| phytochrome characterization by rabbit antiserum against high molecular weight phytochrome. | both small and large sizes of phytochrome purified from garry oat (avena sativa l. ev. garry) as well as large phytochrome purified from newton oat (a. sativa l. cv. newton), rye (secale cereale l. cv. balbo), barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. harrison), and pea (pisum sativum l. cv. alaska) seedlings are characterized by a specific antiserum against large garry oat phytochrome. a spur is observed by double diffusion assay against large and small garry oat phytochrome indicating only partial identi ... | 1975 | 16659052 |
| effect of triacontanol on plant cell cultures in vitro. | triacontanol [ch(3)(ch(2))(28)ch(2)oh] increased growth in vitro of cell cultures of haploid tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). the fresh weight of cell cultures of tomato (lycopersicon esculentum), potato (solanum tuberosum), bean (phaseolus vulgaris), and barley (hordeum vulgare x h. jubatum) was also increased. the increase in growth of tobacco callus seems to have been due to an increase in cell number. another long chain alcohol, octocosanol [ch(3)(ch(2))(26)ch(2)oh], did not increase the growth ... | 1978 | 16660401 |
| oxidation of proline by plant mitochondria. | mitochondria isolated from etiolated shoots of corn (zea mays), wheat (triticum aestivum), barley (hordeum vulgare), soybean (glycine max l. merr.), and mung bean (phaseolus aureus) exhibited a proline-dependent o(2) uptake subject to respiratory control. adp/o ratios with proline as substrate were intermediate between ratios obtained with exogenous nadh and malate + pyruvate as substrates. isotope studies showed proline metabolism to be dependent on o(2), but not nad. the major ninhydrin-positi ... | 1978 | 16660461 |
| differential compartmentation of gibberellin a(1) and its metabolites in vacuoles of cowpea and barley leaves. | the metabolism and efflux of gibberellin a(1) (ga(1)) taken up by leaves of cowpea (vigna sinensis cv. blackeye pea no. 5), as well as the distribution of ga(1) metabolites in the protoplasts and vacuoles of cowpea and barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv. numar), were studied.ga(1) is metabolized rapidly in cowpea leaf discs to products tentatively identified as gibberellin a(8) (ga(8)) and gibberellin a(8) glucoside (ga(8)-glu). after labeling leaf discs with [(3)h]ga(1) for 1 hour, the release of ra ... | 1981 | 16662014 |
| effects of iron and oxygen on chlorophyll biosynthesis : i. in vivo observations on iron and oxygen-deficient plants. | corn (zea mays, l.), bean (phaseolus vulgaris l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), and sugarbeet (beta vulgaris l.) grown under iron deficiency, and potamogeton pectinatus l, and potamogeton nodosus poir. grown under oxygen deficiency, contained less chlorophyll than the controls, but accumulated mg-protoporphyrin ix and/or mg-protoporphyrin ix monomethyl ester. no significant accumulation of these intermediates was detected in the controls or in the tissue of plants ... | 1982 | 16662138 |
| emission of hydrogen sulfide by leaf tissue in response to l-cysteine. | leaf discs and detached leaves exposed to l-cysteine emitted a volatile sulfur compound which was proven by gas chromatography to be h(2)s. this phenomenon was demonstrated in all nine species tested (cucumis sativus, cucurbita pepo, nicotiana tabacum, coleus blumei, beta vulgaris, phaseolus vulgaris, medicago sativa, hordeum vulgare, and gossypium hirsutum). the emission of volatile sulfur by cucumber leaves occurred in the dark at a similar rate to that in the light. the emission of leaf discs ... | 1982 | 16662510 |
| investigation of the mechanism of action of a chlorosis-inducing toxin produced by pseudomonas phaseolicola. | a toxin that induced chlorotic haloes (typifying haloblight disease) on primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris l. (var. canadian wonder) was partially purified from culture filtrates of the causative agent pseudomonas phaseolicola (burkh.) dowson. this material was used to investigate chlorosis induction. haloes could only be induced in those bean leaves that were expanding and synthesizing chlorophyll (chl); the toxin, therefore, does not promote chl breakdown. chl, carotene, and xanthophyll synt ... | 1982 | 16662646 |
| p(700) chlorophyll a-protein : purification, characterization, and antibody preparation. | the p(700) chlorophyll alpha-protein was purified by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) gel electrophoresis from sds-solubilized barley (hordeum vulgare l., cv himalaya) chloroplast membranes. after elution from the gel in the presence of 0.05 to 0.1% triton x-100, the recovered protein had a chlorophyll/p(700) ratio of 50 to 60/1 and contained no chlorophyll b or cytochromes. analysis of the polypeptide composition of the chlorophyll-protein revealed a 58 to 62 kilodalton (kd) polypeptide ... | 1983 | 16663057 |
| structural characterization of a higher plant calmodulin : spinacia oleracea. | calmodulin is a eukaryotic calcium binding protein which has several calcium-dependent in vitro activities. presented in this report is a structural characterization of calmodulin from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea). spinach calmodulin may be representative of higher plant calmodulins in general since calmodulin from the monocotyledon barley (hordeum vulgare) is indistinguishable by a variety of physical, chemical, and functional criteria (schleicher, lukas, watterson 1983 plant physiol 73: ... | 1984 | 16663705 |
| a comparison of methods for determining compartmental analysis parameters. | the traditional method for determining compartmental analysis parameters relies on a visual selection of data points to be used for regression of data from each cellular compartment. this method is appropriate when the compartments are kinetically discrete and are easily discernible. however, where treatment effects on compartment parameters are being evaluated, a more objective method for determining initial parameters is desirable.three methods were examined for determining initial isotopic co ... | 1984 | 16663970 |
| proteins in intercellular washing fluid from noninoculated and rust-affected leaves of wheat and barley. | proteins in intercellular washing fluid (iwf) from wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare) leaves were separated by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with coomassie brilliant blue (cbb) or silver. intracellular protein from the cut ends of leaves accounted for only a small proportion of total protein in iwf from wheat leaves. when these were heavily infected with the stem rust fungus (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and grown at ... | 1985 | 16664314 |
| decrease in three messenger rna species coding for chloroplast proteins in leaves of barley infected with erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei. | cloned hybridization probes have been used to investigate the effect of infection of susceptible hordeum vulgare cv prior by erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei on the abundance of host mrnas coding for the large (lsu) and precursor to the small (ssu) subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the rapidly metabolized 32kd thylakoid protein (32kdp). in leaf rna preparations from control (noninoculated) plants the amount of mrna for the lsu and ssu declined from 7 to 11 days after ... | 1985 | 16664347 |
| stimulation of glutathione synthesis in photorespiring plants by catalase inhibitors. | the effect of various herbicides on glutathione levels in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.), soybean (glycine max [l.] merr.), and corn (zea mays l.) was examined. illumination of excised barley, tobacco, and soybean plants for 8 hours in solution containing 2 millimolar aminotriazole (a catalase inhibitor) resulted in an increase in leaf glutathione from 250 to 400 nanomoles per gram fresh weight to 600 to 1800 nanomoles per gram fresh weight, depending on the species ... | 1985 | 16664526 |
