| sars-cov-2 protein subunit vaccination of mice and rhesus macaques elicits potent and durable neutralizing antibody responses. | the outbreak and spread of sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2) is a current global health emergency, and effective prophylactic vaccines are needed urgently. the spike glycoprotein of sars-cov-2 mediates entry into host cells, and thus is the target of neutralizing antibodies. here, we show that adjuvanted protein immunization with soluble sars-cov-2 spike trimers, stabilized in prefusion conformation, results in potent antibody responses in mice and rhesus macaques, wit ... | 2021 | 33842900 |
| a single intranasal dose of chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine protects against sars-cov-2 infection in rhesus macaques. | the deployment of a vaccine that limits transmission and disease likely will be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. we recently described the protective activity of an intranasally administered chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a pre-fusion stabilized spike (s) protein (chad-sars-cov-2-s [chimpanzee adenovirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2-s]) in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of mice expressing the human angiotensin-convertin ... | 2021 | 33754147 |
| lack of molecular mimicry between nonhuman primates and infectious pathogens: the possible genetic bases. | recently, it was found that proteomes from poliovirus, measles virus, dengue virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) have high molecular mimicry at the heptapeptide level with the human proteome, while heptapeptide commonality is minimal or absent with proteomes from nonhuman primates, that is, gorilla, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. to acquire more data on the issue, analyses here have been expanded to ebola virus, francisella tularensis , human immunode ... | 2021 | 33748822 |
| a modified vaccinia ankara vector-based vaccine protects macaques from sars-cov-2 infection, immune pathology, and dysfunction in the lungs. | a combination of vaccination approaches will likely be necessary to fully control the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic. here, we show that modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vectors expressing membrane-anchored pre-fusion stabilized spike (mva/s) but not secreted s1 induced strong neutralizing antibody responses against sars-cov-2 in mice. in macaques, the mva/s vaccination induced strong neutralizing antibodies and cd8+ t cell responses, and conferred protection ... | 2021 | 33631118 |
| suggestions on cleavage embryo and blastocyst vitrification/transfer based on expression profile of ace2 and tmprss2 in current covid-19 pandemic. | an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is leading to an unprecedented worldwide health crisis. sars-cov-2 cell entry depends on ace2 and tmprss2. our objectives are to analysis the expression profile of ace2 and tmprss2 in human spermatogenic cells, follicle cells, and preimplantation embryos, thereby providing mechanistic insights into viral entry and viral impact on reproduction. we found that ace2 is mainly expressed during gametogenesis in spermatogonia a ... | 2021 | 33624358 |
| the dynamic expression of potential mediators of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 cellular entry in fetal, neonatal, and adult rhesus monkeys. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, induced by the pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has spread rapidly all over the world. there is considerable variability among neonates, children, and adults in the incidence of infection and severe disease following exposure to sars-cov-2. in our study, we analyzed the transcriptome data of primate animal model of rhesus monkeys to evaluate the expression levels of possible sars-cov-2 receptors and proteas ... | 2021 | 33537060 |
| rapid protection from covid-19 in nonhuman primates vaccinated intramuscularly but not intranasally with a single dose of a recombinant vaccine. | the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) continues to exert a significant burden on health care systems worldwide. with limited treatments available, vaccination remains an effective strategy to counter transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). recent discussions concerning vaccination strategies have focused on identifying vaccine platforms, number of doses, route of administration, and time to reach peak immunity against sars-cov-2. here, ... | 2021 | 33501447 |
| a therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of sars-cov-2 spike protein. | vaccines and therapeutics are urgently needed for the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we screen human monoclonal antibodies (mab) targeting the receptor binding domain (rbd) of the viral spike protein via antibody library constructed from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a convalescent patient. the ct-p59 mab potently neutralizes sars-cov-2 isolates including the d614g variant without antibody-dependent enhancement effect. complex cryst ... | 2021 | 33436577 |
| induction of alarmin s100a8/a9 mediates activation of aberrant neutrophils in the pathogenesis of covid-19. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic poses an unprecedented public health crisis. evidence suggests that sars-cov-2 infection causes dysregulation of the immune system. however, the unique signature of early immune responses remains elusive. we characterized the transcriptome of rhesus macaques and mice infected with sars-cov-2. alarmin s100a8 was robustly induced in sars-cov-2-infected animal models as well as in covid-19 patients. paquinimod, a specific inh ... | 2020 | 33388094 |
