| internalization and processing of bacillus anthracis lethal toxin by toxin-sensitive and -resistant cells. | anthrax lethal toxin consists of two separate proteins, protective antigen and lethal factor (lf). certain macrophages and a mouse macrophage-like cell line, j774a.1, are lysed by low concentrations of lethal toxin. in contrast, another macrophage cell line, ic-21, and all other cell types tested were resistant to this toxin. to discover the basis for this difference, each step in the intoxication process was examined. no differences between sensitive and resistant cells were found in receptor b ... | 1989 | 2500434 |
| transcriptional regulation of the protective antigen gene of bacillus anthracis. | bicarbonate is required for production of the major virulence factors, the toxins and capsule, of bacillus anthracis. in this study we examined the basis for stimulation of production of protective antigen (pa), a central component of the two anthrax toxins encoded by plasmid pxo1. rna prepared from b. anthracis grown in media with and without added bicarbonate was probed for pa mrna. data showed that bicarbonate was required for increased transcription of the pa gene (pag) in minimal medium. tr ... | 1989 | 2501216 |
| identification of bacillus anthracis by polyclonal antibodies against extracted vegetative cell antigens. | the extractable protein antigens ea1 and ea2 of bacillus anthracis were prepared from electrophoresis transblots of sds extracts of vegetative bacteria of the sterne strain. hyperimmune guinea-pig antiserum against ea2 failed to react with b. anthracis cells in immunofluorescence (if) tests. guinea-pig antiserum against ea1 (anti-ea1) reacted strongly in if tests with non-encapsulated vegetative cell of 10 of 12 strains of b. anthracis and with cells of strains of b. cereus and b. thuringiensis. ... | 1989 | 2502530 |
| [the detection of bacillus anthracis protective antigens by enzyme immunoassay (eia) using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies]. | an enzyme-immunoassay (eia) for the detection of bacillus anthracis-protective antigen (pa) within one hour was developed. if the rabbit antiserum was used, 15 ng pa/ml could be detected and with the monoclonal antibody, the detection limit was 60 ng pa/ml. with respect to the higher specificity and with regard to the aspects of animalcare, monoclonal antibodies should be used in the test instead of the polyclonal antiserum. | 1989 | 2503957 |
| adenylate cyclase toxins from bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis. different processes for interaction with and entry into target cells. | adenylate cyclase (ac) toxins produced by bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis were compared for their ability to interact with and intoxicate chinese hamster ovary cells. at 30 degrees c, anthrax ac toxin exhibited a lag of 10 min for measurable camp accumulation that was not seen with pertussis ac toxin. this finding is consistent with previous data showing inhibition of anthrax ac toxin but not pertussis ac toxin entry by inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis (gordon, v. m., lepp ... | 1989 | 2504710 |
| anthrax vaccination. | | 1989 | 2505429 |
| anthrax vaccination. | | 1989 | 2505431 |
| influence of body weight on response of fischer 344 rats to anthrax lethal toxin. | groups of fischer 344 rats were injected intravenously with bacillus anthracis culture supernatant containing crude anthrax toxin. times to death of rats given identical toxin preparations varied directly with the weights of the rats (p = 0.0001). in contrast to previous reports, the data indicate that rat weight must be taken into account during in vivo assays of anthrax lethal toxin activity. | 1989 | 2506815 |
| evaluation of serologic tests for diagnosis of anthrax after an outbreak of cutaneous anthrax in paraguay. | an outbreak of at least 21 cases of cutaneous anthrax occurred in rural paraguay. a case-control study revealed that disease was associated with touching the raw meat of an ill cow (odds ration = 16.5, p = .02). serum drawn from 12 cases and 16 colony and 2 noncolony controls 6 w after the outbreak were analyzed by electrophoretic-immunotransblots (eitb) to detect serum antibodies to the protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin. serum was also tested by enzyme-linked ... | 1989 | 2507648 |
| [immunosuppressive action of the lethal toxin of bacillus anthracis in mice]. | in experiments on inbred mice infected with b. anthracis capsular strain 71/12 of tsenkovsky's second vaccine b. anthracis lethal toxin introduced in mixture with spores has been shown to aggravate anthrax infection in cba mice susceptible to anthrax, while producing a faint effect on the infectious process in balb mice with hereditary resistance to anthrax. b. anthracis purified edema toxin has been found to produce a weaker aggravating effect with respect to anthrax infection than the lethal t ... | 1989 | 2508379 |
| nucleotide sequence and analysis of the lethal factor gene (lef) from bacillus anthracis. | the nucleotide sequence of the bacillus anthracis lethal factor (lf) gene (lef) has been determined. lf is part of the tripartite protein exotoxin of b. anthracis along with protective antigen (pa) and edema factor (ef). the apparent atg start codon, which is located immediately upstream from codons which specify the first 16 amino acids (aa) of the mature secreted lf, is preceded by an aaaggag sequence, which is its probable ribosome-binding site. this atg codon begins a continuous 2427-bp open ... | 1989 | 2509294 |
