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effect of habitual smoking of marijuana alone and with tobacco on nonspecific airways hyperreactivity. 19883392629
acute and chronic effects of marijuana smoking compared with tobacco smoking on blood carboxyhemoglobin levels. 19883392630
psychosociocultural perspectives on chronic cannabis use: the costa rican follow-up.the social standing of marijuana use in costa rica becomes important as one examines the results of this study. before 1968, marijuana use itself defined costa rican consumers of the drug as lower class. its coming to fashionability among costa rican upper-middle-class youths during the late 1960's and early 1970's temporarily blurred marijuana's class identification. nevertheless, the lower-class users' dress, speech and style of use kept them distinct from these youths. in 1986, working-class ...19883392632
peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and mitogen responsiveness in tobacco and marijuana smokers. 19883392635
the sydney aids project: development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a group of hiv seropositive homosexual men.the sydney aids project is a prospective immunoepidemiological study of 996 homosexual/bisexual men enrolled between february 1984 and january 1985. by january 1987, 32 of 386 homosexual men who were seropositive at enrollment in the study had developed aids, yielding a crude progression rate of between 2.8% and 4.2% per annum. of these subjects, 23 (72%) developed aids within 12 months of enrollment. in univariate analysis, the only lifestyle differences between seropositive subjects who progre ...19883395303
substance use and health among u.s. military personnel: findings from the 1985 worldwide survey.the relationship between substance use (alcohol, drugs, and tobacco) and health (health practices, number of illnesses, number of physician visits, and days hospitalized) was examined using data from the 1985 worldwide survey of alcohol and nonmedical drug use among military personnel. substance users, particularly heavy users, were less likely than nonusers to engage in health practices and were more likely to experience illness, physician visits, and hospitalizations. significant effects on th ...19883405991
the consistency of peer and parent influences on tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use among young adolescents.the purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which the use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana by young adolescents can be described using a common theoretical model. structural models were created in which psychosocial variables hierarchically predicted the use of each substance. the fit of a model in which paths from predictor variables were constrained to be equal was not inferior in any meaningful way to that of a model in which all path coefficients were freely estimated, thus su ...19873437447
smoking, drinking and use of illicit drugs among adolescents in ontario: prevalence, patterns of use and sociodemographic correlates.data from a cross-sectional survey of the health of ontario children carried out in 1983 were used to provide estimates of the prevalence, patterns and sociodemographic correlates of the use of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drugs (substance use) among adolescents aged 12 to 16 years. ninety-one percent of selected households participated. the prevalence rates of all categories of substance use, except use of inhalants, increased with increasing age. among children aged 14 to 16 years the rates fo ...19863490301
barbadian adolescents' knowledge of, and attitudes toward, drugs: an exploratory study.a questionnaire examining drug attitudes and use was completed by 414 barbadian secondary school students. self-reports indicated approximately 70% had tried alcohol, 30% had smoked tobacco, and 9% had tried marijuana. only one had used heroin and none had tried cocaine. the great majority of students thought it important to be well informed about drugs, and that their government was not doing enough to provide the necessary education or to halt the cultivation and importation of illegal substan ...19863491795
respiratory symptoms and lung function in habitual heavy smokers of marijuana alone, smokers of marijuana and tobacco, smokers of tobacco alone, and nonsmokers.to evaluate the possible pulmonary effects of habitual marijuana smoking with and without tobacco, we administered a detailed respiratory and drug use questionnaire and/or lung function tests to young, habitual, heavy smokers of marijuana alone (n = 144) or with tobacco (n = 135) and control subjects of similar age who smoked tobacco alone (n = 70) or were nonsmokers (n = 97). mean amounts of marijuana and/or tobacco smoked were 49 to 57 joint-years marijuana (average daily number of joints time ...19873492159
