| custer, selenium and swainsonine. | the battle of little bighorn was fought over 100 y ago but many controversies remain. some feel the defeat of custer could have been avoided if benteen and reno had united with custer. a slow-moving pack train may have hindered the troops of benteen and reno from joining up with custer. one report indicated the horses and mules in the pack train were lame and behaved crazily. it has been previously suggested that the animals had selenium toxicosis. we propose the lameness could have been caused ... | 2000 | 10928695 |
| an outbreak of type c botulism in 12 horses and a mule. | a usda early response team investigated deaths of several horses and a mule in northern arizona at the request of local animal health officials. thirteen animals (12 horses and 1 mule) housed at 5 facilities in a 7.4 square mile area died between august 1998 and january 1999. clinical signs consisted of muscular weakness that rapidly progressed to lateral recumbency. ten animals had paresis of the tongue, throat, or lips. affected animals appeared alert and were interested in eating and drinking ... | 2000 | 10935041 |
| effects of recent sexual experience and melatonin treatment of rams on plasma testosterone concentration, sexual behaviour and ability to induce ovulation in seasonally anoestrous ewes. | the aim of this study was to determine whether advancing the seasonal changes associated with rams by treatment with exogenous melatonin and allowing the rams previous sexual experience would increase the proportion of anoestrous ewes ovulating in early july. north country mule ewes (n = 225) were grouped by live body weight and body condition score and allocated randomly to the following treatments: (i) isolated from rams (control; n = 25); (ii) introduced to rams (treatment 2); (iii) introduce ... | 2000 | 11006159 |
| effects of age and sex on the structural, chemical and technological characteristics of mule duck meat. | 1. the aim of the study was to analyse the effect of age and sex on the chemical, structural and technological characteristics of mule duck meat. 2. ten males and 10 females were weighed and slaughtered at 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13 weeks of age. weight, ph value, colour, tenderness and juice loss of breast muscle were determined. 3. the activities of 3 enzymes (citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacyl coa dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase) which indicate muscular metabolic activity were assayed. 4. chem ... | 2000 | 11081424 |
| epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in colorado and wyoming. | surveillance and epidemic modeling were used to study chronic wasting disease (cwd), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that occurs naturally among sympatric, free-ranging deer (odocoileus spp.) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in contiguous portions of northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming (usa). we used clinical case submissions to identify endemic areas, then used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 5,513 deer and elk sample ... | 2000 | 11085429 |
| detection of bias in harvest-based estimates of chronic wasting disease prevalence in mule deer. | diseased animals may exhibit behavioral shifts that increase or decrease their probability of being randomly sampled. in harvest-based sampling approaches, animal movements, changes in habitat utilization, changes in breeding behaviors during harvest periods, or differential susceptibility to harvest via behaviors like hiding or decreased sensitivity to stimuli may result in a non-random sample that biases prevalence estimates. we present a method that can be used to determine whether bias exist ... | 2000 | 11085430 |
| bacteria and nematodes in the conjunctiva of mule deer from wyoming and utah. | swabs of conjunctiva were collected from 44 live and 226 hunter-harvested mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from wyoming and utah (usa). we identified 29 gram negative and 22 gram positive bacterial taxonomic categories, but many isolates from hunter-harvested animals were environmental contaminants. staphylococcus spp. and micrococcus spp. were the most common gram positive bacteria isolated, and enterobacter spp., escherichia coli, and pseudomonas spp. were common gram negative bacteria isolated ... | 2000 | 11085445 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 1999. | during 1999, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,067 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals to the centers for disease control and prevention, a decrease of 11.2% from 7,961 cases in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 1998. more than 91% (6,466 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 8.5% (601 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 92.4% in wild animals and 7.6% in domestic species in 1998). no cases of rabies were reported in human beings in 1 ... | 2000 | 11132881 |
| effects of aflatoxin and carotenoids on growth performance and immune response in mule ducklings. | the purpose of this study was to investigate if carotenoids could alleviate the adverse effects caused by aflatoxin with respect to growth performance and immune response. in two experiments, a total of 320 mule ducklings were assigned to 5 treatments, i.e. control, aflatoxin b(1) (afb(1)) 200 ppb, afb(1) +beta-carotene (bc) 200 ppm, afb(1)+bc 400 ppm, and afb(1)+astaxanthin (as) 200 ppm. in experiment 1, the addition of beta-carotene or astaxanthin in the diet containing afb(1) 200 ppb resulted ... | 2001 | 11166670 |
| incidence of polysaccharide storage myopathy in draft horse-related breeds: a necropsy study of 37 horses and a mule. | skeletal muscle samples from 38 draft horse-related animals 1-23 years of age were evaluated for evidence of aggregates of glycogen and complex polysaccharide characteristic of equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (epssm). cardiac muscle from 12 of these horses was also examined. antemortem serum levels of creatine kinase (ck) and aspartate aminotransferase (ast) from 9 horses with epssm and 5 horses without epssm were compared. skeletal muscle from 17 horses contained inclusions of periodic a ... | 2001 | 11243365 |
| preliminary findings on the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease agent of mule deer to cattle. | to determine the transmissibility of chronic wasting disease (cwd) to cattle and to provide information about clinical course, lesions, and suitability of currently used diagnostic procedures for detection of cwd in cattle, 13 calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from mule deer naturally affected with cwd. between 24 and 27 months postinoculation, 3 animals became recumbent and were euthanized. gross necropsies revealed emaciation in 2 animals and a large pulmonary absces ... | 2001 | 11243374 |