| responses to acute infection with sars-cov-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets. | non-human primate models will expedite therapeutics and vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) to clinical trials. here, we compare acute severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection in young and old rhesus macaques, baboons and old marmosets. macaques had clinical signs of viral infection, mild to moderate pneumonitis and extra-pulmonary pathologies, and both age groups recovered in two weeks. baboons had prolonged viral rna shedding and substantially more lu ... | 2020 | 33340034 |
| the gastrointestinal tract is an alternative route for sars-cov-2 infection in a nonhuman primate model. | gastrointestinal (gi) manifestations have been increasingly reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). however, the roles of the gi tract in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection are not fully understood. we investigated how the gi tract is involved in sars-cov-2 infection to elucidate the pathogenesis of covid-19. | 2020 | 33307034 |
| correlates of protection against sars-cov-2 in rhesus macaques. | recent studies have reported the protective efficacy of both natural1 and vaccine-induced2-7 immunity against challenge with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in rhesus macaques. however, the importance of humoral and cellular immunity for protection against infection with sars-cov-2 remains to be determined. here we show that the adoptive transfer of purified igg from convalescent rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) protects naive recipient macaques against challenge wit ... | 2020 | 33276369 |
| nanoparticle vaccines based on the receptor binding domain (rbd) and heptad repeat (hr) of sars-cov-2 elicit robust protective immune responses. | various vaccine strategies have been proposed in response to the global covid-19 pandemic, each with unique strategies for eliciting immune responses. here, we developed nanoparticle vaccines by covalently conjugating the self-assembled 24-mer ferritin to the receptor binding domain (rbd) and/or heptad repeat (hr) subunits of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) spike (s) protein. compared to monomer vaccines, nanoparticle vaccines elicited more robust neutralizing an ... | 2020 | 33275896 |
| dalbavancin binds ace2 to block its interaction with sars-cov-2 spike protein and is effective in inhibiting sars-cov-2 infection in animal models. | infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has caused a pandemic worldwide. currently, however, no effective drug or vaccine is available to treat or prevent the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). here, we report our discovery of a promising anti-covid-19 drug candidate, the lipoglycopeptide antibiotic dalbavancin, based on virtual screening of the fda-approved peptide drug library combined with in vitro and in vivo functional antiviral assays. our re ... | 2020 | 33262453 |
| identification of a novel lineage bat sars-related coronaviruses that use bat ace2 receptor. | severe respiratory disease coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has been the most devastating disease covid-19 in the century. one of the unsolved scientific questions of sars-cov-2 is the animal origin of this virus. bats and pangolins are recognized as the most probable reservoir hosts that harbour highly similar sars-cov-2 related viruses (sarsr-cov-2). this study identified a novel lineage of sarsr-covs, including ratg15 and seven other viruses, from bats at the same location where we found ratg13 in ... | 2021 | 34263709 |
| sars coronavirus outbreaks past and present-a comparative analysis of sars-cov-2 and its predecessors. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), a pneumonic disease caused by the sars coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), is the 7th coronavirus to have successfully infected and caused an outbreak in humans. genome comparisons have shown that previous isolates, the sars-related coronavirus (sarsr-cov), including the sars-cov are closely related, yet different in disease manifestation. several explanations were suggested for the undetermined origin of sars-cov-2, in particular, bats, avian and malayan pangoli ... | 2021 | 34061288 |
| epidemiological study of betacoronaviruses in captive malayan pangolins. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak has significantly affected international public health safety. it has been reported that the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which causes covid-19, could originate from bats and utilize the malayan pangolin (manis javanica) as an intermediate host. to gain further insights into the coronaviruses carried by pangolins, we investigated the occurrence of betacoronavirus (β-cov) infections in captive malayan pango ... | 2021 | 33763052 |
| can ace2 receptor polymorphism predict species susceptibility to sars-cov-2? | a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, sars-cov-2, emerged in china in december 2019 and spread worldwide, causing more than 1.3 million deaths in 11 months. similar to the human sars-cov, sars-cov-2 shares strong sequence homologies with a sarbecovirus circulating in rhinolophus affinis bats. because bats are expected to be able to transmit their coronaviruses to intermediate animal hosts that in turn are a source of viruses able to cross species barriers and infect humans (so-c ... | 2021 | 33643982 |
| bats, pangolins, minks and other animals - villains or victims of sars-cov-2? | coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), which has become unstoppable, spreading rapidly worldwide and, consequently, reaching a pandemic level. this review aims to provide the information available so far on the likely animal origin of sars-cov-2 and its possible hosts/reservoirs as well as all natural animal infections and experimental evidence using animal models. horseshoe bats from the species rhinolophus affinis seem t ... | 2021 | 33464439 |
