| prion protein gene (prnp) polymorphisms in native chinese cattle. | polymorphisms in four regions of the bovine prion protein gene (prnp) confer susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). these polymorphisms include a 23-bp insertion/deletion (indel) in the promoter region, a 12-bp indel in intron 1, an octapeptide repeat or 24-bp indel in the open reading frame, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) in the coding region. in this study, we investigated the frequency distributions of genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes at these indel sites in 3 ... | 2010 | 20140032 |
| gene and haplotype polymorphisms of the prion gene (prnp) in japanese brown, japanese native and holstein cattle. | polymorphisms in the prion protein gene (prnp) are known to be associated with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in human, sheep and goats. there is tentative association between prnp promoter polymorphism and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) susceptibility in cattle. in this study, we genotyped for six bovine prnp polymorphic sites including a 23-bp indel in the promoter, a 12-bp indel in the intron 1, two nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), octapeptide repeats i ... | 2009 | 20163615 |
| epidemiological study of the decline of bse in italy. | in this paper, data derived from the national database of the italian surveillance system for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) are used to describe the italian epidemic of bse. two data flows were established to collect the results of active and passive surveillance, and 25 regional laboratories were involved. the national reference centre (cea) was in charge of the data analysis. crude and age-standardised estimates of the prevalence and incidence of bse were obtained to describe the dist ... | 2007 | 17938408 |
| a 2cm genome-wide scan of european holstein cattle affected by classical bse. | classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is an acquired prion disease that is invariably fatal in cattle and has been implicated as a significant human health risk. polymorphisms that alter the prion protein of sheep or humans have been associated with variations in transmissible spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility or resistance. in contrast, there is no strong evidence that non-synonymous mutations in the bovine prion gene (prnp) are associated with classical bse disease susceptibi ... | 2010 | 20350325 |
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy in japan and options for control. | since september 2001, japan has reported to the world organisation for animal health (oie: office international des epizooties) 31 cases of typical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and two atypical cases. there were at least two major exposure episodes in japan. the first, attributed mainly to imported contaminated feed ingredients, occurred between 1995 and 1996 and 13 affected holstein cows (group a) were detected in different parts of japan. the second exposure occurred in hokkaido, the ... | 2007 | 20411498 |
| [protection from bse : efforts, measures, success, and costs]. | by the mid 1980s, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) emerged in the united kingdom (uk) and reached its peak in the early 1990s with up to 37,000 cases. in the year 2000, bse was diagnosed for the first time for a cow born in germany. since then, 413 cases of bse have been detected. about 10 years after the first bse cases were detected, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd), a new variant of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), was described in the uk. legal measures for protection from bse ... | 2010 | 20449555 |
| epidemiological features of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy epidemic in japan. | on 10 september 2001, the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in japan was confirmed in a five-year-old dairy cow born in hokkaido and raised in chiba prefecture. subsequently, bse surveillance was enhanced. as a result, 35 additional cases were detected by the end of march 2009, with two to ten cases being detected each year up to the end of 2007. the epidemic appeared to peak in 2006. cases are detected mostly in dairy cattle; in cattle born in 1996 and 2000; and in cattle bor ... | 2009 | 20462152 |
| risk reduction strategies for variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease transmission by uk plasma products and their impact on patients with inherited bleeding disorders. | summary: the appearance and rapid evolution of bse in uk cattle in the mid 1980s, with compelling data supporting variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) as its human manifestation, pose a potentially severe threat to public health. three clinical cases and one asymptomatic case of vcjd infection have been reported in uk recipients of non-leucodepleted red cell transfusions from donors subsequently diagnosed with vcjd. plasma from both these and other donors who later developed vcjd has contrib ... | 2010 | 20487442 |
| differential protein expression profiling in bse disease. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting cattle. current tests for the detection of bse are based solely on the only definitive marker of the disease, an abnormal conformer (prp(d)), of the host encoded prion protein (prp(c)). recent evidence that other transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diseases can be present in the absence of prp(d), coupled with the need to establish pre-mortem diagnostic assays have led to a search for alternative diagnostic ... | 2010 | 20698762 |
