in the nonimmunized controls, particularly in the pulmonary region. although arthrospores irradiated with 1, 2, ... | 1967 | 6057797 |
| serological comparison of spherules and arthrospores of coccidioides immitis. | spherule and arthrospore cellular preparations were sonic-treated and separated into their respective supernatant and sediment components. complement-fixation tests with antispherule and antiarthrospore pooled rabbit sera revealed that the soluble antigens exhibited more serological activity than the sediment preparations. after autoclaving, an arthrospore cellular antigen exhibited increased activity with either antisera, whereas autoclaved spherules exhibited increased activity only with antis ... | 1967 | 6057798 |
| evaluation of the exoantigen test for identification of histoplasma species and coccidioides immitis cultures. | recently it was demonstrated that certain fungal pathogens could be rapidly and accurately identified on the basis of their exoantigens. mycelial-form cultures of the histoplasma species consistently appear to produce either h or m antigens, or both, whereas cultures of coccidioides immitis produce tube precipitinogen, heat-labile precipitinogen, or heat-labile f antigens. three laboratories each evaluated 48 cultures by the exoantigen procedure for the identification of histoplasma spp. and c. ... | 1980 | 6155384 |
| new, special stain for histopathological diagnosis of cryptococcosis. | the masson-fontana silver stain for melanin was employed for the differentiation of pathogenic fungal species in human or mouse tissues. the fungi studied were candida albicans, candida tropicalis, candida glabrata (torulopsis glabrata), cryptococcus neoformans, cryptococcus bacillisporus, coccidioides immitis, blastomyces dermatitidis, histoplasma capsulatum, paracoccidioides brasiliensis, sporothrix schenckii, rhizopus rhizopodiformis, and aspergillus fumigatus. the tissue sections stained wit ... | 1981 | 6162857 |
| serological cross-reactivity between sporothrix schenckii and various unrelated fungi. | the serological cross-reactivity of sporothrix schenckii with various unrelated fungi was investigated by use of immunodiffusion tests. a rabbit anti s. schenckii serum was obtained, which reacted with cladosporium werneckii, c. carrionii, c. bantianum, coccidioides immitis, phialophora jeanselmei, p. gougerotii, p. dermatitidis, fonsecaea pedrosoi, aspergillus fumigatus, histoplasma capsulatum and trichophyton mentagrophytes, but not with saccharomyces cerevisiae antigens. the serological deter ... | 1981 | 6163987 |
| relationship of progesterone- and estradiol-binding proteins in coccidioides immitis to coccidioidal dissemination in pregnancy. | pregnancy is a major risk factor for coccidioidal dissemination. because rates of coccidioides immitis growth and endospore release are stimulated in vitro by levels of unbound progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol that are achievable, in vivo, in the sera of pregnant women (i.e., 10(-9) to 10(-8) m), a specific-hormone-binding system in c. immitis was sought. fungal cytosols were incubated with tritiated steroids plus or minus radioinert steroids to identify specific binding systems. all five stra ... | 1983 | 6188699 |
| reactivity to spherule-derived coccidioidin in the southeastern united states. | delayed hypersensitivity skin tests with mycelium-derived (coccidioidin) or spherule-derived (spherulin) antigens (or both) can be used to identify patients who have been sensitized to the dimorphic fungus coccidioides immitis. prior studies suggest that coccidioidin and spherulin skin test antigens detect comparable numbers of reactors among exposed subjects. studies in subjects residing in areas outside the united states where c. immitis is not endemic suggest that both antigens are specific f ... | 1984 | 6199305 |
| ketoconazole in early and late murine coccidioidomycosis. | ketoconazole (35 mg/kg) was administered orally to mice twice daily, beginning at different intervals after intranasal infection with arthrospores of coccidioides immitis. when treatment was begun on the fourth day after infection, before extensive extrapulmonary dissemination of the infection had occurred, all animals survived, and extension of the disease from lungs to liver, spleen, and kidneys was prevented. mortality was 90% in untreated control animals. in most of the drug-treated animals, ... | 1980 | 6255530 |
| therapeutic evaluation of ketoconazole in patients with coccidioidomycosis. | eleven adult patients (seven men and four nonpregnant women) with coccidioidomycosis were treated orally with ketoconazole (r41,400). two patients presented with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, six with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and three with the chronic cutaneous form of the disease. diagnosis was established by culture of coccidioides immitis and/or histopathologic identification of the fungus. all patients received 400 mg of ketoconazole per day for the first 10 days; afterwards four of ... | 1980 | 6255546 |