| sars-cov-2, the pandemic coronavirus: molecular and structural insights. | the outbreak of a novel coronavirus associated with acute respiratory disease, called covid-19, marked the introduction of the third spillover of an animal coronavirus (cov) to humans in the last two decades. the genome analysis with various bioinformatics tools revealed that the causative pathogen (sars-cov-2) belongs to the subgenus sarbecovirus of the genus betacoronavirus, with highly similar genome as bat coronavirus and receptor-binding domain (rbd) of spike glycoprotein as malayan pangoli ... | 2021 | 33460172 |
| novel sars-cov-2 encoded small rnas in the passage to humans. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has recently emerged as the responsible for the pandemic outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019. this virus is closely related to coronaviruses infecting bats and malayan pangolins, species suspected to be an intermediate host in the passage to humans. several genomic mutations affecting viral proteins have been identified, contributing to the understanding of the recent animal-to-human transmission. however, the capacity of sars ... | 2021 | 33244583 |
| dentistry and the pandemic: a year of reckoning. | in march 2020, the world that we know irrevocably changed forever. it feels like groundhog day all over again, and it seems that the nightmare is here to stay. it all began on the january 8, 2020, when china grimly announced that coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2)1 but it was not until march 2020 that the situation swiftly careened out of control and is unequivocally posing the greatest challenge to humanity ... | 2021 | 34266997 |
| a methyltransferase-defective vsv-based sars-cov-2 vaccine candidate provides complete protection against sars-cov-2 infection in hamsters. | the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has led to dramatic economic and health burdens. although the worldwide sars-cov-2 vaccination campaign has begun, exploration of other vaccine candidates is needed due to the uncertainties of the current approved vaccines such as durability of protection, cross-protection against variant strains, and costs of long-term production, and storage. in this study, we deve ... | 2021 | 34379509 |
| development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated sars-cov-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding. | safe and effective vaccines are urgently needed to stop the pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). we construct a series of live attenuated vaccine candidates by large-scale recoding of the sars-cov-2 genome and assess their safety and efficacy in syrian hamsters. animals were vaccinated with a single dose of the respective recoded virus and challenged 21 days later. two of the tested viruses do not cause clinical symptoms but are highly immunogenic and ... | 2021 | 34320400 |
| an enveloped virus-like particle vaccine expressing a stabilized prefusion form of the sars-cov-2 spike protein elicits highly potent immunity. | we evaluated enveloped virus-like particles (evlps) expressing various forms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) spike protein and several adjuvants in an effort to identify a highly potent coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) vaccine candidate. evlps expressing a modified prefusion form of sars-cov-2 spike protein were selected as they induced high antibody binding titers and neutralizing activity after a single injection in mice. formulation of sars-cov-2 s evlps ... | 2021 | 34304928 |
| a single dose of replication-competent vsv-vectored vaccine expressing sars-cov-2 s1 protects against virus replication in a hamster model of severe covid-19. | the development of effective countermeasures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the agent responsible for the covid-19 pandemic, is a priority. we designed and produced convac, a replication-competent vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) vaccine vector that expresses the s1 subunit of sars-cov-2 spike protein. we used golden syrian hamsters as animal models of severe covid-19 to test the efficacy of the convac vaccine. a single vaccine dose elicited high levels of ... | 2021 | 34294728 |
| a sars-cov-2 neutralizing antibody selected from covid-19 patients binds to the ace2-rbd interface and is tolerant to most known rbd mutations. | the novel betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causes a form of severe pneumonia disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). to develop human neutralizing anti-sars-cov-2 antibodies, antibody gene libraries from convalescent covid-19 patients were constructed and recombinant antibody fragments (scfv) against the receptor-binding domain (rbd) of the spike protein were selected by phage display. the antibody ste90-c11 shows a subnanometer ic50 in a p ... | 2021 | 34273271 |
| pathogenic and transcriptomic differences of emerging sars-cov-2 variants in the syrian golden hamster model. | following the discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and its rapid spread throughout the world, new viral variants of concern (voc) have emerged. there is a critical need to understand the impact of the emerging variants on host response and disease dynamics to facilitate the development of vaccines and therapeutics. syrian golden hamsters are the leading small animal model that recapitulates key aspects of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). in this st ... | 2021 | 34268506 |