| increasing hybridoma viability and antibody repertoire after the cell fusion by the use of human plasma as an alternative supplement. | prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and new variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (nvcjd) have caused a major safety concern in cell cultures using fetal calf serum (fcs). in this study, we found that screened and tested human plasma (hp) obtained from blood centers may be an ideal alternate nutrient substitute to fcs for culturing hybridoma. in addition to the inherent safety, a ten-fold increase in the fusion efficiency has been observed if the hp was used as the nutrient ... | 2010 | 20723546 |
| examination of the offspring of a japanese cow affected with l-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | the offspring of a beef cow affected with l-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (l-bse) was kept in a pen at a bse-dedicated animal facility till the offspring was 48 months of age. the steer was then euthanized and subjected to a test for bse. the abnormal isoform of the prion protein was not detected in the brain and spinal cord of the steer. transmission of l-bse was not observed during 4 years of observation, though the steer was born when the dam was in the terminal stages of the disease. | 2011 | 20805640 |
| digestion and transportation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-derived prion protein in the sheep intestine. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is acquired orally and the mechanisms involved in the absorption and transportation of infectivity across the gut wall are therefore critical. isolated gut loops were created in lambs, massaged to remove intestinal contents (flushed) or left non-flushed, inoculated with cattle bse homogenate and excised at different time-points. gut loops were examined by immunohistochemistry (ihc) for disease-associated prion protein (prp(d)), and the contents were analyse ... | 2010 | 20826616 |
| comparison of dna variants in the prnp and nf1 regions between bovine spongiform encephalopathy and control cattle. | dna from 252 bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) cattle and 376 non-diseased control cattle were genotyped for nine loci in the prion protein (prnp) gene region, three loci in the neurofibromin 1 (nf1) region and four control loci on different chromosomes. the allele and genotype frequencies of the control loci were similar in bse and control cattle. in the analysed 7.4 mb prnp region, the largest differences between bse and control cattle were found for the loci reg2, r16 and r18, which are ... | 2006 | 16978176 |
| prnp haplotype associated with classical bse incidence in european holstein cattle. | classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is an acquired prion disease of cattle. the bovine prion gene (prnp) contains regions of both high and low linkage disequilibrium (ld) that appear to be conserved across bos taurus populations. the region of high ld, which spans the promoter and part of intron 2, contains polymorphic loci that have been associated with classical bse status. however, the complex genetic architecture of prnp has not been systematically tested for an association with ... | 2010 | 20862290 |
| bse inoculation to prion diseases-resistant sheep reveals tricky silent carriers. | the possible transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) agent to sheep contributed to select genetically sheep considered as resistant to prion diseases i.e., with prp arr/arr genotype. here, we report the infection of two prp arr/arr genotype sheep using the cattle bse agent inoculated by peripheral routes. disease-associated prion protein (prp(d)) was detected in the brain for one case (at 2191 days post-infection (dpi)) and only in the nervous enteric system for the other one (at ... | 2006 | 17049491 |
| an overview of the legislation and light microscopy for detection of processed animal proteins in feeds. | from the first cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) among cattle in the united kingdom in 1986, the route of infection of bse is generally believed by means of feeds containing low level of processed animal proteins (paps). therefore, many feed bans and alternative and complementary techniques were resulted for the bse safeguards in the world. now the feed bans are expected to develop into a "species to species" ban, which requires the corresponding species-specific identification met ... | 2010 | 20945460 |
| enhanced enteric invasion of scrapie agents into the villous columnar epithelium via maternal immunoglobulin. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) are caused by dietary oral exposure to infectious prion proteins (prpsc); however, the mechanism behind the uptake of prpsc in the intestines is poorly understood. in addition, epidemiological studies of bse showed that most cattle are exposed to the agents in the first 6 months of life, during the suckling and weaning periods. in the present study, to elucidate the enteric invasion mechanism of prions and to investigate the age-dependent transmiss ... | 2010 | 21042778 |
| risk ranking: investigating expert and public differences in evaluating food safety hazards. | the allocation of resources with respect to food safety issues requires that decision makers prioritize these issues, which may conflict with the public's opinions on these matters. the purpose of this study was to compare how canadian expert and lay respondents rank different food hazards, with a view to better understanding their underlying rationales for making decisions on food safety. a carnegie mellon risk ranking model was adapted for use by individuals with different backgrounds to rank ... | 2010 | 21067676 |
| isolation from cattle of a prion strain distinct from that causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | to date, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and its human counterpart, variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease, have been associated with a single prion strain. this strain is characterised by a unique and remarkably stable biochemical profile of abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (prp(res)) isolated from brains of affected animals or humans. however, alternate prp(res) signatures in cattle have recently been discovered through large-scale screening. to test whether these also represent sep ... | 2006 | 17054396 |
