| [biological features and experimental pathogenicity of candida strains isolated by hemoculture at the hospital infantil de méxico "federico gómez"]. | in a period of 15 months (1990-1991) it was carried out 5781 blood cultures in which 180 strains of yeast-like were isolated. 116 of these strains were selected for biochemical classification, cellular and colonial morphology and experimental determination of virulence in mice. most of the strains were classified as candida albicans (60%) and the others were c. tropicalis (15.5%); c. guillermondii (10.3%); t. glabrata (6.8%); rhodotorula rubra (3.4%); cryptococcus neoformans (2.58%) y c. parapsi ... | 1992 | 1345115 |
| extensive allelic variation in cryptococcus neoformans. | the orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (omppase) gene locus of the dna of 13 cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans strains, including 10 recent clinical isolates, was studied by using restriction fragment length polymorphisms and nucleotide sequence analysis. the omppase locus (ura5) is highly polymorphic, and at least six alleles were identified. the nucleotide sequences of some alleles differed by up to 5%. the majority of the nucleotide polymorphisms in the protein-coding region occu ... | 1992 | 1349897 |
| use of a dispersed repetitive dna element to distinguish clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans. | we isolated a recombinant phage from a cryptococcus neoformans genomic library that contains a member of a dispersed family of repetitive dna elements. this clone, cnre-1, hybridized to at least seven chromosomes in c. neoformans on the basis of pulsed-field gel analysis. hybridization of cnre-1 to restriction digests of genomic dna confirmed that there are multiple copies of this element and that restriction fragment length polymorphisms are present in strains from different serotypes of c. neo ... | 1992 | 1349898 |
| comparison of 5.8s ribosomal dna sequences among the basidiomycetous yeast genera cystofilobasidium, filobasidium and filobasidiella. | nucleotide sequences obtained from regions of the ribosomal dna repeat were compared by phylogenetic methods and combined with a statistical evaluation to clarify the relationships among the genera cystofilobasidium, filobasidium (f.) and filobasidiella (fl.), to assess the affinity of filobasidiella neoformans and filobasidiella depauperata, and to compare the varieties of fl. neoformans. with appropriate primers, the nuclear 18s, 5.8s and internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the riboso ... | 1992 | 1355536 |
| cutaneous cryptococcosis resembling molluscum contagiosum in a homosexual man with aids. report of a case and review of the literature. | a 43-year-old homosexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) developed cutaneous molluscum contagiosum-like lesions on face, ears, neck, hands and feet. he was admitted to our unit with fever, malaise and headache. cytologic examination of skin brushing revealed numerous encapsulated budding yeasts, identified as cryptococcus neoformans. such a finding calls for a cytologic examination of skin lesions in patient with aids who present with fever and headache, in order to rule o ... | 1992 | 1357854 |
| a 34- to 38-kilodalton cryptococcus neoformans glycoprotein produced as an exoantigen bearing a glycosylated species-specific epitope. | three monoclonal antibodies (mabs), all of the immunoglobulin g1 subclass, were raised against cryptococcus neoformans by using the technique of cyclophosphamide ablation of b-cell responses against shared epitopes of the cross-reactive fungus trichosporon beigelii. mab 3c2 was reactive against the encapsulated and nonencapsulated isolates of c. neoformans var. neoformans by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot (immunoblot), and in addition to a 34- to 38-kda determinant, i ... | 1992 | 1370270 |
| enhancement of hiv-1 infection by the capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans. | patients with aids who become infected with cryptococcus neoformans have a poor prognosis. we speculated that the presence of cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide may enhance hiv-1 infection. in an in-vitro study, the presence of cryptococcal polysaccharide significantly increased (p less than 0.05) production of p24 antigen after infection of h9 cells with hiv-1-infected h9 cells. we also found similar results when lymphocytes from an hiv-1-infected patient were co-cultured with mononuclear cel ... | 1992 | 1370335 |
| [isolation of cryptococcus neoformans in the pleural fluid of a cirrhotic patient]. | | 1992 | 1391025 |
| cryptococcal meningitis in a young ethiopian woman with aids. | the case of a 20 year old ethiopian woman with cryptococcal meningitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is presented. though cryptococcal infections have been reported from many countries throughout the world, this is the first case reported from ethiopia in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed, with a review of recent literature. | 1992 | 1396620 |
| the ecology of cryptococcus neoformans. | environmental isolations have established that cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii serotype b appears to have a specific ecological association with eucalyptus camaldulensis. the global distribution of the tree appears to correspond to the epidemiologic distribution of cryptococcosis caused by c. neoformans var. gattii. the epidemiology of cryptococcosis can primarily be explained by exposure to an infective aerosolized inoculum, such as basidiospores released from specific host plants and/or de ... | 1992 | 1397195 |
| immunohistologic diagnosis of systemic mycoses: an update. | fluorescent antibody, immunoperoxidase and gold-silver staining methods for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of systemic mycotic infections are currently performed in a few specialized laboratories. these methods have proved applicable to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, and are reliable for identifying therein antigens of infectious dimorphic, monomorphic filamentous, and yeast-like fungal pathogens, i.e., aspergillus spp., blastomyces dermatitidis, candida spp., coccidioides immitis, ... | 1992 | 1397200 |
| the glucuronoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a is a type 2 t-cell-independent antigen. | the humoral immune response of inbred mice to immunization with the glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) of cryptococcus neoformans was investigated both serologically and in plaque-forming cells (pfcs). the t-helper-cell-independent quality of the gxm was demonstrated by using balb/c nu/nu mice. primary and secondary dose responses to three antigenic forms of gxm, (i) the native antigen, (ii) a gxm-bovine serum albumin protein conjugate, and (iii) a cryptococcal whole-cell vaccine, revealed a lack of isot ... | 1992 | 1398921 |