| a deleted variant of bacillus anthracis protective antigen is non-toxic and blocks anthrax toxin action in vivo. | anthrax toxin is the only protein secreted by bacillus anthracis that contributes to the virulence of this bacterium. an obligatory step in the action of anthrax toxin on eukaryotic cells is cleavage of the receptor-bound protective antigen (pa) protein (83 kilodaltons) to produce a 63-kilodalton, receptor-bound cooh-terminal fragment. a similar fragment can be obtained by limited treatment with trypsin. this proteolytic processing event exposes a site with high affinity for the other two anthra ... | 1989 | 2509473 |
| resistance to the sterne strain of b. anthracis: phagocytic cell responses of resistant and susceptible mice. | inflammatory responses were compared in vivo, and host phagocytic cell functions compared in vitro, of mice resistant (cba/j) and susceptible (a/j) to lethal infection with the sterne strain of bacillus anthracis. polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) and macrophage responses at the initial site of infection were slower in a/j mice than in cba/j mice. whereas in a/j mice, the number of pmn ultimately responding to infection was equal to, or greater than, that in cba/j mice, fewer macrophages accumul ... | 1989 | 2509851 |
| [specific intoxication in anthrax infection]. | the pathomorphological picture of experimental b. anthracis infection in white rats (strain fisher-344) essentially corresponds to experimental anthracic intoxication with very moderately pronounced morphological manifestation of b. anthracis invasion. this indicates that specific anthracic intoxication is an essential component of the pathological process in b. anthracis infection. | 1989 | 2511710 |
| [construction and study of strains of the siberian ulcer pathogen possessing various sets of plasmids]. | | 1989 | 2515429 |
| [the use of plasmid screening for the differentiation of bacillus anthracis strains from closely related species of soil bacilli]. | b. anthracis virulent and vaccine strains differ from the strains of species closely related to b. anthracis, such as b. cereus and b. thuringiensis, in their plasmid spectrum. the use of their plasmid spectrum. the use of the plasmid analysis of the strain is recommended for laboratory practice as the main differential diagnostic test. | 1989 | 2515698 |
| successfully treated primary anthrax meningitis. | | 1989 | 2517270 |
| [cryotransformation of bacillus anthracis by the dna of pub110 plasmid]. | possibility of cryotransformation of bacillus anthracis cells by the dna of pub110 plasmid has been established. the parameters of cryotransformation process have been optimized permitting one to increase the efficiency of transformation up to 3.1 . 10(2) transformants per 1 mkg of transforming dna. the factors affecting the efficiency of cryotransformation and its reproducibility have been studied including the treatment of recipient cells by glycine, the procedure of freeze-thawing, the compos ... | 1989 | 2517514 |
| [transduction and conjugation transfer of the pxo2 plasmid in bacillus anthracis]. | the plasmid pxo2 determining the capsule synthesis has been shown to be transfered into the cells of different strains of bacillus anthracis (sti-1, sterne, km33, km35) by the transducing bacteriophage cp54ant and by mobilization by pam beta 1 replicon with the frequencies, consequently, n.10(-8) and n.10(-7). the optimal parameters for the selection of clones having acquired the pxo2 plasmid have been defined. mobilization for conjugational transfer has been demonstrated for the plasmid pxo1 co ... | 1989 | 2517515 |
| [anthrax]. | having dwelled on the etiopathogenetic, pathologic, and clinical features of human infections caused by b. anthracis, the authors review and analyze epidemiological data of the cases of anthrax registered in italy during the last ten years. actual possibilities for prevention are evaluated in view of the fact that enzootic foci still exist in our country which are clearly responsible for the typically occupational occurrence of this type of infection in certain at-risk categories (farmers, husba ... | 1989 | 2529096 |
| involvement of tn4430 in transfer of bacillus anthracis plasmids mediated by bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pxo12. | the self-transmissible plasmid pxo12 (112.5 kilobases [kb]), originally isolated from strain 4042a of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis, codes for production of the insecticidal crystal protein (cry+). the mechanism of pxo12-mediated plasmid transfer was investigated by monitoring the cotransfer of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pbc16 (4.2 kb) and the bacillus anthracis toxin and capsule plasmids, pxo1 (168 kb) and pxo2 (85.6 kb), respectively. in matings of b. anthracis donors wi ... | 1989 | 2536653 |
| molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region, which is essential for encapsulation in bacillus anthracis. | by using genetic complementation tests with various in vitro-constructed mutants with mutations in the cap region (which is essential for encapsulation in bacillus anthracis), we identified three cistrons, capb, capc, and capa, in this order of arrangement. minicell analysis revealed that these cistrons produce proteins of 44, 16, and 46 kilodaltons, respectively. the complete nucleotide sequence of 3,244 base pairs covering the whole cap region was determined and revealed the existence of the t ... | 1989 | 2536679 |
| [the possibility of the germination of spores of pathogenic clostridia and bacilli in soil]. | a possibility of germination of clostridia (cl. tetani and cl. perfringens) and bacilli (bac. anthracis, sti vaccine strain) has been studied in model experiments with native soil. mature spores did not germinate upon contact with native soil of deferent agrochemical types. addition of meat-pepton medium and other protein, amino acid, and sugar-containing media led only to "swelling" of spores. the data obtained support the conclusions drawn by many researches that pathogenic clostridia and baci ... | 1989 | 2555404 |
