| biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the pine ectomycorrhizal fungus pisolithus tinctorius. | previous work has indicated that anatomical and morphological changes (stunting and dichotomy) in roots of various conifers may be influenced by plant-growth-regulating substances secreted by mycorrhizae. indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) has been tentatively identified as a major auxin produced by some selected ectomycorrhizae. we report the isolation and detection of iaa as a secondary metabolite from pisolithus tinctorius by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), e ... | 1987 | 16347506 |
| simulation of effects of wood microstructure on water transport. | a tracheid-level model was used to quantify the effects of differences in wood microstructure between coastal and interior douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco var. menziesii and var. glauca) wood on larger scale properties like hydraulic conductivity. the model showed that tracheid length, the ease of flow through a bordered pit and effective tracheid diameter can all limit maximum hydraulic conductivity. among the model parameters tested, increasing bordered pit conductivity and t ... | 2006 | 16356901 |
| temperature regulation of bud-burst phenology within and among years in a young douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation in western washington, usa. | past research has established that terminal buds of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco) seedlings from many seed sources have a chilling requirement of about 1200 h at 0-5 degrees c; once chilled, temperatures > 5 degrees c force bud burst via accumulation of heat units. we tested this sequential bud-burst model in the field to determine whether terminal buds of trees in cooler microsites, which receive less heat forcing, develop more slowly than those in warmer microsites. for th ... | 2006 | 16414921 |
| forest encroachment into a californian grassland: examining the simultaneous effects of facilitation and competition on tree seedling recruitment. | competition and facilitation are both considered major factors affecting the structure of plant assemblages, yet few studies have quantified positive, negative, and net effects simultaneously. in this study, we investigated the positive, negative, and net effects of tree saplings on the encroachment of two tree species, douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) and tanoak (lithocarpus densiflora), into a coastal california grassland. the study involved three components: sampling the spatial distributi ... | 2006 | 16496180 |
| metabolic and genotypic fingerprinting of fluorescent pseudomonads associated with the douglas fir-laccaria bicolor mycorrhizosphere. | a collection of 300 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads was established from douglas fir-laccaria bicolor mycorrhizas and mycorrhizosphere and from adjacent bulk soil. these isolates were first phenotypically characterized with the biolog method. taxonomic identification assigned 90% of the isolates to the different biovars of pseudomonas fluorescens, with inverted frequencies of biovars v and i from the bulk soil to the mycorrhizas, suggesting that the mycorrhizas exert a selective stimulation ... | 1997 | 16535600 |
| extended host range of agrobacterium tumefaciens in the genus pinus. | two-to 4-month-old seedlings of nine pine species (pinus eldarica medw., pinus elliottii engelm., pinus jeffreyi grev. & balf., pinus lambertiana dougl., pinus ponderosa laws., pinus radiata d. don, pinus sylvestris l., pinus taeda l., pinus virginiana mill), douglas fir (pseudotsuaa menziesii (mirb.) franco) and incense cedar (libocedrus decurrens torr.) were inoculated with five strains of agrobacterium tumefaciens. transformation occurred in all conifer species tested as determined by gall fo ... | 1990 | 16667394 |
| growth response of douglas-fir seedlings to nitrogen fertilization: importance of rubisco activation state and respiration rates. | high foliar nitrogen concentration ([n]) is associated with high rates of photosynthesis and thus high tree productivity; however, at excessive [n], tree productivity is reduced. reports of excessive [n] in the douglas-fir forests of the oregon coast range prompted this investigation of growth and needle physiological responses to increasing foliar n concentrations in 1-year-old douglas-fir seedlings. after 1 year of n fertilization, total seedling biomass increased with each successive increase ... | 2005 | 15929932 |
| expression of cab genes in douglas-fir is not strongly regulated by light. | dark-grown douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) seedlings had approximately 30% of the major polypeptide of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein, 30% of cab mrna, 54% of psba mrna, and 14% of total chlorophyll, in comparison with amounts in light-grown seedlings. seedlings entrained under a 24-hour photoperiod of light and dark showed small diurnal fluctuations in cab and psba mrna levels and, when transferred to continuous conditions, no circadian rhythms in mrna l ... | 1990 | 16667545 |
| defense mechanisms of conifers : relationship of monoterpene cyclase activity to anatomical specialization and oleoresin monoterpene content. | cell-free extracts from pinus ponderosa lawson (ponderosa pine) and pinus sylvestris l. (scotch pine) wood exhibited high levels of monoterpene synthase (cyclase) activity, whereas bark extracts of these species contained no detectable activity, and they inhibited cyclase activity when added to extracts from wood, unless polyvinylpyrrolidone was included in the preparation. the molecular mass of the polyvinylpyrrolidone added was of little consequence; however, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (a cross- ... | 1991 | 16668182 |
| cellobiose dehydrogenase, an active agent in cellulose depolymerization. | the ability of cellobiose dehydrogenase purified from phanerochaete chrysosporium to modify a douglas fir kraft pulp was assessed. although the addition of cellobiose dehydrogenase alone had little effect, supplementation with cellobiose and iron resulted in a substantial reduction in the degree of polymerization of the pulp cellulose. when the reaction was monitored over time, a progressive depolymerization of the cellulose was apparent with the concomitant production of cellobiono-1,5-lactone. ... | 1997 | 16535705 |
| uptake and translocation of manganese in seedlings of two varieties of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii var. viridis and glauca). | douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) variety glauca (dfg) but not the variety viridis (dfv) showed symptoms of manganese (mn) toxicity in some field sites. we hypothesized that these two varieties differed in mn metabolism. to test this hypothesis, biomass partitioning, mn concentrations, subcellular localization and 54mn-transport were investigated. total mn uptake was three-times higher in dfg than in dfv. dfv retained > 90% of 54mn in roots, whereas > 60% was transported to the shoot in dfg. t ... | 2006 | 16539599 |