| therapy of disseminated or pulmonary coccidioidomycosis with ketoconazole. | oral therapy with ketoconazole for active disseminated or progressive pulmonary coccidioidomycosis was evaluated according to defined criteria of objective improvement for 39 patients, most of whom had received other antifungal chemotherapy. minimal inhibitory concentrations of ketoconazole for isolates of coccidioides immitis were below mean peak serum concentrations. eighteen patients responded at all sites of disease, one patient failed to respond, and the others either are being evaluated or ... | 1980 | 6255547 |
| ultrastructure of coccidioides immitis after exposure to the imidazole antifungals miconazole and ketoconazole. | scanning and transmission electron microscopy was performed on the various phases of coccidioides immitis, exposed for different periods of time to the imidazole antifungals miconazole and ketoconazole. the development of spherules into endospores, which takes place in cultures under normal growth conditions, was suppressed in the drug treated cultures. typical ultrastructural changes were localized at the cell periphery and in the vacuolar system. the drugs did induce changes in mature, resting ... | 1981 | 6261410 |
| sensitive bioassay for ketoconazole in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. | ketoconazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent which appears promising for treatment of a variety of systemic mycoses. pharmacokinetic studies are limited due to a lack of readily available methods for quantitation of ketoconazole in serum or cerebrospinal fluid. we developed a rapid, simple bioassay for measurement of ketoconazole alone or in the presence of therapeutic levels of amphotericin b, using an agar diffusion assay incorporating candida pseudotropicalis. pairs of 8-mm wells cut in ... | 1981 | 6269483 |
| ketoconazole for treatment of disseminated coccidioidomycosis. | of 29 selected patients with disseminated coccidioidomycosis, 27 were treated for at least 6 months with ketoconazole, 200 to 600 mg/d. two patients had progression of coccidioidal disease shortly after starting ketoconazole, and one developed meningitis. seven of eight patients with synovitis had prompt improvement in symptoms, but four either had recurrent synovial thickening without recoverable coccidioides immitis or could not remain free of symptoms off the drug. the response of osteomyelit ... | 1982 | 6279004 |
| coccidioidomycosis: factors affecting the host-parasite interaction. | the inhaled arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis mature to form large (30-80 micron) endosporulating spherules. each spherule releases hundreds of endospores, taxing immunologic reserves. polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) are prominent in the lesions of coccidioidomycosis, but their effectiveness is questionable. arthroconidia possess an antiphagocytic surface derived from the original hyphal outer wall layer. only 20%-30% of arthroconidia or endospores that are ingested by pmns are killed. ... | 1983 | 6300253 |
| successful treatment of spinal arachnoiditis due to coccidioidomycosis. case report. | an unusual case is reported of a patient with spastic paraparesis who was found to have severe spinal arachnoiditis due to coccidioides immitis. despite an obstructive hydrocephalus and a spinal subarachnoid block, the patient was treated effectively with surgery (shunting) and antifungal therapy (amphotericin and ketoconazole). he remains asymptomatic 3 years after diagnosis. aggressive surgical and medical treatment of coccidioidal infection of the central nervous system can be beneficial, eve ... | 1983 | 6306182 |
| amphotericin b and imidazole therapy for coccidioidal meningitis in children. | coccidioidal meningitis is a fatal form of coccidioides immitis infection. amphotericin b (amb) therapy has reduced mortality but is itself toxic, and experience with it in very young children is meager. we are treating six children for coccidioidal meningitis diagnosed at 19 to 74 months of age. all had acute hydrocephalus and ventriculitis. the first four patients were initially treated with amb but were changed to imidazole therapy (miconazole and ketoconazole). in the last two patients thera ... | 1983 | 6306607 |
| ketoconazole in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. | ketoconazole is the newest antifungal agent evaluated for efficacy in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis and the only one used by oral administration. the inhibition of coccidioides immitis observed by in vitro susceptibility testing has been corroborated in murine studies in which ketoconazole therapy has led to survival in otherwise lethally infected animals. in man, absorption of ketoconazole from the gastrointestinal tract is generally favourable. however, there is considerable variation be ... | 1983 | 6313321 |