| sars-cov-2 infection in the syrian hamster model causes inflammation as well as type i interferon dysregulation in both respiratory and non-respiratory tissues including the heart and kidney. | covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection is a disease affecting several organ systems. a model that captures all clinical symptoms of covid-19 as well as long-haulers disease is needed. we investigated the host responses associated with infection in several major organ systems including the respiratory tract, the heart, and the kidneys after sars-cov-2 infection in syrian hamsters. we found significant increases in infla ... | 2021 | 34265022 |
| sex differences in lung imaging and sars-cov-2 antibody responses in a covid-19 golden syrian hamster model. | in the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males than in females, including hospitalizations and deaths. animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of sars-cov-2. adult male and female golden syrian hamsters (8 to 10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 105 50% tissue culture infective dose ... | 2021 | 34253053 |
| a single intranasal or intramuscular immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored sars-cov-2 vaccine protects against pneumonia in hamsters. | the development of an effective vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), is a global priority. here, we compare the protective capacity of intranasal and intramuscular delivery of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine encoding a prefusion stabilized spike protein (chimpanzee adenovirus [chad]-sars-cov-2-s) in golden syrian hamsters. although immunization with chad-sars-cov-2-s induces robust spike ... | 2021 | 34245672 |
| scalable live-attenuated sars-cov-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy. | successfully combating the covid-19 pandemic depends on mass vaccination with suitable vaccines to achieve herd immunity. here, we describe covi-vac, the only live attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) vaccine currently in clinical development. covi-vac was developed by recoding a segment of the viral spike protein with synonymous suboptimal codon pairs (codon-pair deoptimization), thereby introducing 283 silent (point) mutations. in addition, the furin cleavage ... | 2021 | 34193524 |
| characterization of a new sars-cov-2 variant that emerged in brazil. | the spike (s) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) plays a key role in viral infectivity. it is also the major antigen stimulating the host's protective immune response, specifically, the production of neutralizing antibodies. recently, a new variant of sars-cov-2 possessing multiple mutations in the s protein, designated p.1, emerged in brazil. here, we characterized a p.1 variant isolated in japan by using syrian hamsters, a well-established small animal mode ... | 2021 | 34140350 |
| sars-cov-2 b.1.1.7 infection of syrian hamster does not cause more severe disease, and naturally acquired immunity confers protection. | epidemiological studies have revealed the emergence of multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) variants of concern (voc), including the lineage b.1.1.7 that is rapidly replacing old variants. the b.1.1.7 variant has been linked to increased morbidity rates, transmissibility, and potentially mortality. to assess viral fitness in vivo and to address whether the b.1.1.7 variant is capable of immune escape, we conducted infection and reinfection studies in naive and con ... | 2021 | 34133199 |
| quantitative proteomics of hamster lung tissues infected with sars-cov-2 reveal host factors having implication in the disease pathogenesis and severity. | syrian golden hamsters (mesocricetus auratus) infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) manifests lung pathology. in this study, efforts were made to check the infectivity of a local sars-cov-2 isolate in a self-limiting and non-lethal hamster model and evaluate the differential expression of lung proteins during acute infection and convalescence. the findings of this study confirm the infectivity of this isolate in vivo. analysis of clinical parameters and tissue ... | 2021 | 34105201 |
| a qualitative igg elisa for detection of sars-cov-2-specific antibodies in syrian hamster serum samples. | this protocol describes an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for qualitative detection of igg antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in syrian hamster serum samples. we describe the preparation of inactivated virus antigens and the negative control antigen and the use of antigen-coated microtiter plates to detect sars-cov-2-specific antibodies from sars-cov-2-infected hamsters, including the criteria for differentiating positive versus negative r ... | 2021 | 33997801 |
| nucleocapsid vaccine elicits spike-independent sars-cov-2 protective immunity. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is responsible for the covid-19 pandemic. neutralizing antibodies target the receptor binding domain of the spike (s) protein, a focus of successful vaccine efforts. concerns have arisen that s-specific vaccine immunity may fail to neutralize emerging variants. we show that vaccination with had5 expressing the nucleocapsid (n) protein can establish protective immunity, defined by reduced weight loss and viral load, in both syrian hamst ... | 2021 | 33948591 |
| covid-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. | whereas recent investigations have revealed viral, inflammatory, and vascular factors involved in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) lung pathogenesis, the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) remains poorly understood. olfactory and taste dysfunction are common in covid-19, especially in mildly symptomatic patients. here, we conducted a virologic, molecular, and cellular study of the olfactory neuroepithelium of seven patient ... | 2021 | 33941622 |