| oral treatment of mule ducks with arsenicals for inducing fatty liver. | the aim of this study was to determine the dosage and the compounds of arsenic that induce fatty liver in mule ducks and also to investigate their effects on tissue residues. one hundred four ducks, 8 wk old, were randomly selected for one of six dietary treatments in trial 1 or one of seven dietary treatments in trial 2. different levels of roxarsone were administrated: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 mg/d, respectively, in trial 1. in trial 2, the experimental treatments were of the same level (11.36 ... | 2001 | 11261559 |
| isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus from a free-ranging mule deer in wyoming. | a noncytopathic type 1a bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was isolated from a free-ranging yearling female mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) from northwestern wyoming (usa). the mule deer was emaciated, weak, and salivating, and arcanobacterium pyogenes was cultured from lung abscesses. bovine viral diarrhea virus was isolated from lung, however, bvdv antigen was not detected by immunohistochemistry. the bvdv genotype was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and the rna s ... | 2001 | 11310881 |
| identification of goose (anser anser) and mule duck (anasplatyrhynchos x cairina moschata) foie gras by multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 5s rdna gene. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of the nuclear 5s rdna gene has been used for the identification of goose and mule duck foie gras. two species-specific reverse primers were designed and used in a multiplex reaction, together with a forward universal primer, to amplify specific fragments of the 5s rdna in each species. the different sizes of the species-specific amplicons, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, allowed clear identification of goose and mule duck foie gras samples ... | 2001 | 11409956 |
| genetic parameters of reproductive traits in brown tsaiya ducks artificially inseminated with semen from muscovy drakes. | a selection experiment on maximum duration of fertility of brown tsaiya ducks after artificial insemination (ai) with pooled muscovy semen has been conducted since 1992. the brown tsaiya ducks were divided into two lines: a control line (t) with no selection and a selected line (s). the traits measured were the number of eggs set that were laid from days 2 to 15 after one ai (nes), the number of fertile eggs at candling (nef), the total number of dead embryos (ned), the maximum duration of ferti ... | 2001 | 11441835 |
| prp(cwd) in the myenteric plexus, vagosympathetic trunk and endocrine glands of deer with chronic wasting disease. | accumulated evidence in experimental and natural prion disease systems supports a neural route of infectious prion spread from peripheral sites of entry to the central nervous system. however, little is known about prion trafficking routes in cervids with a naturally occurring prion disease known as chronic wasting disease (cwd). in the brain, the pathogenic isoform of the prion protein (prp(cwd)) accumulates initially in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. to assess whether alimentary- ... | 2001 | 11562526 |
| synlophe in ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica (nematoda: ostertagiinae), the minor morphotype of o. bisonis from western north america. | ostertagia cf. kasakhstanica, the putative minor morphotype of the polymorphic ostertagiine o. bisonis, is reported in bison bison from south dakota. descriptions of the synlophe and details of other diagnostic characters useful in identification and differentiation of this minor morphotype from other ostertagiines in wild and domestic ruminants from western north america are presented. laterally, the cervical synlophe is consistent with type ib pattern among ostertagiines and is within the rang ... | 2001 | 11695392 |
| deposition patterns of disease-associated prion protein in captive mule deer brains with chronic wasting disease. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) in captive and free-ranging cervids in the usa; its origin is obscure. archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of 16 captive mule deer brains with cwd were analyzed using immunocytochemistry for the disease-associated prion protein (prp). the most prominent pattern of prp deposition were plaque-like structures, a substantial proportion of which were florid plaques surrounded by a rim of spongiform va ... | 2001 | 11699564 |
| effect of administration of a recombinant adenovirus expressing the genes for ifn-gamma and interleukin-12 on acute murine toxoplasmosis. | the effect of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (rmuifn-gamma) produced from an adenovirus construct on toxoplasma gondii in tissue culture and on the outcome of a t. gondii infection in mice was determined. supernatants from adcmvmuifn-gamma-infected mouse lung epithelial (mule) cells were evaluated for the ability to produce biologically active ifn-gamma by measuring the capacity of the supernatants to activate peritoneal macrophages for killing of t. gondii. the bioactivity of ifn-gamma in ... | 2001 | 11710988 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2000. | during 2000, 49 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico reported 7,364 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 5 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 4.3% from 7,067 cases in nonhuman animals reported in 1999. ninety-three percent (6,855 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.9% (509 cases) were in domestic species (compared wth 91.5% in wild animals and 8.5% in domestic species in 1999). compared with cases reported in 1999, the numbe ... | 2001 | 11767918 |
| force-feeding procedure and physiological indicators of stress in male mule ducks. | 1. the effects of the force-feeding procedure and its different components on various physiological indicators of acute and chronic stress were investigated in male mule ducks before and during a 12-d cramming period. 2. the highest concentration of corticosterone were measured after injection of acth agonist, during the pre-experimental period when the ducks were still housed in collective floor pens and at the time of transfer. 3. during the cramming period, corticosterone measured before and ... | 2001 | 11811918 |