| detection of fungi in cerebrospinal fluid. | with the exception of cryptococcus neoformans, fungi are rarely detected in cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients having or suspected of having fungal meningitis. a review of the literature reveals that several fungi have been either isolated, observed, or both in cerebrospinal fluid specimens. these fungi include acremonium species, aspergillus amstelodami, a. flavus, a. fumigatus, a. oryzae, a. terreus, blastomyces dermatitidis, candida albicans, c. tropicalis, c. viswanathii, coccidioide ... | 1983 | 6349340 |
| the epidemiology and ecology of blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis. | blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis are the major pulmonary mycoses of humans. each is considered to be a primary pulmonary disease acquired by inhalation of infectious spores from the environment. blastomycosis occurs predominantly in the mississippi river valley and southeastern portions of the u.s.a. clinical cases have also been noted from a few other areas of the world. the etiologic agent, blastomyces dermatitidis, is not readily recoverable from nature, but the disease is ... | 1984 | 6385560 |
| evaluation of a commercial exoantigen test system for the rapid identification of systemic fungal pathogens. | seventy-nine mycelial-form stock cultures of blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, histoplasma capsulatum, and morphologically similar fungi were extracted and tested by using commercial macroimmunodiffusion exoantigen test kits and the centers for disease control (cdc) reference system for identifying fungal isolates. results showed 100% correlation between the two systems. specific exoantigens of c. immitis and h. capsulatum extracted from agar slant cultures (slant extraction method ... | 1983 | 6402920 |
| exoantigen tests for the immunoidentification of fungal cultures. | exoantigen tests for the immunoidentification of fungal pathogens are playing a new and significant role in the diagnostic laboratory. properly performed and controlled exoantigen tests lead to rapid, accurate identification of cultures of many fungal pathogens. the tests are particularly valuable in identifying dimorphic pathogens that are difficult to convert or with atypical cultures. we review the value of exoantigen tests for identifying mycelial form fungi: aspergillus spp. blastomyces der ... | 1983 | 6410243 |
| the use of histolyn cyl in an enzyme immunoassay to detect histoplasma capsulatum antibodies. | histolyn cyl, the yeast phase reagent, has been employed as the antigen in an enzyme immunoassay (elisa) to detect antibody to histoplasma capsulatum in sera from experimentally sensitized rabbits and from humans with histoplasmosis. three different lots of histolyn cyl were initially evaluated with respect to antibody detection in individual and pooled rabbit serum specimens. optimal reactivity was obtained with 4.5 micrograms (total dry weight) per ml of lots 2 and 3 of the reagent. the optima ... | 1983 | 6419353 |
| reactivity of alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of coccidioides immitis with anti-coccidioides immunoglobulin m precipitin antibody. | the alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of coccidioides immitis (c-asws) mycelia and spherules was shown to react with anti-coccidioides immunoglobulin m (igm) precipitin antibody, both in the classical tube precipitin test and in the immunodiffusion assay for tube precipitin antibody (idtp). the reactions obtained between c-asws and reference igm precipitin antibody were identical to the reaction obtained when reference coccidioidin (cdn) was used. definitive proof that c-asws extra ... | 1984 | 6420343 |
| immunologic responsiveness and safety associated with the coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in volunteers of white, black, and filipino ancestry. | a trial of the killed coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine was undertaken with 151 healthy skin test negative adult volunteers and controls to evaluate the safety of selected regimens, the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, and to determine if there were immunogenetic differences in these responses. the vaccine was given as three intra-deltoid doses over 8 weeks. no severe systemic symptoms were noted, although 3% of 3.5 mg doses (but no 1.75 mg doses) were associated with ... | 1984 | 6424435 |
| the critical role of co2 in the morphogenesis of coccidioides immitis in cell-free subcutaneous chambers. | in order to ascertain the factors controlling conversion of coccidioides immitis arthroconidia to endosporulating spherules, studies were conducted with the use of subcutaneously implanted dialysis chambers in mice. the dialysate had the following characteristics: ph approximately 7.36; co2 partial pressure, approximately 50 mm hg; o2 partial pressure, approximately 140 mm hg; protein content, approximately 20 mg/ml; and no cells. when chambers were inoculated with arthroconidia, endosporulating ... | 1984 | 6431012 |