| communicable disease report. april to june 1989. the phls communicable disease surveillance centre. | | 1989 | 2561354 |
| infectious diseases of new-world camelids (nwc). | although there are notable infectious conditions that are capable of producing clinical disease in the nwc, overall, these species are quite healthy. of the bacterial diseases, enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens types c and d would be deemed the most significant in north america, while type a also would be regarded as important in south america. other important bacterial infections of potential concern are tuberculosis, johne's disease, anthrax, malignant edema, actinomycosis, tetan ... | 1989 | 2647231 |
| anthrax. | | 1989 | 2651371 |
| anthrax in ethiopia. | twenty-seven patients with cutaneous anthrax were identified over a three-year period at gondar college of medical sciences in north central ethiopia. nine patients who delayed seeking medical care presented with severe symptoms and three patients died. eighteen patients were clustered within four families in which an attack rate of 32% occurred. ninety-three percent of patients could trace their disease to exposure to the products of a specific diseased animal. characteristics of anthrax in eth ... | 1989 | 2763354 |
| anthrax vaccination. | | 1989 | 2763440 |
| human anthrax. | | 1989 | 2768028 |
| anthrax vaccination. | | 1989 | 2773257 |
| anthrax outbreak. | | 1989 | 2800274 |
| [anthrax in chad: a zoonosis that still exists today]. | an epidemic of human and animal anthrax raged in chad mainly in the department of chari baguirmi from september to december 1988, infesting more than 50% of donkeys and horses. 716 human cases have been reported, with 88 deaths. thanks to a geographical distribution of animal and human prevalence, one sees immediately the interdependency between sanitary state of live-stock and public health. an unusual means of transmission from donkey to donkey by insects as the vector is suggested to explain ... | 1989 | 2811650 |
| cutaneous anthrax leading to corneal scarring from cicatricial ectropion. | eleven patients with cutaneous anthrax of the eyelids are presented. the complications were cicatricial ectropion (eight patients), resulting in corneal scarring (three patients). the ectropion was corrected by full thickness postauricular skin grafts, with good results. the predilection of this infection for the eyelids of young children and a seasonal variation suggest that a vector may be involved in transmission. | 1989 | 2818989 |
| transposon tn916 mutagenesis in bacillus anthracis. | mutagenesis of bacillus anthracis by the streptococcal tetracycline resistance transposon tn916 is described. tn916 was transferred from streptococcus faecalis ds16c1 to b. anthracis vnr-1 by conjugation in a standard filter mating procedure. tetracycline-resistant (tcr) transconjugants were obtained at a frequency of 1.6 x 10(-8) per donor cfu. when donor and recipient cells were treated with nafcillin before conjugation, the frequency was increased nearly 10-fold. nafcillin pretreatment of don ... | 1988 | 2826334 |
| restriction map of a capsule plasmid of bacillus anthracis. | the capsule plasmid pte702 of bacillus anthracis has been physically mapped with the restriction endonucleases hindiii, psti, bamhi, sali, and xhoi. a hindiii fragment map of pte702 (96.5 kb) was obtained by analysis of the recombinant plasmids and cosmids containing overlapping fragments partially digested with hindiii. the physical map for psti, bamhi, sali, and xhoi was obtained by double digestion mapping of these sites in relation to the hindiii sites. the replication region of pte702 was d ... | 1987 | 2829256 |
| lipopolysaccharide releases a priming substance from platelets that augments the oxidative response of polymorphonuclear neutrophils to chemotactic peptide. | human neutrophils produce small amounts of o2- when stimulated with the chemotactic peptide f-met-leu-phe; preincubating neutrophils with low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (lps) markedly increases this response, an effect referred to as priming. neutrophil suspensions without mononuclear cells and platelets were insusceptible to priming by 10 ng of lps; susceptibility was restored by reintroducing platelets, approximately five platelets per neutrophil. incubation of platelets with 10 ng o ... | 1988 | 2831285 |
| molecular cloning and expression of the bacillus anthracis edema factor toxin gene: a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. | the bacillus anthracis exotoxin is composed of a lethal factor, a protective antigen, and an edema factor (ef). ef is a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase which elevates cyclic amp levels within cells. the entire ef gene (cya) has been cloned in escherichia coli, but ef gene expression by its own b. anthracis promoter could not be detected in e. coli. however, when the ef gene was placed downstream from the lac or the t7 promoter, enzymatically active ef was produced. the ef gene, like the p ... | 1988 | 2834337 |
| cloning and expression of the calmodulin-sensitive bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase in escherichia coli. | the adenylate cyclase gene of bacillus anthracis, encoding the edema factor, a component of anthrax toxin, has been cloned and expressed in escherichia coli. clones were selected by their capacity to complement the cyclase deficiency (cya-) of an e. coli strain expressing the eukaryotic protein calmodulin, an essential activator of b. anthracis adenylate cyclase. the protein expressed in e. coli was shown to exhibit adenylate cyclase activity only in the presence of calmodulin. experiments using ... | 1988 | 2841199 |