| elevated co(2) and elevated temperature have no effect on douglas-fir fine-root dynamics in nitrogen-poor soil. | here, we investigate fine-root production, mortality and standing crop of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings exposed to elevated atmospheric co(2) and elevated air temperature. we hypothesized that these treatments would increase fine-root production, but that mortality would be greater under elevated temperature, leading to a smaller increase in standing crop. seedlings were grown in outdoor, sun-lit controlled-environment chambers containing native soil. they were exposed in a facto ... | 2006 | 16608459 |
| cryptococcus gattii in wildlife of vancouver island, british columbia, canada. | although cryptococcus gattii has emerged as an important pathogen of humans and domestic animals on vancouver island, canada since 1999; its distribution in regional wildlife species is largely unknown. opportunistic sampling methods were employed to obtain nasal swabs for fungal culture from wild mammal species residing within the coastal douglas fir biogeoclimatic zone on the southeast coast of the island. samples were collected from 91 animals representing 14 species. cryptococcus gattii was ... | 2006 | 16699162 |
| seasonal allocation of photoassimilated carbon in douglas fir seedlings. | the uptake of co(2) by douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) seedlings and the allocation of photoassimilated carbon among five vegetative tissues were closely related to seedling phenology. in may, newly flushing needles required 5.2% day(-1) of photoassimilated carbon relative to needle tissue carbon. as these needles matured, this carbon requirement declined to 1.95% day(-1) in august, to 0.94% day(-1) in november, and to 0.76% day(-1) in january. other tissues of douglas fir see ... | 1977 | 16660085 |
| nitrogen spatial heterogeneity influences diversity following restoration in a ponderosa pine forest, montana. | the resource heterogeneity hypothesis (rhh) is frequently cited in the ecological literature as an important mechanism for maintaining species diversity. the rhh has rarely been evaluated in the context of restoration ecology in which a commonly cited goal is to restore diversity. in this study we focused on the spatial heterogeneity of total inorganic nitrogen (tin) following restoration treatments in a ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa)/douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) forest in western monta ... | 2006 | 16711038 |
| demography of northern flying squirrels informs ecosystem management of western interior forests. | we studied northern flying squirrel (glaucomys sabrinus) demography in the eastern washington cascade range to test hypotheses about regional and local abundance patterns and to inform managers of the possible effects of fire and fuels management on flying squirrels. we quantified habitat characteristics and squirrel density, population trends, and demography in three typical forest cover types over a four-year period. we had 2034 captures of flying squirrels over 41 000 trap nights from 1997 th ... | 2006 | 16711046 |
| hormonal control of second flushing in douglas-fir shoots. | spring-flushing, over-wintered buds of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco) produce new buds that may follow various developmental pathways. these include second flushing in early summer or dormancy before flushing during the following spring. second flushing usually entails an initial release of apical dominance as some of the current-season upper lateral buds grow out. four hypotheses concerning control of current bud outgrowth in spring-flushing shoots were tested: (1) apically ... | 2006 | 16815839 |
| determination of indole-3-acetic acid in douglas fir using a deuterated analog and selected ion monitoring: comparison of microquantities in seedling and adult tree. | indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) content in shoot tips of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) trees and seedlings was determined by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a deuterated analog (d(2)-iaa) as an internal standard and the technique of selected ion monitoring. ratios of the peak heights of the deuterated analog internal standard to endogenous iaa revealed a slightly higher content of iaa in seedlings compared with the shoot tips collected in june. the relatively ... | 1978 | 16660622 |
| enzymic and nonenzymic reduction of (+)-dihydroquercetin to its 3,4,-diol. | a nadph-dependent reductase activity, capable of converting (+)-dihydroquercetin (2,3-trans) to its 3,4-diol (a leucocyanidin), has been demonstrated in crude, soluble protein extracts derived from cell suspension cultures of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziessi). neither nadh nor ascorbate substituted as the h-donor. quantitative analyses were based on the production of cyanidin, the formation of an adduct with vanillin, and on absorbance at 280 nanometers. nonenzymic reduction of (+)-dihydroquer ... | 1982 | 16662559 |
| a comparison of methods for determining compartmental analysis parameters. | the traditional method for determining compartmental analysis parameters relies on a visual selection of data points to be used for regression of data from each cellular compartment. this method is appropriate when the compartments are kinetically discrete and are easily discernible. however, where treatment effects on compartment parameters are being evaluated, a more objective method for determining initial parameters is desirable.three methods were examined for determining initial isotopic co ... | 1984 | 16663970 |
| mycorrhizal effects on potassium fluxes by northwest coniferous seedlings. | in ectomycorrhizae, the relative abilities of mycobiont and host plant to take up and store inorganic nutrients are not easily determined due to the intimate physical relationship of the two components forming the association. since compartmental analysis of solute elution can estimate cellular compartment pool sizes and unidirectional fluxes across membranes, we have used this method to study ectomycorrhizal coniferous roots. rubidium-86, used as a tracer for potassium, was loaded into and elut ... | 1984 | 16663971 |
| alteration of cell-wall water content and elasticity in douglas-fir during periods of water deficit. | three populations of seedlings of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) were subjected to recurrent drought cycles. pressure-volume curves were developed to derive the osmotic and pressure potentials as functions of the symplastic water over a wide range of relative water content. the drought cycles induced large reversible changes in the relative water content of the apoplasm and in the bulk modulus of elasticity. these responses have not been reported previously in any species of ... | 1987 | 16665260 |
| facilitation by pinus flexilis during succession: a hierarchy of mechanisms benefits other plant species. | studies of facilitation have primarily been limited to single mechanisms, species, or environments. we examined interacting mechanisms governing the facilitative effects of pinus flexilis on two later successional understory species, pseudotsuga menziesii and ribes cereum, in different microhabitats and seasons at the ecotone between the rocky mountain forests and great plains grasslands in montana, usa. in field surveys, 69% of pseudotsuga and 91% of ribes were located beneath p. flexilis even ... | 2006 | 16922330 |
| tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden. | we studied the effects of tree species on leaf litter decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden experiment of 14 tree species (abies alba, acer platanoides, acer pseudoplatanus, betula pendula, carpinus betulus, fagus sylvatica, larix decidua, picea abies, pinus nigra, pinus sylvestris, pseudotsuga menziesii, quercus robur, quercus rubra, and tilia cordata) in southwestern poland. we used three simultaneous litter bag experiments to tease apart species effects on decomposition v ... | 2006 | 16995629 |
| structure of plant cell walls : xix. isolation and characterization of wall polysaccharides from suspension-cultured douglas fir cells. | the partial purification and characterization of cell wall polysaccharides isolated from suspension-cultured douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) cells are described. extraction of isolated cell walls with 1.0 m licl solubilized pectic polysaccharides with glycosyl-linkage compositions similar to those of rhamnogalacturonans i and ii, pectic polysaccharides isolated from walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. treatment of licl-extracted douglas fir walls with an endo-alpha-1,4-polygalacturo ... | 1987 | 16665304 |
| effects of air pollutants on the composition of stable carbon isotopes, deltac, of leaves and wood, and on leaf injury. | air pollutants are known to cause visible leaf injury as well as impairment of photosynthetic co(2) fixation. here we evaluate whether the effects on photosynthesis are large enough to cause changes in the relative composition of stable carbon isotopes, delta(13)c, of plant tissue samples, and, if so, how the changes relate to visual leaf injury. for that purpose, several woody and herbaceous plant species were exposed to so(2) + o(3) and so(2) + o(3) + no(2) for one month (8 hours per day, 5 da ... | 1988 | 16666270 |
| temporary disturbance of translocation of assimilates in douglas firs caused by low levels of ozone and sulfur dioxide. | douglas firs (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) are suffering strongly from air pollution in western europe. we studied the effect of low concentrations of ozone (200 micrograms per cubic meter during 3 days) and sulfur dioxide (53 micrograms per cubic meter during 28 days) on translocation of assimilates in 2 year old douglas firs. the trees were exposed to the pollutants and afterward transferred to a growth chamber adapted to the use of (14)co(2). root/soil respiration was measured daily. ... | 1988 | 16666348 |
| external polarity potentials in the apex of the douglas fir before and after mechanical stimulation. | | 1931 | 16652726 |
| low stomatal and internal conductance to co2 versus rubisco deactivation as determinants of the photosynthetic decline of ageing evergreen leaves. | a novel a-ci curve (net co2 assimilation rate of a leaf -an- as a function of its intercellular co2 concentration -ci) analysis method (plant, cell & environment 27, 137-153, 2004) was used to estimate the co2 transfer conductance (gi) and the maximal carboxylation (vcmax) and electron transport (jmax) potentials of ageing, non-senescing pseudotsuga menziesii leaves in relation to their nitrogen (n) content and protein and pigment composition. both gi and the stomatal conductance (gsc) of leaves ... | 2006 | 17081250 |
| electric correlation between living cells in cortex and wood in the douglas fir. | | 1931 | 16652738 |
| control of the flux equilibrium of electrochemical processes and electric polarity in the douglas fir by temperature. | | 1932 | 16652771 |
| dynamics of water transport and storage in conifers studied with deuterium and heat tracing techniques. | the volume and complexity of their vascular systems make the dynamics of long-distance water transport in large trees difficult to study. we used heat and deuterated water (d2)) as tracers to characterize whole-tree water transport and storage properties in individual trees belonging to the coniferous species pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco and tsuga heterophylla (raf.) sarg. the trees used in this study spanned a broad range of height (13.5-58 m) and diameter (0.14-1.43 m). sap flow was mo ... | 2006 | 17086757 |
| comparison of the effects of temperature on the radial and longitudinal electric polarities in wood and cortex of the douglas fir. | | 1932 | 16652784 |
| frequent fire alters nitrogen transformations in ponderosa pine stands of the inland northwest. | recurrent, low-severity fire in ponderosa pine (pinus ponderosa)/interior douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests is thought to have directly influenced nitrogen (n) cycling and availability. however, no studies to date have investigated the influence of natural fire intervals on soil processes in undisturbed forests, thereby limiting our ability to understand ecological processes and successional dynamics in this important ecosystem of the rocky mountain west. here, we tested th ... | 2006 | 17089660 |
| compositional changes of douglas fir seeds during germination. | changes in weight, water content, nucleic acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids, nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds in embryo and gametophyte of douglas fir seeds (pseudotsuga menziesii franco) were studied at 6 stages of germination. lipids, proteins, and reserve phosphorus compounds in the gametophyte were utilized for the synthesis of carbohydrates, structural components, and soluble compounds in the seedling.the general quantitative metabolic changes that occur during germination of do ... | 1966 | 16656402 |
| the structure of plant cell walls: vi. a survey of the walls of suspension-cultured monocots. | the primary cell walls of six suspension-cultured monocots and of a single suspension-cultured gymnosperm have been investigated with the following results: (a) the compositions of all six monocot cell walls are remarkably similar, despite the fact that the cell cultures were derived from diverse tissues; (b) the cell walls of suspension-cultured monocots differ substantially from those of suspension-cultured dicots and from the suspension-cultured gymnosperm; (c) an arabinoxylan is a major comp ... | 1974 | 16658824 |
| photosynthetic action spectra of trees: i. comparative photosynthetic action spectra of one deciduous and four coniferous tree species as related to photorespiration and pigment complements. | comparative isoenergetic action spectra of net photosynthesis for intact, current year foliage of five tree species were determined from 400 to 710 nm by co(2) exchange analysis. the blue (400 to 500 nm) peak of net photosynthetic activity for the green broadleaves of red alder (alnus rubra bong.) was reduced to a plateau for the green needle-leaves of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) and sitka spruce (picea sitchensis [bong.] carr.), a shoulder for the blue-green needles of co ... | 1975 | 16659091 |
| photosynthetic action spectra of trees: ii. the relationship of cuticle structure to the visible and ultraviolet spectral properties of needles from four coniferous species. | the relative reflectance spectra for control and treated (surface wiped) current-year foliage of douglas fir, and sitka, colorado, and blue spruce (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco, picea sitchensis [bong.] carr., picea pungens engelm., and picea pungens engelm. var. hoopsii, respectively) were obtained from 220 to 700 nm. the green color of the control foliage of both douglas fir and sitka spruce was unaffected by the treatment whereas the blue-green and blue-white foliage of control colora ... | 1975 | 16659092 |