| evidence for a specific uptake system for iron phytosiderophores in roots of grasses. | roots of grasses in response to iron deficiency markedly increase the release of chelating substances (;phytosiderophores') which are highly effective in solubilization of sparingly soluble inorganic fe(iii) compounds by formation of fe(iii)phytosiderophores. in barley (hordeum vulgare l.), the rate of iron uptake from fe(iii)phytosiderophores is 100 to 1000 times faster than the rate from synthetic fe chelates (e.g. fe ethylenediaminetetraacetate) or microbial fe siderophores (e.g. ferrichrome) ... | 1986 | 16664577 |
| phase transitions in liposomes formed from the polar lipids of mitochondria from chilling-sensitive plants. | the thermal response of mitochondrial polar lipids from a variety of chilling-sensitive and chilling-insensitive plants was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. a phase transition was observed at 15 degrees c for mitochondria from soybeam (glycine max. cv davis) hypocotyl, at 16 degrees c for tomato (lycopersicon esculentum cv flora-dade and cv grosse lisse) fruit, at 15 degrees c for cucumber (cucumus sativus l.) fruit, at 14 degrees c for mung bean (vigna radiata var berken) hypoco ... | 1986 | 16664907 |
| the effects of salt on the pattern of protein synthesis in barley roots. | the effect of salt stress on the incorporation of [(35)s]methionine into protein was examined in roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv california mariout 72). plants were grown in nutrient solution with or without 200 millimolar nacl. roots of intact plants were labeled in vivo and proteins were extracted and analyzed by fluorography of two-dimensional gels. although the protein patterns for control and salt-stressed plants were qualitatively similar, the net synthesis of a number of proteins w ... | 1987 | 16665281 |
| separation and immunological characterization of membrane fractions from barley roots. | tonoplast and plasma membranes (pm) were isolated from barley roots (hordeum vulgare l. cv california mariout 72) using sucrose step gradients. the isolation procedure yielded sufficient quantities of pm and tonoplast vesicles that were sealed and of the right orientation to measure atp-dependent proton transport in vitro. the proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum, tonoplast-plus-golgi membrane (tg) and pm fractions were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, and immunoblots were used to test ... | 1988 | 16665976 |
| cloning of cdna sequences encoding the calcium-binding protein, calmodulin, from barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | full- and partial-length cdnas encoding calmodulin mrna have been cloned and sequenced from barley (hordeum vulgare l.). barley leaf mrna, size-fractionated in sucrose density gradients, was used to synthesize double-stranded cdna. the cdna was cloned in lambdagt10 and screened with a synthetic, 14-nucleotide oligonucleotide probe, which was designed using the predicted coding sequences of the carboxy termini of spinach and wheat calmodulin proteins. the primary structure of barley calmodulin, p ... | 1989 | 16666833 |
| enhanced-peroxidatic activity in specific catalase isozymes of tobacco, barley, and maize. | separation of catalase isozymes from leaf extracts of three diverse plant species (nicotiana sylvestris, zea mays, hordeum vulgare l.) revealed a distinct isozyme with enhanced peroxidatic activity (30-, 70-, 28-fold over typical catalase, respectively) which constituted 10 to 20% of the total catalase activity. in maize this isozyme is the product of the cat3 gene, which is expressed only in mesophyll cells (as tsaftaris, am bosabalidis, jg scandalios [1983] proc natl acad sci usa 80: 4455-4459 ... | 1989 | 16667141 |
| evidence for a universal pathway of abscisic acid biosynthesis in higher plants from o incorporation patterns. | previous labeling studies of abscisic acid (aba) with (18)o(2) have been mainly conducted with water-stressed leaves. in this study, (18)o incorporation into aba of stressed leaves of various species was compared with (18)o labeling of aba of turgid leaves and of fruit tissue in different stages of ripening. in stressed leaves of all six species investigated, avocado (persea americana), barley (hordeum vulgare), bean (phaseolus vulgaris), cocklebur (xanthium strumarium), spinach (spinacia olerac ... | 1989 | 16667222 |
| biochemical similarities between soluble and membrane-bound calcium-dependent protein kinases of barley. | the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the calcium-dependent protein kinase from barley leaves (hordeum vulgare l. cv. borsoy) have been partially purified and compared. both forms showed an active polypeptide of 37 kilodaltons on activity gels with incorporated histone as substrate. they eluted from chromatofocusing columns at an identical isoelectric point of ph 4.25 +/- 0.2, and also comigrated on several other chromatographic affinity media including matrex gel blue a, histone-agarose, phen ... | 1990 | 16667406 |
| separation, purification, and comparative properties of chloroplast and cytoplasmic phosphoglycerate kinase from barley leaves. | the chloroplast and cytoplasmic isoenzymes of phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) (ec. 2.7.2.3) from hordeum vulgare leaves have been separated and purified for the first time to apparent homogeneity. the method for purifying the isoenzymes is described here and consists of deae sephacel chromatography followed by affinity chromatography on atp sepharose. this consistently provided a 500- to 900-fold purification of each isoenzyme. most of the total pgk in green barley leaves was found to be in the ch ... | 1990 | 16667476 |
| calcium and proton transport in membrane vesicles from barley roots. | ca(2+) uptake by membrane fractions from barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv cm72) roots was characterized. uptake of (45)ca(2+) was measured in membrane vesicles obtained from continuous and discontinuous sucrose gradients. a single, large peak of ca(2+) uptake coincided with the peak of proton transport by the tonoplast h(+)-atpase. depending on the concentration of ca(2+) in the assay, ca(2+) uptake was inhibited 50 to 75% by those combinations of ionophores and solutes that eliminated the ph gradi ... | 1990 | 16667684 |
| comparison of gibberellins in normal and slender barley seedlings. | gibberellins a(1), a(3), a(8), a(19), a(20), and a(29) were identified by full scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in leaf sheath segments of 7-day-old barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv golden promise) seedlings grown at 20 degrees c under long days. in a segregating population of barley, cv herta (cb 3014), containing the recessive slender allele, (sln 1) the concentration of ga(1) and ga(3) was reduced by 10-fold and 6-fold, respectively, in rapidly growing homozygous slender, compared with ... | 1990 | 16667686 |
| gibberellic acid regulates the level of a bip cognate in the endoplasmic reticulum of barley aleurone cells. | the isolation of a 70-kilodalton protein from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) aleurone layers that cross-reacts with an antibody against yeast binding protein (bip) is reported. endoplasmic reticulum isolated from aleurone layers treated with gibberellic acid contain much higher levels of the bip cognate than do membranes isolated from layers treated with abscisic acid. | 1991 | 16668408 |