| [the saprophytic phase in the ecology of the causative agents of infectious diseases]. | | 1985 | 2863907 |
| [sporulation of clostridium perfringens and bacilli (the vaccinal strain sti) depending on the mineral composition of the medium]. | | 1985 | 2868028 |
| mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity that involve production of calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclases. | | 1987 | 2882409 |
| inhibitors of receptor-mediated endocytosis block the entry of bacillus anthracis adenylate cyclase toxin but not that of bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin. | bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis produce extracytoplasmic adenylate cyclase toxins (ac toxins) with shared features including activation by calmodulin and the ability to enter target cells and catalyze intracellular cyclic amp (camp) production from host atp. the two ac toxins were evaluated for sensitivities to a series of inhibitors of known uptake mechanisms. cytochalasin d, an inhibitor of microfilament function, abrogated the camp response to b. anthracis ac toxin (93%) but not t ... | 1988 | 2895741 |
| relationships between the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclases produced by bacillus anthracis and bordetella pertussis. | the nucleotide sequences for the calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclases produced by bordetella pertussis and bacillus anthracis have recently been determined. the gc% for the b. pertussis and b. anthracis cyclase genes are about 65% and 29%, respectively. despite this difference in nucleotide composition, these cyclases possess three highly conserved amino acid domains and share some nucleotide sequence homology. one of these conserved domains appears to be involved in atp binding and is relate ... | 1988 | 2905126 |
| the effect of carbohydrates on the sporogenesis of clostridium perfringens and bacillus anthracis. | the authors studied the effect of a number of carbohydrates on the sporogenesis of clostridium perfringens and bacillus anthracis (vaccine strain sti) as probable soil factors capable of influencing the duration of survival of these causative agents in the external environment. differences in the effect of the same sugars on the formation of spores by these microorganisms and clearly expressed sporogenesis-inhibiting effect of glucose (and also of lactose in clostridia) have been demonstrated. t ... | 1988 | 2906076 |
| structural homology between virulence-associated bacterial adenylate cyclases. | the primary structure of the calmodulin-sensitive adenylate cyclase toxin from bacillus anthracis has been determined from the corresponding nucleotide sequence and compared to that of the homologous toxin secreted by bordetella pertussis. the cya gene of bacillus anthracis encodes an 800 amino acid (aa) protein beginning with an n-terminal signal peptide. the central part of the b. anthracis adenylate cyclase includes a region of striking homology with the n-terminal part of the b. pertussis en ... | 1988 | 2906312 |
| mosquito inoculation: an alternative bioassay for toxins. | mosquitoes were evaluated as a bioassay host for several classes of biological toxins. mosquitoes were sensitive to snake toxic or neurotoxic phospholipase a2 enzymes (but not to nontoxic phospholipase a2 enzymes), cobrotoxin, saxitoxin, microcystin and the scorpion insect sodium channel toxin. mosquitoes were not sensitive to ricin, diphtheria toxin, anthrax toxin, botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, conotoxin g or a scorpion sodium channel toxin toxic to mammals. specific antisera neutralization t ... | 1988 | 2907687 |
| association of the encapsulation of bacillus anthracis with a 60 megadalton plasmid. | virulent typical strains (shikan, morioka, shizuoka) and pasteur vaccine strains (no. 1, no. 2-h, no. 2-17jb) of bacillus anthracis harboured two plasmid species with molecular masses of 110 mdal and 60 mdal. all of the 110 mdal plasmids isolated from the various strains showed indistinguishable patterns of digestion with restriction endonucleases. all the 60 mdal plasmids were also indistinguishable. strain davis, which is encapsulated but is asporogenous and avirulent, harboured only the 60 md ... | 1985 | 2984311 |
| [appearance of human anthrax in ivory coast forests]. | eight cases of human anthrax were reported in 1983 from ivory coast republic, all of them in the tropical forest belt (7 degrees 30' n). clinical forms were: cephalic cutaneous (4 cases), intestinal (1 case) and very likely neurological (3 cases). human disease was correlated to epizootic anthrax occuring in sheeps and goats within this area. bacteriological cultures of animal material confirmed the diagnosis. this report of human anthrax is the second one coming from ivory coast republic but th ... | 1985 | 2985910 |
| anthrax toxin components stimulate chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. | effects of the three-component toxin of bacillus anthracis on chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were investigated in an effort to determine the basis of the reported antiphagocytic effect of the toxin. the three toxin components, edema factor (ef), protective antigen (pa), and lethal factor (lf), were tested alone and in various combinations for their effect on pmn chemotaxis under agarose to formyl peptides and zymosan-activated serum. no component was active alone; combina ... | 1985 | 2986152 |
