| porcine rabies in a closed feeder barn. | rabies was diagnosed in a 40 kg pig from a closed feeder barn in which recently unexplained deaths of eight to ten pigs had occurred. a stray cat, probably crawling through a ventilation duct into the barn, was the suspected vector. over a four and one-quarter year period a disproportionate 53 cases of animal rabies had been diagnosed within a 5 km radius of the farm (13% of the cases in the county in 3% of the county area). histological lesions, mostly lymphocytic cuffing of blood vessels in th ... | 1986 | 17422636 |
| bat rabies in british columbia 1971-1985. | rabies virus was demonstrated in 99 of 1154 bats submitted from british columbia between 1971 and 1985. rabies was diagnosed in seven species including big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), the latter accounting for 51% of all positive cases. colonial species represented 92.9% of all identified bats and 87.7% of all rabid cases. most bats were submitted from the more densely populated areas of the province, and submissions and positive cases both peaked in the month of august. daytime activity and ... | 1988 | 17422945 |
| generation and evaluation of a recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine for rabies. | modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) has become a vaccine vector of choice for recombinant vaccine development. a mva-based rabies vaccine would be advantageous for use as a vaccine for dogs (and wildlife), particularly if it proves innocuous and efficacious by the oral route. here, the generation and immunological testing of a recombinant mva expressing a rabies virus glycoprotein gene is described. in a murine model, higher dosages of recombinant mva were needed to induce equivocal immune resp ... | 2007 | 17434244 |
| immunogenicity study of abbreviated rabies preexposure vaccination schedules. | to evaluate abbreviated preexposure rabies vaccination schedules that would reduce cost and shorten time required for completion. | 2007 | 17437473 |
| organ transplantations and rabies transmission. | | 2007 | 17437474 |
| the dynein light chain 8 binding motif of rabies virus phosphoprotein promotes efficient viral transcription. | recent studies indicate that the interaction between rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein and the dynein light chain 8 (lc8) is essential for rv pathogenesis. through its association with the dynein motor complex, lc8 has been suggested as a molecular factor that links the viral ribonucleoprotein to the host cell transport system. recent structural investigations, however, dispute this model. to understand the role of lc8 in rv pathogenesis, we generated recombinant rvs with or without the lc8 bindi ... | 2007 | 17438267 |
| morphological and biochemical characterisation of sensory neurons infected in vitro with rabies virus. | this work was aimed at the morphological and biochemical characterisation of the most susceptible neuronal subpopulation to rabies virus (rabv) infection. adult mouse drg cultures were infected with rabv and double-processed for viral antigen detection and neuropeptides: calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), galanin (gal), substance p (sp), neuropeptide y (npy) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip). it was found that 56% of the neurons in culture were small (diameter < 20 microm) but, in spi ... | 2007 | 17440742 |
| topographic distribution of output neurons in cerebellar nuclei and cortex to somatotopic map of primary motor cortex. | to investigate the somatotopic organization of the cerebellum, we analysed multisynaptic inputs to the primary motor cortex (mi) using retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus. at 3 days after rabies injections into proximal forelimb, distal forelimb and hindlimb representations of the macaque mi, second-order neurons via the thalamus were labeled in the deep cerebellar nuclei, including the dentate (dn), anterior interpositus (ain) and posterior interpositus nuclei. in the dn, the lab ... | 2007 | 17445235 |
| problems in human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis management. | this is a prospective study of problems encountered with rabies-exposed patients in an animal bite clinic in a rabies endemic region. five hundred successive patients were analyzed. the study focused mainly on issues that are not well covered in current who and us-cdc rabies manuals. those dealing with immunoglobulin administration, managing severe and unusual injuries, logistic and financial issues headed the list. animal bite patients often present challenging problems, which are not or inadeq ... | 2007 | 17448947 |
| susceptibility of domestic dogs and cats to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv). | the susceptibility of cats and dogs to australian bat lyssavirus (ablv; genotype vii) was investigated by intramuscular (im) inoculation of 10(3.7)-10(5) 50% tissue culture infective doses (tcid(50)) of virus followed by observation of experimental animals for up to 3 months post-inoculation (pi). each experiment also included positive and negative controls, animals inoculated with a bat variant of rabies virus (eptesicus i, genotype i), or a 10% suspension of uninfected mouse brain, respectivel ... | 2007 | 17449202 |
| emerging epidemic dog rabies in coastal south africa: a molecular epidemiological analysis. | towards understanding the molecular epidemiology of a severe dog rabies epidemic in the kwazulu natal province of south africa, we analyzed a variable 592 nucleotide genome sequence domain of 170 rabies viruses from kwazulu natal and surrounding regions. viruses from the kwazulu natal and eastern cape provinces belonged to a unique lineage, circulating as two independent and expanding epidemiological cycles. the first presented as closely related dog cycles along the eastern coastal regions of t ... | 2007 | 17451828 |
| dominance of a nonpathogenic glycoprotein gene over a pathogenic glycoprotein gene in rabies virus. | the nonpathogenic phenotype of the live rabies virus (rv) vaccine spbngan is determined by an arg-->glu exchange at position 333 in the glycoprotein, designated gan. we recently showed that after several passages of spbngan in mice, an asn-->lys mutation arose at position 194 of gan, resulting in gak, which was associated with a reversion to the pathogenic phenotype. because an rv vaccine candidate containing two gan genes (spbngan-gan) exhibits increased immunogenicity in vivo compared to the s ... | 2007 | 17459937 |