| isolation and partial characterization of a factor from barley aleurone that modifies alpha-amylase in vitro. | posttranslational modifications that give rise to multiple forms of alpha-amylase (ec 3.2.1.1) in barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv himalaya) were studied. when analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, barley alpha-amylase has a molecular mass of 43 to 44 kilodaltons, but isoelectric focusing resolves the enzyme into a large number of isoforms. to precisely identify these isoforms, we propose a system of classification based on their isoelectric points (pl). alpha-amylases with pls ... | 1991 | 16668534 |
| immunological characterization of two dominant tonoplast polypeptides. | at least 14 distinct polypeptides reside in the tonoplast of barley (hordeum vulgare) mesophyll vacuoles. two of the polypeptides were isolated from two-dimensional separations of vacuoplast membrane proteins and used for immunization. with the antisera, the localization on the membrane and the distribution of the polypeptides in the plant kingdom and in various tissues of barley plants was studied. the polypeptides have an apparent molecular mass of 31 and 40 kilodaltons. after freeze-thaw cycl ... | 1991 | 16668546 |
| purification and characterization of aleurain : a plant thiol protease functionally homologous to mammalian cathepsin h. | barley (hordeum vulgare l. cv himilaya) aleurain is a vacuolar thiol protease originally isolated as a cdna with 65% derived amino acid sequence identity with cathepsin h (jc rogers, d dean, gr heck [1985] proc natl acad sci usa 82: 6512-6516). we purified aleurain from barley leaves to homogeneity (>1000-fold) and characterized its activity against a number of substrates. aleurain is best described as an aminopeptidase; it hydrolyzes three different aminopeptidase substrates with similar cataly ... | 1992 | 16669011 |
| purification and characterization of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase from barley expressed in escherichia coli. | the immediate precursor in the synthesis of tetrapyrroles is delta-aminolevulinate (ala). ala is synthesized from glutamate in higher plants, algae, and certain bacteria. glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (ec 5.4.3.8) (gsa-at), the third enzyme involved in this metabolic pathway, catalyzes the transamination of gsa to form ala. the gene encoding this aminotransferase has previously been isolated from barley (hordeum vulgare) and inserted into an escherichia coli expression vector. we des ... | 1992 | 16669079 |
| isolation, transmission and purification of the high plains virus. | the wheat curl mite (aceria tosichella keifer) often simultaneously transmits the high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus under field conditions, resulting in doubly infected plants. in this study, a pure culture of the high plains virus (isolate hpv95id), which was infected with both high plains virus and wheat streak mosaic virus, was mechanically transmitted from barley (hordeum vulgáre l.) to maize (zea mays l.) by vascular puncture inoculation. different water temperatures and durat ... | 2006 | 16672165 |
| multivesicular bodies participate in a cell wall-associated defence response in barley leaves attacked by the pathogenic powdery mildew fungus. | localized cell wall modification and accumulation of antimicrobial compounds beneath sites of fungal attack are common mechanisms for plant resistance to fungal penetration. in barley (hordeum vulgare) leaves, light-microscopically visible vesicle-like bodies (vlbs) containing h(2)o(2) or phenolics frequently accumulate around cell wall appositions (syn. papillae), in which the penetration attempt of the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (bgh) is halted. by ultrast ... | 2006 | 16681841 |
| cyclitols protect glutamine synthetase and malate dehydrogenase against heat induced deactivation and thermal denaturation. | the accumulation of cyclitols in plants is a widespread response that provides protection against various environmental stresses. the capacity of myo-inositol, pinitol, quercitol, and other compatible solutes (i.e., sorbitol, proline, and glycinebetaine) to protect proteins against thermally induced denaturation and deactivation was examined. enzymatic activity measurements of l-glutamine synthetase from escherichia coli and hordeum vulgare showed that the presence of cyclitols during heat treat ... | 2006 | 16701563 |
| major antifungal activity from the bulbs of indian squill urginea indica is a chitinase. | we have identified a chitinase with antifungal activity in the bulbs of the plant urginea indica(indian squill) and purified it about 26-fold. the purified preparation contained a mr 29 kda protein that was an active growth inhibitor of the fungal pathogens fusarium oxysporum and rhizoctonia solani in an in vitro assay. amino acid sequence analysis of the mr 29 kda protein revealed it to be highly homologous to the family 19 glycoside hydrolases, which are known to possess chitinase activity. th ... | 2006 | 16739943 |
| effect of barley endoprotease ep-b2 on gluten digestion in the intact rat. | celiac sprue is a multifactorial disease characterized by an intestinal inflammatory response to ingested gluten. proteolytically resistant gluten peptides from wheat, rye, and barley persist in the intestinal lumen and elicit an immune response in genetically susceptible individuals. here, we demonstrate the in vivo ability of a gluten-digesting protease ("glutenase") to accelerate the breakdown of a gluten-rich solid meal. the proenzyme form of endoprotease b, isoform 2 from hordeum vulgare (e ... | 2006 | 16757540 |
| cpd staining: an effective technique for detection of nors and other gc-rich chromosomal regions in plants. | mitotic chromosome spreads of 16 plant species belonging to six families were analyzed using an improved combined pi and dapi (cpd) staining procedure. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with 45s rdna probe was conducted sequentially on the same spreads to evaluate the efficiency and sensitivity of the technique. fluorochrome staining with chromomycin a3 (cma)-dapi also was conducted to clarify the properties of the sequences involved in the cpd banded regions. our results revealed that a ... | 2006 | 16760123 |
| molecular mapping of a recessive gene for resistance to stripe rust in barley. | barley stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei, is one of the most important barley (hordeum vulgare) diseases in the united states. the disease is best controlled using resistant cultivars. barley genotype grannenlose zweizeilige (gz) has a recessive gene (rpsgz) that is effective against all races of p. striiformis f. sp. hordei identified so far in the usa. to develop a molecular map for mapping the gene, f(8 )recombinant inbred lines (rils) were developed from the steptoe x ... | 2006 | 16763858 |
| root exudation from hordeum vulgare in response to localized nitrate supply. | root proliferation as a response to exploit zones of nutrient enrichment in soil has been demonstrated for a wide range of plant species. however, the effectiveness of this as a strategy to acquire nutrients is also dependent on interactions with the soil microbial community. specifically, c-flow from roots modifies microbial activity and probably the balance between nutrient mineralization and immobilization processes in the rhizosphere. in this study, near-natural abundance 13c-labelling and g ... | 2006 | 16766600 |
| jekyll encodes a novel protein involved in the sexual reproduction of barley. | cereal seed development depends on the intimate interaction of filial and maternal tissues, ensuring nourishment of the new generation. the gene jekyll, which was identified in barley (hordeum vulgare), is preferentially expressed in the nurse tissues. jekyll shares partial similarity with the scorpion cn4 toxin and is toxic when ectopically expressed in escherichia coli and tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). in barley, jekyll is upregulated in cells destined for autolysis. the gene generates a gradie ... | 2006 | 16766690 |