tracheobronchial changes in habitual, heavy smokers of marijuana with and without tobacco.we performed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in 29 habitual, heavy marijuana smokers 25 to 45 yr of age, with and without concomitant tobacco smoking, to inspect and biopsy their proximal tracheobronchial tree for the evaluation of histopathologic changes. control tobacco smokers (ts) and nonsmokers (ns) residing in the same metropolitan area were similarly studied and compared with the marijuana smokers (ms) and marijuana-tobacco smokers (mts). respiratory and drug histories, physical examinat ...19873496818
recreational use of psychoactive drugs by patients with cystic fibrosis.we assessed unprescribed psychoactive drug use in 173 adults with cystic fibrosis. twenty (11%) regularly smoked tobacco. cigarette smoking ranged from 1 to 30 years (2 to 60 pack-years). alcohol was used by 60%, and marijuana by 20% of the patients. pulmonary symptoms were often increased the day after alcohol ingestion. alcohol occasionally caused nausea, vomiting, and headache if the patient was taking some cephalosporin derivatives (such as cefsulodine) or chloramphenicol. marijuana often ag ...19873497251
ovine placental perfusion balance: effect of marijuana smoke.this study was designed to test the hypothesis that maternal marijuana smoking impairs placental oxygen transfer in late ovine pregnancy by disrupting perfusion balance between the maternal and fetal placental circulations. placental hemodynamics were assessed in nine chronically prepared ewes 1 hour after exposure to smoke from either a marijuana (n = 5) or a placebo (n = 4) cigarette. when compared with placebo smoke, maternal marijuana smoke exposure resulted in a fall in both uterine and umb ...19883207120
carboxy- and oxyhemoglobin in pregnant ewe and fetus after inhalation of marijuana, marijuana placebo and tobacco cigarette smoke.we measured carboxyhemoglobin (hbco) and oxyhemoglobin (hbo2) percent saturations and blood gases in four near-term pregnant ewes and their fetuses, during and for 6 hours after 9-12 minutes of smoke inhalation from one high-potency marijuana cigarette (m), a marijuana placebo cigarette (p), and a reference tobacco cigarette (t). maternal hbco reached maximum levels at or soon after the exposure (m, 2.8%; p, 3.5%; t, 6.3% above baseline) and fell to baseline values by 6 hours. fetal hbco rose sl ...19883210899
smokeless tobacco use among ninth graders in a north-central metropolitan population: cross-sectional and prospective associations with age, gender, race, family structure, and other drug use.smokeless tobacco use was analyzed in relation to demographic factors and to past and current use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana in 4,249 ninth graders in the twin cities metropolitan area. smokeless tobacco use was found to be more common among males, particularly whites; among whites relative to blacks; among adolescents from one-parent households; and among those who reported current or prior use of cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana. smokeless tobacco use was also very common among the na ...19883217377
decreased serum cotinine levels in smokers of both tobacco and marijuana as compared with smokers of tobacco only.serum and salivary cotinine levels were determined in tobacco smokers (n = 125) who smoked only tobacco (n = 47) or who smoked both marijuana and tobacco (n = 78) as part of a field study of the pulmonary effects of heavy, habitual use of marijuana alone or with tobacco. after adjustment for current daily amount of tobacco use and time since the last tobacco cigarette was smoked, the smokers of both marijuana and tobacco were found to have lower levels of cotinine than those who smoked only toba ...19883227038
seventh-grade cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use: distribution in a north central u.s. metropolitan population.tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use were examined in a seventh-grade population from a north central u.s. metropolitan community. participation exceeded 94% and biological testing was used to increase the disclosure of drug use during the survey. drug use was related to age, gender, race, family structure, and parental occupation in a series of logit analyses to identify high-risk groups. while univariate analyses uniformly supported earlier studies, the logit analyses revealed patterns not prev ...19873583483
smokeless tobacco use among male adolescents: patterns, correlates, predictors, and the use of other drugs.questionnaire data from a sample of 3,023 adolescents indicated that over 60% of boys have tried smokeless tobacco, and 7% use it daily. daily users reported an average of 5.3 uses per day. among boys the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in the past 6 months (18.8%) was higher than that for cigarette use (10.4%). for 86% of boys, the initial use of smokeless tobacco occurred in a social setting with other boys. split-sample discriminant analyses identified peer use of smokeless tobacco as a d ...19873588577