| risk of rabies infection and adverse effects of postexposure prophylaxis in healthcare workers and other patient contacts exposed to a rabies virus-infected lung transplant recipient. | rabies virus was inadvertently transmitted to a lung transplant recipient through donor lungs. the patient was given ventilatory assistance and cared for postoperatively for 6 weeks before a diagnosis of rabies virus infection was made. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) was offered to potentially exposed healthcare workers (hcws). | 2007 | 17464908 |
| a high-resolution genetic signature of demographic and spatial expansion in epizootic rabies virus. | emerging pathogens potentially undergo rapid evolution while expanding in population size and geographic range during the course of invasion, yet it is generally difficult to demonstrate how these processes interact. our analysis of a 30-yr data set covering a large-scale rabies virus outbreak among north american raccoons reveals the long lasting effect of the initial infection wave in determining how viral populations are genetically structured in space. we further find that coalescent-based e ... | 2007 | 17470818 |
| a cure for a rabies? | | 2007 | 17479635 |
| [expression of human anti-rabies scds-fv fusion protein in e.coli]. | to express the anti-rabies mbp-scdsfv fusion protein in e.coli and identify it's activity assay. | 2007 | 17488607 |
| [lyssaviruses related to rabies virus]. | | 2007 | 17491383 |
| rabies in bats from alabama. | data on rabies virus infection in bats that were submitted to the alabama department of public health from 1995-2005 were analyzed. demographic factors, such as species and sex, and temporal aspects, such as yearly and monthly trends, were investigated. thirteen species of bats were submitted, and of those, individuals from seven species were rabid; prevalence was highest in lasiurus borealis and pipistrellus subflavus and lowest in eptesicus fuscus and nycticeius humeralis. there was no differe ... | 2007 | 17495316 |
| rabies in vaccinated raccoons from ontario, canada. | from 1999 to 2006, 132 cases of raccoon rabies, caused by the raccoon variant of rabies virus, were confirmed in eastern ontario, canada. trap-vaccinate-release (tvr) and point infection control (pic) programs were implemented to control the disease; 43,014 raccoons (procyon lotor) were vaccinated against rabies by injection (imrab3) during that period. two vaccinated raccoons were diagnosed with rabies at 6 mo and at 2 wk postvaccination. one may have been due to a vaccination failure. the othe ... | 2007 | 17495317 |
| proteomic profiling reveals that rabies virus infection results in differential expression of host proteins involved in ion homeostasis and synaptic physiology in the central nervous system. | to understand how rabies virus (rv) infection results in neuronal dysfunction, the authors employed proteomics technology to profile host responses to rv infection. in mice infected with wild-type (wt) rv, the expression of proteins involved in ion homeostasis was altered. h(+) atpase and na(+)/k(+) atpase were up-regulated whereas ca(2+) atpase was down-regulated, which resulted in reduction of the intracellular na(+) and ca(2+) concentrations. furthermore, infection with wt rv resulted in down ... | 2007 | 17505979 |
| lethal silver-haired bat rabies virus infection can be prevented by opening the blood-brain barrier. | silver-haired bat rabies virus (shbrv) infection induces a strong virus-specific immune response in the periphery of the host, but death is common due to the failure to open the blood-brain barrier (bbb) and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system (cns) tissues. mice with an sjl background are less susceptible to lethal infection with rabies viruses. in addition, these animals are known to have reduced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (hpa) axis activity and an elevated capacity to medi ... | 2007 | 17507463 |
| a peroxynitrite-dependent pathway is responsible for blood-brain barrier permeability changes during a central nervous system inflammatory response: tnf-alpha is neither necessary nor sufficient. | elevated blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability is associated with both the protective and pathological invasion of immune and inflammatory cells into cns tissues. although a variety of processes have been implicated in the changes at the bbb that result in the loss of integrity, there has been no consensus as to their induction. tnf-alpha has often been proposed to be responsible for increased bbb permeability but there is accumulating evidence that peroxynitrite (onoo(-))-dependent radicals ma ... | 2007 | 17513784 |
| [rabies virus in naturally infected bats in the state of são paulo, southeastern brazil]. | to identify the species of bats involved in maintaining the rabies cycle; to investigate the distribution of the rabies virus in the tissues and organs of bats and the time taken for mortality among inoculated mice. | 2007 | 17515992 |
| [anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparation based on f(ab')2 fragments]. | technology of manufacturing of new anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparation based on f(ab')2 fragments has been developed. this preparation is characterized by low reactogenicity, increased virus-neutralizing activity and stability. | 2007 | 17523436 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in bat-eared foxes (otocyon megalotis) in south africa. | a panel of 124 rabies viruses from wildlife host species (principally the bat-eared fox, otocyon megalotis) and domestic carnivore species were collected between 1980 and 2005 from a region of south africa associated with endemic bat-eared fox rabies. we have studied the molecular epidemiology of bat-eared fox rabies by virtue of nucleotide sequence analyses of pcr amplicons specific to the variable g-l intergenic region as well as the conserved nucleoprotein gene of each of the rabies viruses i ... | 2007 | 17537536 |
| real-time pcr analysis of dog cerebrospinal fluid and saliva samples for ante-mortem diagnosis of rabies. | the use of a 10-day observation to determine whether a dog is rabid is standard practice. this study was conducted in order to look for evidence of rabies vius in saliva and cerebrospinal fluid (csf) of suspected live rabid dogs at the time of quarantine by using a sybr green real-time rt-pcr based assay for the detection of rabies virus rna. saliva and csf of dogs were collected once on the day of admission for the 10-day quarantine. all test dogs were or became ill and died of rabies within th ... | 2007 | 17539246 |