| radiological assessment of creutzfeldt-jakob disease. | creutzfeldt-jakob disease is a rare fatal neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by rapidly progressive dementia and neurological signs. there is a need for early and accurate clinical diagnosis in order to exclude any treatable disorder. additionally, it is of public interest to differentiate the sporadic form of the disease from the variant cjd type (vcjd), which is probably transmitted from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). high signal in the striatum on t2-weigh ... | 2007 | 17093966 |
| transmissible encephalopathy agents: virulence, geography and clockwork. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) are caused by infectious agents with stable virulence characteristics that are not encoded by the host. agent-specific features of virulence include variable disease latency and tissue pathology in a given host, as well as the ability to spread to many species. such cross-species infections contradict predictions based on the prion hypothesis. recent transmissions of several human agents to normal mice and to monotypic neural cells in culture, und ... | 2010 | 21178425 |
| analysis of gene expression in white blood cells of cattle orally challenged with bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy. | bovine amyloidotic spongiform encephalopathy (base) is one of the recently discovered atypical forms of bse, which is transmissible to primates, and may be the bovine equivalent of sporadic creutzfeldt-jacob disease (cjd) in humans. although it is transmissible, it is unknown whether base is acquired through infection or arises spontaneously. in the present study, the gene expression of white blood cells (wbcs) from 5 cattle at 1 yr after oral base challenge was compared with negative controls u ... | 2011 | 21218338 |
| the evolution of risk perceptions related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy--canadian consumer and producer behavior. | in this study the dynamics of risk perceptions related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) held by canadian consumers and cow-calf producers were evaluated. since the first domestic case of bse in 2003, canadian consumers and cow-calf producers have needed to make decisions on whether or not their purchasing/production behavior should change. such changes in their behavior may relate to their levels of risk perceptions about bse, risk perceptions that may be evolving over time and be affec ... | 2011 | 21218347 |
| comparison of brain prpd distribution in ovine bse and scrapie. | scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) are both prion diseases affecting ruminants, and these diseases do not share the same public health concerns. surveillance of the bse agent in small ruminants has been a great challenge, and the recent identification of diverse prion diseases in ruminants has led to the development of new methods for strain typing. in our study, using immunohistochemistry (ihc), we assessed the distribution of prp(d) in the brains of 2 experimentally bse-infecte ... | 2011 | 21245284 |
| prpsc spreading patterns in the brain of sheep linked to different prion types. | abstract: scrapie in sheep and goats has been known for more than 250 years and belongs nowadays to the so-called prion diseases that also include e.g. bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (bse) and creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans. according to the prion hypothesis, the pathological isoform (prpsc) of the cellular prion protein (prpc) comprises the essential, if not exclusive, component of the transmissible agent. currently, two types of scrapie disease are known - classical and atypic ... | 2011 | 21324114 |
| a review of genetic resistance to disease in bos taurus cattle. | cattle show considerable variability in their responses to a wide range of disease challenges, and much of the variability is genetic. this review highlights genetic variation in disease susceptibility in bos taurus cattle, with variation found at the breed level and also within breeds. disease challenges come from bacteria and viruses, parasites and feed-borne toxins. for an animal to survive, it needs its own mechanisms for resisting these challenges, or for being resilient to them, or it must ... | 2007 | 17095270 |
| fucosyl-gm1a, an endoglycoceramidase-resistant ganglioside of porcine brain. | the use of bovine brain has been prohibited in many countries because of the world-wide prevalence of mad cow disease, and thus porcine brain is expected to be a new source for the preparation of gangliosides. here, we report the presence of a ganglioside in porcine brain which is strongly resistant to hydrolysis by endoglycoceramidase, an enzyme capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkage between oligosaccharides and ceramides of various glycosphingolipids. five major gangliosides (designated pb ... | 2007 | 17167042 |
| molecular discrimination of sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy from scrapie. | sheep ch1641-like transmissible spongiform encephalopathy isolates have shown molecular similarities to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) isolates. we report that the prion protein prpsc from sheep bse is extremely resistant to denaturation. this feature, combined with the n-terminal prpsc cleavage, allowed differentiation of classical scrapie, including ch1641-like, from natural goat bse and experimental sheep bse. | 2011 | 21470463 |