adolescent smokeless tobacco incidence: relations with other drugs and psychosocial variables.this article presents data regarding the prevalence of trying smokeless tobacco in a longitudinal sample of 2,714 urban, ethnically diverse adolescent males and females. a predominance of trial use was found in white males in 8th and 9th grades. also presented is the relation of smokeless tobacco onset to experimentation with other drugs (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana), cigarette smoking in significant others, self-image as a smoker, risk taking, and smoking refusal self-efficacy. smokeless tob ...19873588579
differential examination of bronchoalveolar lavage cells in tobacco cigarette and marijuana smokers.cells derived from bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) were obtained from 19 healthy non-smokers (ns) and from 43 healthy smokers of tobacco and/or marijuana. thirteen subjects smoked tobacco cigarettes only (ts) (mean +/- se: 17.4 +/- 5.5 pack-years). thirty subjects smoked marijuana; of these, 14 smoked marijuana only (ms) (149.1 +/- 102.7 joint-years) and 16 smoked marijuana and tobacco (mts) (43.3 +/- 7.2 joint-years and 18.4 +/- 3.2 pack-years). cell counts were expressed as total number recovered ...19873592403
the prediction of drug use among college students from mmpi, mcmi, and sensation seeking scales.this study examines the ability of five self-report assessment measures to predict college students' drug use across 12 pharmacological drug categories. subjects were 125 female and 61 male university undergraduate students. the test battery included the following instruments: the psychopathic deviancy (pd) scale of the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (mmpi); the macandrew alcoholism scale (mac), a special scale of the mmpi; the sensation seeking scale (sss); the millon alcohol abuse ...19873598842
water soluble high molecular weight components from plants with potent intraocular pressure lowering activity [corrected and republished ariticle originally printed in curr eye res 1987 may;6(5):733-4].previous work in our laboratory has shown that cannabis sativa (marijuana) contains water-soluble, high molecular weight components that have extremely potent intraocular pressure (iop) lowering activity. aqueous extraction of other plants has now shown that a number of them also contain components with potent iop lowering activity in rabbits. these include tobacco, cabbage, lettuce, several greens, senecio anonymus, erigeron philadelphicus, and several others. not all plants tested were active, ...19873621987
respiratory effects of cocaine "freebasing" among habitual users of marijuana with or without tobacco.use of cocaine by smoking its alkaline precursor ("freebasing") has become increasingly prevalent. recent studies of small numbers of cocaine users suggest that freebasing frequently causes cough, dyspnea, and abnormalities in diffusing capacity (dco), although these findings could have been due to concomitant use of other drugs. we therefore evaluated the relationship between cocaine use by freebasing and chronic respiratory symptoms and lung dysfunction in a large sample of habitual smokers of ...19873652749
the measurement of substance use among adolescents: when is the 'bogus pipeline' method needed?the use of objective measures to assess cigarette smoking among adolescents has become commonplace in research studies in recent years. this trend is based on evidence that this so called pipeline methodology can increase the disclosure of socially proscribed behaviors in a setting where adolescents might otherwise feel pressure to deny that they smoke. this paper examines the effects of the pipeline methodology alone and in combination with procedures designed to ensure anonymity on the disclos ...19873661275
results of prevention programs with adolescents.programs for preventing smoking and alcohol and drug abuse have radically changed in the past decade. instead of being regarded as a health or discipline problem that involves only a few deviant adolescents, drug use has begun to be viewed as social behavior that is functional for adolescents, not capricious, and is normative for that population. the most successful prevention programs have sought to delay the onset of tobacco use. based on theoretical and etiological research, these programs ta ...19873678039
parental attributes and adolescent drug use.while many studies have examined the relationship of family and parent factors to adolescent drug use, few have had the opportunity to examine these longitudinally. most measures of various family patterns, including discipline, conflict and rejection, have been concurrent with the adolescents' drug use and usually are reported by the youths themselves. the study reported here is unique in its thirty year data base on 133 subjects and their families. data collection in the new york longitudinal ...19863734227