| development and evaluation of methods to detect nucleopolyhedroviruses in larvae of the douglas-fir tussock moth, orgyia pseudotsugata (mcdunnough). | various molecular methods are used to detect pathogenic microorganisms and viruses within their hosts, but these methods are rarely validated by direct comparison. southern hybridization, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and a novel dna extraction/pcr assay were used to detect orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (opmnpv) in douglas-fir tussock moth larvae. pcr was more sensitive than southern hybridization and elisa at detecting semipurified virus. elisa, however, was th ... | 2007 | 17189436 |
| design of highly efficient cellulase mixtures for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. | an extremely highly active cellobiohydrolase (cbh iib or cel6b) was isolated from chrysosporium lucknowense uv18-25 culture filtrate. the cbh iib demonstrated the highest ability for a deep degradation of crystalline cellulose amongst a few cellobiohydrolases tested, including c. lucknowense cbh ia, ib, iia, and trichoderma reesei cbh i and ii. using purified c. lucknowense enzymes (cbh ia, ib, and iib; endoglucanases ii and v; beta-glucosidase, xylanase ii), artificial multienzyme mixtures were ... | 2007 | 17221887 |
| indole-3-acetic acid in douglas fir: analysis by gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. | we sought evidence for the occurrence and seasonal variation of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) in shoots of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco).collections obtained in december and june were extracted with methanol and diethyl ether. extracts were purified by solvent partitioning and with sephadex lh-20. qualitative and quantitative information was acquired by gas-liquid chromatography of methyl, trimethylsilyl, or both derivatives of plant extract components. analysis was performed w ... | 1976 | 16659667 |
| does soil co2 efflux acclimatize to elevated temperature and co2 during long-term treatment of douglas-fir seedlings? | we investigated the effects of elevated soil temperature and atmospheric co2 on soil co2 efflux (sce) during the third and fourth years of study. we hypothesized that elevated temperature would stimulate sce, and elevated co2 would also stimulate sce with the stimulation being greater at higher temperatures. the study was conducted in sun-lit controlled-environment chambers using douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings grown in reconstructed litter-soil systems. we used a randomized design ... | 2006 | 16539608 |
| associations between allozyme genotypes and quantitative traits in douglas-fir [pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco]. | effects of maternal genotypes for eight enzyme loci on seven quantitative traits in 41 half-sib families were determined. heritability estimates for the quantitative traits were highly significant and ranged from 0.57 to 0.86. only six of 112 comparisons (56 comparisons for each of the genotypes and 56 for homozygous versus heterozygous contrasts) were statistically significant (p < 0.05). none of these significant comparisons could be associated with either a particular allele or a particular g ... | 1982 | 17246076 |
| neolignan glycosides from pseudotsuga menziesii. | | 1996 | 17252508 |
| population structure suggests reproductively isolated lineages of phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. | a survey of the genetic diversity and population structure of the douglas-fir swiss needle cast pathogen phaeocryptopus gaeumannii was conducted with single-strand conformational polymorphisms (sscp) to screen for variability in mitochondrial and nuclear housekeeping genes. thirty host populations representing the natural range of douglas-fir as well as locations where the tree was planted as an exotic were sampled. sequencing of sscp variants revealed that the method accurately detected both si ... | 2006 | 17256581 |
| bole water content shows little seasonal variation in century-old douglas-fir trees. | purportedly, large douglas-fir trees in the american pacific northwest use water stored in bole tissues to ameliorate the effects of seasonal summer drought, the water content of bole tissues being drawn down over the summer months and replenished during the winter. continuous monitoring of bole relative water content (rwc) in two 110-120-year-old douglas-fir trees with thetaprobe impedance devices provided an integrated measure of phloem-sapwood water content over 4 years. seasonal changes in r ... | 2007 | 17267364 |
| hydraulic redistribution of soil water in two old-growth coniferous forests: quantifying patterns and controls. | although hydraulic redistribution of soil water (hr) by roots is a widespread phenomenon, the processes governing spatial and temporal patterns of hr are not well understood. we incorporated soil/plant biophysical properties into a simple model based on darcy's law to predict seasonal trajectories of hr. we investigated the spatial and temporal variability of hr across multiple years in two old-growth coniferous forest ecosystems with contrasting species and moisture regimes by measurement of so ... | 2007 | 17286824 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada. | the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. | 2007 | 17324258 |
| fire resistance of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menzieesi) treated with borates and natural extractives. | the objective of this study was to determine fire resistance of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menzieesi (mirb.) franco) specimens treated with borate supplemented aqueous solutions of brutia pine bark powder, acorn powder, sumach leaf powder, and gall-nut powder. boric acid (ba) and borax (bx) were used as borates which are the most commonly used fire retardants in wood preservation industry. natural extractives (brutia pine bark powder, sumach leaf powder, acorn powder, and gall-nut powder) were als ... | 2007 | 16822670 |
| greenhouse gas emissions from forestry operations: a life cycle assessment. | most forest carbon assessments focus only on biomass carbon and assume that greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions from forestry activities are minimal. this study took an in-depth look at the direct and indirect emissions from pacific northwest (pnw) douglas-fir [pseudotsuga menziesii (mirbel) franco] forestry activities to support or deny this claim. greenhouse gas budgets for 408 "management regimes" were calculated using life cycle assessment (lca) methodology. these management regimes were comprise ... | 2006 | 16825464 |
| family variation in nutritional and growth traits in douglas-fir seedlings. | nitrogen (n) uptake and utilization in seedlings of six full-sib families of coastal douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco) known to differ in growth rate were assessed at the whole plant and root levels. seedlings were grown in soil or aeroponically with high and low nutrient availability. consistent family differences in growth rate and n utilization index were observed in both soil and aeroponic culture, and high-ranking families by these measures also had greater net n uptake in ... | 2007 | 17331909 |