| protective murine monoclonal antibodies to cryptococcus neoformans. | several murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for the capsular glucuronoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans were studied for their capacity to confer protection when passively administered to lethally infected mice. the mab group studied recognized at least three distinct epitopes and included immunoglobulin m (igm), igg3, igg1, and iga isotypes. the protection model used a/j and balb/c mice infected intraperitoneally with 10(8) cryptococci. the mabs were administered either immediately ... | 1992 | 1398966 |
| detection of circulating capsular polysaccharide antigen from cryptococcus neoformans. | | 1992 | 1401033 |
| monoclonal antibody based elisas for cryptococcal polysaccharide. | mouse monoclonal antibody (mab)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) have been developed to detect cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide from the four serotypes a, b, c and d. the elisas avoid the problem of unreliable polysaccharide binding to polystyrene plates by using mabs to capture and immobilize the polysaccharide antigen. the presence of polysaccharide is detected using mabs of a different isotype from that of the capture mab. the capturing mabs are themselves immo ... | 1992 | 1401941 |
| [limulus test (factor g) and polysaccharides from fungus]. | picogram quantifies per ml of endotoxin showed a positive limulus test. the concentration more than ten pg/ml of curdlan ((1-3)-beta-d-glucan) was also positive to a conventional limulus test, which contains a factor g. one nanogram per ml of cm-curdlan was positive, but higher concentration of 10 pg/ml of cm-curdlan decreased its optical density of the conventional limulus test. more than one hundred ng/ml of mannan from saccharomyces cerevisiae did not react with factor g. however, a culture s ... | 1992 | 1402105 |
| pulmonary cryptococcosis. | cryptococcus neoformans is a ubiquitous soil fungus that rarely causes pneumonia in normal hosts but is a common cause of opportunistic infection. pulmonary disease is initiated by inhalation of the organism, and a spectrum of radiographic manifestations can be seen. the most common finding is a poorly marginated nodule or mass. lobar or segmental parenchymal opacities and, less commonly, a diffuse scattered nodular or reticulonodular pattern have also been observed. associated adenopathy, pleur ... | 1992 | 1404545 |
| [an urease negative cryptococcus neoformans]. | we report an urease negative cryptococcus neoformans derived from pigeon dropping. this isolate produced brown pigmented colonies on cornmeal tween-80 agar with 300 micrograms/ml caffeic acid, but was failure to hydrolyze urea. more identification tests were performed for this isolate, such as assimilation and fermentation of carbohydrates, nitrate assimilation, production of starch like compound, growth on gcp medium, germ tube formation and inoculation of mice, ect. most of the results showed ... | 1992 | 1413736 |
| the metabolism of muzigadial by microorganisms. | 1. a total of 114 microorganisms were evaluated for their ability to metabolize the antifungal drimane sesquiterpene, muzigadial. 2. cryptococcus neoformans was found to convert muzigadial to one major metabolite, identified as a hemiacetal. 3. streptomyces platensis produced three metabolites: the hemiacetal, its corresponding lactone, and the epoxide of the hemiacetal. 4. streptomyces spectabilis produced the hemiacetal as well as the epoxy hemiacetal. 5. the proposed structures of all of the ... | 1992 | 1413872 |
| cryptococcal immunity and immunostimulation. | | 1992 | 1414597 |
| in vitro antifungal activities and in vivo efficacies of 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthesis inhibitors l-671,329, l-646,991, tetrahydroechinocandin b, and l-687,781, a papulacandin. | the in vivo anti-candida activities of 1,3-beta-d-glucan synthesis inhibitors l-671,329, l-646,991 (cilofungin), l-687,901 (tetrahydroechinocandin b), and l-687,781 (a papulacandin analog) were evaluated by utilizing a murine model of disseminated candidiasis that has enhanced susceptibility to candida albicans but increased sensitivity for discriminating antifungal efficacy. dba/2 mice were challenged intravenously with 1 x 10(4) to 5 x 10(4) cfu of c. albicans my1055 per mouse. compounds were ... | 1992 | 1416847 |
| meningitis due to prototheca wickerhamii in a patient with aids. | the first documented case of algal meningitis due to prototheca wickerhamii is reported in a patient with aids. the initial csf culture yielded only cryptococcus neoformans. p. wickerhamii was isolated on four subsequent lumbar punctures. the patient died, and at autopsy the alga was isolated from leptomeninges over the brain and about the spinal cord. histologic sections from numerous locations of the brain revealed masses of cryptococci and prototheca. | 1992 | 1420686 |
| case report: complete lung collapse--an unusual presentation of cryptococcosis. | cryptococcosis presenting as an intrabronchial mass is not a recognized cause of complete lung collapse. this case report illustrates this extremely rare manifestation of pulmonary cryptococcosis, which mimicked primary pulmonary carcinoma clinically, radiologically and bronchoscopically. | 1992 | 1424459 |
| [the clinical picture and diagnosis of pulmonary mycoses]. | | 1992 | 1425273 |
| lysine biosynthesis in selected pathogenic fungi: characterization of lysine auxotrophs and the cloned lys1 gene of candida albicans. | the alpha-aminoadipate pathway for the biosynthesis of lysine is present only in fungi and euglena. until now, this unique metabolic pathway has never been investigated in the opportunistic fungal pathogens candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus fumigatus. five of the eight enzymes (homocitrate synthase, homoisocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-aminoadipate reductase, saccharopine reductase, and saccharopine dehydrogenase) of the alpha-aminoadipate pathway and glucose-6-phosphate ... | 1992 | 1429460 |