| genetic heterogeneity of russian, estonian and finnish field rabies viruses. | thirty-five field rabies virus strains were collected in recent years in different regions of the russian federation in order to characterize their genetic heterogeneity and to study their molecular epidemiology. in addition to the russian viruses, seven archive samples from estonia and finland and two russian vaccine strains were also included in the study. the viruses collected were subjected to two different reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tests, the amplicons were sequenced a ... | 2007 | 17558542 |
| an outbreak of pig rabies in hunan province, china. | the first dog-associated outbreak of rabies in swine in china (hunan province) has been diagnosed and the related virus isolated. sequence analysis showed that the pig isolate was a genotype 1 rabies virus with a very high nucleotide identity to local dog isolates. | 2008 | 17559696 |
| feasibility and challenges in the development of immunocontraceptive vaccine based on zona pellucida glycoproteins. | the zona pellucida (zp) glycoproteins play a crucial role during fertilization and thus are considered as important target antigens for the development of immunocontraceptive vaccines aiming to inhibit fertility at a pre-fertilization stage. in order to evaluate the immunocontraceptive potential of zp glycoproteins, bonnet monkey (macaca radiata) zp2, zp3 and zp4 have been cloned and expressed using either e. coli or baculovirus expression systems. active immunization studies with the recombinan ... | 2007 | 17566293 |
| the 24-angstrom structure of respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid protein-rna decameric rings. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), a nonsegmented, negative-sense rna-containing virus, is a common cause of lower respiratory tract disease. expression of rsv nucleocapsid protein (n) in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system leads to the formation of n-rna complexes that are morphologically indistinguishable from viral nucleocapsids. when imaged in an electron microscope, three distinct types of structures were observed: tightly wound short-pitch helices, highly extended helices, ... | 2007 | 17567697 |
| dynein light chain association sequences can facilitate nuclear protein import. | nuclear localization sequence (nls)-dependent nuclear protein import is not conventionally held to require interaction with microtubules (mts) or components of the mt motor, dynein. here we report for the first time the role of sequences conferring association with dynein light chains (dlcs) in nls-dependent nuclear accumulation of the rabies virus p-protein. we find that p-protein nuclear accumulation is significantly enhanced by its dynein light chain association sequence (dlc-as), dependent o ... | 2007 | 17567954 |
| characterization of growth and metabolism of drosophila melanogaster cells transfected with the rabies-virus glycoprotein gene. | in the present study, the growth and key metabolic features of a gene-transfected drosophila melanogaster (fruitfly) s2 (schneider 2) cell population (s2acrvgp cells), cultured in sf900-ii medium, have been evaluated to provide substantial support for the development of a bioprocess to produce rvgp (rabies-virus glycoprotein). experimental cultures were grown both in a 100 ml schott flask incubated in a shaker at 28 degrees c and 100 rev./min and in a 3 litre stirred-tank bioreactor at 28 degree ... | 2008 | 17570830 |
| transvascular delivery of small interfering rna to the central nervous system. | a major impediment in the treatment of neurological diseases is the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which precludes the entry of therapeutic molecules from blood to brain. here we show that a short peptide derived from rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) enables the transvascular delivery of small interfering rna (sirna) to the brain. this 29-amino-acid peptide specifically binds to the acetylcholine receptor expressed by neuronal cells. to enable sirna binding, a chimaeric peptide was synthesi ... | 2007 | 17572664 |
| culture of transgenic drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells in serum-free media based on tc100 basal medium. | requirements of eliminating animal proteins from cell culture have intensified in recent years, with the pressure of regulatory agencies related to biopharmaceuticals production. in this work, the substitution of fetal bovine serum by yeastolate and a soy hydrolysate (hy soy) for the culture of drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 cells transfected for the production of rabies virus g glycoprotein was evaluated. tc100 supplemented with glucose, glutamine, lipid emulsion and pluronic f68 was emplo ... | 2007 | 17582824 |
| cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses to recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing full-length lyssavirus glycoprotein genes. | lyssaviruses cause acute, progressive encephalitis in mammals. current rabies vaccines offer protection against the lyssaviruses, with the notable exceptions of mokola virus (mokv), lagos bat virus (lbv) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). here we describe the cross-protective and cross-reactive immune responses induced by experimental recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding the glycoprotein genes of rabies virus (rabv), mokv and wcbv, either singly or in dual combinations. constructs expressing ... | 2008 | 17588277 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in guangxi province, south of china. | surveillance data for rabies in guangxi province in china showed that human rabies cases have gradually increased since 1996. | 2007 | 17588806 |
| arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses: distribution, phylogeny and evolutionary history. | forty-one newly sequenced isolates of arctic and arctic-like rabies viruses, were genetically compared to each other and to those available from genbank. four phylogenetic lineages of arctic viruses were identified. arctic-1 viruses circulate in ontario, arctic-2 viruses circulate in siberia and alaska, arctic-3 viruses circulate circumpolarly, and a newly described lineage arctic-4 circulates locally in alaska. the oldest available isolates from siberia (between 1950 and 1960) belong to the arc ... | 2008 | 17599781 |
| evaluation of antiviral activity of south american plant extracts against herpes simplex virus type 1 and rabies virus. | this paper describes the screening of different south american plant extracts and fractions. aqueous and organic extracts were prepared and tested for antiherpetic (hsv-1, kos and 29r strains) and antirabies (pv strain) activities. the evaluation of the potential antiviral activity of these extracts was performed by using an mtt assay for hsv-1, and by a viral cytopathic effect (cpe) inhibitory method for rabies virus (rv). the results were expressed as 50% cytotoxicity (cc(50)) for mtt assay an ... | 2007 | 17604374 |