| hemorrhagic disease in deer in arizona. | two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and one white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in arizona (usa) were submitted for necropsy. gross and microscopic lesions compatible with hemorrhagic disease (hd) were observed in all three deer. epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type 2 (ehdv-2) was isolated from two of the deer. to our knowledge, this is the first documentation of hd in deer in arizona. two of the mortalities were attributed to ehdv-2 infection. | 2002 | 11838211 |
| thomson, the right to life, and partial birth abortion or two mules for sister sarah. | in this paper, i argue that thomson's famous attempt to reconcile the fetus's putative right to life with robust abortion rights is not tenable. given her view, whether or not an abortion violates the fetus's right to life depends on the abortion procedure utilised. and i argue that thomson's view implies that any late term abortion that involves feticide is impermissible. in particular, this would rule out the partial birth abortion technique which has been so controversial of late. | 2002 | 11934938 |
| electron microscopic study on the endogenous development of eimeria mulardi, chauve, reynaud and gounel, 1994: a coccidium from the mule duck. | an electron microscopic study of the endogenous development of eimeria mulardi chauve, reynaud and gounel, 1994 was carried out in mule ducks which are hybrids of the domestic duck (anas platyrhynchos) and the muscovy duck (cairina moschata). all of the endogenous stages were seen within the nucleus of the host cell. merozoites arose from ectomerogony and three mutually similar merogonies were noted. the asexual stages were found in leukocyte-like cells in the lamina propria of the jejunum, ileu ... | 2002 | 11936506 |
| radionuclides in soil and water near a low-level disposal site and potential ecological and human health impacts. | material disposal area g is the primary low-level radioactive waste disposal site at los alamos national laboratory, new mexico, and is adjacent to pueblo of san ildefonso lands. pueblo residents and los alamos scientists are concerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of area g radionuclides by mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus), then consumption of deer and elk meat by humans. tissue samples were collected from deer and elk accidentally killed ... | 2002 | 11944797 |
| fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. | consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans. | 2002 | 11960292 |
| evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park. | we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ... | 2002 | 11995238 |
| odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus is related to the members of atadenovirus genus. | the odocoileus hemionus deer adenovirus (odadv-1) causes systemic and local vasculitis and proves extremely lethal for mule deer. to characterize the virus, part of the genome flanking the fiber gene was cloned and sequenced. the sequence revealed two open-reading frames that mapped to pviii hexon-associated protein precursor and fiber protein of several other adenoviruses. the highest amino acid homology for pviii and fiber was found with the members of the proposed atadenovirus genus: ovine ad ... | 2002 | 12038693 |
| [contamination of oyster sea farm with the norwalk virus: mechanisms and control]. | the norwalk virus(nv) is widely known as a cause of nonbacterial food poisoning, infant diarrhea, and acute gastroenteritis in the winter months between november and march. while it is strongly suspected that nv that is excreted by humans flows into coastal seawaters via rivers and wastewater treatment facilities to contaminate oysters that are grown in farms in the area, light has yet to be shed on the behavior of this virus in the natural environment. we therefore conducted a polymerase chain ... | 2002 | 12078097 |
| comparative testis morphometry and seminiferous epithelium cycle length in donkeys and mules. | the mule (equus mulus mulus) is a sterile hybrid domestic animal that results from the breeding of a male donkey (equus asinus) to a female horse (equus caballus). usually, spermatogenesis in mules does not advance beyond spermatocytes. in the present study, we performed a comparative and more accurate morphometric and functional investigation of the testis in donkeys and mules. due to the smaller testis size, lower seminiferous tubule volume density, and fewer germ cells, the total length of se ... | 2002 | 12080024 |
| an analysis of human pathogens found in horse/mule manure along the john muir trail in kings canyon and sequoia and yosemite national parks. | to determine the prevalence of microorganisms that are potentially pathogenic for humans in horse/mule manure along the john muir trail (jmt). | 2002 | 12092962 |
| comparison of histological lesions and immunohistochemical staining of proteinase-resistant prion protein in a naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathy of free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with those of chronic wasting disease of captive mule deer. | in this investigation, the nature and distribution of histologic lesions and immunohistochemical staining (ihc) of a proteinase-resistant prion protein were compared in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) dying of a naturally occurring spongiform encephalopathy (se) and captive mule deer dying of chronic wasting disease (cwd). sixteen free-ranging deer with se, 12 free-ranging deer without se, and 10 captive deer with cwd were examined at necropsy. tissue sections were stained with hema ... | 2002 | 12102202 |
| [glanders--a potential disease for biological warfare in humans and animals]. | infection with burkholderia mallei (formerly pseudomonas mallei) can cause a subcutaneous infection known as "farcy" or can disseminate to condition known as glanders. it is primarily a disease affecting horses, donkeys and mules. in humans, glanders can produce four types of disease: localized form, pulmonary form, septicemia, and chronic form. necrosis of the tracheobronchial tree and pustular skin lesions characterize acute infection with b. mallei. other symptoms include febrile pneumonia, i ... | 2002 | 12170562 |
| an ecosystem approach to population management of ungulates. | harvest objectives for wild ungulates have traditionally been based on population models that do not consider ecosystem effects of ungulate herbivory, nor interactions between native and domestic ungulate species. there is a need for ecosystem models to allow wildlife managers to evaluate potential ecosystem effects of management scenarios. the utility of the savanna simulation model for estimating elk population objectives within an ecosystem context was demonstrated for north park, colorado, u ... | 2002 | 12197079 |