| cryptococcal peritonitis in a capd patient. | a 50-year-old diabetic woman with end-stage renal disease, who had been on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis for 8 months, developed peritonitis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans. the patient was completely asymptomatic and infection was confirmed by detection of budding yeast cells in gram-stained smears of turbid peritoneal fluid. the infection was cleared after intravenous fluconazole with delayed removal of the catheter. fluconazole may be a suitable alternative drug ... | 1992 | 1432490 |
| growth of cryptococcus neoformans in a thiamine-free medium. | the growth of cryptococcus neoformans in a minimal liquid synthetic medium with or without thiamine (10 micrograms/ml) was investigated. in these media the presence or absence of thiamine had no effect on the development of c. neoformans. to check these results, we performed a series of experiments on a solid form of the minimal synthetic medium. in this study a series of six serial transfers were carried out to starve the cells of nutrients that may have been carried over from their growth on r ... | 1992 | 1435953 |
| cryptococcus neoformans varieties as agents of cryptococcosis in brazil. | the study of the clinical isolates of cryptococcus neoformans from 83 brazilian patients with disseminated cryptococcosis showed that 75 were c. neoformans var. neoformans and 8 were var. gattii. twenty-seven isolates were serotyped; all 19 var. neoformans were serotype a and all 8 var. gattii were serotype b. the correlation of the varieties of c. neoformans with the presence or not of hosts predisposing conditions to the mycosis showed that: (1) cryptococcosis caused by gattii variety occurred ... | 1992 | 1435954 |
| cryptococcus neoformans osteomyelitis of the clavicle. | | 1992 | 1437867 |
| structural variability in the glucuronoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans serotype a isolates determined by 13c nmr spectroscopy. | cryptococcus neoformans, the etiologic agent of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis, produces glucuronoxylomannan (gxm) as the major capsule component. purified gxms obtained from eight serotype a isolates of c. neoformans were treated by ultrasonic irradiation and then o-deacetylated prior to their comprehensive chemical analysis by glc, glc-ms, and 13c nmr spectroscopy. the average xylose: mannose: glucuronic acid molar ratio of the eight isolates is 1.96 +/- 0.25: 3.00: 0.58 +/- 0.10. methylatio ... | 1992 | 1446309 |
| the major capsular polysaccharide of cryptococcus neoformans serotype b. | | 1992 | 1446311 |
| [a case from practice (257). cryptococcus meningitis in aids (group ivc1, center for disease control)]. | | 1992 | 1448637 |
| cloning the cryptococcus neoformans trp1 gene by complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | we have cloned the phosphoribosyl anthranilate isomerase (prai)-encoding gene (trp1) of cryptococcus neoformans by genetic complementation in saccharomyces cerevisiae. sequence analysis of this gene revealed it to be 939 bp in length, and without known promoter or termination sequences. unlike some of the filamentous fungi, where prai enzymatic activity is controlled by a trifunctional gene product, the c. neoformans prai appears to be unifunctional. prai of c. neoformans exhibits 39% amino acid ... | 1992 | 1452032 |
| nervous system cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised. | | 1992 | 1452526 |
| efficacy of oral fluconazole in cryptococcus neoformans infection. | we report a renal allograft recipient who developed disseminated cryptococcosis, which was treated effectively, with oral fluconazole, a new triazole antifungal agent. the patient is doing well on maintenance therapy with fluconazole and immunosuppressive agents. | 1992 | 1452537 |
| susceptibility testing of cryptococcus neoformans: a microdilution technique. | we studied a series of test conditions in a microtiter system to define the optimal method for determining the susceptibility of cryptococcus neoformans to antifungal agents. twenty-one isolates of c. neoformans were grown for 24 or 48 h in four chemically defined media: yeast nitrogen base (bynb 7); rpmi 1640; synthetic amino acid medium--fungal (saamf), buffered at ph 7.0 to select the medium that best supported growth of this fastidious yeast; and yeast nitrogen base, ph 5.4 (ynb 5.4). maximu ... | 1992 | 1452658 |
| dna probe for strain typing of cryptococcus neoformans. | a 7-kb linear plasmid, harbored by a ura5 transformant, hybridized to all the chromosomes of cryptococcus neoformans separated by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis. its linear maintenance was determined to have been facilitated by the presence of telomere-like sequences at its free ends. hybridization of this plasmid to acci-digested genomic dnas of 26 c. neoformans strains generated 21 unique dna fingerprints. the dna fingerprints of isolates within the same serotype we ... | 1992 | 1452666 |
| collaborative comparison of broth macrodilution and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests. | a collaborative comparison of macro- and microdilution antifungal susceptibility tests was performed in five laboratories. mics of amphotericin b, fluconazole, flucytosine, and ketoconazole were determined in all five centers against 95 coded isolates of candida spp., cryptococcus neoformans, and torulopsis glabrata. a standard protocol with the following national committee for clinical laboratory standards subcommittee on antifungal susceptibility testing recommendations was used: an inoculum s ... | 1992 | 1452697 |
| value of extended agitation and subculture of bactec nr 660 aerobic resin blood culture bottles for clinical yeast isolates. | from 10,351 blood cultures, we prospectively studied 1,000 bactec nr 660 aerobic resin blood culture bottles (26+ and peds plus) for patients suspected of having yeast septicemia to determine whether extended agitation and subculturing would increase the recovery of yeasts. aerobic bottles were agitated continuously for 144 h. on day 7, 1,000 culture-negative aerobic bottles which had fungal blood culture requests were agitated for an additional 14 days. during this time they were subcultured tw ... | 1992 | 1452708 |
| hiv-1 envelope protein (gp120) inhibits the activity of human bronchoalveolar macrophages against cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for hiv-infected persons. containment of the initial respiratory inoculation to the lung appears defective in patients with aids despite the low burden of hiv in bronchoalveolar macrophages. we have studied the fungistatic activity of human bronchoalveolar macrophages (bam) cultured with an encapsulated strain of c. neoformans in the presence of pooled human serum. we observed 51.6% fungistasis after 24 h of culture. ... | 1992 | 1456558 |
| isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from an asian patient in france: evidence for dormant infection in healthy subjects. | we report the first case of cryptococcosis due to cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in france. this cambodian, non-aids patient had been living in france for 23 years when he developed cryptococcosis due to c. neoformans serotype b in 1985. it is possible that he was infected back in asia or several months before, in zaire, where he lived between 1981 and 1984. to our knowledge, this is the second case providing clinical evidence for reactivation of latent infection with c. neoformans. the mec ... | 1992 | 1469541 |
| environmental isolation of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from eucalyptus tereticornis. | as an extension of the previously established association between cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) we have now found a similar relationship between c. neoformans var. gattii and the closely related eucalyptus tereticornis (forest red gum). the global distribution of e. tereticornis is similar to that of e. camaldulensis. | 1992 | 1469544 |
| recent advances in biology and immunology of cryptococcus neoformans. | | 1992 | 1474438 |
| [occurrence of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum in a patient with aids and pulmonary infection caused by pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans]. | | 1992 | 1475474 |
| evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration. | cryptococcus neoformans may infect persons with intact or compromised host defenses. clinical manifestations generally correlate directly with the degree of immunosuppression. treatment is prescribed on the basis of the severity of disease and the degree of immunosuppression. cryptococcal meningitis is the most common clinical form of cryptococcal infection and the most amenable to study in clinical trials. the current standard of care for cryptococcal meningitis is therapy with amphotericin b. ... | 1992 | 1477229 |
| evaluation of new antifungal drugs for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration. | these guidelines are applicable to all fungal pathogens that produce systemic infections in humans. specific examples are provided whenever they might clarify special issues. systemic fungal infections usually are divided into two broad categories: endemic systemic fungal diseases, which occur classically in healthy hosts, and opportunistic fungal diseases, which occur almost exclusively in patients with impaired host defenses. both the increasing frequency of disseminated histoplasmosis and coc ... | 1992 | 1477243 |
| antifungal activity of meridine, a natural product from the marine sponge corticium sp. | meridine [1], a polycyclic alkaloid derived from the marine sponge corticium sp., was found to inhibit the growth of candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. activity was also observed against trichophyton mentagrophytes and epidermophyton floccosum. studies of the mechanism of action of this agent have shown an inhibition of nucleic acid biosynthesis. | 1992 | 1479383 |
| activity of ms-8209, a nonester amphotericin b derivative, in treatment of experimental systemic mycoses. | the in vitro and in vivo toxicities and activities of ms-8209, a new hydrosoluble amphotericin b (deoxycholate-amphotericin b [d-amb]; fungizone) derivative, were studied. in vitro, ms-8209 was less toxic than amb against renal tubular cells in primary culture and less active against candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans. however, at 10-fold the amb concentration, ms-8209 in vitro antifungal activity paralleled that of amb. fifty-percent lethal doses of ms-8209 and d-amb in of1 noninfecte ... | 1992 | 1482139 |
| [cryptococcosis caused by cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. a case associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in kinshasa, zaire]. | since the introduction of aids, the biovar neoformans of cryptococcus neoformans has replaced the biovar gattii as the predominant agent of cryptococcal meningitis in kinshasa and in other tropical areas. that this is not an absolute rule is demonstrated by the present case of a hiv-positive patient, observed at the kinshasa university hospital, with cryptococcal meningitis due to the biovar gattii. only four cases of this association have been published before. the authors conclude that both bi ... | 1992 | 1494313 |
| opportunistic fungal and bacterial infection in the renal transplant recipient. | the risk of opportunistic infection in the renal transplant recipient is determined by the interaction between two factors: the epidemiologic exposures the individual encounters within the community and the hospital and a complex function termed the net state of immunosuppression. there are two general categories of opportunistic fungal infection in this patient population: (1) disseminated primary or reactivation infection with one of the geographically restricted systemic mycoses (histoplasmos ... | 1992 | 1498286 |
| heterogeneity of phenol oxidases in cryptococcus neoformans. | phenol oxidase enzymes, linked to virulence in cryptococcus neoformans, were prepared from broken cells. more enzyme activity was found in the ultracentrifugation supernatant; less was found in the membrane fraction. phenol oxidases were located in acrylamide gel electropherograms by activity staining with l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa). mobility differences between soluble and solubilized membrane-bound phenol oxidases were not found. comparison of enzymes produced at 25 and 37 degrees c revea ... | 1992 | 1500162 |
| experimental model of intracerebral infection with cryptococcus neoformans: roles of phagocytes and opsonization. | a murine model of intracerebral (i.c.) infection with cryptococcus neoformans in which naive mice receiving an i.c. fungal inoculation developed a severe disease has been established. the effect was strictly dependent on the number of microorganisms injected and evolved as lethal meningoencephalitis. murine susceptibility to i.c. infection with c. neoformans was enhanced by treatment with chloroquine and colchicine, agents known to greatly affect the host phagocytic compartment. furthermore, the ... | 1992 | 1500177 |
| in vivo complement activation and binding of c3 to encapsulated cryptococcus neoformans. | tissues from mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans were examined by immunofluorescence to determine the extent of deposition of complement component c3 on encapsulated cryptococci. the relative percentages of cryptococci in each tissue having readily visible c3 were greatest for liver and lung tissues, with the kidney tissue having the next highest percentage and the spleen having the lowest percentage. binding of c3 fragments to cryptococci in brain tissue was essentially absent. | 1992 | 1500204 |