| molecular epidemiology identifies only a single rabies virus variant circulating in complex carnivore communities of the serengeti. | understanding the transmission dynamics of generalist pathogens that infect multiple host species is essential for their effective control. only by identifying those host populations that are critical to the permanent maintenance of the pathogen, as opposed to populations in which outbreaks are the result of 'spillover' infections, can control measures be appropriately directed. rabies virus is capable of infecting a wide range of host species, but in many ecosystems, particular variants circula ... | 2007 | 17609187 |
| molecular medicine: entry granted. | | 2007 | 17611531 |
| simian immunodeficiency virus vector pseudotypes differ in transduction efficiency and target cell specificity in brain. | lentiviral vectors have proven to be promising tools for transduction of brain cells in vivo and in vitro. in this study, we have examined the central nervous system (cns) transduction efficiencies and patterns of a self-inactivating simian immunodeficiency virus (sivmac)-derived lentiviral vector pseudotyped with glycoproteins from the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv-g), the amphotropic murine leukemia virus (mlv4070aenv), the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv-gp), the ross river virus ( ... | 2007 | 17611586 |
| ultrastructural description of rabies virus infection in cultured sensory neurons. | primary cultures were made from adult mouse spinal ganglia for depicting an ultrastructural description of rabies virus (rabv) infection in adult mouse sensory neuron cultures; they were infected with rabies virus for 24, 36, and 48 h. the monolayers were processed for transmission electron microscopy and immunochemistry studies at the end of each period. as previously reported, sensory neurons showed great susceptibility to infection by rabv; however, in none of the periods evaluated were assem ... | 2007 | 17612763 |
| control of rabies: epidemiology of rabies in asia and development of new-generation vaccines for rabies. | rabies is an enzootic viral disease widespread throughout the world. although it is a vaccine-preventable disease, the annual number of human deaths caused by rabies is estimated to be 32,000 in asia. phylogenetic analysis based on sequence data of the partial n gene of rabies viruses in asia has shown that the viruses are divided into five genogroups, distributed in middle east, south asia, south east asia, malay, and arctic regions. the genetic relationships among these rabies viruses agree ba ... | 2007 | 17619057 |
| antigenic characterisation of yeast-expressed lyssavirus nucleoproteins. | in europe, three genotypes of the genus lyssavirus, family rhabdoviridae, are present, classical rabies virus (rabv, genotype 1), european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) and european bat lyssavirus type 2 (eblv-2, genotype 6). the entire authentic nucleoprotein (n protein) encoding sequences of rabv (challenge virus standard, cvs, strain), eblv-1 and eblv-2 were expressed in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae at high level. purification of recombinant n proteins by caesium chloride gradi ... | 2007 | 17619134 |
| short-interfering rnas as antivirals against rabies. | this study aimed to test in vitro a rna-interference based antiviral approach for rabies with short-interfering rnas (sirnas) against rabies virus nucleoprotein mrna. bhk-21 cells were infected with serial dilutions of pv rabies virus strain and transfected with a pool of three sirnas. direct immunofluorescence staining showed a 5-time decrease in virus titer when compared to a non-treated plate, showing a promising new approach to the development of antivirals for rabies treatment. | 2007 | 17625766 |
| evaluation of a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus. | a rapid immunodiagnostic test kit for rabies virus detection was evaluated using 51 clinical samples and 4 isolates of rabies virus. the quick detection of rabies virus under field conditions may be helpful in determining if post-exposure prophylaxis is needed, thereby avoiding unnecessary treatments, as well as undue economic burden. there are several widely used diagnostic methods for rabies, including fluorescent antibody tests, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and electron mi ... | 2007 | 17628707 |
| descriptive spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of the 2000-2005 canine rabies endemic in santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia. | the authors analysed laboratory samples testing positive for rabies virus collected between 2000 and 2005 from santa cruz de la sierra, bolivia, to assess the spatial and spatio-temporal distribution of the endemic of canine rabies. according to the results of the spatial analysis, canine rabies was not evenly distributed in the city. significant spatio-temporal clustering of canine rabies cases showed a trend towards clusters with high incidence rates in two particular areas compared with surro ... | 2007 | 17631264 |
| use of neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies to rabies glycoprotein in passive immunotherapy against rabies. | passive immunization is an important parameter of post exposure rabies prophylaxis. two types of rabies immunoglobulin (rigs) are currently available for passive immunization against rabies i.e., human rabies immunoglobulin (hrig) and equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig). the former is very expensive and not easily available and the latter causes side effects because of which its utility is limited. in the present study we have produced murine monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to rabies glycoprotein ( ... | 2007 | 17637573 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in colombia 1994-2005 based on partial nucleoprotein gene sequences. | one hundred and twenty-four rabies viruses (rabv) were isolated from humans and eight species of mammals in colombia during 1994-2005. to determine the genetic and reservoir-associated diversity cdna fragments encoding 88 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus of the nucleoprotein were sequenced and used in phylogenetic analyses. eight genetic lineages (gl) were characterized. gl1, gl2 and gl3 consisted of dog-associated antigenic variant (av) 1 rabv, isolated in the centre-east, north and southwe ... | 2007 | 17643540 |