benzene levels in ambient air and breath of smokers and nonsmokers in urban and pristine environments.benzene levels in human breath and in ambient air were compared in the urban area of san francisco (sf) and in a more remote coastal pristine setting of stinson beach, calif. (sb). benzene analysis was done by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (gc-ms). ambient benzene levels were sevenfold higher in sf (2.6 +/- 1.3 ppb, n = 25) than sb (0.38 +/- 0.39 ppb, n = 21). in sf, benzene in smokers' breath (6.8 +/- 3.0 ppb) was greater than in nonsmokers' breath (2.5 +/- 0.8 ppb) and smokers' ambient ...19863735457
cannflavin a and b, prenylated flavones from cannabis sativa l.two novel prenylated flavones, termed cannflavin a and b, were isolated from the cannabinoid free ethanolic extract of cannabis sativa l. both compounds inhibited prostaglandin e2 production by human rheumatoid synovial cells in culture.19863754224
effects of marijuana smoking on subjective ratings and tobacco smoking.multiple measures of tobacco cigarette smoking and subjective and physiological effect were collected during 90 minute test sessions in volunteer cigarette smokers who also had histories of recreational marijuana use. before sessions, subjects smoked one marijuana cigarette (placebo or 1.29%, 2.84%, 4.00%) using a standardized puffing procedure. each dose and placebo was given four times to each subject in a randomized block sequence. marijuana smoking produced dose-related increases in heart ra ...19863774833
spectrophotometric evaluation of carboxyhemoglobin in blood of mice after exposure to marijuana or tobacco smoke in a modified walton horizontal smoke exposure machine.carboxyhemoglobin (cohb) values were determined in mice exposed to varying amounts of marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke utilizing a spectrophotometric technique. mice were exposed to smoke inhalation in a modified walton horizontal smoke exposure machine, whereby rodents can be exposed to multiples of 1-min smoke exposure cycles. smoke exposure was intermittent; during the first 30 sec of each 1-min cycle, the subjects were exposed to smoke diluted either 1:10 or 1:5 with air. during the sec ...19873821073
human pulmonary histopathological changes from marijuana smoking.thirteen individuals ranging in age from fifteen to forty years, who were known smokers of marijuana, all of whom died suddenly, were autopsied as coroner's cases. the pulmonary histopathologic changes revealed light to heavy infiltrations of pigmented monocytes within alveoli as well as varying degrees of monocytic and lymphocytic infiltration into the interstitium of the lungs. the intensity of the pulmonary infiltrate appears to be dose related. this report calls attention to the accelerated ...19853873512
development of a drug and alcohol information survey.psychological measurement in regard to using drugs, alcohol, or other substances should attend to personological, attitudinal, and informational factors. standardized tests are available for assessing personological and attitudinal variables, but not for knowledge. to develop a test of information, 45 multiple-choice items were correlated with total and part scores in samples of 132 men and 71 women; 35 items with significant (p less than .05) coefficients and other desirable properties were ret ...19853875571
marijuana intoxication in pets. 19853875599
marijuana use: reproductive, fetal, and neonatal effects. 19853875781
marijuana: prenatal and postnatal exposure in the human. 19853929132
marijuana smoking as cause of reduction in single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity.to investigate the effects of chronic marijuana smoking on lung function, pulmonary function tests including single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacities were performed in 15 healthy women who smoked 1.7 +/- 1.4 (mean +/- sd) marijuana cigarettes per day for 235 +/- 135 days per year for a mean of 10.5 +/- 3.7 years. control groups included 27 nonsmoking and 26 tobacco-smoking women. results revealed that marijuana smoking with or without tobacco is associated with a reduction in the singl ...19863963040
prevention of adolescent chemical dependency.chemical dependency is part of a significant pattern of serious health problems resulting from the breakdown of social control over impulsive, pleasure-driven adolescent behavior. the drug epidemic in north america, after two decades of relentless increases, shows encouraging signs that stopping it may be possible. chemical dependency prevention became a serious concern in the 1970s in response to the rising drug epidemic. initial efforts focused on drug-specific education in the mass media and ...19873562105