| vascular inflammation is associated with loss of aquaporin 1 expression on endothelial cells and increased fluid leakage in sars-cov-2 infected golden syrian hamsters. | vascular changes represent a characteristic feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection leading to a breakdown of the vascular barrier and subsequent edema formation. the aim of this study was to provide a detailed characterization of the vascular alterations during sars-cov-2 infection and to evaluate the impaired vascular integrity. groups of ten golden syrian hamsters were infected intranasally with sars-cov-2 or phosphate-buffered saline (mock infection) ... | 2021 | 33918079 |
| sex differences in lung imaging and sars-cov-2 antibody responses in a covid-19 golden syrian hamster model. | in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), more severe outcomes are reported in males compared with females, including hospitalizations and deaths. animal models can provide an opportunity to mechanistically interrogate causes of sex differences in the pathogenesis of sars-cov-2. adult male and female golden syrian hamsters (8-10 weeks of age) were inoculated intranasally with 10 5 tcid 50 of sars-cov-2/ ... | 2021 | 33821269 |
| inactivated rabies virus vectored sars-cov-2 vaccine prevents disease in a syrian hamster model. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is an emergent coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. although human disease is often asymptomatic, some develop severe illnesses such as pneumonia, respiratory failure, and death. there is an urgent need for a vaccine to prevent its rapid spread as asymptomatic infections accounting for up to 40% of transmission events. here we further evaluated an inactivated rabies vectored sars-cov-2 s1 vaccine coravax in a syrian hamste ... | 2021 | 33765062 |
| a safe and highly efficacious measles virus-based vaccine expressing sars-cov-2 stabilized prefusion spike. | the current pandemic of covid-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) highlights an urgent need to develop a safe, efficacious, and durable vaccine. using a measles virus (rmev) vaccine strain as the backbone, we developed a series of recombinant attenuated vaccine candidates expressing various forms of the sars-cov-2 spike (s) protein and its receptor binding domain (rbd) and evaluated their efficacy in cotton rat, ifnar-/-mice, ifnar-/--hcd46 mice, and golden ... | 2021 | 33688034 |
| robust sars-cov-2 infection in nasal turbinates after treatment with systemic neutralizing antibodies. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is characterized by a burst in the upper respiratory portal for high transmissibility. to determine human neutralizing antibodies (hunabs) for entry protection, we tested three potent hunabs (ic50 range, 0.0007-0.35 μg/ml) against live sars-cov-2 infection in the golden syrian hamster model. these hunabs inhibit sars-cov-2 infection by competing with human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 for binding to the viral receptor binding domain ... | 2021 | 33657424 |
| regeneration profiles of olfactory epithelium after sars-cov-2 infection in golden syrian hamsters. | olfactory dysfunction is one of the most frequent and specific symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). information on the damage and repair of the neuroepithelium and its impact on olfactory function after covid-19 is still incomplete. while severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) causes the ongoing worldwide outbreak of covid-19, little is known about the changes triggered by sars-cov-2 in the olfactory epithelium (oe) at the cellular level. here, we report profile ... | 2021 | 33522795 |
| immunogenicity and protective efficacy of bbv152, whole virion inactivated sars- cov-2 vaccine candidates in the syrian hamster model. | the availability of a safe and effective vaccine would be the eventual measure to deal with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) threat. here, we have assessed the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of inactivated sars-cov-2 vaccine candidates bbv152a, bbv152b, and bbv152c in syrian hamsters. three dose vaccination regimes with vaccine candidates induced significant titers of sars-cov-2-specific igg and neutralizing antibodies. bbv152a and bbv152b vaccine candidates r ... | 2021 | 33521604 |
| absence of vaccine-enhanced disease with unexpected positive protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) by inactivated vaccine given within 3 days of virus challenge in syrian hamster model. | mass vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is ongoing amidst widespread transmission during the coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19) pandemic. disease phenotypes of sars-cov-2 exposure occurring around the time of vaccine administration have not been described. | 2021 | 33515458 |
| sars-cov-2 causes a systemically multiple organs damages and dissemination in hamsters. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has spread across the world and impacted global healthcare systems. for clinical patients, covid-19 not only induces pulmonary lesions but also affects extrapulmonary organs. an ideal animal model that mimics covid-19 in humans in terms of the induced systematic lesions is urgently needed. here, we report that syrian hamster is highly permissive to sars-cov-2 and exhibit diffuse alveolar damage and induced extrapulmonary multi-organs d ... | 2021 | 33510731 |
| a highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based th1-biased covid-19 vaccine. | the covid-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) and has spread worldwide, with millions of cases and more than 1 million deaths to date. the gravity of the situation mandates accelerated efforts to identify safe and effective vaccines. here, we generated measles virus (mev)-based vaccine candidates expressing the sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein (s). insertion of the full-length s protein gene in two different mev genomic positions resulted in modulat ... | 2020 | 33257540 |
| coinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus enhances the severity of pneumonia in golden syrian hamsters. | clinical outcomes of the interaction between the co-circulating pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are unknown. | 2021 | 33216851 |
| sars-cov-2 d614g variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo. | the spike aspartic acid-614 to glycine (d614g) substitution is prevalent in global severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) strains, but its effects on viral pathogenesis and transmissibility remain unclear. we engineered a sars-cov-2 variant containing this substitution. the variant exhibits more efficient infection, replication, and competitive fitness in primary human airway epithelial cells but maintains similar morphology and in vitro neutralization properties, compared ... | 2020 | 33184236 |
| immunomodulatory and antioxidant activity from indonesian anti-degenerative herbs water extract. | the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has made the number of patients gradually increase. currently, the vaccine of sars-cov-2 is being researched and most of the people have to trust their immune system and being healthy as long as they could in the mean times. high antioxidant food is recommended for the people whom currently are reducing their activity from home with good exercise. therefore, this research was focused on the indonesian anti-degenerative he ... | 2021 | 33977681 |
| natural sars-cov-2 infection in kept ferrets, spain. | we found severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 rna in 6 (8.4%) of 71 ferrets in central spain and isolated and sequenced virus from 1 oral and 1 rectal swab specimen. natural infection occurs in kept ferrets when virus circulation among humans is high. however, small ferret collections probably cannot maintain virus circulation. | 2021 | 34152974 |
| host barriers to sars-cov-2 demonstrated by ferrets in a high-exposure domestic setting. | ferrets (mustela putorius furo) are mustelids of special relevance to laboratory studies of respiratory viruses and have been shown to be susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection and onward transmission. here, we report the results of a natural experiment where 29 ferrets in one home had prolonged, direct contact and constant environmental exposure to two humans with symptomatic disease, one of whom was confirmed positive for sars-cov-2. we observed n ... | 2021 | 33858941 |
| coronaviruses associated with the superfamily musteloidea. | among the animal superfamily musteloidea, which includes those commonly known as mustelids, naturally occurring and species-specific alphacoronavirus infections have been observed in both mink (mustela vison/neovison vison) and domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo). ferret systemic coronavirus (frscv), in particular, has been associated with a rare but fatal systemic disease. in recent months, it has become apparent that both minks and ferrets are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndr ... | 2021 | 33468694 |
| in vitro characterisation of sars-cov-2 and susceptibility of domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) is an emerging virus that has caused significant human morbidity and mortality since its detection in late 2019. with the rapid emergence has come an unprecedented programme of vaccine development with at least 300 candidates under development. ferrets have proven to be an appropriate animal model for testing safety and efficacy of sars-cov-2 vaccines due to quantifiable virus shedding in nasal washes and oral swabs. here, we outline o ... | 2021 | 33400387 |
| experimental sars-cov-2 infection of bank voles. | after experimental inoculation, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was confirmed in bank voles by seroconversion within 8 days and detection of viral rna in nasal tissue for up to 21 days. however, transmission to contact animals was not detected. thus, bank voles are unlikely to establish effective transmission cycles in nature. | 2021 | 33754987 |
| sars-cov-2 in animals: from potential hosts to animal models. | within only one year after the first detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), nearly 100 million infections were reported in the human population globally, with more than two million fatal cases. while sars-cov-2 most likely originated from a natural wildlife reservoir, neither the immediate viral precursor nor the reservoir or intermediate hosts have been identified conclusively. due to its zoonotic origin, sars-cov-2 may also be relevant to animals. thus, to e ... | 2021 | 34353482 |
| first description of sars-cov-2 infection in two feral american mink (neovison vison) caught in the wild. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causal agent of covid-19, is considered a pathogen of animal origin that is mainly transmitted from human to human. several animal species can be naturally or experimentally infected by sars-cov-2, with compelling evidence that mink is highly susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection. human-to-mink infection cases have been reported and there are also suggestions that mink-to-human infection occurs. mink infections have been reported to ... | 2021 | 34065657 |
| monitoring of sars-cov-2 infection in mustelids. | american mink and ferret are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), but no information is available for other mustelid species. sars-cov-2 spreads very efficiently within mink farms once introduced, by direct and indirect contact, high within-farm animal density increases the chance for transmission. between-farm spread is likely to occur once sars-cov-2 is introduced, short distance between sars-cov-2 positive farms is a risk factor. as of 29 january ... | 2021 | 33717355 |