| parenteral and oral fluconazole for acute cryptococcal meningitis in aids: experience with thirteen patients. | cryptococcus neoformans infections of the central nervous system affect up to ten percent of aids patients. standard therapy with amphotericin b with or without 5-flucytosine has a high rate of failure, relapse, and toxicity. fluconazole is a new triazole antifungal agent available in both oral and intravenous forms that has shown efficacy in the primary and maintenance treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in aids patients. in this open, noncomparative trial, we evaluated the safety and efficacy ... | 1992 | 1504391 |
| aerosolized liposomal amphotericin b for treatment of pulmonary and systemic cryptococcus neoformans infections in mice. | cryptococcus infections of the lung and central nervous system have become major problems in immuno-compromised patients, leading to the need for additional treatment protocols. we have utilized a cryptococcus-mouse model that mimics human cryptococcal disease to evaluate the efficacy of amphotericin b-liposomes (ampb-lip) when delivered by small-particle aerosol (spa). in the model, initial intranasal inoculation leads to a pulmonary infection that spreads after 2 to 3 weeks to distant organs, ... | 1992 | 1510442 |
| 4-oxatetradecanoic acid is fungicidal for cryptococcus neoformans and inhibits replication of human immunodeficiency virus i. | candida albicans and cryptococcus neoformans are major causes of systemic fungal infections, particularly in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. metabolic labeling studies revealed that these organisms synthesize a small number of n-myristoylproteins, the most prominent being 20-kda adp-ribosylation factors (arfs). c. albicans arf has approximately 80% identity with the essential arf1 and arf2 proteins of saccharomyces cerevisiae. [3h]myristic acid analogs with oxygen for -ch2- sub ... | 1992 | 1512254 |
| toxoplasmic encephalitis in aids. | involvement of the central nervous system (cns) is common in patients with advanced disease due to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). symptoms range from lethargy and apathy to coma, incoordination and ataxia to hemiparesis, loss of memory to severe dementia, and focal to major motor seizures. involvement may be closely associated with hiv infection per se, as in the aids dementia complex, but is frequently caused by opportunistic pathogens such as toxoplasma gondii and cryptococcus neoformans ... | 1992 | 1520757 |
| coexistent oral cryptococcosis and kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | as experience with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has grown during the last decade, it has become important to recognize interactions between the opportunistic infections and malignancies that complicate the course of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. our recent experience as described in this paper reveals that kaposi's sarcoma and cryptococcal infection can associate in such a manner. the first reported case of oral cryptococcus neoformans infection within a kaposi's sa ... | 1992 | 1521478 |
| purification and characterization of secretory proteinase of candida albicans. | proteolytic activity of medically important yeasts was tested in both ycb-bsa agar and medium. all of 134 strains of candida albicans, 13 of 18 strains of candida tropicalis and 11 of 18 strains of candida parapsilosis had this activity, while none of 52 candida glabrata strains or of 11 cryptococcus neoformans strains tested had proteolytic activity. strains of c. albicans fell into five groups based on the level and time-course of in vitro proteinase productivity. five strains randomly selecte ... | 1992 | 1522813 |
| fungal diseases of the nasal cavity of the dog and cat. | fungal infections of the nasal cavity are a common cause of nasal disease in the dog and cat. aspergillus fumigatus most commonly affects the dog; cryptococcus neoformans is the most common fungus isolated from the cat. rhinosporidium infection causes obstructive nasal polyps in the dog but has not been reported in the cat. several other miscellaneous fungi, including exophiala, alternaria, trichosporon, blastomyces, and histoplasma, and the alga prototheca occasionally cause nasal disease in do ... | 1992 | 1523784 |
| [the bone marrow in human hiv infection. a bioptic study of 125 cases]. | bone marrow biopsies from 125 patients at different stages of hiv infection were examined and the histopathological changes are described. indications for biopsy included peripheral blood abnormalities, search for opportunistic pathogens, a suspected lymphoma or evaluation of its progression. common histopathological features, suggestive of hiv infection but non-pathognomonic, were: severe hypercellularity (43.2%), myelodysplasia (74.4%), plasmocytosis (86.4%), and lymphocytic (36.8%) and histio ... | 1992 | 1524353 |
| fungal infections in cancer patients: an escalating problem. | major advances in anticancer treatment have contributed to an increased frequency of severe fungal infections in patients with neoplastic diseases. neutropenia remains the most important among the predisposing factors related to the malignancy or its treatment. most fungal infections are caused by the commonly recognized opportunistic fungi candida spp and aspergillus spp, and the pathogenic fungi cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, coccidiodes immitis, and less often by blastomyces ... | 1992 | 1525339 |
| binding of unopsonized cryptococcus neoformans by human bronchoalveolar macrophages: inhibition by a large-molecular-size serum component. | infection with cryptococcus neoformans usually begins after inhalation of airborne organisms. since levels of opsonins in the alveolar space may be low, the ability of human bronchoalveolar macrophages to bind c. neoformans in the presence and absence of opsonins was studied. bronchoalveolar macrophages bound unopsonized c. neoformans. surprisingly, component(s) in pooled human serum (phs) inhibited binding, as evidenced by 26% and 71% inhibition of binding when 20% phs and heat-inactivated phs ... | 1992 | 1527424 |