| evaluation of five commercially available immunodiffusion kits for detection of coccidioides immitis and histoplasma capsulatum antibodies. | five commercial test kits for the serodiagnosis of coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis based upon immunodiffusion were evaluated. the correlation of results with the test kits in the clinical laboratory varied from 71 to 100% for coccidioidomycosis. the correlation for coccidioidomycosis immunodiffusion testing varied from 57 to 83% when results from the test kits and the mycology research laboratory were compared. only 81% correlation was noted between the two laboratories when the same refer ... | 1984 | 6436307 |
| evaluation of commercial reagents to identify the exoantigens of blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and histoplasma species cultures. | commercially available individual serologic reagents (nolan/scott biological laboratories, inc.) and an "exoantigen identification system" (a kit supplied by immuno-mycologics, inc.) were evaluated at two laboratories for their possible application in the microimmunodiffusion test to identify blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and histoplasma species. both laboratories accurately identified all the cultures, and comparison of the results obtained with the commercial products and tho ... | 1984 | 6465085 |
| identification of a high-affinity binder for estradiol and a low-affinity binder for testosterone in coccidioides immitis. | coccidioides immitis cytosol contains a specific estrogen binder with kinetic characteristics (kd = 2.1 x 10(-8) to 3.7 x 10(-8) m; n = 0.5 to 1.56 pmol/mg of protein) appropriate for interaction with levels of estrogen encountered during pregnancy. the kd of a separate androgen binder (ca. 10(-7) m) is probably too low to allow interaction with physiological levels of testosterone. | 1984 | 6469361 |
| antigenemia in primary coccidioidomycosis. | clinical findings in patients with primary infection due to coccidioides immitis have suggested that fungal antigenemia may occur. to study this possibility, we devised an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) to measure antigenic activity compared to the activity of antigens derived from spherules. twenty-one of 27 sera from 19 infected patients showed antigenic activity above that found in sera from uninfected persons. activity was highest early in the course of illness. in othe ... | 1984 | 6476210 |
| juxtapapillary choroiditis associated with chronic meningitis due to coccidioides immitis. | a 73-year-old man had chronic meningitis of uncertain origin. ophthalmologic examination revealed juxtapapillary choroiditis with an associated localized serous retinal detachment. subsequent laboratory evaluation demonstrated absent serum complement-fixing antibody titers to coccidioides immitis, but serological examination of the csf demonstrated an antibody titer of 1:2. the final diagnostic impression was that of chronic meningitis in association with juxtapapillary choroiditis due to c immi ... | 1983 | 6571353 |
| coccidioidomycosis tenosynovitis: case report and review of the literature. | coccidioidomycosis tenosynovitis is an unusual rheumatological manifestation of coccidioides immitis infection. we report a case in a 46-year-old man with leukemia. the literature is reviewed and the treatment discussed. | 1984 | 6588210 |
| activation of macrophages by lymphokines: enhancement of phagosome-lysosome fusion and killing of coccidioides immitis. | previously, it was shown that arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis appear to inhibit phagosome-lysosome fusion and survive within normal mouse peritoneal macrophages. however, when these macrophages are exposed to antigen-stimulated t lymphocytes from immune mice, activation occurs, leading to enhanced phagosome-lysosome fusion and killing of c. immitis. results indicate that the activation of macrophages can be effected after incubation with soluble lymphocyte product(s) (lymphokines). the act ... | 1983 | 6601622 |
| amphotericin b in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis. | in the 25 years since its introduction, amphotericin b has demonstrated clear value in the management of coccidioidomycosis. however, its effectiveness is less certain than in diseases due to other fungal aetiological agents, even when the loci of infection and in vitro drug susceptibilities are identical. the refractoriness of coccidioidomycosis may relate to the unique ability of each coccidioides immitis spherule to release hundreds of endospores, thus maximally challenging host defence mecha ... | 1983 | 6628269 |
| cyclosporin a inhibits coccidioides immitis in vitro and in vivo. | balb/c mice infected intraperitoneally with coccidioides immitis were treated with cyclosporin (cya) subcutaneously. cya prevented infection when treatment was started at day zero. when treatment was delayed until day 6 after infection, the mice that received either 75 or 25 mg/kg per day survived, but those treated with 7.5 mg/kg per day had the same mortality rate as controls. the higher doses of cya prevented dissemination of the fungus from the peritoneum to the lung but did not eliminate th ... | 1983 | 6660859 |