| [vaccination of animals and human health]. | prophylactic immunization of animals against obligat and nonobligat pathogenic zoonoses benefit human health in many ways both directly and indirectly. typical examples of a direct protective effect are the vaccinations of dogs, cats and foxes against rabies as well as the vaccinations against respiratory diseases in cows, horses, dogs and cats to which the most varied species of pathogens of noncompulsory zoonoses contribute. a considerable contribution to the protection of human health is made ... | 1985 | 2986381 |
| molecular cloning and expression in escherichia coli of the lethal factor gene of bacillus anthracis. | we have cloned and expressed in escherichia coli the lethal factor (lf) gene of bacillus anthracis. at least two of the six lf recombinant plasmids produce full-length lf protein. transcription of the lf gene in e. coli appears to be under the control of its own b. anthracis promoter. recombinant lf protein produced in e. coli remains intracellular and is not secreted. however, this lf protein is biochemically active and displays the same lethal effects as lf secreted by b. anthracis in the mous ... | 1986 | 3021591 |
| cloning and expression of the bacillus anthracis protective antigen gene in bacillus subtilis. | the gene encoding the protective antigen (pa) moiety of the tripartite exotoxin of bacillus anthracis was cloned from the recombinant plasmid pse36 into bacillus subtilis 1s53 by using the plasmid vector pub110. two clones, designated pa1 and pa2, were identified which produced pa in liquid cultures at levels of 20.5 to 41.9 micrograms/ml. this pa was identical to b. anthracis sterne pa with respect to migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and to western blot antigenic reactivi ... | 1986 | 3021632 |
| anthrax toxin blocks priming of neutrophils by lipopolysaccharide and by muramyl dipeptide. | we studied the pretreatment of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) with purified preparations of the anthrax toxin components--protective antigen (pa), edema factor (ef), and lethal factor (lf)--and their effects on release of superoxide anion (o-2) after stimulation with the chemotactic peptide n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp). pmn isolated in the absence of lipopolysaccharide (lps) (less than 0.1 ng/ml) released only small amounts of o-2 after fmlp stimulation; pretreatment ... | 1986 | 3021891 |
| [chronic furunculosis]. | | 1988 | 3059950 |
| pleural effusions in the atypical pneumonias. | patients with atypical pneumonias, whether caused by bacterial, fungi, or viruses are associated with pleural effusions. the effusions generally are small and ipsilateral to the parenchymal infiltrate. usually, the pleural fluid is a serous exudate with a predominance of mononuclear cells. the pleural fluid glucose and, presumably, the pleural fluid ph are not low. the etiologic organism has been isolated from pleural fluid but usually is not necessary to establish the diagnosis. pleural biopsy ... | 1988 | 3062725 |
| differences in susceptibility of inbred mice to bacillus anthracis. | animal species differ in their resistance both to infection by bacillus anthracis and to anthrax toxin. a mouse model was developed to study the basis of the host differences and the pathogenesis of infection. when mice were infected with the virulent b. anthracis strain vollum 1b, low 50% lethal dose (ld50) values (5 to 30 spores) were found for all 10 strains of inbred mice tested. however, analysis of time-to-death data revealed significant differences among the strains, which could be divide ... | 1986 | 3081444 |
| treatment of anthrax in man: history and current concepts. | | 1986 | 3083296 |
| development of antibodies to protective antigen and lethal factor components of anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. | a competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect antibodies in serum to the protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) components of anthrax toxin. current human vaccination schedules with an acellular vaccine induce predictable and lasting antibody titers to pa and, when present in the vaccine, to lf. live spore vaccine administered to guinea pigs in a single dose conferred significantly better protection than the human vaccines (p less than 0.001), ... | 1986 | 3084381 |
| immunization studies with attenuated strains of bacillus anthracis. | live, attenuated strains of bacillus anthracis lacking either the capsule plasmid pxo2, the toxin plasmid pxo1, or both were tested for their efficacy as vaccines against intravenous challenge with anthrax toxin in fischer 344 rats and against aerosol or intramuscular challenge with virulent anthrax spores in hartley guinea pigs. animals immunized with toxigenic, nonencapsulated (pxo1+, pxo2-) strains survived toxin and spore challenge and demonstrated postimmunization antibody titers to the thr ... | 1986 | 3084383 |
| comparative efficacy of bacillus anthracis live spore vaccine and protective antigen vaccine against anthrax in the guinea pig. | several strains of bacillus anthracis have been reported previously to cause fatal infection in immunized guinea pigs. in this study, guinea pigs were immunized with either a protective antigen vaccine or a live sterne strain spore vaccine, then challenged with virulent b. anthracis strains isolated from various host species from the united states and foreign sources. confirmation of previously reported studies (which used only protective antigen vaccines) was made with the identification of 9 o ... | 1986 | 3084385 |
| purification of bacillus anthracis lethal factor by immunosorbent chromatography. | lethal factor from b. anthracis (vollum 1b strain) has been purified 1130-fold by immunosorbent chromatography using a mouse anti-lethal factor monoclonal antibody sepharose-4b column. the antibody was covalently attached to cnbr activated sepharose-4b. lethal factor bound at ph 7 (0.05 m sodium phosphate buffer) and was eluted with buffer containing 4 m nascn with 77% recovery of the immunological activity. pre-elution with 4 m nacl was effective in eluting non-biospecifically bound proteins. m ... | 1986 | 3085293 |