marijuana smoking: effects on blood and urine in man. 19734147425
marijuana: effects on deep and surface electroencephalograms of rhesus monkeys. 19734631500
letter: cannabidiol and cannabis sativa extract protect mice and rats against convulsive agents. 19734148442
psychopharmacological activity of some substances extracted from cannabis sativa l (hashish). 19694184196
aggressive behaviour elicited in rats by cannabis sativa: effects of p-chlorophenylalanine and dopa. 19724260322
a screening technique for indian hemp (cannabis sativa l.). 19674296651
induction by cannabis sativa (marihuana) of rhythmic spike discharges overriding rem sleep electrocorticogram in the rat. 19704321131
adolescent drug use in a behavioral matrix: a confirmation and comparison of the sexes.an account is given of the desirability of considering non-medical drug use among young adolescents within a perspective involving other behaviors. 1008 boys and 1040 girls took part in the study. major correlates of the use of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco were sexual behavior, delinquency, and social behavior. minor correlates were achievement and religiosity. very few differences between the sexes were observed--and these were small in magnitude, though of interest.19873630797
alveolar macrophages. structural and functional differences between nonsmokers and smokers of marijuana and tobacco. 19714326939
marijuana and ethanol: effects on sleep. 19734352042
chronic marijuana usage and sleep-wakefulness cycles in cats. 19734354505
the effects of marijuana on human sleep patterns. 19744361028
gas chromatography of indian hemp (cannabis sativa l.). 19674383655
cannabis sativa induces "winning" behaviour in previously "loser" rats. 19724402796
failure to obtain "cannabis-directed behavior" and abstinence syndrome in rats chronically treated with cannabis sativa extracts. 19744407690
marijuana and driving in real-life situations.it is evident that the smoking of marijuana by human subjects does have a detrimental effect on their driving skills and performance in a restricted driving area, and that this effect is even greater under normal conditions of driving on city streets. the effect of marijuana on driving is not uniform for all subjects, however, but is in fact bidirectional; whether or not a significant decline occurs in driving ability is dependent both on the subject's capacity to compensate and on the dose of m ...19744414573
marijuana-induced gynecomastia: clinical and laboratory experience. 19744439214
chemical analysis of cannabis sativa of distinct origin. 19744447416
marijuana metabolites measured by a radioimmune technique. 19744473729
[effects on dogs of 3 months of inhalation of marijuana and tobacco smoke]. 19744521236
liquid chromatographic determination of benzo[a]pyrene in total particulate matter of cigarette smoke.the benzo[a]pyrene (bap) delivery of reference and commercially available tobacco cigarettes, as well as reference and placebo marijuana cigarettes, is determined using a sequential liquid chromatographic/liquid chromatographic procedure. the total particulate matter of sample cigarette smoke is collected using a cambridge filter pad, which is ultrasonically extracted with acetone. the resulting extract is filtered, then fractionated using semipreparative-scale normal phase liquid chromatography ...19854055640
absence of mutagenicity in the urine of autopsy service workers exposed to formaldehyde: factors influencing mutagenicity testing of urine.hospital autopsy service workers and a matched control group were studied using a battery of genetic monitoring tests performed on samples of blood, semen and urine. the results of the analysis of urine for mutagens are described in this report. the participants in the study were matched with the controls for sex, age and their use of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana. information was collected on general health, usage of medications and any exposure which might affect the outcome of the study. ind ...19854066051
effect of tobacco, marijuana and benzo(a)pyrene on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in hamster lung. 19724120902
behavioral effects in monkeys of racemates of two biologically active marijuana constituents.both dl-delta(8)- and dl-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol produced marked alterations of behavior in rhesus and squirrel monkeys. squirrel monkeys appeared to have visual hallucinations. continuous avoidance behavior of squirrel monkeys was stimulated by both drugs, but high doses of dl-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol also caused depression after the stimulant phase. complex behavior involving memory and visual discrimination in rhesus monkeys was markedly disrupted by both drugs.19684968256