| hydrolysis of (1,4)-beta-d-mannans in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is mediated by the concerted action of (1,4)-beta-d-mannan endohydrolase and beta-d-mannosidase. | a family gh5 (family 5 glycoside hydrolase) (1,4)-beta-d-mannan endohydrolase or beta-d-mannanase (ec 3.2.1.78), designated hvman1, has been purified 300-fold from extracts of 10-day-old barley (hordeum vulgare l.) seedlings using ammonium sulfate fractional precipitation, followed by ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction and size-exclusion chromatography. the purified hvman1 is a relatively unstable enzyme with an apparent molecular mass of 43 kda, a pi of 7.8 and a ph optimum of 4.75. the hvma ... | 2006 | 16771710 |
| phosphorus and nitrogen in rainfall simulation runoff after fresh and composted beef cattle manure application. | fresh beef cattle (bos taurus) manure has traditionally been applied to cropland in southern alberta, but there has been an increase in application of composted manure to cropland in this region. however, the quality of runoff under fresh manure (fm) versus composted manure (cm) has not been investigated. our objective was to compare runoff quality under increasing rates (0, 13, 42, 83 mg ha(-1) dry wt.) of fm and cm applied for two consecutive years to a clay loam soil cropped to irrigated barl ... | 2006 | 16825447 |
| zea mays assays of chemical/radiation genotoxicity for the study of environmental mutagens. | from a literature survey, 86 chemicals are tabulated that have been evaluated in 121 assays for their clastogenic effects in zea mays. eighty-one of the 86 chemicals are reported as giving a positive reaction (i.e. causing chromosome aberrations). of these, 36 are reported positive with a dose response. in addition, 32 assays have been recorded for 7 types of radiation, all of which reacted positively. the results of 126 assays with 63 chemicals and 12 types of radiation tested for the induction ... | 2006 | 16828334 |
| transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) by agrobacterium tumefaciens infection of in vitro cultured ovules. | we report on a novel transformation procedure for barley by agrobacterium infection of in vitro cultured ovules. ovules of the cultivar golden promise were isolated a few hours after pollination and infected with the agrobacterium tumefaciens strain agl0 carrying the binary vector pvec8-gfp. the vector harboured a hygromycin resistance gene and the green fluorescence protein (gfp) gene. gfp-expressing embryos were isolated from the ovules, regenerated to plants and investigated by southern blot ... | 2006 | 16832622 |
| multiple phosphorylation sites in the beta subunit of thylakoid atp synthase. | proteomic analyses of the beta subunit of the plastid atp synthase of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) revealed that mature protein was not carboxy terminus processed and suggested the correction of the 274 codon (gat to aat) in the data bank that was confirmed by dna sequencing. six isoforms of the atp synthase beta subunit with pi ranging from 4.95 to 5.14 were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de). mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the six isoforms differ in their phosphorylat ... | 2006 | 16832703 |
| the multigene family encoding germin-like proteins of barley. regulation and function in basal host resistance. | germin-like proteins (glps) have been shown to be encoded by multigene families in several plant species and a role of some subfamily members in defense against pathogen attack has been proposed based on gene regulation studies and transgenic approaches. we studied the function of six glp subfamilies of barley (hordeum vulgare) by selecting single mrnas for gene expression studies as well as overexpression and gene-silencing experiments in barley and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). expressio ... | 2006 | 16844832 |
| genetic relatedness and population differentiation of himalayan hulless barley (hordeum vulgare l.) landraces inferred with ssrs. | a set of 107 hulless barley (hordeum vulgare l. subsp. vulgare) landraces originally collected from the highlands of nepal along the annapurna and manaslu himalaya range were studied for genetic relatedness and population differentiation using simple sequence repeats (ssrs). the 44 genome covering barley ssrs applied in this study revealed a high level of genetic diversity among the landraces (diversity index, di = 0.536) tested. the genetic similarity (gs) based upgma clustering and bayesian mo ... | 2006 | 16845521 |
| barley stripe mosaic virus-encoded proteins triple-gene block 2 and gammab localize to chloroplasts in virus-infected monocot and dicot plants, revealing hitherto-unknown roles in virus replication. | replication of barley stripe mosaic virus (bsmv), genus hordeivirus, is thought to be associated with vesicles in proplastids and chloroplasts, but the molecular details of the process and identity of virus proteins involved in establishing the virus replication complexes are unknown. in addition, bsmv encodes a triple-gene block of movement proteins (tgbs) that putatively share functional roles with their counterparts in other hordei-, pomo- and pecluviruses, but detailed information on the int ... | 2006 | 16847137 |
| mapped ds/t-dna launch pads for functional genomics in barley. | a system for targeted gene tagging and local saturation mutagenesis based on maize transposable elements (ac/ds) was developed in barley (hordeum vulgare l.). we generated large numbers of transgenic barley lines carrying a single copy of the non-autonomous maize ds element at defined positions in the genome. independent ds lines were either generated by activating ds elements in existing single-copy lines after crossing with actpase-expressing plants or by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. ... | 2006 | 16889649 |
| rhsp90 gene expression in response to several environmental stresses in rice (oryza sativa l.). | in this study, the gene for a rice (oryza sativa l.) 90 kda heat shock protein (rhsp90, genbank accession no. ab037681) was identified by screening rice root cdnas that were up-regulated under carbonate (nahco(3)) stress using the method of differential display, and cloned. the open-reading-frame of rhsp90-cdna was predicted to encode a protein containing 810 amino acids, which showed high similarity to proteins in hordeum vulgare (accession no. x67960) and catharathus roseus (accession no. l145 ... | 2006 | 16889974 |
| the barley serine/threonine kinase gene rpg1 providing resistance to stem rust belongs to a gene family with five other members encoding kinase domains. | the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) stem rust (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) resistance gene rpg1 encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase with two tandem kinase domains. the rpg1 gene family was identified from the cv. morex and consists of five additional members with divergent homology to rpg1. all family members encode serine/threonine kinase-like proteins with at least one predicted catalytically active kinase domain. the five family members were sequenced from cdna and genomic dna and gen ... | 2006 | 16896706 |
| multiple avirulence paralogues in cereal powdery mildew fungi may contribute to parasite fitness and defeat of plant resistance. | powdery mildews, obligate biotrophic fungal parasites on a wide range of important crops, can be controlled by plant resistance (r) genes, but these are rapidly overcome by parasite mutants evading recognition. it is unknown how this rapid evolution occurs without apparent loss of parasite fitness. r proteins recognize avirulence (avr) molecules from parasites in a gene-for-gene manner and trigger defense responses. we identify avr(a10) and avr(k1) of barley powdery mildew fungus, blumeria grami ... | 2006 | 16905653 |