| the potential reservoir role of donkeys and horses in zoonotic fascioliasis in gharbia governorate, egypt. | no doubt, fascioliasis tops all the zoonotic helminthes worldwide. in egypt, human fascioliasis is increasing. the incidence and prevalence of fascioliasis in the egyptian farm animals are well documented. however, none in egypt has focused on the potential role of other domestic farm animals. a preliminary coprologic examination of donkeys and horses was done in eight centers of gharbia governorate. the overall rate of infection in donkeys was 3.03%, in horses was 1.5%, and in mules 0.0%. horse ... | 2002 | 12214933 |
| prp(cwd) lymphoid cell targets in early and advanced chronic wasting disease of mule deer. | up to 15% of free-ranging mule deer in northeastern colorado and southeastern wyoming, usa, are afflicted with a prion disease, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse), known as chronic wasting disease (cwd). cwd is similar to a subset of tses including scrapie and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in which the abnormal prion protein isoform, prp(cwd), accumulates in lymphoid tissue. experimental scrapie studies have indicated that this early lymphoid phase is an important constituent o ... | 2002 | 12237446 |
| preclinical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) using tonsillar biopsy. | the usefulness of tonsillar biopsy on live deer for preclinical diagnosis of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy chronic wasting disease (cwd) was evaluated. disease was tracked in a cwd-endemic herd using serial tonsillar biopsies collected at 6 to 9 month intervals from 34 captive mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and five white-tailed deer (o. virginianus). tonsillar biopsies were examined for accumulation of prp(cwd), the protein marker for infection, using immunohistochemical (ihc) st ... | 2002 | 12237447 |
| safety of brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccine in non-target ungulates and coyotes. | brucellosis is endemic in free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area (gya; usa). it is possible that an oral brucellosis vaccine could be developed and disseminated in the gya to reduce disease transmission. should this occur, non-target species other than elk and bison may come in contact with the vaccine resulting in morbidity or mortality. to assess biosafety, bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis; n = 10), pronghorn (antilocapra americana; n = 9), mule ... | 2002 | 12238372 |
| distribution of protease-resistant prion protein and spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease. | serial sections of brain and palatine tonsil were examined by immunohistochemical staining (ihc) using monoclonal antibody f89/160.1.5 for detecting protease-resistant prion protein (prp(res)) in 35 hunter-killed mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease. serial sections of brain were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined for spongiform encephalopathy (se). clinical signs of disease were not observed in any of these deer. on the basis of the location and abundance of ... | 2002 | 12243464 |
| selection responses for the number of fertile eggs of the brown tsaiya duck (anas platyrhynchos) after a single artificial insemination with pooled muscovy (cairina moschata) semen. | a seven-generation selection experiment comprising a selected (s) and a control (c) line was conducted with the objective of increasing the number of fertile eggs (f) of the brown tsaiya duck after a single artificial insemination (ai) with pooled muscovy semen. both lines consisted of about 20 males and 60 females since parents in each generation and each female duck was tested 3 times, at 26, 29 and 32 weeks of age. the fertile eggs were measured by candling at day 7 of incubation. the selecti ... | 2002 | 12427388 |
| detection of prp(cwd) in mule deer by immunohistochemistry of lymphoid tissues. | | 2002 | 12463538 |
| chemotherapy of surra in horses and mules with diminazene aceturate. | during june-july 2000, an outbreak of surra occurred on an equine breeding farm in khonkaen province, thailand. forty-two percent of pregnant mares aborted or gave stillbirth and 40% (19/47) of horses and 10% (1/10) of mules died from surra. in august 2000 trypanosoma evansi were detected in the remaining animals (28 horses and nine mules) on the farm by blood smear and/or the haematocrit centrifuge technique. all animals were treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5 mg/kg body weight by intramu ... | 2003 | 12482651 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2001. | during 2001, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,437 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of < 1% from 7,364 cases in nonhuman animals and 5 human cases reported in 2000. more than 93% (6,939 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 6.7% (497 cases) were in domestic species (compared with 93.0% in wild animals and 6.9% in domestic species in 2000). the number of cases reported in 2001 increased among bats, cat ... | 2002 | 12494966 |
| relationship of the livestock trade to schistosomiasis transmission in mountainous area. | to study the relationship between the livestock trade and schistosomiasis transmission and to provide an evidence for making a strategy of schistosomiasis control in mountainous areas. | 2000 | 12567688 |
| identification of goose, mule duck, chicken, turkey, and swine in foie gras by species-specific polymerase chain reaction. | a specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been developed for the identification of goose (anser anser), mule duck (anas platyrhynchos x cairina moschata), chicken (gallus gallus), turkey (meleagris gallopavo), and swine (sus scrofa domesticus) in foie gras. a forward common primer was designed on a conserved dna sequence in the mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna gene (rrna), and reverse primers were designed to hybridize on species-specific dna sequences of each species considered. the differe ... | 2003 | 12617577 |
| validation of monoclonal antibody f99/97.6.1 for immunohistochemical staining of brain and tonsil in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) with chronic wasting disease. | a new monoclonal antibody (mab), f99/97.6.1, that has been used to demonstrate scrapie-associated prion protein prp(sc) in brain and lymphoid tissues of domestic sheep with scrapie was used in an immunohistochemistry assay for diagnosis of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus). the mab f99/97.6.1 immunohistochemistry assay was evaluated in brain and tonsil tissue from 100 mule deer that had spongiform encephalopathy compatible with cwd and from 1,050 mule deer outside ... | 2002 | 12680636 |