| circling syndrome and inner ear disease in mice infected intraperitoneally or intravenously with coccidioides immitis spherule-endospore phase cultures. | infection was studied in mice with varying doses of spherule-endospore phase cultures of coccidioides immitis, administered intraperitoneally, intravenously and intranasally. stain 46 was compared with strain silveira. the first of these is relatively avirulent in the mycelial phase, the second, rather virulent. animals were observed for acute death and for circling. gross and microscopic pathology was studied in mice sacrificed at appropriate intervals after infection. numbers of fungi were ass ... | 1983 | 6669167 |
| human polymorphonuclear-leukocyte inhibition of incorporation of chitin precursors into mycelia of coccidioides immitis. | human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnls), when added to arthroconidial suspensions of coccidioides immitis, markedly inhibit fungal incorporation of the cell-wall precursor n-acetylglucosamine. this effect does not require serum but is facilitated by a heat-labile serum component(s), probably by promoting pmnl attachment to the arthroconidia. inhibition is entirely reversible within 24 hr. in parallel with this finding, pmnls exhibited virtually no killing of arthroconidia and (as determined b ... | 1984 | 6715897 |
| in vitro activities of two new antifungal azoles. | the antifungal activities of equimolar quantities of three azole compounds, bay n 7133 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazole-1-yl)methylbutan-2-o1], bay 1 19139 [1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-(1-imidazolyl)-3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol hydrochloride], and ketoconazole, were compared by testing the susceptibility in vitro of 10 clinical isolates each of candida albicans, candida parapsilosis, torulopsis glabrata, cryptococcus neoformans, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus niger, aspergillus flavu ... | 1984 | 6721465 |
| pulmonary coccidioidal mycetoma. | cavitary pulmonary disease due to coccidioidomycosis is common; however, development of both the underlying cavity and the fungus ball due to coccidioides immitis is rare and has been reported on only five occasions. we report a case of coccidioidal mycetoma formation as a late sequelae of primary pulmonary coccidioidal pneumonia. therapy with 2 gm of amphotericin b was unsuccessful and, because of recurrent hemoptysis, the patient required lobar resection. endosporulating spherules, as well as ... | 1984 | 6731475 |
| coccidioides immitis meningitis with arthroconidia in cerebrospinal fluid: report of the first case and review of the arthroconidia literature. | the authors report the first case in which the spherules and arthroconidia of coccidioides immitis were identified from an indwelling cerebrospinal fluid reservoir. the organism was recovered in culture. present as isolated meningitis, the patient's infection disseminated over a 12-year period despite intrathecal and intravenous administration of amphotericin b. the unusual findings in this patient are compared with findings in 95 cases of infections containing arthroconidia reported since 1940. ... | 1982 | 6757101 |
| isolation and ultrastructural examination of conidial wall components of coccidioides and aspergillus. | the role of the propagule in the initiation of fungal disease is not fully appreciated. knowledge of the nature of early interactions between infectious propagules and host tissue during onset of respiratory mycoses is particularly scanty. this stems partly from lack of sufficient data on the structure, chemical composition and immunological activity of the microbial surface. in this study, a technique is described for isolation and subsequent ultrastructural examination of the surface wall comp ... | 1982 | 6764024 |
| in vitro response of alveolar macrophages to infection with coccidioides immitis. | alveolar macrophages obtained from rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) by bronchial lavage were observed to phagocytize endospores and arthrospores of coccidioides immitis. when the macrophages were subsequently maintained in vitro, the phagocytized spores developed into spherules. there was no significant reduction in the viability of c. immitis after phagocytosis by macrophages from normal macaques, nor was killing induced by the addition of immune serum, complement, or lung lining material obtai ... | 1980 | 6772563 |
| interaction of nonhuman primate peripheral blood leukocytes and coccidioides immitis in vitro. | the leukocytes from rhesus macaques could not kill either endospores or arthrospores of coccidioides immitis even in the presence of immune serum and complement, although these leukocytes were able to kill candida and listeria organisms. | 1980 | 6776061 |