| galactoxylomannans of cryptococcus neoformans. | galactoxylomannans (galxms) from single isolates of cryptococcus neoformans serotypes a, b, and d were isolated from culture supernatants and then purified by affinity, ion-exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. galxms are a group of closely related complex polysaccharides. galxms from serotypes a (9759 a) and c (3183 c) and an acapsular mutant of serotype d (cap67 d) have similar galactose, xylose, and mannose molar ratios, but each has some unique structural features. galxm9759 a and gal ... | 1992 | 1541523 |
| molecular and genetic analysis of ura5 transformants of cryptococcus neoformans. | cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans ura5 mutants were transformed with linearized or circular plasmids containing the c. neoformans orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase gene. following electroporation, randomly isolated transformants were analyzed for the mitotic and meiotic stability of uracil prototrophy. all stable transformants tested showed nonspecific ectopic integration. uracil prototrophy in these transformants was stable through meiosis. some of the stable transformants showed ... | 1992 | 1541525 |
| contribution of antibody in normal human serum to early deposition of c3 onto encapsulated and nonencapsulated cryptococcus neoformans. | encapsulated and nonencapsulated cryptococci differ in their activation of the complement system. incubation of nonencapsulated cryptococci in normal human serum (nhs) initiates both the classical and alternative pathways. this activation is characterized by an immediate, synchronous activation and binding of c3 to the yeast cells. encapsulated cryptococci activate only the alternative pathway. this activation is characterized by a delayed (4 to 5 min), asynchronous activation and binding of c3. ... | 1992 | 1541548 |
| isolated ocular cryptococcosis in an immunocompetent patient. | a 62-year-old woman without evidence of immunocompromise was evaluated for uveitis and a subretinal lesion in the right eye. laboratory evaluation, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis, revealed no apparent cause. the diagnosis of subretinal cryptococcosis was established by transscleral needle biopsy of the subretinal mass. treatment with intravenous amphotericin b and oral 5-flucytosine brought recovery of visual acuity to 20/30-1 and resolution of the inflammation. this patient demonstrates ... | 1992 | 1549290 |
| a raised level of soluble cd8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis in japan. | we used elisa to measure soluble cd8 (scd8) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) and serum of patients with summer-type hypersensitivity pneumonitis (hp). the scd8 levels in balf were significantly higher in the patients with summer-type hp, surpassing those found in sarcoidosis and the other pulmonary diseases studied; however, the scd8 levels in the serum of patients with summer-type hp did not differ from the levels of the healthy controls. the numbers of cd8+ t cells were increased in ... | 1992 | 1555419 |
| cryptococcal olecranon bursitis in cirrhosis. | a 47-year-old man with cirrhosis developed a case of previously unreported olecranon bursitis due to cryptococcus neoformans. most patients with disseminated cryptococcosis have deficiencies in cell mediated immunity. cirrhosis may be an independent risk factor because of impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis. | 1992 | 1556684 |
| rapid relapse of cryptococcal meningitis after termination of maintenance fluconazole in aids. | | 1992 | 1558095 |
| orofacial fungal infections. nine pathogens that may invade during chemotherapy. | immunosuppression due to antineoplastic drugs or malignant tumor leaves patients extremely vulnerable to infection. opportunistic fungi that rarely infect healthy persons can have very severe consequences in these patients. candida albicans is the pathogen found most often, but several other candida species may cause infection as well. aspergillosis is the second most frequently seen fungal infection of the face and mouth in patients receiving chemotherapy. less commonly seen but equally dangero ... | 1992 | 1561171 |
| cryptococcal pleural effusion in an htlv-i carrier with waldenstroem's macroglobulinemia. | a 70-year-old woman with waldenstroem's macroglobulinemia developed bilateral pleural effusions due to cryptococcus neoformans. she was found to be a carrier of htlv-i. it is speculated that the opportunistic infection occurred as the result of an impaired cellular immunity secondary to htlv-i infection. | 1992 | 1561905 |
| [fungal myocarditis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. | the authors report 8 cases of fungal myocarditis discovered at autopsy of a series of 118 patients with aids. the cardiac disease was symptomatic and responsible for death in 2 cases. antemortem diagnosis of fungal infection was made on examination of bronchioloalveolar lavage, the cerebrospinal fluid or gastrointestinal biopsy. the demonstration of intramyocardial pathogens was postmortem in all cases. the organism was candida albicans in 3 cases, cryptococcus neoformans in 3 cases, and aspergi ... | 1992 | 1562224 |
| cryptococcal disease presenting as cellulitis. | three immunocompromised patients presented with cellulitis as the primary manifestation of cryptococcal disease. two were recipients of cadaveric renal transplants who were receiving immunosuppressive drug therapy. the other patient had profound lymphopenia and severe hypoalbuminemia due to intestinal lymphangiectasia. all had failed to respond to empiric therapy for presumed bacterial cellulitis before results of skin biopsy or aspiration were available for the correct diagnosis to be made. wit ... | 1992 | 1562658 |
| virulence, serotype, and molecular characteristics of environmental strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. | four strains of cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii originating from eucalyptus camaldulensis, three from australia and one from san francisco, were tested for their serotype, virulence for mice, and a number of genetic and molecular characteristics. all were found to be serotype b and showed significantly higher virulence for mice than did the type strains of c. neoformans var. gattii and filobasidiella neoformans var. bacillispora, which were obtained from human cryptococcosis cases. electroph ... | 1992 | 1563776 |
| raised intracranial pressure and visual complications in aids patients with cryptococcal meningitis. | the clinical course of cryptococcal meningitis in aids shows some important differences from the features of the illness in non-aids patients. complications such as raised intracranial pressure and visual impairment that are recognised in non-aids patients may be less frequent in those with aids. persistent intracranial hypertension should be managed actively to prevent visual impairment. in aids patients, in whom ventriculo-peritoneal shunts carry additional risks, acetazolamide can be used suc ... | 1992 | 1569310 |