| radial patterns of carbon isotopes in the xylem extractives and cellulose of douglas-fir. | heartwood extractives (nonstructural wood components) are believed to be formed from a combination of compounds present in the adjacent sapwood and materials imported from the phloem. the roles of local compounds and imported material in heartwood formation could have important implications for the wood quality of species having naturally durable wood. stable isotope composition (delta(13)c) was analyzed to assess radial variation in sapwood extractives, and to estimate the relative importance o ... | 2007 | 17331910 |
| influence of overstory removal on growth of epiphytic mosses and lichens in western oregon. | will old-growth-associated epiphytes survive if the forest canopy is opened around them by thinning or partial harvest? if old-growth association is due to a species' environmental tolerances, it may not survive in the relatively open stands that result from such treatments. if, however, old-growth association is due to dispersal limitations rather than environmental tolerances, retention of host trees as refugia and sources of inoculum might carry populations of old-growth-associated epiphytes ... | 2006 | 16827013 |
| spatial analysis of within-population microsatellite variability reveals restricted gene flow in the pacific golden chanterelle (cantharellus formosus). | we examined the within-population genetic structure of the pacific golden chanterelle (cantharellus formosus) in a 50 y old forest stand dominated by douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock (tsuga heterophylla) with spatial autocorrelation analysis. we tested the null hypothesis that multilocus genotypes possessed by chanterelle genets were randomly distributed within the study area. fruit bodies from 203 c. formosus genets were collected from a 50 ha study plot. one hundred six ... | 2006 | 16894970 |
| outbreak of lepidopterism at a boy scout camp. | lepidopterism refers to moth- or butterfly-associated illness, including contact dermatitis, urticaria, and occasional systemic reactions. lepidopterism outbreaks are rare. | 2007 | 17368636 |
| conserving old-growth forest diversity in disturbance-prone landscapes. | a decade after its creation, the northwest forest plan is contributing to the conservation of old-growth forests on federal land. however the success and outlook for the plan are questionable in the dry provinces, where losses of old growth to wildfire have been relatively high and risks of further loss remain. we summarize the state of knowledge of old-growth forests in the plan area, identify challenges to conserve them, and suggest some conservation approaches that might better meet the goals ... | 2006 | 16903096 |
| impacts of tree height on leaf hydraulic architecture and stomatal control in douglas-fir. | this study investigated the mechanisms involved in the regulation of stomatal closure in douglas-fir and evaluated the potential impact of compensatory adjustments in response to increasing tree height upon these mechanisms. in the laboratory, we measured leaf hydraulic conductance (k(leaf)) as leaf water potential (psi(l)) declined for comparison with in situ diurnal patterns of stomatal conductance (g(s)) and psi(l) in douglas-fir across a height gradient, allowing us to infer linkages between ... | 2007 | 17407534 |
| comparison of taxonomic, colony morphotype and pcr-rflp methods to characterize microfungal diversity. | we compared three methods for estimating fungal species diversity in soil samples. a rapid screening method based on gross colony morphological features and color reference standards was compared with traditional fungal taxonomic methods and pcr-rflp for estimation of ecological indices of soil microfungal community composition. normalized counts of colony morphotypes on dichloran rose bengal medium were used to estimate species richness (s) and evenness (j) and to calculate shannon's diversity ... | 2006 | 17040067 |
| synergistic effect of heartwood extractives and quaternary ammonium compounds on termite resistance of treated wood. | this study evaluates the synergistic effect of wood extractives and quaternary ammonium compounds (qacs) on the resistance to termites of several treated wood species. wood specimens from different natural durability classes were extracted with either hot water alone or hot water + ethanol/benzene. the extracted and unextracted wood specimens were treated with either didecyldimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (dbf) or commercial didecyldimethylammonium chloride (ddac) solutions and then exposed t ... | 2007 | 17054087 |
| comparative genome mapping among picea glauca, p. mariana x p. rubens and p. abies, and correspondence with other pinaceae. | a composite linkage map was constructed from four individual maps for the conifer picea glauca (moench) voss, from anonymous and gene-specific markfers (714 aflps, 38 ssrs, and 53 estps). a total of 12 linkage groups were delineated with an average marker density of 2.7 cm. macro-synteny and macro-colinearity comparisons with two other composite linkage maps developed for the species complex p. mariana (mill.) b.s.p. x p. rubens sarg., and for p. abies (l.) karst. revealed an identical number of ... | 2006 | 17061103 |
| internal conductance does not scale with photosynthetic capacity: implications for carbon isotope discrimination and the economics of water and nitrogen use in photosynthesis. | central paradigms of ecophysiology are that there are recognizable and even explicit and predictable patterns among species, genera, and life forms in the economics of water and nitrogen use in photosynthesis and in carbon isotope discrimination (delta). however most previous examinations have implicitly assumed an infinite internal conductance (gi) and/or that internal conductance scales with the biochemical capacity for photosynthesis. examination of published data for 54 species and a detaile ... | 2006 | 17080635 |
| water flow through junctions in douglas-fir roots. | roots are important conduits for the redistribution of water within the rooting zone. root systems are often highly branched, and water flow between regions undoubtedly involves passage through junctions between individual roots. this study considered junctions in the roots of douglas-fir with regard to the resistances encountered by water flow through the xylem. flow into the root branch distally along the main root encountered much greater resistance than flow into the branch and proximally al ... | 2006 | 17086754 |
| distribution of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid and compression wood formation in reoriented branches of douglas-fir. | five-year-old segments of intact 7-year-old branches of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga meziesii [mirb.] franco) were reoriented to determine the relation between indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) and the formation of compression wood. eight branches per treatment were either left at their original angle (mean of 69 degrees , the control), or bent proximal to the segment to reorient it up or down 30 degrees . differentiating xylem tissue from the upper and lower sides of each segment was collected and extract ... | 1989 | 16667021 |