| n-methyltransferase involved in gramine biosynthesis in barley: cloning and characterization. | the indole alkaloid gramine occurs in leaves of certain barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cultivars but not in others. a gene sequence in barley that earlier was characterized as a jasmonate-induced o-methyltransferase (mt) (ec 2.1.1.6, genbank accession u54767) was here found to be absent in some barley cultivars and breeding lines that all lacked gramine. the cdna was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli and the recombinant protein purified. the purified recombinant protein methylated two substr ... | 2006 | 16930646 |
| a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase gene isolated from hordeum vulgare is differentially regulated by drought stress. | differential display was used to isolate cdna clones showing differential expression in response to aba, drought and cold in barley seedling shoots. one drought-regulated cdna clone (dd12) was further analyzed and found to encode a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (hvbcat-1). a genomic clone was isolated by probing the morex bac library with the cdna clone dd12 and the structure of hvbcat-1 was elucidated. the coding region is interrupted by six introns and contains a predicted mitocho ... | 2006 | 16932885 |
| the barley erf-type transcription factor hvraf confers enhanced pathogen resistance and salt tolerance in arabidopsis. | we isolated hvraf (hordeum vulgare root abundant factor), a cdna encoding a novel ethylene response factor (erf)-type transcription factor, from young seedlings of barley. in addition to the most highly conserved apetala2/erf dna-binding domain, the encoded protein contained an n-terminal mcggail signature sequence, a putative nuclear localization sequence, and a c-terminal acidic transcription activation domain containing a novel mammalian hemopexin domain signature-like sequence. their homolog ... | 2007 | 16937017 |
| stage-specific suppression of basal defense discriminates barley plants containing fast- and delayed-acting mla powdery mildew resistance alleles. | nonspecific recognition of pathogen-derived general elicitors triggers the first line of plant basal defense, which in turn, preconditions the host towards resistance or susceptibility. to elucidate how basal defense responses influence the onset of mla (mildew resistance locus a)-specified resistance, we performed a meta-analysis of genechip mrna expression for 155 basal defense-related genes of barley (hordeum vulgare) challenged with blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei, the causal agent of powder ... | 2006 | 16941898 |
| nonhost resistance of barley is successfully manifested against magnaporthe grisea and a closely related pennisetum-infecting lineage but is overcome by magnaporthe oryzae. | magnaporthe oryzae is a major pathogen of rice (oryza sativa l.) but is also able to infect other grasses, including barley (hordeum vulgare l.). here, we report a study using magnaporthe isolates collected from other host plant species to evaluate their capacity to infect barley. a nonhost type of resistance was detected in barley against isolates derived from genera pennisetum (fontaingrass) or digitaria (crabgrass), but no resistance occurred in response to isolates from rice, genus eleusine ... | 2006 | 16941905 |
| an attempt to identify recombinants between two sobemoviruses in doubly infected oat plants. | recombination in rna viruses is considered to play a major role as a driving force in virus variability to counterbalance loss in fitness that can be due to the accumulation of detrimental mutations. studies on mixed infections are pertinent for understanding the role of recombination in virus evolution. they also provide important baseline information for studying the biosafety of plants expressing viral sequences. to investigate the possibility of rna recombination occurrence between two sobem ... | 2006 | 16978574 |
| barley (hordeum vulgare l.). | crop improvement is limited by the availability of valuable traits in sexually compatible species. access to new characters using genetic engineering would be of great value. barley has been transformed using microprojectile bombardment and by direct gene transfer to protoplasts, but neither method has been able to produce fertile transformants in large numbers with simple transgene integration characteristics. agrobacterium-mediated transformation was first achieved in 1997, and it has become t ... | 2006 | 16988343 |
| [the potential of 1,1'-hexamethylenebis [3-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)] urea to modify genotoxic actions of chemical mutagens in various test-systems]. | the main tasks of this investigation were to investigate the potential genotoxic effect of 1,1'-hexamethylenebis [3-(3,5-dichloro-4-pyridyl)] urea and to analyze its capacity to induce adaptive response (ar) against chemical mutagens in various test-systems. microbiological, cytogenetical and biochemical end-points were used. the sensitivity of test systems can be arranged as followed: human lymphocyte cultures > chlamydomonas reinhardtii > hordeum vulgare. it was obtained that hmpu can induce o ... | 2006 | 17020088 |
| genetic diversity analysis of tibetan wild barley using ssr markers. | one hundred and six accessions of wild barley collected from tibet, china, including 50 entries of the two-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum (hs), 29 entries of the six-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon (ha), and 27 entries of the six-rowed wild barley hordeum vulgare ssp. agriocrithon var. lagunculiforme (hl), were analyzed using 30 ssr markers selected from the seven barley linkage groups for studying genetic diversity and evolutionary relationship of the thre ... | 2006 | 17046592 |
| cloning and characterization of four b-hordein genes from tibetan hull-less barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). | four b-hordein genes, designated bh1-bh4, were cloned using pcr amplification from two hull-less barley cultivars, zq7239 and zq148, collected from tibet. the results of sequencing indicated that bh1-bh4 contained complete open reading frames (orfs). comparison of their predicted polypeptide sequences with the published sequences suggested that they all share the same basic protein structure. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the deduced amino-acid sequences of bh1-bh4 genes were more closely ... | 2006 | 17046594 |
| multivesicular compartments proliferate in susceptible and resistant mla12-barley leaves in response to infection by the biotrophic powdery mildew fungus. | there is growing evidence that multivesicular bodies and cell wall-associated paramural bodies participate in the enhanced vesicle trafficking induced by pathogen attack. here, we performed transmission electron microscopy in combination with cytochemical localization of h2o2 to investigate multivesicular compartments during establishment of compatible interaction in susceptible barley (hordeum vulgare) and during hypersensitive response in resistant mla12-barley infected by the barley powdery m ... | 2006 | 17083686 |
| arabidopsis sucrose transporter atsuc9. high-affinity transport activity, intragenic control of expression, and early flowering mutant phenotype. | atsuc9 (at5g06170), a sucrose (suc) transporter from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) l. heynh., was expressed in xenopus (xenopus laevis) oocytes, and transport activity was analyzed. compared to all other suc transporters, atsuc9 had an ultrahigh affinity for suc (k(0.5) = 0.066 +/- 0.025 mm). atsuc9 showed low substrate specificity, similar to atsuc2 (at1g22710), and transported a wide range of glucosides, including helicin, salicin, arbutin, maltose, fraxin, esculin, turanose, and alpha-me ... | 2007 | 17098854 |
| structural and functional diversity within the cystatin gene family of hordeum vulgare. | phytocystatins are inhibitors of cysteine proteinases from plants putatively involved in defence and as endogenous regulators of protein turnover. seven genes encoding cystatins (hvcpi-1 to hvcpi-7), identified from est collections and from an endosperm cdna library, have been characterized. the intron-exon structure of their corresponding orfs has been determined and the predicted three-dimensional models for the seven barley cystatins have been established, based on the known crystal structure ... | 2006 | 17099080 |