| genetic variability of the coding region for the prion protein gene (prnp) in gayal (bos frontalis). | the gayal (bos frontalis) is a rare semi-wild bovid species in which bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has not been reported. polymorphisms of the prion protein gene (prnp) have been correlated significantly with resistance to bse. in this study, the coding region of prnp was cloned and characterized in samples from 125 gayal. a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), including six silent mutations (c60t, g75a, a108t, g126a, c357t and c678t) and four mis-sense mutations (c8a, g ... | 2011 | 21633886 |
| detection of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in ileocaecal lymph nodes collected from elderly slaughter cows using a semi-nested is900 polymerase chain reaction. | the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of subclinical mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (map) infections at slaughter by testing ileocaecal lymph nodes with a semi-nested is900 pcr. tissue samples were available within the framework of a parallel study investigating bse-susceptibility factors in members of bse-cohorts in the german federal state of lower saxony. ileocaecal lymph nodes were collected over a 2-year sampling period from 99 slaughter cattle of a mean age of ... | 2011 | 21775077 |
| relaxation of bse controls 'acceptable', says fsa. | | 2011 | 21705505 |
| changes in plasma metabolites and muscle glycogen are correlated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in infected dairy cattle. | during the clinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a significant decrease was observed in the ratio of muscle glycogen to plasma l-lactic acid concentrations in bse infected field case and experimentally infected dairy cattle compared with healthy control cattle (p<0.001), this being due to changes in the concentration of both metabolites in the bse infected cattle compared with the control group. furthermore, the concentration of plasma alanine was significantly increased (p<0 ... | 2007 | 17197001 |
| prion infected meat-and-bone meal is still infectious after biodiesel production. | the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has led to a world-wide drop in the market for beef by-products, such as meat-and-bone meal (mbm), a fat-containing but mainly proteinaceaous product traditionally used as an animal feed supplement. while normal rendering is insufficient, the production of biodiesel from mbm has been suggested to destroy infectivity from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). in addition to producing fuel, this method simultaneously generates a nu ... | 2008 | 18698417 |
| The role of psychological determinants and demographic factors in consumer demand for farm-to-fork traceability systems. | Traceability systems are an important tool (1) for tracking, monitoring, and managing product flows through the supply chain for better efficiency and profitability of suppliers, and (2) to improve consumer confidence in the face of serious food safety incidents. After the global bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis affected producers, consumers, trade, and the health status of animals and humans, new systems to help confirm the status of cattle products along the supply chain from farm ... | 2011 | 22043914 |
| effect of prp genotype and route of inoculation on the ability of discriminatory western blot to distinguish scrapie from sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | procedures for discriminating scrapie from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in sheep are relevant to ascertain whether bse has entered the sheep population. this study was aimed at investigating whether the suitability of an official eu discriminative method is affected by the sheep prp genotype and route of infection. | 2011 | 21994325 |
| BSE: where are we now? | | 2011 | 21965237 |
| disease-specific motifs can be identified in circulating nucleic acids from live elk and cattle infected with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | to gain insight into the disease progression of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), we searched for disease-specific patterns in circulating nucleic acids (cna) in elk and cattle. in a 25-month time-course experiment, cnas were isolated from blood samples of 24 elk (cervus elaphus) orally challenged with chronic wasting disease (cwd) infectious material. in a separate experiment, blood-sample cnas from 29 experimental cattle (bos taurus) 40 months post-inoculation with clinical bovi ... | 2009 | 19059996 |
| experimental interspecies transmission studies of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies to cattle: comparison to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle. | prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) of animals include scrapie of sheep and goats; transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme); chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer, elk and moose; and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) of cattle. the emergence of bse and its spread to human beings in the form of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease (vcjd) resulted in interest in susceptibility of cattle to cwd, tme and scrapie. experimental cross-species transmission of tse agents p ... | 2011 | 21908269 |
| updated prediction for the bse epidemic in dairy cattle in japan. | following the detection of the first case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) in japan in september 2001, nine million cattle were tested for bse up to the end of 2008. as a result, a further 28 cases were detected in dairy cattle. using the mathematical model previously developed and surveillance data up to the end of 2008, we estimated the prevalence of bse-infected animals within each birth cohort for the years 1995-2001. we predicted historic and future trends in the number of bse-infe ... | 2009 | 19356815 |
| seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows. | the 2 studies described investigated seasonal variations of mortality and temperature-humidity index (thi)-mortality relationships in dairy cows. mortality data were extracted from the italian bovine spongiform encephalopathy databases, which contain records on cows older than 24 mo that died on a farm from all causes (98% of total records), were slaughtered in an emergency state, or were sent for normal slaughter but were sick in the preslaughter inspection (2% of total records). both studies e ... | 2009 | 19620660 |
| heart rate variability analysis in sheep affected by transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | abstract: | 2011 | 22168827 |
| evaluation of the possible transmission of bse and scrapie to gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata). | in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting many species, the key event in disease pathogenesis is the accumulation of an abnormal conformational isoform (prp(sc)) of the host-encoded cellular prion protein (prp(c)). while the precise mechanism of the prp(c) to prp(sc) conversion is not understood, it is clear that host prp(c) expression is a prerequisite for effective infectious prion propagation. although there have been many stud ... | 2009 | 19636413 |
| Impact of the national full herd depopulation policy on the recurrence of bovine tuberculosis in Irish herds, 2003 to 2005. | This study evaluated the impact of the Irish herd bovine tuberculosis (bTB) depopulation policy (depopulation, disinfection, contiguous testing and local badger removal where implicated) on the recurrence of bTB infection, by comparing the future risk in restocked herds following depopulation for either bTB or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) during 2003 to 2005. Each herd was assigned a 'previous bTB risk', based on bTB history during the five years before depopulation. Future bTB risk wa ... | 2011 | 21868436 |
| polymorphism of the prion protein gene (prnp) in polish cattle affected by classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | recent attempts to discover genetic factors affecting cattle resistance/susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) have led to the identification of two insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms, located within the promoter and intron 1 of the prion protein gene prnp, showing a significant association with the occurrence of classical form of the disease. because the effect of the polymorphisms was studied only in few populations, in this study we investigated whether previously desc ... | 2011 | 22170597 |
| risk of prion disease transmission through bovine-derived bone substitutes: a systematic review. | background: despite the causal association between variant creutzfeldt - jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), bovine origin graft materials are widely used during dental surgical procedures. the aim of this study was to assess the risk of bse transmission through anorganic bovine bone substitutes. methods: electronic database of medline was searched to identify relevant studies regarding our focused questions, presence of bse prion infectivity in raw bovine bone, bse prion i ... | 2011 | 22171533 |
| Construction of a Policy Arena: The Case of Public Health in France. | In this article we examine the transformation over the past two decades of public health as a policy arena in France from a backwater of little interest to politicians, bureaucrats, the media, and the public into a central preoccupation of the state. Recent dramatic health crises (the scandal over HIV-contaminated blood, mad cow disease, etc.) have substantially raised the political profile of (and corresponding state investment in) public health in France, offering opportunities and incentives ... | 2011 | 22003098 |
| Communicating Food Risks in an Era of Growing Public Distrust: Three Case Studies. | The communication and regulation of risk has changed significantly over the past 30 years in Europe and to a noticeable but lesser extent in the United States. In Europe, this is partly due to a series of regulatory mishaps, ranging from mad cow disease in the United Kingdom to contamination of the blood supply in France. In the United States, general public confidence in the American government has been gradually declining for more than three decades, driven by a mix of cultural and political c ... | 2011 | 22050421 |
| prionet canada: a network of centres of excellence for research into prions and prion diseases. | prionet canada's strength in basic, applied, and social research is helping to solve the food, health safety, and socioeconomic problems associated with prion diseases. prion diseases are transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative diseases of humans and animals. examples of prion diseases include bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse, commonly known as "mad cow" disease), creutzfeldt-jakob disease in humans, and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in deer and elk. as of march 31, 2008, prionet's interdisc ... | 2009 | 19697232 |
| diseases, dilemmas, decisions-converting epidemiological dilemmas into successful disease control decisions. | this paper describes 50 years of personal experience in dealing with a range of animal and zoonotic diseases at national and global level, using a series of selected examples to illustrate both the nature of the various dilemmas and difficulties faced, and the way in which they were solved using the tools and techniques that were available at the particular time. a major theme throughout has been the dependence on advancing computer technology, which initially allowed only simple analyses and mo ... | 2015 | 26072199 |