| isolation and characterization of a species-specific dna fragment for detection of candida albicans by polymerase chain reaction. | a 2-kbp dna fragment, eo3, that was present in multiple copies in the candida albicans genome was isolated for use in developing a detection method for c. albicans by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). dot blot hybridization revealed that eo3 was specific for the 40 isolates of c. albicans serotypes a and b used. using a set of primers (20-mer each) derived from the nucleotide sequence of eo3, we performed specific amplification of a 1.8-kbp dna fragment within eo3 by pcr. all 40 isolates belongin ... | 1992 | 1572976 |
| development of dna probes for early diagnosis and epidemiological study of cryptococcosis in aids patients. | we report the isolation of middle-repetitive dna sequences from cryptococcus neoformans that are species and variety specific. these probes were used for assessing strain relatedness among cryptococcal isolates from patients with and without aids who were from zaire and the united states. five distinct hybridization patterns were observed for the 60 isolates examined, regardless of the restriction enzyme used for digestion. the most common pattern among the isolates from the patients without aid ... | 1992 | 1572979 |
| selection of ura5 and ura3 mutants from the two varieties of cryptococcus neoformans on 5-fluoroorotic acid medium. | spontaneous mutants requiring uracil were isolated from both varieties of cryptococcus neoformans by plating on 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-foa) medium. of the 36 strains tested (18 var. neoformans and 18 var. gattii), 24 (12 of each variety) generated 5-foa-resistant cells requiring uracil for growth. six of the 12 c. neoformans var. gattii strains produced ura3 cells while the remaining six strains produced ura5 cells. none of the 12 strains produced both ura3 cells and ura5 cells. all 12 isolates ... | 1992 | 1573522 |
| cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in african patients: treatment with fluconazole. | cryptococcal meningitis associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is particularly common in tropical africa. this could be explained by the dramatic increase in the number of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections and the high prevalence of cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in the domestic and general environment of hiv-positive and aids patients meningoencephalitis is the usual and dominant clinical feature of cryptococcal infection in aids patients and 'slim diseas ... | 1992 | 1573523 |
| coulter counter identifies cryptococcus neoformans as leukocytes. a case of pseudopleocytosis. | cerebrospinal fluid from a 42-year-old man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome was processed in a coulter s-plus counter and found to contain "4.8 x 10(9) leukocytes/l:56.1% granulocytes and 37.7% lymphocytes." direct examination of the same specimen in a counting chamber revealed that the leukocytes were cells of cryptococcus neoformans. coulter analysis of cerebrospinal fluid may be inappropriate, particularly when yeast infection is a probable diagnosis. | 1992 | 1575211 |
| the application of whole-cell protein electrophoresis for the classification and identification of basidiomycetous yeast species. | the relationships among 65 basidiomycetous yeast strains were determined by one-dimensional electrophoresis of sds-solubilized whole-cell proteins. protein profiles were compared by the pearson product moment correlation coefficient (r). the strains investigated represented species from the genera cystofilobasidium, filobasidium, filobasidiella, kondoa, leucosporidium, mrakia and rhodosporidium. except for the genus mrakia, all species constituted separate protein electrophoretic clusters. the s ... | 1992 | 1575470 |
| an immortalized cell line expresses properties of activated microglial cells. | murine cultured microglial cells were immortalized after infection with a v-raf/v-myc recombinant retrovirus. this immortalized cell line (bv-2) shares properties with body macrophages with respect to the antigen profile, their phagocytic capacity and antimicrobial activity. bv-2 cells are not constitutively able to kill tumor cells in vitro, but acquire antitumor activity following an increase in [ca++]i. bv-2 cells, like microglial cells, are however, distinct from peripheral macrophages by th ... | 1992 | 1578513 |
| antibodies elicited by a cryptococcus neoformans-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine have the same specificity as those elicited in infection. | the antibody responses of balb/c mice to serotype a cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide (cnps) were compared after cryptococcal infection and immunization with a serotype a glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus toxoid conjugate (gxm-tt). infection rarely resulted in a rise of serum antibody titer to cnps. in contrast, mice immunized with gxm-tt produced serum igm and igg to cnps. six igm and one igg1 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were generated from the spleen of one infected mouse. nine igm, 1 ... | 1992 | 1583327 |
| cd4+ t cells cause multinucleated giant cells to form around cryptococcus neoformans and confine the yeast within the primary site of infection in the respiratory tract. | the possible mechanisms by which cd4+ t cells prevent the dissemination of cryptococcus neoformans from the primary site of infection in the respiratory tract were examined. it was found that even before fungicidal mechanisms are fully induced in the lungs, the host generates a cd4+ t cell-dependent inflammatory response that sequesters yeast within the pulmonary alveoli. this confinement is evident histopathologically and demonstrable objectively as a rapid decline in the ability to dislodge ye ... | 1992 | 1588288 |
| the interaction of cryptococcus neoformans with primary rat lung cell cultures. | conditions under which cryptococcus neoformans adhered to and was internalized by primary lung epithelial cell cultures were studied. adherence was affected by the yeast culture age, glucose concentration and growth temperature. formalin or heat treatment did not affect yeast adherence. trypsin treatment, however, inhibited adherence. | 1992 | 1588461 |