| development of a dipstick immunoassay to detect nucleopolyhedroviruses in douglas-fir tussock moth larvae. | in this paper, we describe the development of a novel field detection system for the identification of orgyia pseudotsugata nucleopolyhedrovirus (opnpv) and opnpv infections in douglas-fir tussock moth (o. pseudotsugata) (dftm) larvae, utilizing antibodies in a dipstick immunoassay. the dipstick method is sensitive to a minimum of 10ng of extracted virus protein, or approximately 1070 virus occlusion bodies, and is sufficiently sensitive to detect opnpv infections in dftm prior to mortality. add ... | 2007 | 17706298 |
| direct marine-continental correlation: 150,000-year oxygen isotope--pollen record from the north pacific. | core y72 ii i (43 degrees 15'n, 126 degrees 22'w) contains sediment of oxygen isotope stages i through 6 (substages 5a through 5e are well developed) and abundant pollen from the nearby continent, enabling us for the first time to obtain a direct marine-continental correlation of events in the last interglacial sensu lato. from stage 6 to substage 5e the vegetational record resembles that during the waning of the last glacial. during substage 5e, after a rapid increase of alder, western hemlock ... | 1979 | 17730526 |
| scolytid beetles associated with douglas fir: response to terpenes. | douglas-fir oleoresin and the terpene hydrocarbons (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, litnonene, camphene, geraniol, and alpha-terpineol) attracted various bark and timber beetles associated with douiglas-fir forests during their flight. in responding to these volatile terpenes the bettles are directed to favorable breeding material. | 1966 | 17741636 |
| regeneration of douglas fir plantlets through tissue culture. | douglas fir plantlets were produced in tissue culture under defined conditions from cotyledon explants obtained from 2- to 4-week-old seedlings. tissue pieces were cultured on the surface of a fabric tissue support (100 percent polyester) saturated with liquid nutrient medium; this facilitated periodic changes of the medium to meet the requirements at successive developmental stages without transfer of cultured tissues. plant growth regulators were needed to stimulate adventitious bud formation. ... | 1977 | 17770507 |
| spring shoot growth in douglas-fir may be initiated by gibberellins exported from the roots. | trials conducted under controlled environments demonstrated that the delay of bud activity of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings occasioned by low temperature of the soil could be eliminated by application of gibberellic acid. analyses of field-grown plants showed a parallel increase in bud activity, level of gibberellin-like compounds in xylem sap, and soil temperature during february and march. | 1973 | 17772159 |
| contributions of evaporation, isotopic non-steady state transpiration and atmospheric mixing on the delta18o of water vapour in pacific northwest coniferous forests. | changes in the 2h and 18o of atmospheric water vapour provide information for integrating aspects of gas exchange within forest canopies. in this study, we show that diurnal fluctuations in the oxygen isotope ratio (delta 18o) as high as 4% per hundred were observed for water vapour (delta (18)ovp) above and within an old-growth coniferous forest in the pacific northwest region of the united states. values of delta 18ovp decreased in the morning, reached a minimum at midday, and recovered to ear ... | 2006 | 17086755 |
| cytokinins in vegetative and reproductive buds of pseudotsuga menziesii. | immunoaffinity techniques using columns of immobilized antibodies raised against zeatin riboside and isopentenyladenosine were found to be effective in isolating cytoklnins from vegetative, female, and male buds of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco). the purified cytokinins were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography and analyzed by radioimmunoassay. confirmation of cytokinin identities was by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. immediately prior to b ... | 1990 | 16667467 |
| hydraulic redistribution in a douglas-fir forest: lessons from system manipulations. | hydraulic redistribution (hr) occurs in many ecosystems; however, key questions remain about its consequences at the ecosystem level. the objectives of the present study were to quantify seasonal variation in hr and its driving force, and to manipulate the soil-root system to elucidate physiological components controlling hr and utilization of redistributed water. in the upper soil layer of a young douglas-fir forest, hr was negligible in early summer, but increased to 0.17 mm day(-1) (20-60 cm ... | 2006 | 17086760 |
| a new disease of douglas fir. | | 1929 | 17791953 |
| methods to control ectomycorrhizal colonization: effectiveness of chemical and physical barriers. | we conducted greenhouse experiments using douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) seedlings where chemical methods (fungicides) were used to prevent ectomycorrhizal colonization of single seedlings or physical methods (mesh barriers) were used to prevent formation of mycorrhizal connections between neighboring seedlings. these methods were chosen for their ease of application in the field. we applied the fungicides, topas (nonspecific) and senator (ascomycete specific), separately and in ... | 2006 | 17106724 |
| aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase is a regulated step in ethylene-dependent induced conifer defense. full-length cdna cloning of a multigene family, differential constitutive, and wound- and insect-induced expression, and cellular and subcellular localization in spruce and douglas fir. | in conifer stems, formation of chemical defenses against insects or pathogens involves specialized anatomical structures of the phloem and xylem. oleoresin terpenoids are formed in resin duct epithelial cells and phenolics accumulate in polyphenolic parenchyma cells. ethylene signaling has been implicated in the induction of these chemical defenses. recently, we reported the cloning of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (aco) from spruce (picea spp.) and douglas fir (pseudotsuga menzi ... | 2007 | 17122070 |
| biotechnology of forest yield. | silvicultural and genetic manipulation of douglas fir and loblolly pine plantations have increased their productivity 70 and 300 percent, respectively, over natural forests on the same sites. yet these intensively managed plantations are achieving less than 50 percent of their potential productivity. future increases in yield will result from optimization of nutritional treatments, control of noncrop vegetation, and advances in tree breeding and tissue culture techniques. | 1983 | 17814031 |
| hydraulic architecture and photosynthetic capacity as constraints on release from suppression in douglas-fir and western hemlock. | we compared hydraulic architecture, photosynthesis and growth in douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco), a shade-intolerant species, and western hemlock (tsuga heterophylla (raf.) sarg.), a shade-tolerant species, to study the temporal pattern of release from suppressive shade. in particular, we sought to determine whether hydraulic architecture or photosynthetic capacity is most important in constraining release. the study was conducted at two sites with mixed stands of 10- to 20-ye ... | 2007 | 17169904 |