| molecular analysis of carbohydrate n-acetylgalactosamine 4-o sulfotransferase 8 (chst8) as a candidate gene for bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility. | endogenous prion proteins (prp) play the central role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. the carbohydrate n-acetylgalactosamine 4-o sulfotransferase 8 (chst8) promotes the conversion of the cellular prp(c) into the pathogenic prp(d). six sequence variants within the chst8 gene were identified by comparative sequencing and genotyped for a sample of 623 animals comprising bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse)-affected and healthy control cows representing german fle ... | 2010 | 19744145 |
| geographical bse risk assessment and its impact on disease detection and dissemination. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) rapidly evolved into an issue of major public concern particularly when, in 1996, evidence was provided that this disease had crossed the species barrier and infected humans in the uk with what has become known as "variant creutzfeldt jakob disease" (vcjd). the aim of this paper is to describe the european geographical bse risk assessment (gbr) that was successfully used for assessing the qualitative likelihood that bse could be present in a country where i ... | 2012 | 22305879 |
| case-control study on the risks of bse infections in northern germany. | this study was to identify risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) by means of individual case-control data. 43 bse cases in a defined region in lower saxony and schleswig-holstein were compared with 84 control animals. purchase of new breeding stock and cross contamination between feed on the farm did not seem to have influence on the bse incidence in these regions. the results indicate independent risk patterns. pattern 1: cows with high milk yield seemed to be at risk on big f ... | 2013 | 23758037 |
| increase in cd230 (cellular prion protein) fluorescence on blood lymphocytes in bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected nonhuman primates. | the cellular prion protein (prp(c)) plays a central role in prion diseases such as variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease. this disease can be transmitted by blood transfusion. however, the exact kinetics of blood infectivity and the blood fraction carrying infectivity have not yet been identified. | 2010 | 19843289 |
| detection of prion gene promoter and intron1 indel polymorphisms in anatolian water buffalo (bubalus bubalis). | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a fatal disease caused by miss folded prion protein. studies in the cattle, comparing genetic data from bse diseased and healthy animals have shown that indel polymorphisms in the promoter and intron 1 of prnp gene were associated with disease susceptibility. several studies were conducted to find out allele and genotypic frequencies of indel polymorphisms in promoter and intron 1 of the cattle prnp gene. unlike domestic cattle and bison, no indel polymo ... | 2009 | 19912420 |
| [m129v prnp gene polymorphism in castilla y león shows a similar distribution to other spanish regions and other european countries]. | it has been reported that the polymorphism m129v in the prnp gene modifies the phenotype in all the subtypes of prion diseases in humans. all cases diagnosed to date as suffering the human variant of mad cow disease (vcjd) carry the allele 129m. in the last five years five cases of vcjd have been reported in spain, three of them in castilla y león (in western spain). observation of differences in the genotypic frequency of this polymorphism in different populations prompted us to analyze the dis ... | 2010 | 20004419 |
| in this issue. | the proteome of an innate small molecule drug: pp. 23-37isatin is an interesting molecule in its own right - endogenous, it is delivered in a discrete pattern to specific organs, including the brain. it is also the starting material for synthesis of a diverse set of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. what are the targets of this multi-talented molecule? buneeva et al. tackled the question with proteomic tools, including affinity chromatography and seldi, and demonstrated the utility of a validated ... | 2009 | 20043301 |
| targeted surveillance to assess the presence of bse in the age risk population of cattle slaughtered in bursa, turkey: preliminary results of an immunohistochemical detection study for the 2004-2005 period. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a member of the transmissible spongiform encepahlopathies, has been a notifiable disease in turkey since 1997. in 2002, the bse status of turkey was assessed by the eu scientific steering committee as "it is likely but not confirmed". this study presents the results of a targeted surveillance study to assess the presence of bse in the age risk population of bursa, turkey. in the assessment procedure, the immunohistochemical detection of protease-resistant ... | 2007 | 17519575 |
| mouse neuronal cells expressing exogenous bovine prnp and simultaneous downregulation of endogenous mouse prnp using sirnas. | prion diseases, which are called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses), comprise a group of fatal infectious neurodegenerative disorders. investigation of prion strains and generation of species dependent tse model are necessary to understand pathogenesis of the disease. to establish a bse-specific in vitro cell culture model, n2a and gt1 mouse neuronal cell lines were generated to express the bovine prion protein by transfection of the bovine prion gene (prnp). in addition, the endog ... | 2010 | 20215868 |
| transcytosis of murine-adapted bovine spongiform encephalopathy agents in an in vitro bovine m cell model. | transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse), including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), are fatal neurodegenerative disorders in humans and animals. bse appears to have spread to cattle through the consumption of feed contaminated with bse/scrapie agents. in the case of an oral infection, the agents have to cross the gut-epithelial barrier. we recently established a bovine intestinal epithelial cell line (bie cells) that can differentiate into the m cell type in vitro after lymphocyti ... | 2010 | 20861256 |