[spot and stripe formation on hemp (cannabis sativa l.)]. 19694987399
the effect of pre-natal cannabis sativa on maze learning ability in the rat. 19724638206
induction of pulmonary aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase by marijuana. 19724638593
marijuana enhancement of shuttle-box avoidance performance in rats. 19724673913
drug taking among medical students at glasgow university.a survey of medical students was conducted at glasgow university during two successive academic sessions. in 1971, out of 786 students matriculating in the first to fourth years, 749 present at lectures (95.3%) returned properly completed questionnaires. these showed that 100 (13%) had at one time or another taken drugs and that 27 (3.6%) had continued to do so. in 1972, out of 604 students matriculating in the first, second, and fifth years 487 (80.6%) returned questionnaires indicating that 79 ...19734692681
effects of marijuana and tobacco smoke on human lung physiology. 19734695546
effects of marijuana and tobacco smoke on dna and chromosomal complement in human lung explants. 19734701204
antagonism of amphetamine locomotor stimulation in rats by single doses of marijuana extract administered orally. 19734708477
effect of cannabidiol and of other cannabis sativa compounds on hippocampal seizure discharges. 19734714680
acute effects of two tetrahydrocannabinols (delta9-thc and delta8-thc) on water intake in water deprived rats: implications for behavioral studies on marijuana compounds. 19734722202
effect of cannabis sativa administered by smoking on biogenic amine excretion in man. 19734734006
studies on eeg tolerance to marijuana in the rat. 19734742827
failure of phenobarbital and marijuana to stimulate the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the human intestinal absorptive cell. 19734760058
[cannabinols in smoke and ashes from marijuana (author's transl)]. 19734802149
phytochemical screening of cannabis sativa l. i. constituents of an indian variant. 19744811277
in vivo and in vitro studies of the cytogenetic effects of cannabis sativa in rats and men. 19744812359
marijuana responses in rats: influence of castration or testosterone. 19744827240
influence of alpha-methyltyrosine on enhancement of shuttle-box avoidance by marijuana and pentobarbital. 19744852426
letter: preliminary observations on cardiac activities of cannabis sativa l. root extracts. 19744852897
marijuana. 19744853098
attitudes and practices of university students related to tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use. 19744528434
oral and parenteral formulations of marijuana constituents. 19724625586
chemistry and pharmacology of marijuana. 19714942969
psychological studies of marijuana and alcohol in man. 19704943185
the psychopharmacology of "cannabis sativa": a review. 19724629765
[toxic effects of preparatiions and constituents of cannabis sativa l in animal experiments]. 19725018127
effects of acute and chronic administration of marijuana extract on the rat electrocorticogram. 19725025827
effects of cannabis sativa extract on conditioned fear. 19725043706
differences in behavioral responses of male and female rats to marijuana. 1. 19725057576
factors influencing the aggressiveness elicited by marihuana in food-deprived rats.1. aggressive behaviour was elicited in rats that had been deprived of food for 20 h daily (starved), by chronic administration of cannabis sativa extract or (-)-delta(9)-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol.2. the influence of intraperitoneal (i.p.) or oral glucose administration, cold environment, acidosis, and corn, and protein-free diets on this aggressiveness was studied.3. intraperitoneal injections of glucose (100-1,600 mg/kg) did not alter the aggressiveness induced by marihuana in starved rats; g ...19725064930
physician use of marijuana, alcohol, and tobacco. 19725079291
mississippi-grown cannabis sativa l: preliminary observation on chemical definition of phenotype and variations in tetrahydrocannabinol content versus age, sex, and plant part. 19715127101
marijuana: some pharmacological studies. 19715133944
[recent research on the psychopharmacology of "cannabis sativa" (marihuana)]. 19695307355
the pot hot spot. where does the pediatrician stand on marijuana? 19705410246
pharmacology of some marijuana constituents and 2 heterocyclic analogues. 19705422606
effects of cannabis sativa on learning in rats. 19705431766
1 -tetrahydrocannabinol, synhexyl and marijuana extract administered orally in man: catecholamine excretion, plasma cortisol levels and platelet serotonin content. 19705523370
structure activity relationship of four tetrahydrocannabinols and the pharmacological activity of five semi-purified extracts of cannabis sativa. 19705535578
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