| plant moisture stress: evaluation by pressure bomb. | the recently developed technique for determining the water stress of a plant by measuring the pressure necessary to force water back to the cut surface of a severed twig is adaptable to both field and laboratory experiments. we have designed and operated an efficient portable system weighing less than 18 kilograms. sampling variation within and among douglas fir trees varies from less than +/- i atmosphere under low stress conditions to +/- 10 atmospheres under high stress conditions. in the mea ... | 1967 | 17847540 |
| a repetitive proline-rich protein from the gymnosperm douglas fir is a hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein. | intact cell elution of suspension cultures derived from douglas fir, pseudotsuga menziesii (mirbel) franco, yielded two extensin monomers, the first hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (hrgps) to be isolated from a gymnosperm. these hrgps resolved on superose-6 gel filtration. the smaller monomer was compositionally similar to angiosperm extensins like tomato p1. the larger monomer had a simple composition reminiscent of repetitive proline-rich proteins (rprps) from soybean cell walls and containe ... | 1992 | 16668765 |
| a gymnosperm extensin contains the serine-tetrahydroxyproline motif. | the extensin family is a diverse group of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins located in the cell wall and characterized by repetitive peptide motifs glycosylated to various degrees. the origin of this diversity and its relationship to function led us earlier to compare extensins of the two major groups of angiosperms from which we concluded that the highly glycosylated ser-hyp(4) motif was characteristic of advanced herbaceous dicots, occurring rarely or not at all in a representative graminaceou ... | 1992 | 16668921 |
| tree water storage and its diurnal dynamics related to sap flow and changes in stem volume in old-growth douglas-fir trees. | diurnal and seasonal tree water storage was studied in three large douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) trees at the wind river canopy crane research site. changes in water storage were based on measurements of sap flow and changes in stem volume and tissue water content at different heights in the stem and branches. we measured sap flow by two variants of the heat balance method (with internal heating in stems and external heating in branches), stem volume with electronic dendrome ... | 2007 | 17241961 |
| bsa treatment to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in lignin containing substrates. | cellulase and bovine serum albumin (bsa) were added to avicel cellulose and solids containing 56% cellulose and 28% lignin from dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of corn stover. little bsa was adsorbed on avicel cellulose, while pretreated corn stover solids adsorbed considerable amounts of this protein. on the other hand, cellulase was highly adsorbed on both substrates. adding a 1% concentration of bsa to dilute acid pretreated corn stover prior to enzyme addition at 15 fpu/g cellulose enhance ... | 2006 | 16673419 |
| ethylene in induced conifer defense: cdna cloning, protein expression, and cellular and subcellular localization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in resin duct and phenolic parenchyma cells. | members of the pinaceae family have complex chemical defense strategies. conifer defenses associated with specialized cell types of the bark involve constitutive and inducible accumulation of phenolic compounds in polyphenolic phloem parenchyma cells and oleoresin terpenoids in resin ducts. these defenses can protect trees against insect herbivory and fungal colonization. the phytohormone ethylene has been shown to induce the same anatomical and cellular defense responses that occur following in ... | 2006 | 16705404 |
| species-specific partitioning of soil water resources in an old-growth douglas-fir-western hemlock forest. | although tree- and stand-level estimates of forest water use are increasingly common, relatively little is known about partitioning of soil water resources among co-occurring tree species. we studied seasonal courses of soil water utilization in a 450-year-old pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco-tsuga heterophylla (raf.) sarg. forest in southwestern washington state. soil volumetric water content (theta) was continuously monitored with frequency domain capacitance sensors installed at eight dep ... | 2007 | 17331905 |
| water transfer via ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae to conifer seedlings. | little is known about water transfer via mycorrhizal hyphae to plants, despite its potential importance in seedling establishment and plant community development, especially in arid environments. therefore, this process was investigated in the study reported in this paper in laboratory-based tripartite mesocosms containing the shrub arctostaphylos viscida (manzanita) and young seedlings of sugar pine (pinus lambertiana) and douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii). the objectives were to determine wh ... | 2007 | 17333298 |
| constituents of extractive from douglas-fir lignin residue. | | 1948 | 18102931 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with ponderosa pine and douglas-fir: a comparison of species richness in native western north american forests and patagonian plantations from argentina. | the putative ectomycorrhizal fungal species registered from sporocarps associated with ponderosa pine and douglas-fir forests in their natural range distribution (i.e., western canada, usa, and mexico) and from plantations in south argentina and other parts of the world are listed. one hundred and fifty seven taxa are reported for native ponderosa pine forests and 514 taxa for native douglas-fir forests based on available literature and databases. a small group of genera comprises a high proport ... | 2007 | 17345105 |
| flux partitioning in an old-growth forest: seasonal and interannual dynamics. | turbulent fluxes of carbon, water and energy were measured at the wind river canopy crane, washington, usa from 1999 to 2004 with eddy-covariance instrumentation above (67 m) and below (2.5 m) the forest canopy. here we present the decomposition of net ecosystem exchange of carbon (nee) into gross primary productivity (gpp), ecosystem respiration (r(eco)) and tree canopy net co(2) exchange (deltac) for an old-growth douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco)-western hemlock (tsuga hetero ... | 2008 | 18244938 |
| evaluating the distribution of cellulases and the recycling of free cellulases during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. | the recycling of cellulase enzymes is one potential strategy for reducing the cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis step during the bioconversion of lignocellulosics to ethanol. to determine the influence of lignin on the post-hydrolysis distribution of cellulase enzymes between the liquid and solid phases, the hydrolysis of avicel was compared to an organosolv-pretreated douglas fir substrate with a lignin content of 3.0%. after a 12 h hydrolysis reaction on avicel, 90% of the added cellulases (incl ... | 2007 | 17378581 |