| pre-exposure rabies vaccination using purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine intradermally is immunogenic and safe. | to demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of intradermal rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) in schoolchildren age 5 to 8 years in thailand. | 2007 | 17643772 |
| improved method for the generation and selection of homogeneous lumpy skin disease virus (sa-neethling) recombinants. | lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) is being developed as a vector for recombinant vaccines against diseases of veterinary importance. a strategy for generating viral thymidine kinase (tk) gene-disrupted recombinants which are stable and homogeneous using the south african neethling vaccine strain of lsdv as vector has been developed. to assist with the selection process, the escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) visual marker gene was incorporated into the constructs. however, the use of lacz ... | 2007 | 17644196 |
| "switched-on" flexible chalcogenopyrylium photosensitizers. changes in photophysical properties upon binding to dna. | 2,4-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-alkylthiopyrylium and selenopyrylium dyes are essentially nonfluorescent (phi f < 0.001) and are poor generators of singlet oxygen in aqueous solution. however, upon complexation to calf thymus dna, quantum yields for both fluorescence and generation of singlet oxygen increased dramatically. irradiation of the dye-dna complexes produced strand breaks in the dna. the photodamage is not observed in the absence of oxygen and is suppressed by the addition of the sing ... | 2007 | 17645329 |
| brain tissue neutralization: a new biological reaction for rabies virus. its relation to the protection and serum-neutralization tests. | | 1944 | 17648019 |
| possibility of bats carrying rabies virus into canada. | | 1954 | 17648750 |
| the immunizing value of high egg passage flury rabies virus and its use in combination with the virus of canine distemper. | | 1959 | 17649117 |
| the isolation of the rabies virus from insectivorous bats in british columbia. | | 1960 | 17649222 |
| adsorption of wild rabies virus and neurotropic-adapted viruses by activated attapulgite. | the adsorption by attapulgite (a naturally occurring clay) of wild rabies virus in naturally rabid dogs was investigated. attapulgite selectively absorbed rabies virus in the brain tissue of naturally rabid dogs and rejected rabies virus in extracts from the submaxillary salivary glands of the rabid dogs. attapulgite rejected the neurotropic-adapted viruses lymphocytic choriomeningitis, eastern equine and western equine encephalitis, japanese b encephalitis, and st. louis encephalitis in the bra ... | 1964 | 17649527 |
| [analyses on the isolation and characterization of canine rabies virus isolates in henan]. | to analyze the genetic characteristics of two rabies virus isolates from henan province and to compare their relations hip with known rabies virus isolates and vaccine strains. | 2007 | 17649660 |
| [expression, purification and antigenic characterization of the epitope-g1 gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus in escherichia coli]. | the epitope-g1 gene, cloned from the pmd-g plasmid including g protein gene of bovine ephemeral fever virus (befv), was subcloned into expression vector pgex-4t-1 to construct pgex-g1 recombinant plasmid successfully. the pgex-g1 was transformed into e. coli bl21(de3) to be induced with iptg. the optimal expression conditions for g1 gene were obtained, which included reaction temperature 16 degrees c, induction time 18h and iptg concentration 0.1 mmol/l. the soluble target protein was purified w ... | 2007 | 17672313 |
| phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from carnivora in brazil. | the incidence of canine rabies has been widely reported in brazil, and new rabies virus (rv) variants, genetically similar to canine rv, have recently been isolated from foxes. in order to derive the epidemiological characteristics of brazilian carnivora rv, brazilian rvs isolated from dogs, cats, and foxes were genetically analyzed. brazilian carnivora rv isolates were divided into 2 main lineages. the predominant lineage was found in dogs and cats, which included the argentinean and bolivian c ... | 2007 | 17675798 |
| genetic diversity of bat rabies viruses in brazil. | thirty-three brazilian bat rabies viruses (rvs) were studied by sequence analysis and were compared against sequences of bat-related rvs from other regions of the americas. phylogenetic analysis revealed that bat-related rvs formed several monophyletic lineages and that these were associated with bat species. brazilian bat rvs were found to include nine major lineages, one of which grouped with rvs isolated from lasiurus spp. from different regions of the americas. these results suggest that the ... | 2007 | 17680325 |
| are all lyssavirus genes equal for phylogenetic analyses? | individual lyssavirus genes were evaluated for phylogenetic studies from available full genome sequences. the full genome of the era rabies virus was sequenced and its accuracy was confirmed through virus recovery by reverse genetics. the full length of the era is 11,931 nucleotides (nt), with a leader sequence of 58 nt, the nucleoprotein (n) gene of 1350 nt, phosphoprotein (p) gene of 891 nt, matrix protein (m) gene of 606 nt, glycoprotein (g) gene of 1572 nt, rna-dependent rna polymerase (l) g ... | 2007 | 17681631 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2006. | during 2006, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,940 cases of rabies in animals and 3 cases in humans to the cdc, representing an 8.2% increase from the 6,417 cases in animals and 1 case in a human reported in 2005. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,615 raccoons (37.7%), 1,692 bats (24.4%), 1,494 skunks (21.5%), 427 foxes (6.2%), 318 cats (4.6%), 82 cattle (1.2%), and 79 dogs (1. ... | 2007 | 17696853 |
| current status of human rabies transmitted by dogs in latin america. | latin american countries made the political decision to eliminate human rabies transmitted by dogs by the year 2005. the purpose of the current study is to evaluate to what extent this goal has been reached. the epidemiological situation and control measures were analyzed and broken down within the countries by georeferencing. the 27 human cases reported in 2003 occurred in some 0.2% of the second-level geopolitical units (municipalities or counties) in the region, suggesting that the disease is ... | 2007 | 17700940 |