| virulence and immunogenicity in experimental animals of bacillus anthracis strains harbouring or lacking 110 mda and 60 mda plasmids. | a comparative study was made of the virulence and immunogenicity in mice or guinea pigs of bacillus anthracis strains harbouring 110 mda and/or 60 mda plasmids. strains cured of the 110 mda or the 60 mda plasmid were more than 100-fold less virulent to mice than were the parental strains harbouring these plasmids. guinea-pigs immunized with plasmid-free derivatives of the non-encapsulated vaccine strain 34f2 showed no resistance to challenge with strain 17jb, which harbours both 110 mda and 60 m ... | 1986 | 3086499 |
| [in vitro amino acid requirements of bacillus anthracis cells]. | in the process of batch cultivation in a synthetic medium b. anthracis cells actively consume free amino acids. the maximum amino acid consumption per unit of biomass occurs at the exponential phase of growth, but the consumption of serine is maintained at a high level also during the stationary phase. at the same time the consumption of proline by both vaccine and virulent strains is insignificant at the stationary phase of growth. in contrast to b. anthracis virulent strains, vaccine strains h ... | 1986 | 3087120 |
| induced release of bacillus spores from sporangia by sodium sulphate. | incubation of sporulating cultures of bacillus anthracis, b. cereus, b. subtilis and b. thuringiensis in 1.0 mol/l sodium sulphate markedly increased the release of free spores from sporangia. it is postulated that the release of spores is due to activation of latent autolysins which hydrolyse sporangial cell walls. sodium sulphate-induced lysis of sporangia represents a novel and highly effective method for the recovery of spores from cultures of bacillus species. | 1986 | 3087932 |
| [hereditary resistance to anthrax and sensitivity to the anthrax toxin in mice]. | the degree of the hereditary susceptibility of mice to anthrax caused by noncapsular and capsule-forming bacillus anthracis strains has been found to be directly related to the sensitivity of the animals to the edematogenic and immunosuppressing action of anthrax toxin. the genetic analysis indicates that resistance to anthrax is probably controlled by a dominant gene, not linked with histocompatibility complex h-2 and, probably, unrelated to the presence of hemolytic activity in mouse sera, det ... | 1986 | 3088874 |
| immunizing activity of oil adjuvant attenuated spore vaccine of bacillus anthracis in sheep. | | 1986 | 3096031 |
| [methodological characteristics of the use of the immunofluorescence method for the rapid determination of the sensitivity of the anthrax microbe to antibiotics]. | an immunofluorescent method for rapid assay of antibiotic sensitivity of bacillus anthracis was tested with the use of virulent strains. it was shown that the immunofluorescent method was applicable for assay of antibiotic sensitivity of bacillus anthracis immediately upon inoculation of the native matter: soil samples and other materials. comparison of the results obtained with the method of serial dilutions and the immunofluorescent method showed that the levels of the bacillus anthracis sensi ... | 1987 | 3105434 |
| serious infections caused by bacillus species. | thirty-eight patients with serious infections caused by organisms belonging to the genus bacillus are described. our experience, and that reported in the literature, indicates that, in most cases, isolated bacillus bacteremia is not a particularly serious disease. therefore, under most circumstances, empiric antibiotic therapy designed specifically for treatment of bacillus is probably not necessary. endocarditis can occur, but apparently follows bacteremia only infrequently. when these bacteria ... | 1987 | 3106749 |
| [quantitative evaluation of a population of immunocompetent cells having a receptor for the anthrax protective antigen]. | studies of the number of immunocompetent cells with receptors to anthrax protective antigen in the blood of hamadryas baboons infected with bacillus anthracis carried out by the rosette-formation technique have shown a statistically significant increase in the number of these cells in the animals as early as 12 hrs after their infection. | 1987 | 3107286 |
| factors affecting the germination of spores of bacillus anthracis. | spores of bacillus anthracis germinated poorly at high cell densities unless the alanine racemase inhibitor o-carbamyl-d-serine was added to the germination medium. spores derived from a variety of strains of b. anthracis germinated optimally at 22 degrees c. no correlation was found between rate of spore germination and virulence or between susceptibility of animal species to anthrax and spore germination rate using sera from those animals as the germination medium. | 1987 | 3110118 |
| mechanical transmission of bacillus anthracis by stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus). | we evaluated the potential of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, and two species of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti and aedes taeniorhynchus, to transmit bacillus anthracis vollum 1b mechanically. after probing on hartley guinea pigs with a bacteremia of ca. 10(8.6) cfu of b. anthracis per ml of blood, individual or pools of two to four stable flies or mosquitoes were allowed to continue feeding on either uninfected guinea pigs or a/j mice. all three insect species transmitted lethal anthrax infection ... | 1987 | 3112013 |