| community composition of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soils under stands of red alder and douglas fir in oregon. | this study determined nitrification activity and nitrifier community composition in soils under stands of red alder (alnus rubra) and douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) at two sites in oregon. the h.j. andrews experimental forest, located in the cascade mountains of oregon, has low net n mineralization and gross nitrification rates. cascade head experimental forest, in the coast range, has higher net n mineralization and nitrification rates and soil ph is lower. communities of putative bacteria ... | 2008 | 18393992 |
| using nocturnal cold air drainage flow to monitor ecosystem processes in complex terrain. | this paper presents initial investigations of a new approach to monitor ecosystem processes in complex terrain on large scales. metabolic processes in mountainous ecosystems are poorly represented in current ecosystem monitoring campaigns because the methods used for monitoring metabolism at the ecosystem scale (e.g., eddy covariance) require flat study sites. our goal was to investigate the potential for using nocturnal down-valley winds (cold air drainage) for monitoring ecosystem processes in ... | 2007 | 17494390 |
| partitioning variation in douglas-fir xylem properties among multiple scales via a bayesian hierarchical model. | hierarchical biological scales permeate research in tree physiology and represent multiple sources of variation. we discuss the importance of matching the sampling and analysis scales to biological scales in the data. the advantages of statistical hierarchical modeling are demonstrated using the relationship between specific conductivity and tracheid diameter of secondary xylem as an example. the structure and results of three statistical models were compared within a bayesian context: a simple ... | 2008 | 18450566 |
| molecular analysis of bacterial communities associated with the roots of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) colonized by different ectomycorrhizal fungi. | we studied the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on bacterial communities colonizing roots of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii). mycorrhizal tips were cleaned of soil and separated based on gross morphological characteristics. sequencing of the internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear rrna gene cluster indicated that the majority of the tips were colonized by fungi in the russulaceae, with the genera russula and lactarius comprising 70% of the tips. because coamplification of organellar 16s r ... | 2008 | 18459969 |
| colonization and decomposition of salal (gaultheria shallon) leaf litter by saprobic fungi in successional forests on coastal british columbia. | the colonization of leaf litter by saprobic fungi was studied in old-growth and post-harvest successional douglas-fir forests on southeast vancouver island, british columbia. this study focused on leaf litter of salal (gaultheria shallon pursh.), a dominant understory shrub in all stands. salal litter is characterized by the occurrence of bleached portions attributable to fungal colonization of the litter and to the variable decomposition of recalcitrant compounds, such as lignin. analyses of pr ... | 2008 | 18535627 |
| metabolite profiling of douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) field trials reveals strong environmental and weak genetic variation. | the primary objective of this study was to assess metabolomics for its capacity to discern biological variation among 10 full-sib families of a douglas-fir tree breeding population, replicated on two sites. the differential accumulation of small metabolites in developing xylem was examined through metabolite profiles (139 metabolites common to 181 individual trees) generated by gas chromatography mass spectrometry and a series of statistical analyses that incorporated family, site, and tree grow ... | 2007 | 17504460 |
| impact of ectomycorrhizosphere on the functional diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities from a forest stand in relation to nutrient mobilization processes. | the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis alters the physicochemical and biological conditions in the surrounding soil, thus creating a particular environment called ectomycorrhizosphere, which selects microbial communities suspected to play a role in gross production and nutrient cycling. to assess the ectomycorrhizosphere effect on the structure of microbial communities potentially involved in the mobilization of nutrients from the soil minerals in a poor-nutrient environment, we compared the functional d ... | 2007 | 17546519 |
| species richness and community composition of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in old- and second-growth douglas-fir forests of the hj andrews experimental forest, oregon, usa. | we investigated the species identity of mat-forming ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi associated with old- and second-growth douglas-fir stands. using molecular analyses of rhizomorphs and em root tips, we characterized 28 unique internal transcribed spacer sequences and considered them proxies for mat-forming em species. in both stand age classes, one athelioid species in the genus piloderma dominated our sample of the mat-forming fungal community. in second-growth stands, the second most frequently e ... | 2007 | 17638027 |
| dynamic variation in sapwood specific conductivity in six woody species. | our goals were to quantify how non-embolism-inducing pressure gradients influence trunk sapwood specific conductivity (k(s)) and to compare the impacts of constant and varying pressure gradients on k(s) with kcl and h2o as the perfusion solutions. we studied six woody species (three conifers and three angiosperms) which varied in pit membrane structure, pit size and frequency of axial water transport across pits (long versus short conduits). both stepwise ("steady") and nonlinear continuous ("no ... | 2007 | 17669729 |
| the systematic position of phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. | phaeocryptopus gaeumannii, causal agent of the douglas-fir foliar disease swiss needle cast, is the only known pathogenic species of the genus. current classifications place phaeocryptopus in the venturiaceae (pleosporales), typified by the apple-scab pathogen venturia inaequalis. all core members of this family have hyphomycetous anamorphs. we sought to confirm these relationships by means of phylogenetic analyses of the small (ssu) and large (lsu) subunits and internal transcribed spacer (its) ... | 2007 | 17682777 |
| a bacterial gall disease of the douglas fir. | | 1933 | 17780518 |
| dendroctonus pseudotsugae: a hypothesis regarding its primary attractant. | the douglas-fir beetle is attracted to alpha-pinene but repelled by beta-pinene. attacks on standing trees are related to the content of alpha- or beta-pinene in the tree; this correlation suggests that volatile oils may be the stimuli initially attracting the insect to the douglas fir. | 1965 | 17782298 |