| prevalence of chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging deer and elk in south dakota. | heads of hunter-harvested deer and elk were collected throughout south dakota (usa) and within established chronic wasting disease (cwd) surveillance areas from 1997-2002 to determine infection with cwd and bovine tuberculosis (tb). we used immunohistochemistry to detect cwd-infected individuals among 1,672 deer and elk sampled via geographically targeted surveillance. a total of 537 elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), 813 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and 322 mule deer (o. hemionus) was ... | 2003 | 12685066 |
| inheritance of reproductive traits of female common ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in pure breeding and in inter-generic crossbreeding with muscovy ducks (cairina moschata). | 1. genetic parameters of reproductive traits were estimated in a population of common duck, in purebreeding and crossbreeding (with muscovies) insemination systems. a total of 989 females were studied over three generations as well as 4025 purebred offspring and 4,125 male mule offspring. 2. traits studied were age at first egg, total number of eggs laid until the age of 48 weeks, fertility and hatchability rates in pure and crossbreds, weight at 6 and 30 weeks of age, average egg weight and bod ... | 2003 | 12737224 |
| hop, an active mutator-like element in the genome of the fungus fusarium oxysporum. | a new type of active dna transposon has been identified in the genome of fusarium oxysporum by its transposition into the niad target gene. two insertions within the final exon, in opposite orientations at the same nucleotide site, have been characterized. these elements, called hop, are 3,299 bp long, with perfect terminal inverted repeats (tirs) of 99 bp. the sequencing of genomic copies reveals a 9-bp target site duplication and no apparent sequence specificity at the insertion sites. the seq ... | 2003 | 12777515 |
| fear and stress reactions in two species of duck and their hybrid. | susceptibility to fear and stress has often been studied in birds using selection experiments. crosses between different species of the same genus have also been used to study the type of transmission observed for "fixed action patterns." in this experiment we used a cross between two species (male muscovy and female pekin ducks) to study the genetic transmission of various characteristics of fear reactions and adrenal activity. males of the three genetic types (two parental species and the hybr ... | 2003 | 12799174 |
| hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three genotypes of ducks. | muscovy, pekin and mule duck are different in their body weight. to make a valid comparison in the lipid metabolism between these three genotypes, overfeeding was carried out by providing the animals with amounts of food in proportion to their body weight. under these conditions, muscovy ducks developed a strong liver steatosis, whereas it was not very pronounced in the mule ducks and even less in the pekin ducks. on the contrary, pekin ducks showed a much marked extrahepatic fattening. at the b ... | 2003 | 12814779 |
| setaria equina infection of turkish equines: estimates of prevalence based on necropsy and the detection of microfilaraemia. | necropsies on 43 horses, 35 donkeys and two mules slaughtered in ankara, turkey, revealed that 12 (15%) of the equines harboured adult setaria equina. when blood samples were checked for microfilariae, using knott's method and a combination of membrane filtration followed by histochemical staining for acid phosphatase (ap), only three (4%) of the animals were found to be microfilaraemic. when stained for ap, the s. equina microfilariae exhibited diffuse red staining over the entire body, includi ... | 2003 | 12831525 |
| equine infectious anemia in mules: virus isolation and pathogenicity studies. | there appears to be a lack of information concerning responses of mules to natural infection or experimental inoculation with equine infectious anemia virus (eiav). in the present study eiav was isolated from mules, for the first time, and its pathogenicity in naturally infected and experimentally inoculated animals was investigated. two naturally infected (a and b) and three eiav free mules (c, d and e) were used for this purpose. mule a developed clinical signs, whereas mule b remained asympto ... | 2003 | 12860076 |
| [histomorphometric study of bone microstructure of primates and domestic animal with the goal of species identification with reference to the effects of domestication]. | functional bone microstructure of long limb bones is a function of species-specific biomechanical properties such as locomotion and weight. histomorphometry and statistics were used to identify various primate species (hylobates moloch, pongo satyrus borneensis, pan tr. troglodytes, gorilla g. gorilla, homo sapiens), equid species (equus caballus, equus asinus, equus mulus, equus hemionus kulan, equus ferus przewalskii) and also extinct horses e.g. iron age, medieval and neolithic forms on the m ... | 2003 | 12872544 |
| pregnancy: a cloned horse born to its dam twin. | several animal species, including sheep, mice, cattle, goats, rabbits, cats, pigs and, more recently, mules have been reproduced by somatic cell cloning, with the offspring being a genetic copy of the animal donor of the nuclear material used for transfer into an enucleated oocyte. here we use this technology to clone an adult horse and show that it is possible to establish a viable, full-term pregnancy in which the surrogate mother is also the nuclear donor. the cloned offspring is therefore ge ... | 2003 | 12904778 |
| field validation and assessment of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting chronic wasting disease in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). | tissue samples (n = 25,050 total) from 23,256 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) collected statewide in colorado were examined for chronic wasting disease (cwd) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed by bio-rad laboratories, inc. (brelisa), in a 2-phase study. in the validation phase of this study, a total of 4,175 retropharyngeal lymph nodes (rln) or obex (ob) tissue samples were examined ind ... | 2003 | 12918810 |
| abundant prp(cwd) in tonsil from mule deer with preclinical chronic wasting disease. | a monoclonal antibody dot-blot assay was used to evaluate detergent lysates of tonsil tissue from mule deer to detect prp(cwd), the marker for the cervid transmissible spongiform encephalopathy chronic wasting disease (cwd). samples of formalin-fixed brain and tonsil tissues from mule deer were examined for prp(cwd) using immunohistochemistry (ihc) with mab f99/97.6.1, the gold standard for diagnosis of preclinical cwd. the contralateral tonsil from each of the 143 deer was prepared for confirma ... | 2003 | 12918811 |