| ecotoxicity monitoring of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil during bioremediation: a case study. | the ecotoxicity of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil originating from a brownfield site was evaluated during a 17-month biodegradation pilot test. the initial concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (tphs) in the soil was 6380 microg/g dry weight. an amount of 200 kg soil was inoculated with 1.5 l of the bacterial preparation gem-100 containing pseudomonas sp. and acinetobacter sp. strains (5.3 x 10(10) cfu.ml(-1)) adapted to diesel fuel. the concentration of tphs in the soil decreased by 65.5 ... | 2007 | 17106791 |
| protein polyubiquitination plays a role in basal host resistance of barley. | to study protein ubiquitination pathways in the interaction of barley (hordeum vulgare) with the powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis), we measured protein turnover and performed transient-induced gene silencing (tigs) of ubiquitin and 26s proteasome subunit encoding genes in epidermal cells. attack by b. graminis hyperdestabilized a novel unstable green fluorescent protein fusion that contains a destabilization domain of a putative barley 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, suggesti ... | 2006 | 17114351 |
| recessiveness and dominance in barley mutants deficient in mg-chelatase subunit d, an aaa protein involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. | mg-chelatase catalyzes the insertion of mg2+ into protoporphyrin ix at the first committed step of the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. it consists of three subunits: i, d, and h. the i subunit belongs to the aaa protein superfamily (atpases associated with various cellular activities) that is known to form hexameric ring structures in an atp-dependant fashion. dominant mutations in the i subunit revealed that it functions in a cooperative manner. we demonstrated that the d subunit forms atp-in ... | 2006 | 17158606 |
| effects of meals with high soluble fibre, high amylose barley variant on glucose, insulin, satiety and thermic effect of food in healthy lean women. | to examine the effect of barley flour (barley cultivar, hordeum vulgare var himalaya 292) incorporated into breakfast and lunch compared with otherwise identical meals containing white wheat flour on the thermic effect of food (tef), subsequent food intake and metabolic parameters. | 2007 | 17164830 |
| a comprehensive analysis of the 14-3-3 interactome in barley leaves using a complementary proteomics and two-hybrid approach. | this study describes the identification of over 150 target proteins of the five 14-3-3 isoforms in 7-d-old barley (hordeum vulgare) cv himalaya seedlings using yeast two-hybrid screens complemented with 14-3-3 protein affinity purification and tandem mass spectrometry. independent experiments for a subset of genes confirmed the yeast two-hybrid interactions, demonstrating a low false positive identification rate. these combined approaches resulted in the identification of more than 150 putative ... | 2007 | 17172288 |
| genetic transformation of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) via infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens. | a novel genetic transformation method for barley (hordeum vulgare l.), based on infection of androgenetic pollen cultures with agrobacterium tumefaciens, is presented. winter-type barley cv. 'igri' was amenable to stable integration of transgenes mediated by a. tumefaciens strain lba4404 harbouring a vector system that confers hypervirulence, or by the non-hypervirulent strain gv3101 with a standard binary vector. the efficacy of gene transfer was substantially influenced by pollen pre-culture t ... | 2006 | 17177801 |
| the family of dof transcription factors: from green unicellular algae to vascular plants. | this article deals with the origin and evolution of the dof transcription factor family through a phylogenetic analysis of those dof sequences identified from a variety of representative organisms from different taxonomic groups: the green unicellular alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the moss physcomitrella patens, the fern selaginella moellendorffii, the gymnosperm pinus taeda, the dicotyledoneous arabidopsis thaliana and the monocotyledoneous angiosperms oryza sativa and hordeum vulgare. in bar ... | 2007 | 17180359 |
| evaluation of chemical and ecotoxicological characteristics of biodegradable organic residues for application to agricultural land. | the use of organic waste and compost as a source of organic matter and nutrients is a common practice to improve soil physico-chemical properties, meanwhile reducing the need for inorganic fertilisers. official guidelines to assess sewage sludge and compost quality are mostly based on total metal content of these residues. measurement of the total concentration of metals may be useful as a general index of contamination, but provides inadequate or little information about their bioavailability, ... | 2007 | 17188749 |
| varietal effects of eight paired lines of transgenic bt maize and near-isogenic non-bt maize on soil microbial and nematode community structure. | a glasshouse experiment was undertaken to provide baseline data on the variation between conventional maize (zea mays l.) varieties and genetically modified maize plants expressing the insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis protein (bt, cry1ab). the objective was to determine whether the variation in soil parameters under a range of conventional maize cultivars exceeded the differences between bt and non-bt maize cultivars. variations in plant growth parameters (shoot and root biomass, percentage c ... | 2007 | 17207257 |
| genetic structure in natural populations of barley/cereal yellow dwarf virus isolates from alaska. | the genetic structure of natural populations of alaskan barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv)-pav, bydv-pas, and cereal yellow dwarf virus (cydv)-rpv from barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and oats (avena sativa l.) in alaska were analyzed between 2002 and 2004. pcr products spanning the viral coat protein gene of 187 isolates were cloned and sequenced. the majority (78%) were similar to bydv-pas, 19% were similar to cydv-rpv, and only about 3% resembled bydv-pav. the cydv-rpv isolates clustered in three g ... | 2007 | 17216137 |
| effects of low phytate barley (hordeum vulgare l.) on zinc utilization in young broiler chicks. | two 21-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of low phytate barley (lpb) on zn utilization by young broiler chicks and to determine the contribution of endogenous phytase, present in lpb. in the first experiment, ninety-six 1-d-old male chicks were assigned to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens of 4 chicks/treatment). factors were barley type [wild-type barley (wtb) and lpb mutant m 955] and supplemental zn (0, 10, or 20 mg of zn/kg). in the second experiment, two ... | 2007 | 17234843 |
| analyses of barley spike mutant waxes identify alkenes, cyclopropanes and internally branched alkanes with dominating isomers at carbon 9. | about 15% of the epidermal wax on hordeum vulgare cv. bonus barley spikes is n-alkanes. longer homologues are greatly reduced in the eceriferum mutants, cer-a(6), cer-e(8), cer-n(26), cer-n(53), cer-n(985), cer-x(60), cer-yc(135) and cer-yl(187). simultaneously hydrocarbons accounting for only traces in the wild-type become prominent in the mutants, although their chain-length distributions remain unchanged. accordingly several new hydrocarbon series were identified. the two major ones were c(23 ... | 2007 | 17241448 |