| direct and indirect immunofluorescence analysis of bacterial populations by flow cytometry. | bacillus anthracis spores and escherichia coli were stained with fluorescein-conjugated antibody using direct and indirect methods, then analyzed by means of a commercial flow cytometer. to reduce the cytometer's fluorescence component resulting from unreacted conjugate, reaction mixtures were either diluted or were centrifuged through a sucrose solution using a moving zone technique. evidence is produced that the fluorescence statistics for centrifuged samples closely represent the fluorescence ... | 1987 | 3112240 |
| identification of self-transmissible plasmids in four bacillus thuringiensis subspecies. | the transfer of plasmids by mating from four bacillus thuringiensis subspecies to bacillus anthracis and bacillus cereus recipients was monitored by selecting transcipients which acquired plasmid pbc16 (tcr). transcipients also inherited a specific large plasmid from each b. thuringiensis donor at a high frequency along with a random array of smaller plasmids. the large plasmids (ca. 50 to 120 megadaltons), pxo13, pxo14, pxo15, and pxo16, originating from b. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni, b. th ... | 1987 | 3117773 |
| vaccination-related anthrax in three llamas. | two llama calves died 3 days after inoculation with anthrax vaccine. concurrent administration of ivermectin and other biologics may have enhanced the infectivity of the sterne strain vaccine of bacillus anthracis. this experience suggests that the sterne strain of anthrax vaccine can induce fatal disease when given to young llamas and should be used only with extreme care and in face of strong "at risk" situations. | 1987 | 3119528 |
| [effect of ph on the fatty acid composition of the cellular lipids of the causative agent of anthrax]. | | 1987 | 3119684 |
| purification and physical analysis of bacillus anthracis plasmids pxo1 and pxo2. | virulent strains of bacillus anthracis contain two large plasmids. pxo1 encodes the three component protein exotoxin and pxo2 is necessary for synthesis of the poly-d-glutamic acid capsule. a procedure for the isolation of these plasmids which yields high quantities of pure dna is described. restriction endonuclease analysis of these plasmids shows that they are not related. pxo1 is 174 kilobase pairs and pxo2 is 95 kilobase pairs. from their bouyant densities and melting temperatures we also de ... | 1987 | 3122734 |
| immunological analysis of cell-associated antigens of bacillus anthracis. | sera from hartley guinea pigs vaccinated with a veterinary live spore anthrax vaccine were compared with sera from guinea pigs vaccinated with the human anthrax vaccine, which consists of aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed culture proteins of bacillus anthracis v770-np-1r. sera from animals vaccinated with the spore vaccine recognized two major b. anthracis vegetative cell-associated proteins that were either not recognized or poorly recognized by sera from animals that received the human vaccine. thes ... | 1988 | 3123387 |
| [pasteur and anti-anthrax vaccination: historical and critical analysis]. | | 1987 | 3126534 |
| anthrax vaccines. | | 1988 | 3127367 |
| investigation of spore surface antigens in the genus bacillus by the use of polyclonal antibodies in immunofluorescence tests. | fluorescein-conjugated rabbit antibodies to formalized spores of bacillus anthracis were tested against strains of b. anthracis and other bacillus species in a subjective immunofluorescence test. the lack of reaction of b. anthracis vollum spores with conjugated antibody raised against b. anthracis sterne spores indicated that spores of the vollum strain lacked a major surface antigen present in most of the other anthrax strains tested, including the non-encapsulated strains sterne and the sovie ... | 1988 | 3127370 |
| [fatty acid composition of bacillus anthracis and other soil-dwelling bacilli]. | | 1988 | 3127449 |
| [etiology and incidence of soil-borne infection in madagascar--evaluation of a 10-year research effort (1976-1986)]. | | 1988 | 3128441 |
| recent advances in the development of an improved, human anthrax vaccine. | human anthrax vaccines currently licensed in the united states and western europe consist of alum-precipitated or aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed supernatant material from fermentor cultures of toxigenic, nonencapsulated strains of bacillus anthracis. these vaccines have several drawbacks, including the need for frequent boosters, the apparent inability to protect adequately against certain strains of b. anthracis, and occasional local reactogenicity. studies are being undertaken to develop an impro ... | 1988 | 3128450 |
| [purification and characteristics of a protective factor from bacillus anthracis toxin]. | it was found that during filtration of a sterile toxic cultural supernatant (tcs) obtained by 24 hour cultivation of the vaccinal strain through a column packed with porous glass or silochrome not only oedematic (of) and lethal (lf), but also protective (pf) factors of toxin are adsorbed on the column. elution of adsorbed antigens allowed for rapid concentration and purification of biologically active components of toxin from large volumes of tcs under conditions of limited proteolysis. the expe ... | 1988 | 3130898 |
| human cutaneous anthrax--north carolina, 1987. | | 1988 | 3132606 |
| purification of anthrax-toxin components by high-performance anion-exchange, gel-filtration and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. | a procedure has been developed for purification of the tripartite anthrax-toxin components. this involves sequential high-performance anion-exchange, gel-filtration and hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. from an initial culture volume of 15 litres, typical yields of 8 mg of protective antigen, 13 mg of lethal factor and 7 mg of oedema factor are produced to higher degrees of purity than have previously been achieved by conventional chromatographic techniques. | 1988 | 3138975 |