| experimental transmission of h-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy to bovinized transgenic mice. | to characterize the biological and biochemical properties of h-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), a transmission study with a canadian h-type isolate was performed with bovinized transgenic mice (tgboprp), which were inoculated intracerebrally with brain homogenate from cattle with h-type bse. all mice exhibited characteristic neurologic signs, and the subsequent passage showed a shortened incubation period. the distribution of disease-associated prion protein (prp(sc)) was determined ... | 2010 | 20921323 |
| analyzing bse surveillance in low prevalence countries. | if the prevalence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) varies among cohorts within a population, stratified analysis of bse surveillance data may allow identification of differences in bse exposure that are important with respect to the design and evaluation of disease prevention and control measures. in low bse prevalence populations, however, surveillance at levels that meet or exceed international guidelines may provide insufficient statistical power to distinguish prevalence levels amon ... | 2008 | 17980447 |
| transmissible spongiform encephalopathy strain-associated diversity of n-terminal proteinase k cleavage sites of prp(sc) from scrapie-infected and bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected mice. | assessment of the different conformational states of the abnormal prion protein (prp(sc)) in the cns provides an established basis for distinguishing transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) strains. prp(sc) conformers are variably resistant to n-terminal proteinase k (pk) digestion, and analysis of the consensus products (prp(res)) by immunoassay enables effective, but relatively low-resolution differentiation. determination of the precise n-terminal amino acid profile (n-taap) of prp(res) ... | 2008 | 18484354 |
| characterization of a 320-kb region containing the hexa gene on bovine chromosome 10 and analysis of its association with bse susceptibility. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) belongs to a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible prion diseases. recently, variants in the promoter region of the prion protein (prnp) gene have been shown to have a considerable effect on the susceptibility to bse. however, a previous genome scan revealed other putative bse-susceptibility loci. here, we analysed such a region on bta10, which contains the functional candidate gene hexa. three hundred and twenty kilobases that, besides ... | 2008 | 18513278 |
| control of scrapie in the uk sheep population. | scrapie is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) of sheep, endemic in the uk for centuries. interest in the disease has been heightened over the last decade by the possibility of the related bse being transmissible to and between sheep and a range of control interventions has been proposed and implemented. in this paper, we examined the effect of these policies and their components on observed case rate, susceptible allele frequency and r0 within the framework of a large simulati ... | 2009 | 18687157 |
| atypical transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in ruminants: a challenge for disease surveillance and control. | since 1987, when bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) emerged as a novel disease in cattle, enormous efforts were undertaken to monitor and control the disease in ruminants worldwide. the driving force was its high economic impact, which resulted from trade restrictions and the loss of consumer confidence in beef products, the latter because bse turned out to be a fatal zoonosis, causing variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in human beings. the ban on meat and bone meal in livestock feed and the ... | 2010 | 21088166 |
| bovine spongiform encephalopathy: investigation of phenotypic variation among passive surveillance cases. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is a prion disease of domesticated cattle, first identified in great britain (gb) in 1986. the disease has been characterized by histopathological, immunohistochemical, biochemical and biological properties, which have shown a consistent disease phenotype among cases obtained by passive surveillance. with the advent of active surveillance in 2001, immunological tests for detection of the prion protein revealed some cases with different biochemical character ... | 2010 | 21145564 |
| neuropathological changes in auditory brainstem nuclei in cattle with experimentally induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy. | bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) is characterized by the appearance of spongy lesions in the brain, particularly in the brainstem nuclei. this study evaluated the degenerative changes observed in the central auditory brainstem of bse-challenged cattle. the neuropathological changes in the auditory brainstem nuclei were assessed by determining the severity of vacuolation and the presence of disease-associated prion protein (prp(sc)). sixteen female holstein-friesian calves, 2-4 months of ag ... | 2011 | 21333306 |
| prions: a mystery unravelled? | prions result in fatal degeneration of the central nervous system (cns) in the form of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). the discovery in 1996 of a new variant of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (a human tse) and experimental confirmation that it is caused by the prion strain responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) has greatly spurred research in this field. the mechanism underlying prion propagation is now reasonably clear. prions multiply, in fact, by ... | 2010 | 21384329 |