| use of the exoantigen test to identify blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and histoplasma capsulatum in mixed cultures. | cultures of blastomyces dermatitidis, coccidioides immitis, and histoplasma capsulatum were inoculated with each of five saprophytes to simulate contaminated cultures. the cultures were extracted and tested in the immunodiffusion exoantigen test. twenty-nine of 30 cultures were correctly identified. the saprophytes did not appear to interfere with the exoantigen test. | 1981 | 6789667 |
| alternatives to the standardized laboratory branch complement fixation test for detection of antibodies to coccidioides immitis. | antibody titers to coccidioides immitis, using coccidioidin antigen, were determined by three methods: the standardized laboratory branch complement fixation method (lbcf), a modified version of the viral and rickettsial disease laboratory complement fixation test (vrdl-cf), and a quantitative immunodiffusion test (qid). of the 133 samples evaluated, 72 were negative by each method and 57 (42 serum samples, 15 cerebrospinal fluid samples) were positive by all three methods. four additional speci ... | 1982 | 6819307 |
| coccidioides immitis vaccine: potential of an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen. | c-asws-m, the alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen of coccidioides immitis mycelia, was evaluated for its vaccine potential in mice. vaccination with 0.5-, 1.5-, or 3-mg doses of c-asws-m in complete freund adjuvant provided a significant level of protection against intraperitoneal challenge with 1,500 arthroconidia (p < 0.0001 with each dose). vaccination with 1 mg of c-asws-m protected mice against intranasal challenge with 50 (p < 0.05) and 500 (p < 0.01) arthroconidia, but not aga ... | 1983 | 6822433 |
| inhibition of chitin synthesis in the cell wall of coccidioides immitis by polyoxin d. | the cell walls of both growth phases of coccidioides immitis were studied by light and electron microscopy and biochemical procedures in an effort to assess the role of chitin in the fungus. inhibition of normal chitin synthesis in the spherule by exposure to several concentrations of polyoxin d (pd) led to multiple morphological effects. exposure of the mycelial phase to significantly higher levels of the compound had no morphological effect, as determined by autoradiography and light and elect ... | 1983 | 6833184 |
| rapid diagnosis of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. cytologic v potassium hydroxide preparations. | in 26 patients with culture-proved pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, cytologic preparations of respiratory secretions were significantly more sensitive (38.5%) than potassium hydroxide (koh) preparations (15.4%) in identifying spherules of coccidioides immitis. those patients able to produce sputum or having multiple-lobe pneumonitis on chest roentgenogram appeared to be more likely to have spherules identified in the sputum by either technique. in the absence of sputum production or multiple-lobe p ... | 1983 | 6838294 |
| inbred mouse strains differ in resistance to lethal coccidioides immitis infection. | inbred strains of mice were infected intraperitoneally with coccidioides immitis, and the mean lethal dose was determined after 28 days. dba/2n mice had a mean lethal dose of greater than 10(5) arthroconidia, whereas balb/cann, c57bl/6n, and c57l/j mice had a mean lethal dose of less than or equal to 10(3). since both balb/c and dba/2 mice are the h-2d haplotype, resistance is not primarily determined by the major histocompatibility locus. resistance was the dominant phenotype. the pattern of c. ... | 1983 | 6852925 |
| fungal infection of the lung. the big 3--histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis. | diseases caused by the normally pathogenic fungi histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, and coccidioides immitis are common but seldom serious. treatment is usually needed only if respiratory status is compromised, if there is progressive tissue destruction, or if the infection disseminates outside the lungs. the recent availability of ketoconazole has changed the approach to treatment of some forms of fungal disease. although this drug has no firmly established role, it has proved us ... | 1983 | 6856531 |
| occurrence of antigenic (species-specific?) partially 3-o-methylated heteromannans in cell wall and soluble cellular (nonwall) components of coccidioides immitis mycelia. | skin test-active, phenol-soluble, water-soluble (psws) extracts of coccidioides immitis whole, defatted mycelia were compared with skin test-active, alkali-soluble, water-soluble (asws) extracts of mycelial cell walls. both psws and asws extracts contained partially 3-o-methylated mannan. composition analysis of both psws and asws extracts indicated mannose and glucose as major components, whereas 3-o-methylmannose and galactose were minor constituents. these heteromannans and glucans could be o ... | 1983 | 6874073 |