| [bat rabies in europe and the czech republic]. | in 2005, six children were treated in our department who had been in contact with a bat infected with european bat lyssavirus 1 (ebl1). in the czech republic, this was the first confirmed case of rabies since 2002, but the fourth case of bat rabies since 1994. all the cases were related to southern moravia and bat species which almost do not migrate. this suggests only endemic prevalence of ebl1 in this country. bat rabies is different from rabies in terrestic mammals. based on genetic analyses, ... | 2007 | 17703400 |
| unphosphorylated rhabdoviridae phosphoproteins form elongated dimers in solution. | the phosphoprotein (p) is an essential component of the replication machinery of rabies virus (rv) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and the oligomerization of p, potentially controlled by phosphorylation, is required for its function. up to now the stoichiometry of phosphoprotein oligomers has been controversial. size exclusion chromatography combined with detection by multiangle laser light scattering shows that the recombinant unphosphorylated phosphoproteins from vsv and from rv exist as ... | 2007 | 17705401 |
| susceptibility of sheep to european bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 infection: a clinical pathogenesis study. | european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to other terrestrial mammals. in this study, we have confirmed eblv-1 and eblv-2 susceptibility in sheep (ovis ammon) following intracranial and peripheral (intramuscular) inoculation. notably, mild clinical disease was observed in those exposed to virus via the intramuscular route. following the intramuscular challenge, 75% of the animals infected with eblv-1 and 100% of those that were cha ... | 2007 | 17706900 |
| [production and characterization of a polyclonal antibody against rabies virus phosphoprotein]. | the expression of recombinant viral proteins has been a useful tool to study molecular biology and pathogenesis of virus infections. because commercial specific antibodies to rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) are currently unavailable, these antibodies must be generated de novo in order to study the role of p protein during the infectious process. | 2007 | 17713636 |
| complement-fixation in encephalitis and rabies virus infections. | | 1941 | 17743448 |
| reactivation of rabies virus infection with adrenocorficotropic hormones. | a guinea pig inoculated intramuscularly with rabies street virus survived for 5 months, but developed paralysis in the inoculated limb and died of rabies after treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone. | 1961 | 17744954 |
| conserved characteristics of the rhabdovirus nucleoprotein. | rhabdovirus is a negative strand rna virus that packages a ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. the rnp is composed of a genome that is encapsidated completely by the nucleoprotein (n). structural comparisons of the rna-nucleoprotein complexes from two members, vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and rabies virus (rabv), revealed highly conserved characteristics of folding, rna binding, and assembly despite their lack of significant homology in amino acid sequence. the rna binding cavity is located bet ... | 2007 | 17764775 |
| phylogenetic comparison of rabies viruses from disease outbreaks on the svalbard islands. | periodic wildlife rabies epizootics occur in arctic regions. the original sources of these outbreaks are rarely identified. in 1980, a wildlife epizootic of rabies occurred on the previously rabies-free svalbard islands, norway. after this outbreak of rabies in the arctic fox population (alopex lagopus), only single cases have been reported from the islands over the following two decades. phylogenetic characterization of four viruses isolated from infected arctic foxes from svalbard from three d ... | 2007 | 17767407 |
| propagation of rabies virus in tissue culture and the successful use of culture virus as an antirabic vaccine. | | 1936 | 17781073 |
| specialized circuits from primary visual cortex to v2 and area mt. | primary visual cortex recombines inputs from magnocellular (m) and parvocellular (p) streams to create functionally specialized outputs. understanding these input-output relationships is complicated by the fact that layer 4b, which provides outputs to dorsal visual areas, contains multiple cell types. using a modified rabies virus that expresses green fluorescent protein, we show that layer 4b neurons projecting to mt are a majority spiny stellate, whereas those projecting to v2 are overwhelming ... | 2007 | 17785186 |
| oral vaccination of raccoons (procyon lotor) with genetically modified rabies virus vaccines. | oral vaccination is an important tool currently in use to control the spread of rabies in wildlife populations in various programs around the world. oral rabies vaccination (orv) of raccoons represents the largest targeted program to control wildlife rabies in the united states. currently, the vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus vaccine (v-rg) is the only licensed oral rabies vaccine in the us. in the current study, captive raccoons were used to evaluate two previously described const ... | 2007 | 17826874 |
| recombinant single-chain fv antibody fragment-alkaline phosphatase conjugate: a novel in vitro tool to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture. | the purpose of this study was to design a novel in vitro tool by using recombinant protein technology to qualify the whole reagent preparation procedure, to be used to quantify rabies viral antigen preparation in a simple and rapid format for potency control of rabies vaccines. 50ad1 is a neutralizing monoclonal antibody directed against the rabies virus glycoprotein that binds to native conformational antigenic site iii. in the present study, the dna fragments encoding the variable domains of 5 ... | 2007 | 17845821 |
| internal hydrocephalus and associated periventricular encephalitis in a young fox. | marked lateral ventricular enlargement associated with atrophic cerebral cortex and periventricular encephalitis is described in a 2-month-old fox affected by disorientation, generalized ataxia, difficulty in walking, circling, and blindness. clinical conditions progressed to stupor and spontaneous death within a few days. at necropsy, severe inflammatory and necrotizing lesions were observed in periventricular sites associated with diverticula and cleft formation in perithalamic areas and rhine ... | 2007 | 17846249 |