| Evaluation of two sets of immunohistochemical and Western blot confirmatory methods in the detection of typical and atypical BSE cases. | ABSTRACT: | 2011 | 21958476 |
| sensitive and semi-quantitative taqman™ real-time polymerase chain reaction systems for the detection of beef (bos taurus) and the detection of the family mammalia in food and feed. | consumers distrust beef or products that could contain beef because of the bse (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) and vcjd (variant creutzfeld jacob disease) cases during recent years. cows could be fed with meat and bone meal-containing food. to regain consumer confidence methods are needed that allow the detection of smallest amounts of beef in the most different kind of products. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis can be used to detect the smallest amounts of even highly degraded dna. i ... | 2003 | 22063254 |
| high-risk biodegradable waste processing by alkaline hydrolysis. | biodegradable waste is by definition degraded by other living organisms. every day, meat industry produces large amounts of a specific type of biodegradable waste called slaughterhouse waste. traditionally in europe, this waste is recycled in rendering plants which produce meat and bone meal and fat. however, feeding animals with meat and bone meal has been banned since the outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). in consequence, new slaughterhouse waste processing technologies have ... | 2011 | 21971109 |
| recent concerns about stunning and slaughter. | this review summarises information that is relevant to concerns that have recently been expressed about stunning and slaughter. it is known that captive bolt stunning can result in brain material passing to the lungs via the jugular veins. if future studies show that bse prions pass beyond the lungs to the edible carcass, there will be a move away from captive bolt stunning in large cattle towards electrical stunning. greater use of electrical stunning in large cattle will increase the importanc ... | 2005 | 22063747 |
| genetic diversity in the prion protein gene (prnp) of domestic cattle and water buffaloes in vietnam, indonesia and thailand. | there has been an accumulation of information on frequencies of insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms within the bovine prion protein gene (prnp) and on the number of octapeptide repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the coding region of bovine prnp related to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) susceptibility. we investigated the frequencies of 23-bp indel polymorphism in the promoter region (23indel) and 12-bp indel polymorphism in intron 1 region (12indel), octapeptide r ... | 2014 | 24705506 |
| lack of germline mutation at codon 211 of the prion protein gene (prnp) in korean native cattle - short communication. | bovine prion diseases are composed of two types of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse), classical bse and atypical bse. recent studies have identified one case of atypical bse with an e211k mutation. e211k is homologous to the human e200k mutation, which is related to familial creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), one of the familial forms of human prion diseases. to date, familial forms of prion diseases have not been reported in non-human animals. because the familial forms of human prion diseas ... | 2017 | 28244340 |
| prnp and sprn genes polymorphism in atypical bovine spongiform encephalopathy cases diagnosed in polish cattle. | polymorphisms in the coding region of the prion protein gene (prnp) have been associated with the susceptibility and incubation period of prion diseases in humans and sheep. however, polymorphisms in this part of the bovine prnp gene do not affect the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) susceptibility in cattle. studies carried out in germany have shown that insertion/deletion-type polymorphisms located in the promoter region of the bovine prion gene are possible genetic factors mod ... | 2012 | 22723200 |
| neuroanatomical distribution of disease-associated prion protein in experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle after intracerebral inoculation. | the pathologic disease-associated prion protein (prp(sc)) has been shown to be expressed in the central nervous system of holstein cattle inoculated intracerebrally with 3 sources of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) isolates. several regions of the brain and spinal cord were analyzed for prp(sc) expression by immunohistochemical and western blotting analyses. animals euthanized at 10 months post-inoculation (mpi) showed prp(sc) deposits in the brainstem and thalamus, but no vacuo ... | 2012 | 22274156 |
| survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle: a nationwide survey in japan. | to obtain data concerning the survival of embryos and calves derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (scnt) in japan, a nationwide survey was carried out in april, 2009. as a result, data concerning 3264 embryo transfers (ets) with scnt embryos which produced 301 calves were accumulated and their survival was analyzed. the present survey revealed that survival rates of transferred bovine embryos and produced calves derived from scnt had not improved over a decade (1998-2007). a remarkable fea ... | 2011 | 21729218 |
| Simulating the bovine spongiform encephalopathy situation in Japan. | Despite various measures taken by the Japanese government to protect the cattle population from exposure to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent, the first case of BSE was detected in September 2001. Subsequently, BSE surveillance was enhanced, involving mandatory reporting and investigation of all clinical BSE suspects, and testing of fallen stock and all cattle slaughtered for human consumption. Tests on over nine million cattle led to the detection of 35 additional cases by the en ... | 2011 | 21961232 |