| comparative assessment of genetic diversity in wild and primitive cultivated barley in a center of diversity. | wild barley (hordeum spontaneum k.) and indigenous primitive varieties of cultivated barley (hordeum vulgare l.), collected from 43 locations in four eastern mediterranean countries, jordan, syria, turkey and greece, were electrophoretically assayed for genetic diversity at 16 isozyme loci. contrary to a common impression, cultivated barley populations were found to maintain a level of diversity similar to that in its wild progenitor species. apportionment of overall diversity in the region show ... | 1988 | 17246441 |
| adaptive climatic molecular evolution in wild barley at the isa defense locus. | wild barley (hordeum spontaneum) represents a significant genetic resource for crop improvement in barley (hordeum vulgare) and for the study of the evolution and domestication of plant populations. the isa gene from barley has a putative role in plant defense. this gene encodes a bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor that inhibits the bacterial serine protease subtilisin, fungal xylanase, and the plant's own alpha-amylase. the inhibition of plant alpha-amylases suggests this protein m ... | 2007 | 17301230 |
| wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) multiple inositol polyphosphate phosphatases (minpps) are phytases expressed during grain filling and germination. | at present, little is known about the phytases of plant seeds in spite of the fact that this group of enzymes is the primary determinant for the utilization of the major phosphate storage compound in seeds, phytic acid. we report the cloning and characterization of complementary dnas (cdnas) encoding one of the groups of enzymes with phytase activity, the multiple inositol phosphate phosphatases (minpps). four wheat cdnas (taphyiia1, taphyiia2, taphyiib and taphyiic) and three barley cdnas (hvph ... | 2007 | 17309687 |
| kinetics of the inhibition of fusarium serine proteinases by barley (hordeum vulgare l.) inhibitors. | fungal infections of barley and wheat cause devastating losses of these food crops. the endogenous proteinase inhibitors produced by plant seeds probably defend the plants from pathogens by inhibiting the degradation of their proteins by the pathogen proteases. we have studied the interactions of barley grain inhibitors with the subtilisin-like and trypsinlike proteinases of fusarium culmorum. the inhibition kinetics of three inhibitor proteins, chymotrypsin/subtilisin inhibitor 2 (ci-2), barley ... | 2007 | 17341093 |
| identification of prevalent potyvirus on maize and johnsongrass in corn fields of tehran province of iran and a study on some of its properties. | during a growing season in 2004, 231 leaf samples of virus infected and mosaic and dwarf mosaic symptoms showing maize (zea mays l.) plants and 258 leaf samples of mosaic showing johnsongrass (sorghum halepens l.) plants from various corn fields in tehran province were collected. serological tests of das-elisa and diba were performed on samples using antisera of sugarcane mosaic virus (scmv), maize dwarf mosaic virus (mdmv), sorghum mosaic virus (srmv) and johnsongrasss mosaic virus (jgmv). in b ... | 2006 | 17390895 |
| mapping of major spot-type and net-type net-blotch resistance genes in the ethiopian barley line ci 9819. | net blotch of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), caused by the fungal phytopathogen pyrenophora teres drechs. f. teres smedeg., constitutes one of the most serious constraints to barley production worldwide. two forms of the disease, the net form, caused by p. teres f. teres, and the spot form, caused by p. teres f. maculata, are differentiated by the type of symptoms on leaves. several barley lines with major gene resistance to net blotch have been identified. earlier, one of these was mapped in the ... | 2006 | 17426771 |
| barley mlo modulates actin-dependent and actin-independent antifungal defense pathways at the cell periphery. | cell polarization is a crucial process during plant development, as well as in plant-microbe interactions, and is frequently associated with extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements. in interactions of plants with inappropriate fungal pathogens (so-called non-host interactions), the actin cytoskeleton is thought to contribute to the establishment of effective barriers at the cell periphery against fungal ingress. here, we impeded actin cytoskeleton function in various types of disease resistance us ... | 2007 | 17449647 |
| promoter analysis of iron-deficiency-inducible barley ids3 gene in arabidopsis and tobacco plants. | under conditions of iron deficiency, graminaceous plants induce the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of mugineic acid family phytosiderophores. we previously identified the novel cis-acting elements ide1 and ide2 (iron-deficiency-responsive element 1 and 2) through promoter analysis of the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) iron-deficiency-inducible ids2 gene in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.). to gain further insight into plant gene regulation under iron deficiency, we analyzed the barl ... | 2007 | 17467282 |
| a single binding site mediates resistance- and disease-associated activities of the effector protein nip1 from the barley pathogen rhynchosporium secalis. | the effector protein nip1 from the barley (hordeum vulgare) pathogen rhynchosporium secalis specifically induces the synthesis of defense-related proteins in cultivars of barley expressing the complementary resistance gene, rrs1. in addition, it stimulates the activity of the barley plasma membrane h(+)-atpase in a genotype-unspecific manner and it induces necrotic lesions in leaf tissues of barley and other cereal plant species. nip1 variants type i and ii, which display quantitative difference ... | 2007 | 17478637 |
| contrasting patterns in crop domestication and domestication rates: recent archaeobotanical insights from the old world. | archaeobotany, the study of plant remains from sites of ancient human activity, provides data for studying the initial evolution of domesticated plants. an important background to this is defining the domestication syndrome, those traits by which domesticated plants differ from wild relatives. these traits include features that have been selected under the conditions of cultivation. from archaeological remains the easiest traits to study are seed size and in cereal crops the loss of natural seed ... | 2007 | 17495986 |
| interspecies compatibility of nas1 gene promoters. | nicotianamine and nicotianamine synthase (nas) play key roles in iron nutrition in all higher plants. however, the mechanism underlying the regulation of nas expression differs among plant species. sequences homologous to iron deficiency-responsive elements (ides), i.e., cis-acting elements, are found on the promoters of these genes. we aimed to verify the interspecies compatibility of the fe-deficiency response of nas1 genes and understand the universal mechanisms that regulate their expression ... | 2007 | 17524656 |
| characterization of a multifunctional inositol phosphate kinase from rice and barley belonging to the atp-grasp superfamily. | osipk and hvipk, inositol phosphate kinases, were cloned from rice (oryza sativa l. var. indica, ir64) and barley (hordeum vulgare) respectively. sequence alignment showed that they belong to the atp-grasp family, which includes inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase from humans and arabidopsis. residues that are binding sites for atp and coordinate magnesium in absence or presence of inositol phosphate are conserved and in total 23 residues are invariant among the twelve aligned inositol phosp ... | 2007 | 17531407 |