| pancreatic hormonal and metabolic responses in overfed ducks. | when overfed at their maximum (intensive overfeeding) or at only 80% (moderate overfeeding) of food intake capacity, mule ducks developed strong liver steatosis, whereas pekin ducks showed very marked extrahepatic fattening. during overfeeding, evolution of plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations suggested a very strong increase in the hepatic lipogenesis as well as genotype- and diet-independent lipoprotein secretion. in contrast, lipoprotein-lipase activity was dependent on alimentar ... | 2003 | 12931276 |
| successful non-surgical transfer of horse embryos to mule recipients. | mules, hybrids resulting from the mating of a horse mare (equus caballus, 2n = 64) to a jack donkey (e. asinus, 2n = 62), are generally infertile. five horse embryos were transferred non-surgically to two cyclic and one acyclic recipient mules. in the mares and cycling mules, oestrus and ovulation were induced with, respectively, d-cloprostenol and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg). the acyclic mule, on the other hand, received oestradiol benzoate when the embryo donor was showing oestrus and ... | 2003 | 12950689 |
| prion disease: horizontal prion transmission in mule deer. | epidemics of contagious prion diseases can be perpetuated by horizontal (animal to animal) and maternal (dam to offspring, before or after birth) transmission, but the relative importance of each mechanism is unclear. here we compare the incidence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) that is attributable to horizontal or maternal transmission. we find that horizontal transmission is remarkably efficient, producing a high incidence of disease (89%) in a coho ... | 2003 | 12955129 |
| some blood values of the southwestern burro (equus asinus asinus). | | 1952 | 12996771 |
| immunological relation of donkey, mule and horse serum albumin. | | 1955 | 13301490 |
| animals helping people. people helping animals. interview by shirley a. smoyak. | 1. counseling in the country at the gress mountain ranch provides both educational programs (i.e., animal-assisted activities) and counseling sessions (i.e., animal-assisted therapy). 2. animals who participate in the educational and counseling sessions include great pyrenees, cats, goats, horses, and mules. 3. animals help people develop trust and overcome shyness. sometimes the process is reciprocal. 4. animals develop "specialist" roles, such as greeter or calming agent, and help people cope ... | 2003 | 13677008 |
| erythrocyte survival studies in the mule deer, aoudad sheep, and springbok antelope, using glycine-2-c14. | | 1959 | 13812007 |
| somatic chromosomes of the horse, the donkey and their hybrids, the mule and the hinny. | | 1962 | 13970509 |
| chromosomes of the horse, the donkey, and the mule. | | 1962 | 13994375 |
| ecological change as a factor in renewed malaria transmission in an eradicated area. a localized outbreak of a. aquasalis-transmitted malaria on the demerara river estuary, british guiana, in the fifteenth year of a. darlingi and malaria eradication. | in british guiana, the successful eradication of anopheles darlingi and malaria from the coastal areas has caused a very rapid increase in the population and has favoured a considerable social and economic improvement and expansion of both agriculture and industry. housing and industrial developments and the constantly expanding rice cultivation have taken over most of the accessible pasture-lands, displacing the livestock which previously abounded around villages and settlements. mechanization ... | 1963 | 14056265 |
| the susceptibility of mule deer to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. | | 1964 | 14125927 |
| sex-linkage of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the horse and donkey. | distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were resolved from the hemolyzates of horse and donkey erythrocytes. examination of their reciprocal hybrids, mules and hinnies, showed that the red cells of female mules and female hinnies contain both horse and donkey g-6-pd; the male mule with an x chromosome from its horse mother contained pure horse g-6-pd, whereas the male hinny with the donkey x chromosome contained pure donkey g-6-pd. these findin ... | 1965 | 14287603 |
| sex ratios in mule duck embryos at various stages of incubation. | mule duck hatcheries have long reported varying degrees of unbalance in the sex ratio, with a preponderance of male mules at hatching. the aim of the present study was to assess the distributions of sex ratios at various stages of development in embryos originating from intra- and intergeneric crosses between parental lineages (muscovy male x muscovy female, pekin male x pekin female, muscovy male x pekin female or mule, and pekin male x muscovy female or hinny). in experiment i, embryo sexing w ... | 2004 | 14662153 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002. | during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ... | 2003 | 14690203 |
| a processed pseudogene contributes to apparent mule deer prion gene heterogeneity. | pathogenesis and transmission of the prion disorders (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, tses) are mediated by a modified isoform of the prion protein (prp). prion protein gene (prnp) alleles associated with relative susceptibility to tse have been identified in sheep, humans and possibly elk. comparable data have not been derived for mule deer, a species susceptible to the tse chronic wasting disease (cwd). initial analysis of the open reading frame (orf) in exon 3 of the mule deer prnp ... | 2004 | 14729275 |
| infectious disease survey of gemsbok in new mexico. | exotic wildlife can introduce new diseases or act as reservoirs of endemic diseases. on white sands missile range, new mexico (usa), significant declines in populations of native ungulates generally correspond to increases in range and population density of the exotic gemsbok (oryx gazella gazella), introduced beginning in 1969. we surveyed gemsbok in 2001 for exposure to a variety of diseases potentially important for native ungulates. high seroprevalence was found for malignant catarrhal fever ... | 2003 | 14733271 |
| bacteriolytic activity of selected vertebrate sera for borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and borrelia bissettii. | an in vitro assay to evaluate the bacteriolytic activity of the complement pathway was applied to 2 strains of borrelia bissettii, co501 and dn127, and compared with that of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto b31. sera from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and the western fence lizard (sceloporus occidentalis) were completely borreliacidal for b. burgdorferi and for both strains of b. bissettii. serum from bobwhite quail (colinus virginianus) was nonlytic for b. burgdorferi and partially lytic for b. b ... | 2003 | 14740924 |