| genome sequence of a minacovirus strain from a farmed mink in the netherlands. | we report the genome sequence of a minacovirus strain identified from a fecal sample from a farmed mink (neovison vison) in the netherlands that was tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) using real-time pcr (rt-pcr). the viral genome sequence was obtained using agnostic deep sequencing. | 2021 | 33632868 |
| sars-cov-2 exposure in escaped mink, utah, usa. | in august 2020, outbreaks of coronavirus disease were confirmed on mink farms in utah, usa. we surveyed mammals captured on and around farms for evidence of infection or exposure. free-ranging mink, presumed domestic escapees, exhibited high antibody titers, suggesting a potential severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission pathway to native wildlife. | 2021 | 33622465 |
| sars-cov-2 transmission between mink (neovison vison) and humans, denmark. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. farmed mink (neovison vison) are also susceptible. in denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. these variants subsequently appeared within the local human community. | 2020 | 33207152 |
| viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the feces samples of raccoon dogs. | raccoon dogs as an ancient species of canidae are the host of many viruses, including rabies virus, canine distemper virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and so on. with the development of raccoon dog breeding in recent years, some viruses which infected poultry or pigs were also detected from raccoon dogs. at present, the fecal virome of raccoon dogs has been rarely studied. using an unbiased viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the fecal virome in raccoon dogs collected ... | 2021 | 34322538 |
| covid-19 pandemic: what about the safety of anti-coronavirus nanoparticles? | every day, new information is presented with respect to how to best combat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). this manuscript sheds light on such recent findings, including new co-factors (i.e., neuropilin-1) and routes (i.e., olfactory transmucosal) allowing cell entry of sars-cov-2 and induction of neurological symptoms, as well as the new sars-cov-2 variants. we highlight the sars-cov-2 human-animal interfaces and elaborate containment strategies using the same ... | 2021 | 33808934 |
| susceptibility of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) to sars-cov-2. | the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the virus causing the global coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) pandemic, remains a mystery. current evidence suggests a likely spillover into humans from an animal reservoir. understanding the host range and identifying animal species that are susceptible to sars-cov-2 infection may help to elucidate the origin of the virus and the mechanisms underlying cross-species transmission to humans. here we demonstrated that whit ... | 2021 | 33692203 |
| activation of nf-κb and induction of proinflammatory cytokine expressions mediated by orf7a protein of sars-cov-2. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) that emerged in human populations recently. severely ill covid-19 patients exhibit the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, and such an unbalanced production of proinflammatory cytokines is linked to acute respiratory distress syndrome with high mortality in covid-19 patients. our study provides evidence that the orf3a, m, orf7a, and n proteins of sars-cov-2 were nf-κb a ... | 2021 | 34188167 |
| sars-cov-2 infection and longitudinal fecal screening in malayan tigers (panthera tigris jacksoni), amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica ), and african lions (panthera leo krugeri) at the bronx zoo, new york, usa. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) emerged as the cause of a global pandemic in 2019-2020. in march 2020, new york city became the epicenter in the united states for the pandemic. on 27 march 2020, a malayan tiger (panthera tigris jacksoni) at the bronx zoo in new york city developed a cough and wheezing with subsequent inappetence. over the next week, an additional malayan tiger and two amur tigers (panthera tigris altaica) in the same building and three lions (panther ... | 2021 | 33480553 |
| progress in source tracking of sars-cov-2. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic has caused a total of 55 928 327 confirmed cases and 1 344 003 deaths as of november 19, 2020. but so far the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) that causes this pandemic has remained undetermined. the purpose of this study is to review the current research of sars-cov-2 and the existing problems therein, which may provide inspiration for further researches. existing evidence suggested that sars-cov-2 may be derived ... | 2020 | 33380405 |
| an overview of sars-cov-2 and animal infection. | a novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in wuhan city, china in december 2019. due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the world health organization (who). hospitalized patients in wuhan were associated with the huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a po ... | 2020 | 33363234 |
| noncanonical crrnas derived from host transcripts enable multiplexable rna detection by cas9. | crispr-cas systems recognize foreign genetic material using crispr rnas (crrnas). in type ii systems, a trans-activating crrna (tracrrna) hybridizes to crrnas to drive their processing and utilization by cas9. while analyzing cas9-rna complexes from campylobacter jejuni, we discovered tracrrna hybridizing to cellular rnas, leading to formation of noncanonical crrnas capable of guiding dna targeting by cas9. our discovery inspired the engineering of reprogrammed tracrrnas that link the presence o ... | 2021 | 33906967 |