| development and molecular cytogenetic identification of new winter wheat--winter barley ('martonvásári 9 kr1' - 'igri') disomic addition lines. | this paper describes a series of winter wheat - winter barley disomic addition lines developed from hybrids between winter wheat line triticum aestivum l. 'martonvásári 9 kr1' and the german 2-rowed winter barley cultivar hordeum vulgare l. 'igri'. the barley chromosomes in a wheat background were identified from the fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) patterns obtained with various combinations of repetitive dna probes: gaa-hvt01 and pta71-hvt01. the disomic addition lines 2h, 3h, and 4h a ... | 2007 | 17546070 |
| heterologous expression of vitreoscilla haemoglobin in barley (hordeum vulgare). | the vhb gene encoding vitreoscilla haemoglobin (vhb) was transferred to barley with the aim of studying the role of oxygen availability in germination and growth. previous findings indicate that vhb expression improves the efficiency of energy generation during oxygen-limited growth, and germination is known to be an energy demanding growth stage during which the embryos also suffer from oxygen deficiency. when subjected to oxygen deficiency, the roots of vhb-expressing barley plants showed a sm ... | 2007 | 17569049 |
| igentifier: indexing and large-scale profiling of unknown transcriptomes. | development and refinement of methods to analyse differential gene expression has been essential in the progress of molecular biology. a novel approach called igentifier is presented for profiling known and unknown transcriptomes, thus bypassing a major limitation in microarray analysis. the igentifier technology combines elements of fragment display (e.g. differential display or rmdd) and tag sequencing (e.g. sage, mpss) and allows for analysis of samples in high throughput using current capill ... | 2007 | 17591615 |
| hvpip1;6, a barley (hordeum vulgare l.) plasma membrane water channel particularly expressed in growing compared with non-growing leaf tissues. | the aim of the present study was to identify water channel(s) which are expressed specifically in the growth zone of grass leaves and may facilitate growth-associated water uptake into cells. previously, a gene had been described (hvemip) which encodes a membrane intrinsic protein (mip) and which is particularly expressed in the base 1 cm of barley primary leaves. the functionality of the encoding protein was not known. in the present study on leaf 3 of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), a clone was i ... | 2007 | 17602190 |
| an aluminum-activated citrate transporter in barley. | soluble ionic aluminum (al) inhibits root growth and reduces crop production on acid soils. al-resistant cultivars of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) detoxify al by secreting citrate from the roots, but the responsible gene has not been identified yet. here, we identified a gene (hvaact1) responsible for the al-activated citrate secretion by fine mapping combined with microarray analysis, using an al-resistant cultivar, murasakimochi, and an al-sensitive cultivar, morex. this gene belongs to the mul ... | 2007 | 17634181 |
| cloning and functional expression in saccharomyces cereviae of a k+ transporter, alhak, from the graminaceous halophyte, aeluropus littoralis. | high-affinity k(+) transporters play an important role in k(+) absorption of plants. we isolated a hak gene from aeluropus littoralis, a graminaceous halophyte. the amino acid sequence of alhak showed high homology with hak transporters obtained from oryza sativa (82%) and hordeum vulgare (82%). when expressed in saccharomyces cereviae wdelta3, alhak performed high-affinity k(+) uptake with a k(m) value of 8 mum, and the growth of transformants was dramatically inhibited by 150 mm rb(+) and 150 ... | 2007 | 17657411 |
| magnaporthe grisea cutinase2 mediates appressorium differentiation and host penetration and is required for full virulence. | the rice blast fungus magnaporthe grisea infects its host by forming a specialized infection structure, the appressorium, on the plant leaf. the enormous turgor pressure generated within the appressorium drives the emerging penetration peg forcefully through the plant cuticle. hitherto, the involvement of cutinase(s) in this process has remained unproven. we identified a specific m. grisea cutinase, cut2, whose expression is dramatically upregulated during appressorium maturation and penetration ... | 2007 | 17704215 |
| identification of potentially toxic compounds in complex extracts of environmental samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. | in this study, we examined 31 samples of varying chemical composition, including samples of soils from gasworks, coke production sites, and sites where wood preservatives were heavily used; ash and soot from municipal solid waste incinerators; antiskid sand; and dust from areas with heavy road traffic. the samples were comprehensively chemically characterized, especially their polycyclic aromatic compound contents, using gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, whereas their biologic ... | 2007 | 17713206 |
| time allocation of a parasitoid foraging in heterogeneous vegetation: implications for host-parasitoid interactions. | 1. changing plant composition in a community can have profound consequences for herbivore and parasitoid population dynamics. to understand such effects, studies are needed that unravel the underlying behavioural decisions determining the responses of parasitoids to complex habitats. 2. the searching behaviour of the parasitoid diadegma semiclausum was followed in environments with different plant species composition. in the middle of these environments, two brassica oleracea plants infested by ... | 2007 | 17714262 |
| indirect enzyme-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of taxi and xip type xylanase inhibitors in wheat and other cereals. | to quantify triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor (taxi) and xylanase inhibiting protein (xip) type proteins in cereals in general and wheat ( t. aestivum) in particular, a robust enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using an uncommon enzyme-antibody sandwich format was developed. bacillus subtilis glycoside hydrolase family (gh) 11 and aspergillus oryzae gh 10 xylanases were selected for coating elisa plate wells to capture taxi and xip, respectively, prior to probing with antibodies. the d ... | 2007 | 17715986 |
| the importance of barley genetics and domestication in a global perspective. | archaeological evidence has revealed that barley (hordeum vulgare) is one of the oldest crops used by ancient farmers. studies of the time and place of barley domestication may help in understanding ancient human civilization. | 2007 | 17761690 |
| steam-girdling of barley (hordeum vulgare) leaves leads to carbohydrate accumulation and accelerated leaf senescence, facilitating transcriptomic analysis of senescence-associated genes. | leaf senescence can be described as the dismantling of cellular components during a specific time interval before cell death. this has the effect of remobilizing n in the form of amino acids that can be relocalized to developing seeds. high levels of carbohydrates have previously been shown to promote the onset of the senescence process. carbohydrate accumulation in barley (hordeum vulgare) plants was induced experimentally by steam-girdling at the leaf base, occluding the phloem, and gene regul ... | 2007 | 17803641 |
| the nonrandom distribution of long clusters of all possible classes of trinucleotide repeats in barley chromosomes. | this paper is the first to report the long-range organization of all possible classes of trinucleotide motifs in a higher plant genome. fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish), employing the synthetic oligonucleotides (aac)5, (aag)5, (aat)5, (agg)5, (cac)5, (cat)5, (cag)5, (act)5, (acg)5 and (gcc)5, was used to characterize the nonrandom and motif-dependent distribution of tandem arrays of trinucleotide repeats in the metaphase chromosomes and interphase nuclei of barley (hordeum vulgare l.). t ... | 2007 | 17874212 |