| bacillus species. | | 1988 | 3139745 |
| antibodies to anthrax toxin in humans and guinea pigs and their relevance to protective immunity. | a forerunning study on the relationship between antibodies to the protective antigen (pa) and lethal factor (lf) components of anthrax toxin and protective immunity has been expanded and extended to include the third toxin component, the edema factor (ef). it was found that protection against the "vaccine resistant" ames strain was possible in the absence of detectable anti-lf and anti-ef antibodies. evidence is given that pa may be the essential anthrax-derived antigen for protection, but that ... | 1988 | 3139974 |
| pathogenesis and genetic control of resistance to the sterne strain of bacillus anthracis. | the pathogenesis of lethal infection by the nonecapsulated, toxigenic sterne strain of bacillus anthracis and the genetic basis of resistance were characterized in mice. lethal doses of sterne spores produced disease in susceptible mice similar to that caused by toxigenic and encapsulated b. anthracis. at the inoculation site, the mice developed an edematous exudate with large concentrations of bacilli and toxin. in the susceptible a/j strain, lethal infection was accompanied by systemic invasio ... | 1988 | 3143893 |
| separation of three exotoxic factors of bacillus anthracis by sequential immunosorbent chromatography. | protective antigen and lethal factor components were isolated directly from crude culture supernatant of bacillus anthracis by sequential immunosorbent chromatography using immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mab) against the respective toxins. the immunological activity of protective antigen, lethal factor and edema factor were purified by 1.2-, 6.3- and 2.3-fold, respectively, with recoveries of 63, 70 and 46%, respectively. all three components retained biological activity when combined to for ... | 1988 | 3144059 |
| serological studies of patients with cutaneous and oral-oropharyngeal anthrax from northern thailand. | an outbreak of 52 cases of cutaneous anthrax and 24 cases of oral-oropharyngeal anthrax occurred in rural northern thailand in 1982, caused by contaminated water buffalo meat. microbiologic diagnosis of many of these cases was hindered by delayed presentation for care and by prior antibiotic therapy. in a retrospective investigation, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure antibody titers to components of anthrax edema toxin (edema factor [ef] and protective antigen [pa]), lethal t ... | 1988 | 3144920 |
| [effect of anthrax toxin on the chemiluminescence of human leukocytes]. | the effect of substrate containing crude anthrax toxin on the phagocytosing leukocyte chemiluminescence has been studied. preliminary toxin incubation with leukocytes for 60 min blocks cell chemiluminescence in the linear ratio effect concentration in the protein component of the toxin; the minimum concentration of the toxin protein component inhibiting the phagocytosing leukocyte luminescence is 3-5 micrograms per 5 x 10(5) cells. the substrate pure mixture of the oedema factor and protective a ... | 1988 | 3146991 |
| production and purification of anthrax toxin. | | 1988 | 3148094 |
| sequence and analysis of the dna encoding protective antigen of bacillus anthracis. | the nucleotide sequence of the protective antigen (pa) gene from bacillus anthracis and the 5' and 3' flanking sequences were determined. pa is one of three proteins comprising anthrax toxin; and its nucleotide sequence is the first to be reported from b. anthracis. the open reading frame (orf) is 2319 bp long, of which 2205 bp encode the 735 amino acids of the secreted protein. this region is preceded by 29 codons, which appear to encode a signal peptide having characteristics in common with th ... | 1988 | 3148491 |
| primary anthrax presenting as an injection "abscess". | | 1988 | 3148549 |
| comparative safety and efficacy against bacillus anthracis of protective antigen and live vaccines in mice. | the efficacy and mechanisms of protection of two live vaccines and of a protective antigen (pa) vaccine against bacillus anthracis were studied in inbred mice. mice that differed in their natural resistance to killing by sterne, a non-encapsulated, toxigenic vaccine strain of b. anthracis, were used. vaccination with live sterne spores protected sterne-resistant mice against challenge with the virulent vollum 1b (v1b) strain of b. anthracis, but only at doses of sterne greater than or equal to 0 ... | 1988 | 3148815 |
| nucleotide sequence of the bacillus anthracis edema factor gene (cya): a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase. | the nucleotide sequence of the bacillus anthracis edema factor (ef) gene (cya), which encodes a calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase, has been determined. ef is part of the tripartite protein exotoxin of b. anthracis. an atg start codon, immediately upstream from codons which specify the first 15 amino acids (aa) of ef, was preceded by an aaaggaggt sequence which is its probable ribosome-binding site. starting at this atg codon, there was a continuous 2400-bp open reading frame which encodes t ... | 1988 | 3149607 |
| [sporulation in the causative agent of anthrax under model soil conditions]. | | 1988 | 3150516 |
| [the expediency for active immunization of people against anthrax]. | | 1988 | 3206958 |
| bacillus species of medical and veterinary importance. | | 1988 | 3279213 |