| evaluation of a real-time rt-pcr panel for detection of sars-cov-2 in bat guano. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which is an ongoing global health concern. the exact source of the virus has not been identified, but it is believed that this novel coronavirus originated in animals; bats in particular have been implicated as the primary reservoir of the virus. sars-cov-2 can also be transmitted from humans to other animals, including tigers, cats, and mink. consequently, infected people ... | 2021 | 33522461 |
| mutational spectra of sars-cov-2 isolated from animals. | coronaviruses are ubiquitous and infect a wide spectrum of animals and humans. the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) has become a worldwide pandemic. to address the role that animals may play in the evolution of sars-cov-2, the full genome sequences of sars-cov-2 isolated from animals were compared with sars-cov-2 human isolates from the same clade and geographic region. phylogenetic analysis of sars-cov-2 isolated from the cat, dog, mink, mouse, and tige ... | 2020 | 33384909 |
| intersecting paths of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) shares common clinicopathologic features with other severe pulmonary illnesses. hantavirus pulmonary syndrome was diagnosed in 2 patients in arizona, usa, suspected of dying from infection with sars-cov-2. differential diagnoses and possible co-infections should be considered for cases of respiratory distress during the sars-cov-2 pandemic. | 2021 | 33704045 |
| the roborovski dwarf hamster is a highly susceptible model for a rapid and fatal course of sars-cov-2 infection. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has precipitated an unprecedented and yet-unresolved health crisis worldwide. different mammals are susceptible to sars-cov-2; however, few species examined so far develop robust clinical disease that mirrors severe human cases or allows testing of vaccines and drugs under conditions of severe disease. here, we compare the susceptibilities of three dwarf hamster species (phodop ... | 2020 | 33271063 |
| inferring the ecological niche of bat viruses closely related to sars-cov-2 using phylogeographic analyses of rhinolophus species. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the causal agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. to date, viruses closely related to sars-cov-2 have been reported in four bat species: rhinolophus acuminatus, rhinolophus affinis, rhinolophus malayanus, and rhinolophus shameli. here, we analysed 343 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (co1) from georeferenced bats of the four rhinolophus species identified as reservoirs of vir ... | 2021 | 34253798 |
| binding and molecular basis of the bat coronavirus ratg13 virus to ace2 in humans and other species. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has been spreading worldwide, causing a global pandemic. bat-origin ratg13 is currently the most phylogenetically related virus. here we obtained the complex structure of the ratg13 receptor binding domain (rbd) with human ace2 (hace2) and evaluated binding of ratg13 rbd to 24 additional ace2 orthologs. by substituting residues in the ratg13 rbd with their counterparts in the sars-cov-2 rbd, we found that residue 501, the major positio ... | 2021 | 34139177 |
| the rhinolophus affinis bat ace2 and multiple animal orthologs are functional receptors for bat coronavirus ratg13 and sars-cov-2. | bat coronavirus (cov) ratg13 shares the highest genome sequence identity with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) among all known coronaviruses, and also uses human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hace2) for virus entry. thus, sars-cov-2 is thought to have originated from bat. however, whether sars-cov-2 emerged from bats directly or through an intermediate host remains elusive. here, we found that rhinolophus affinis bat ace2 (raace2) is an entry receptor for both sars ... | 2021 | 33495713 |
| detection and characterization of bat sarbecovirus phylogenetically related to sars-cov-2, japan. | epidemiology of bat betacoronavirus, subgenus sarbecovirus is largely unknown, especially outside china. we detected a sarbecovirus phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from rhinolophus cornutus bats in japan. the sarbecovirus' spike protein specifically recognizes angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 of r. cornutus, but not humans, as an entry receptor. | 2020 | 33219796 |
| cross-species recognition of sars-cov-2 to bat ace2. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has emerged as a major threat to global health. although varied sars-cov-2-related coronaviruses have been isolated from bats and sars-cov-2 may infect bat, the structural basis for sars-cov-2 to utilize the human receptor counterpart bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (bace2) for virus infection remains less understood. here, we report that the sars-cov-2 spike protein recept ... | 2021 | 33335073 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review. | the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. the role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. in this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with sars-cov-2, from the initial discovery of the v ... | 2020 | 33206434 |
| a transmissible cancer shifts from emergence to endemism in tasmanian devils. | emerging infectious diseases pose one of the greatest threats to human health and biodiversity. phylodynamics is often used to infer epidemiological parameters essential for guiding intervention strategies for human viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). here, we applied phylodynamics to elucidate the epidemiological dynamics of tasmanian devil facial tumor disease (dftd), a fatal, transmissible cancer with a genome thousands of times larger than that of an ... | 2020 | 33303589 |