| emergence of lyssaviruses in the old world: the case of africa. | rabies has a long history of occurrence throughout africa, spanning hundreds of years. at least four distinct lyssavirus species persist throughout the continent, among carnivores, bats and other mammals. rabies virus is the most cosmopolitan member, with primary reservoirs within dogs and mongoose, but other wildlife vectors are important in viral maintenance, such as jackals. besides a prominent toll on humans and domestic animals, the disease has an underappreciated role in conservation biolo ... | 2007 | 17848065 |
| glycoprotein gene relocation in rabies virus. | unlike vesicular stomatitis virus, rabies virus glycoprotein gene has not been successfully relocated closer to promoter-proximal regions by reverse genetics. here we describe an efficient system for the evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth (era) rabies virus with the glycoprotein gene switched with the matrix protein gene, creating a reshuffled virus eragm (gene order n-p-g-m-l). with the aid of an autogene plasmid, the t7 rna polymerase containing a nuclear location signal from the sv40 large t antigen ... | 2008 | 17850911 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in puerto rico. | the mongoose is the principal reservoir for rabies on the island of puerto rico. this report describes a molecular epidemiological study of representative rabies viruses recovered from the island in 1997. two closely related but distinct variants circulating in regionally localised parts of the island were identified. the lack of a monophyletic relationship of these viruses suggests that two independent incursions of rabies onto the island have occurred. both of these puerto rican variants were ... | 2008 | 17869366 |
| [rabies virus in nyctinomops laticaudatus bats in the city of rio de janeiro: isolation, titration and epidemiology]. | the first case report of rabies in bats of the species nyctinomops laticaudatus, in the city of rio de janeiro city, is presented. virus isolation and titration were performed in different tissues, and high titers were found in the brain and salivary glands. rabies occurrence in such an infrequent species in this state suggests that the disease may be more prevalent than it appears to be. | 2007 | 17876476 |
| usefulness of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for detection of rabies rna in archival samples. | the examination of archival samples by molecular techniques has been found to be a valuable tool in providing retrospective and epidemiological data. in contrast to dna, there are fewer comprehensive studies quantitatively addressing the feasibility of assessing rna from archival samples. in tropical countries like india, such studies are even more rare. one problem is that the warm climate and the fluctuations in the ambient temperature during transport and storage of tissues lead to early deco ... | 2007 | 17881871 |
| characterization of rabies virus isolated from canids and identification of the main wild canid host in northeastern brazil. | the rabies cases in dogs and wild canids in northeastern brazil are a public and animal health problem. this paper describes the identities of the coding region of the n-gene of rabies virus (rabv) isolated in canids from northeastern brazil. the genetic tree generated using the sequence data described here divided the cluster brazilan canids into two subclusters (dog-related strains and wild canid-related strains) with identities greater than those already described. the two subclusters are sub ... | 2008 | 17889396 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in vietnam. | the present study was done to determine the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus (rv) in vietnam. the nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein (g) genes of rvs were amplified from the brains of ten rabid dogs of ho chi minh city, vietnam. the nucleotide sequences of these genes were compared with those of other asian strains to find the possible relationship among them. phylogenetic analysis revealed that the asian n gene segregated into three main branches, namely south-east asia 1 (sea 1), south-e ... | 2007 | 17895600 |
| development and evaluation of an in vitro isolation of street rabies virus in mouse neuroblastoma cells as compared to conventional tests used for diagnosis of rabies. | in vitro isolation of rabies virus using mouse neuroblastoma cells (mna) was evaluated. the sensitivity and reliability of in vitro procedure was performed in comparison with mouse inoculation test (mit), the in vivo method of virus isolation, direct fluorescent antibody test (fat) and sellers staining. of the 33 animal brain samples tested, 24 (72.72%) were positive by mit. sensitivity of sellers stain, fat and rapid tissue culture infection test (rtcit) was found to be 54.16, 100 and 91.6% res ... | 2007 | 17901648 |
| [bat research on rabies virus in the netherlands from 2002 to 2006]. | | 2007 | 17913050 |
| rabies encephalitis. | a 12-year-old boy presented with fever and sore throat of 6 days duration followed by vomiting and altered sensorium. he had received 4 doses of antirabies vaccine following a dog bite 4 weeks back. rabies immunoglobulin was not given. history of hydrophobia and aerophobia were strikingly absent. the possibilities of rabies encephalitis and vaccine induced acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (adem) were considered. mri brain showed exclusive grey matter changes characteristic of rabies. the dia ... | 2007 | 17921563 |
| nucleocytoplasmic distribution of rabies virus p-protein is regulated by phosphorylation adjacent to c-terminal nuclear import and export signals. | nucleocytoplasmic distribution of the rabies virus phosphoprotein is implicated in the evasion of cellular antiviral mechanisms by rabies virus and has been reported to depend on an n-terminal nuclear export sequence and a c-terminal nuclear localization sequence. this paper identifies a second nuclear export sequence that is located between key residues of the nuclear localization sequence in the phosphoprotein c-terminal domain. the c-terminal domain confers predominantly nuclear localization ... | 2007 | 17924652 |
| the rabies virus glycoprotein receptor p75ntr is not essential for rabies virus infection. | rabies virus glycoprotein (rvg) is known to be the only factor that mediates rabies infection. the neurotrophin receptor (p75(ntr)), through its cysteine-rich domain 1, is a specific receptor for rvg and neutralizes virus infectivity, but its role in virus infection has remained obscure. we used adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (drg) neurons as a model to study the role of p75(ntr) in rv infection of primary neurons. we show that rv infects around 20% of drg neurons, of which more than 80% are p ... | 2007 | 17928338 |