| leptospira associated with nephritis in a mule. | | 1951 | 14798793 |
| [factors influencing the resistance of mycobacteria to streptomycin]. | | 1951 | 14833842 |
| a glucokinase-like enzyme induced in mule duck livers by overfeeding. | the mule duck develops a fatty liver in response to overfeeding, which results from a dramatic increase in de novo liver lipogenesis, and thus raises questions regarding the role of glucokinase (gk), a key enzyme regulating carbohydrate metabolism in mammals. however, the presence of gk in avian species is still a matter of debate. the aim of the present study was to characterize a gk-like protein (using an immunological technique) and a gk-like activity (using an enzymatic assay) in duck liver ... | 2004 | 14979565 |
| refined genome-wide comparative map of the domestic horse, donkey and human based on cross-species chromosome painting: insight into the occasional fertility of mules. | we have made a complete set of painting probes for the domestic horse by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed pcr amplification of flow-sorted horse chromosomes. the horse probes, together with a full set of those available for human, were hybridized onto metaphase chromosomes of human, horse and mule. based on the hybridization results, we have generated genome-wide comparative chromosome maps involving the domestic horse, donkey and human. these maps define the overall distribution and boundaries ... | 2004 | 14984103 |
| quantitation of mule duck in goose foie gras using taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. | a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has been developed for the quantitation of mule duck (anas platyrhynchos x cairina moschata) in binary duck/goose foie gras mixtures. the method combines the use of real-time pcr with duck-specific and endogenous control "duck + goose" primers to measure duck content and total foie gras content, respectively. both pcr systems (duck-specific and duck + goose) were designed on the mitochondrial 12s ribosomal rna gene (rrna). the duck- ... | 2004 | 15030199 |
| genetic characterization of pompeii and herculaneum equidae buried by vesuvius in 79 ad. | dna extracted from the skeletons of five equids discovered in a pompeii stable and of a horse found in herculaneum was investigated. amino acid racemization level was consistent with the presence of dna. post-mortem base modifications were excluded by sequencing a 146 bp fragment of the 16s rrna mitochondrial gene. sequencing of a 370 bp fragment of mitochondrial (mt)dna control region allowed the construction of a phylogenetic tree that, along with sequencing of nuclear genes (epsilon globin, g ... | 2004 | 15040002 |
| jittery, a mutator distant relative with a paradoxical mobile behavior: excision without reinsertion. | the unstable mutation bz-m039 arose in a maize (zea mays) stock that originated from a plant infected with barley stripe mosaic virus. the instability of the mutation is caused by a 3.9-kb mobile element that has been named jittery (jit). jit has terminal inverted repeats (tirs) of 181 bp, causes a 9-bp direct duplication of the target site, and appears to excise autonomously. it is predicted to encode a single 709-amino acid protein, jita, which is distantly related to the mura transposase prot ... | 2004 | 15075398 |
| the mosaic of equestrian-related injuries in greece. | this study aims to estimate the burden and describe the profile of equestrian injuries in greece, where horses, donkeys, and mules are still used in agriculture and where horse riding is a popular leisure activity. | 2004 | 15128138 |
| benign fibrous histiocytoma of prepuce in the mule. | here we present a case of preputial benign fibrous histiocytoma in a 7-year-old mule. this case was treated surgically. pathologic analysis and diagnosis of these lesions were based on a combination of light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. histologically, the tumour was composed primarily of a storiform pattern of fibroblastic and poligonal cells. in immunohistochemistry, except for consistent immunoreactivity for vimentin, nearly all tumour cells were positive for cd68, s-100 protein, pan- ... | 2004 | 15129924 |
| epizootiology of hemorrhagic disease in mule deer in central arizona. | we report two male mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) mortalities that occurred near prescott, arizona (usa) in september 2001. necropsy lesions were compatible with those described for hemorrhagic disease (hd). bluetongue (btv) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehdv) viral rna were identified in tissues from one deer and ehdv viral rna was identified in the other via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). virus isolation attempts were unsuccessful in both cases. to determine ge ... | 2004 | 15137498 |
| distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in south dakota. | heads of hunter-harvested deer (odocoileus sp.) and elk (cervus elaphus) were collected from meat processing plants throughout south dakota (usa) from 1997 through 1999 to determine distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in eastern and western south dakota. a total of 2,848 white-tailed deer (wtd) were examined for p. tenuis, of which 578 (20.3%) were infected with the parasite. of 578 deer infected, 570 (98.6%) were harvested east of the missouri river. our results indicate ... | 2004 | 15137501 |
| chronic wasting disease of cervids. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) has recently emerged in north america as an important prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervids (species in the deer family). cwd is the only recognized transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting free-ranging species. three cervid species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), are the only known natural hosts of cwd. endemic cwd is well established in southern wyomin ... | 2004 | 15148993 |
| molecular aspects of disease pathogenesis in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) diseases are a group of rare, fatal, and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, scrapie in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme), and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer and elk. over the last 20 yr, they have gone from a fascinating but relatively obscure group of diseases to one that is a major agricultural and economic problem as well as a threat to human health ... | 2004 | 15156065 |