| cryptococcosis in cats: clinical and mycological assessment of 29 cases and evaluation of treatment using orally administered fluconazole. | twenty-nine cats with naturally occurring cryptococcosis were evaluated prior to commencing oral fluconazole therapy (25-100 mg every 12 h). affected cats ranged from 2 to 15 years-of-age. male cats (19; 66%) and siamese cats (5; 21%) appeared to be over-represented in comparison to the hospital's cat population. mycotic rhinitis was observed in 24 (83%) of the cases, although nasal cavity involvement was subtle in four animals. disease of the skin and subcutaneous tissues was present in 15 case ... | 1992 | 1588463 |
| isolation of telomerelike sequences from cryptococcus neoformans and their use in high-efficiency transformation. | development of a transformation system for the fungal human pathogen cryptococcus neoformans is an important prerequisite for the identification of genes involved in virulence. it has previously been reported that low-efficiency transformation can be achieved by using the cloned c. neoformans ura5 gene and ura5 mutants. the introduction of linearized ura5 vectors into c. neoformans resulted in unstable transformants which apparently harbored linear extrachromosomal dna molecules. in this paper, ... | 1992 | 1588969 |
| comparison of sch 39304 and its isomers, rr 42427 and ss 42426, for treatment of murine cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis. | sch 39304 (304) and its isomers, sch 42426 (426) and sch 42427 (427), are new orally administered antifungal azole derivatives. in this study, we compared the efficacy of 304 with that of 426 and 427 in murine models of cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis. on day 18 postinfection with cryptococcus neoformans, controls showed 80% mortality. the 50% protective doses calculated at this day were 0.56 mg of 304 per kg of body weight, 23.5 mg of 426 per kg, and 0.11 mg of 427 per kg. controls wit ... | 1992 | 1590692 |
| cryptococcosis of the anterior segment in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | cryptococcosis is a rare form of human ocular infection, usually occurring in immunocompromised patients. unilateral or bilateral posterior segment involvement is the rule. the authors describe a unique case of intraocular cryptococcosis presenting as an iris inflammatory mass in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. diagnosis was established by anterior chamber paracentesis and confirmed by histopathologic examination of the enucleated eye. | 1992 | 1594228 |
| [brain cryptococcosis in hiv infection]. | a 30-year-old female with hiv-infection (aids-stage) died with generalized, including meningoencephalitis, infection. fungi found in the brain were identified as cryptococcus neoformans. fungal cells were also found in the lungs and in the necrotic phlegmon of soft tissue i. e. there was a generalized cryptococcus infection. | 1992 | 1596186 |
| glucuronoxylomannan of cryptococcus neoformans serotype d: structural analysis by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and by 13c-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | | 1992 | 1596924 |
| cryptococcal endophthalmitis: case report and review. | cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungus with a predilection for infecting the meninges. ocular sequelae of cryptococcal infections of the cns usually include cranial nerve palsies or papilledema secondary to increased intracranial pressure. intraocular cryptococcosis occurs less frequently, and over the last 23 years, only 27 cases have been reported, including the case presented here. intraocular infection was most often manifested by chorioretinal lesions and vitritis. underlying di ... | 1992 | 1600008 |
| pancoast's syndrome due to pulmonary infection with cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii. | immunocompetent hosts usually do not require antifungal therapy for pulmonary cryptococcosis. we present a case of right lung mass and pancoast's syndrome due to locally invasive cryptococcus neoformans variety gattii in a normal host. lobectomy followed by therapy with amphotericin b and flucytosine was curative. | 1992 | 1600018 |
| cytokine enhancement of complement-dependent phagocytosis by macrophages: synergy of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for phagocytosis of cryptococcus neoformans. | we have examined the regulation of complement dependent phagocytosis by macrophage-activating cytokines. tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf), but not interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 or macrophage-csf, stimulated ingestion of the encapsulated fungal pathogen cryptococcus neoformans by resident peritoneal macrophages in vitro. this was dependent upon opsonization of the yeasts with complement, 72 h of incubation with the cytokines for max ... | 1992 | 1601035 |
| [cryptococcal meningoencephalitis following immunosuppressive therapy]. | | 1992 | 1604903 |
| cryptococcal infection in aids. | cryptococcus neoformans is an important opportunist pathogen in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. cryptococcal meningitis (cm) 3rd after primary hiv neuropathy an toxoplasma gondii among infectious neurological diseases in aids patients. extrapulmonary infection due to c. neoformans has occurred in up to 13% of patients. 86% of the cryptococcus spp isolates in the us, canada, and japan are serotype a. thousands of infection due to var neoformans have been reported in aids patients ... | 1992 | 1616962 |
| radiological and histological features of intracerebral cryptococcomata. | | 1992 | 1616968 |
| research on rapid identification of auto-microbiology system for pathogenic yeast. | the auto-microbiology system yeast biochemical card (ams-ybc; vitek system, inc.) was studied in 77 clinical isolates and 50 laboratory kept isolates on the basis of routine identification. results of 123 isolates were obtained in 24 hours, while that of the other 4 in 48 hours. 122 (96.1%) were coincidently identified with ams and routine method. the results suggest that ams is a rapid, accurate and simple identification method for common pathogenic yeast. | 1992 | 1618016 |
| [cryptococcosis in aids patients: a study of 19 cases]. | we discuss 19 cases of infection due to cryptococcus neoformans diagnosed in 438 aids patients admitted to our center (4%). fourteen of them showed meningitis confirmed by culture of c. neoformans in csf. clinical features were rather unspecific and disorders in csf parameters were non striking. the diagnostic techniques performed with best results were culture of c. neoformans and antigen determination, especially in serum. survival probability at one year was 75%. treatment response was good. ... | 1992 | 1626090 |