| double-labeled rabies virus: live tracking of enveloped virus transport. | here we describe a strategy to fluorescently label the envelope of rabies virus (rv), of the rhabdoviridae family, in order to track the transport of single enveloped viruses in living cells. red fluorescent proteins (tm-rfp) were engineered to comprise the n-terminal signal sequence and c-terminal transmembrane spanning and cytoplasmic domain sequences of the rv glycoprotein (g). two variants of tm-rfp were transported to and anchored in the cell surface membrane, independent of glycosylation. ... | 2008 | 17928343 |
| structural aspects of rabies virus replication. | rabies virus is a negative-strand rna virus. its rna genome is condensed by the viral nucleoprotein (n), and it is this n-rna complex that is the template for transcription and replication by the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase complex. here we discuss structural and functional aspects of viral transcription and replication based on the atomic structure of a recombinant rabies virus n-rna complex. we situate available biochemical data on n-rna interactions with viral and cellular factors in t ... | 2008 | 17938861 |
| structural abnormalities in neurons are sufficient to explain the clinical disease and fatal outcome of experimental rabies in yellow fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice. | under natural conditions and in some experimental models, rabies virus infection of the central nervous system causes relatively mild histopathological changes, without prominent evidence of neuronal death despite its lethality. in this study, the effects of rabies virus infection on the structure of neurons were investigated with experimentally infected transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (yfp) in neuronal subpopulations. six-week-old mice were inoculated in the hind-limb foot ... | 2008 | 17942540 |
| [recombinant design and expression of human anti-rabies virus scdsfv]. | to constructed the recombinant human anti-rabies virus scdsfv, cys sites were introduced into framework region (fr) of vh and vl genes which were amplified from human anti-rabies virus scfv respectively using genetic point mutation technology. cloned the scdsfv gene into expression vector pet22b (+) and transformed into e. coli bl21 (de3). the target protein was expressed by inducing with iptg. followed by renaturation in vitro and purified by ni-nta. the binding activity of scdsfv was identifie ... | 2007 | 17944370 |
| efficient gene transfer via retrograde transport in rodent and primate brains using a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-based vector pseudotyped with rabies virus glycoprotein. | the primate lentiviral vector system based on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) has been used for a wide range of gene therapy trials in animal models. axonal transport in the retrograde direction, which is observed with some viral vectors, confers a considerable advantage to gene transfer into neuronal cell bodies that are localized in regions remote from the injection site of the vectors. however, retrograde axonal transport of the hiv-1-based lentiviral vector pseudotyped with vesic ... | 2007 | 17944573 |
| use of a molecular epidemiological database to track human rabies case histories in south africa. | the kwazulu natal and eastern cape provinces of south africa have experienced a serious dog rabies epidemic over the past three decades. towards a better understanding of this epidemic, we have previously analysed nucleotide sequences of 142 rabies virus specimens that were obtained from these regions during 2003-2004 and provided a molecular description of the geographical distribution of rabies viral variants in the affected provinces. here, as an extension, we studied five human cases that oc ... | 2008 | 17961278 |
| [comparative study between 2 conjugates for the diagnosis of rabies in cuba by direct immunofluorescence]. | a comparison was made between the conjugate of national production made by "carlos j. finlay" enterprise of biological products for diagnosing rabies by direct immunofluorescence and the viral antinucleocapsid conjugate manufactured by biorad that is commercialized at the international level. 150 samples of brain from different animal species were studied at the rabies reference laboratory of "pedro kouri" institute of tropical medicine from 2000 to 2002. on comparing both conjugates, there were ... | 2005 | 17966581 |
| elisa assays for rabies antibodies? | | 2007 | 17972383 |
| lack of association between ectoparasite intensities and rabies virus neutralizing antibody seroprevalence in wild big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus), fort collins, colorado. | recently, bat ectoparasites have been demonstrated to harbor pathogens of potential importance to humans. we evaluated antirabies antibody seroprevalence and the presence of ectoparasites in big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) sampled in 2002 and 2003 in colorado to investigate if an association existed between ectoparasite intensity and exposure to rabies virus (rv). we used logistic regression and akaike's information criteria adjusted for sample size (aicc) in a post-hoc analysis to investigate ... | 2007 | 17979542 |
| a comparative study on the immunogenicity, safety and tolerance of purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev) manufactured in india (vaxirab) and switzerland (lyssavac-n): a randomized simulated post-exposure study in healthy volunteers. | purified duck embryo vaccine (pdev, vaxirab) for rabies prophylaxis is now indigenously manufactured in india under technology transfer from berna biotech who made the original pdev (lyssavac). in the present study we have compared the two vaccines in terms of safety, immunogenicity and tolerance. the study was conducted in 220 adult healthy volunteers. it was observed that both vaccines produced neutralizing antibody titers (as determined by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, rffit) more ... | 2007 | 17981377 |
| inter-laboratory trial to evaluate the reproducibility of a new elisa to detect rabies antibodies in vaccinated domestic and wild carnivores. | validation of new diagnostic assays requires the establishment of their performance characteristics such as diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, precision, repeatability, accuracy and reproducibility. these different stages of validation are described in the recent standard operating procedure for oie validation and certification of diagnostic assays. this report describes a reproducibility study of a new elisa to titrate rabies antibodies in vaccinated wild and domestic carnivores. the study ... | 2008 | 17981476 |