| environmental sources of prion transmission in mule deer. | whether transmission of the chronic wasting disease (cwd) prion among cervids requires direct interaction with infected animals has been unclear. we report that cwd can be transmitted to susceptible animals indirectly, from environments contaminated by excreta or decomposed carcasses. under experimental conditions, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) became infected in two of three paddocks containing naturally infected deer, in two of three paddocks where infected deer carcasses had decomposed in s ... | 2004 | 15207049 |
| cytology of the normal and abnormal choroid plexi in selected domestic mammals, wildlife species, and man. | a cytologic study of the choroid plexi of animals and humans was carried out using impression smears (imprints, imp) to understand better the cellular changes that occur in the cerebrospinal fluid in the case of disease. the samples, totaling 756 imp were from 11 dogs (239 imp), 10 horses (219 imp), 1 mule (23 imp), 3 cattle (69 imp), 1 sheep (19 imp), 2 pigs (39 imp), 1 deer (20 imp), 4 monkeys (22 imp), and 7 humans (106 imp). the samples came from individuals clinically free of neurologic dis ... | 2004 | 15305738 |
| [cloning of mammals--biological aspects]. | cloning by somatic cell nucleus transfer into enucleated oocytes represents a very straightforward approach. the nucleus is simply transferred into the oocyte from which its nuclear genetic material (chromosomes) has been earlier removed. by using this approach clones of sheep, cattle, horse, rabbit, goat, rat, mule, pig, cat and interspecies-specific clone mouflon x sheep were obtained. the success of cloning is, however, disappointingly low and only 1-3% of reconstructed embryos develop to ter ... | 2004 | 15305762 |
| failure of technetium tc 99m sestamibi scanning to detect abnormal parathyroid tissue in a horse and a mule with primary hyperparathyroidism. | | 2004 | 15320604 |
| epidemiology of chronic wasting disease in captive white-tailed and mule deer. | the natural occurrence of chronic wasting disease (cwd) in a 1993 cohort of captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) afforded the opportunity to describe epidemic dynamics in this species and to compare dynamics with those seen in contemporary cohorts of captive mule deer (o. hemionus) also infected with cwd. the overall incidence of clinical cwd in white-tailed deer was 82% (nine of 11) among individuals that survived >15 mo. affected white-tailed deer died or were killed because of t ... | 2004 | 15362835 |
| concentration of prion protein from biological samples to increase the limits of detection by immunoassay. | an rna-ligand-based adsorbent has been shown to concentrate prion protein (prp) from solutions in a model system. the work presented here extends the utility of the rna-based adsorbent to brain homogenates of cow, sheep, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus). brain homogenates were diluted either in buffer, representing specimens used in post-mortem tests, or in serum, modelling specimens used in biological-fluid-based tests. the rna adsorbent was effective in binding prpc (ce ... | 2005 | 15369459 |
| carotid nerve reflexes and effects of adrenaline in the horse and mule. | | 1949 | 15407436 |
| variable patterns of distribution of prp(cwd) in the obex and cranial lymphoid tissues of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) with subclinical chronic wasting disease. | sections of medulla oblongata, taken at the level of the obex, palatine tonsil and medial retropharyngeal lymph node from 10,269 captive rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), were examined by immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody for the prion protein associated with the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, chronic wasting disease (prp(cwd)). the protein was detected in 226 of them. on the basis of the anatomical location of the deposits in the brainstem of ... | 2004 | 15478500 |
| transmission of prions from mule deer and elk with chronic wasting disease to transgenic mice expressing cervid prp. | we generated mice expressing cervid prion protein to produce a transgenic system simulating chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. while normal mice were resistant to cwd, these transgenic mice uniformly developed signs of neurological dysfunction approximately 230 days following intracerebral inoculation with four cwd isolates. inoculated transgenic mice homozygous for the transgene array developed disease after approximately 160 days. the brains of sick transgenic mice exhibited widesp ... | 2004 | 15542685 |
| veterinary medical education in iraq. | iraq is an agricultural country with a large population of animals: sheep, goats, cattle, water buffaloes, horses, donkeys, mules, and camels. in the 1980s, the successful poultry industry managed to produce enough table eggs and meat to satisfy the needs of the entire population; at one time, the thriving fish industry produced different types of fish for iraqis' yearly fish consumption. there are four veterinary colleges in iraq, which have been destroyed along with the veterinary services inf ... | 2004 | 15551223 |
| molecular analysis of the proviral dna of equine infectious anemia virus in mules in greece. | molecular analysis of the regulatory and structurally important genetic segments of equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) in mules is presented. we have previously reported clinicopathological and laboratory findings in mules infected with eiav, both naturally and after experimental inoculation. in this study the fragment coding for integrase, gp90, tat and the fusion domain of gp45 of the proviral genome from these animals was sequenced and compared with one another and with that of eiav strain ... | 2005 | 15567035 |
| a cross-sectional study of epizootic lymphangitis in cart-mules in western ethiopia. | a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of epizootic lymphangitis (el) in 309 cart-mules (cart-pulling mules) in bako and ejaji towns, western ethiopia using clinical and microbiological examinations, between november 2002 and april 2003. the overall prevalence was 21% (ci=16.6-26%). the clinical, histological and mycological characteristics of el in a cart-mule were similar with those in a horse. there was significant (chi2=133.5, p=0.001) association between tick infe ... | 2004 | 15579337 |
| genome of deerpox virus. | deerpox virus (dpv), an uncharacterized and unclassified member of the poxviridae, has been isolated from north american free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) exhibiting mucocutaneous disease. here we report the genomic sequence and comparative analysis of two pathogenic dpv isolates, w-848-83 (w83) and w-1170-84 (w84). the w83 and w84 genomes are 166 and 170 kbp, containing 169 and 170 putative genes, respectively. nucleotide identity between dpvs is 95% over the central 157 kbp. w83 and ... | 2005 | 15613325 |