| [phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus): data of analysis of polymorphism of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b]. | analysis of polymorphism of the gene for cytochrome b (1140 bp) of 106 samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) of eurasia is carried out, and the phylogenetic relationships of groups throughout the entire geographic range, including north america, are reconstructed. in total, the paper describes 75 haplotypes, 33 of them for the european and 42 for the asian part of the geographic range. common haplotypes for these two parts of the range were not found. the genetic kinship of asian siberian stags a ... | 2016 | 22988755 |
| effect of predator odors on heart rate and metabolic rate of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis). | we measured the heart rate (hr) and oxygen consumption ([formula: see text]) of wapiti (cervus elaphus canadensis) before, during, and after presentation of biologically irrelevant odors (pentane, thiophene, and a perfume), artificial predator odors (an ether extract of cougar feces, and pdt, a compound found in mustelid anal gland secretion), stale predator odors (dog feces and urine and fox urine, kept at ambient temperature for a few weeks), and fresh predator odors (wolf, coyote, and cougar ... | 1996 | 24227589 |
| development and characterization of 15 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite markers for tule elk using hiseq3000. | the tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes) experienced a severe bottleneck in the 1800s, resulting in low genetic diversity. there is a need for high-resolution genetic assays that can be used to differentiate individual elk, including close relatives, with high confidence. an efficient assay requires multiple markers both polymorphic and that can be amplified in concert with other markers in multiplex reactions. to develop such markers, we employed 150-bp paired-end whole genome shotgun sequencing ... | 2016 | 27638816 |
| estimating inbreeding rates in natural populations: addressing the problem of incomplete pedigrees. | understanding and estimating inbreeding is essential for managing threatened and endangered wildlife populations. however, determination of inbreeding rates in natural populations is confounded by incomplete parentage information. we present an approach for quantifying inbreeding rates for populations with incomplete parentage information. the approach exploits knowledge of pedigree configurations that lead to inbreeding coefficients of f = 0.25 and f = 0.125, allowing for quantification of pr(i ... | 2017 | 28398480 |
| a mortality event in elk ( cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves associated with malnutrition, pasteurellosis, and deer adenovirus in colorado, usa. | this report describes clinical, necropsy, and ancillary diagnostic findings for a mortality event in rocky mountain elk ( cervus elaphus nelsoni) calves attributed to malnutrition, pasteurellosis, and an alimentary presentation of adenovirus hemorrhagic disease. | 2017 | 28328349 |
| can red deer antlers be used as an indicator of environmental and edible tissues' trace element contamination? | venison is an attractive product for consumers concerned with healthy lifestyle; however, it can contain high levels of toxic elements, and therefore, it is a possible source of hazardous contaminants in human diet. antlers are suitable bioindicators of environmental metal contamination, and herein, we assessed the ability of trace element levels in antlers to indicate levels in edible soft tissues. we determined the concentrations of lead (pb), cadmium (cd), mercury (hg), arsenic (as), copper ( ... | 2017 | 28324255 |
| optimization of protocols for iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) sperm handling before sex sorting by flow cytometry. | currently, sperm reproductive biotechnologies such as sex sorting and cryopreservation are undoubtedly valuable tools for improving the economic and biological efficiency of red deer production systems. in this context, and because of the particular characteristics of this species (extensive exploitation typically far from laboratory facilities), a key goal is to optimize the design of an adequate handling protocol of sperm samples before samples are subjected to sex sorting and cryopreservation ... | 2017 | 28237327 |
| endocranial volume is heritable and is associated with longevity and fitness in a wild mammal. | research on relative brain size in mammals suggests that increases in brain size may generate benefits to survival and costs to fecundity: comparative studies of mammals have shown that interspecific differences in relative brain size are positively correlated with longevity and negatively with fecundity. however, as yet, no studies of mammals have investigated whether similar relationships exist within species, nor whether individual differences in brain size within a wild population are herita ... | 2016 | 28083105 |
| does cu supplementation affect the mechanical and structural properties and mineral content of red deer antler bone tissue? | the main factors affecting the mechanical (and other) properties of bone, including antler, are the proportions of ash (especially ca and p) and collagen content. however, some trace minerals may also play more important roles than would be expected, given their low levels in bone and antler. one such trace mineral is cu. here, we studied the effects of cu supplementation on the mechanical and structural characteristics, and mineral content of antlers from yearling and adult (4 years of age) red ... | 2017 | 28069103 |
| climate, female traits and population features as drivers of breeding timing in mediterranean red deer populations. | understanding the factors that lead to variation in the timing of breeding in widespread species such as red deer (cervus elaphus l.) is crucial to predict possible responses of wild populations to different climate scenarios. here, we sought to further understand the causes of inter-annual variation in the reproduction timing of female deer in mediterranean environments. an integrative approach was used to identify the relative importance of individual, population and climate traits in the date ... | 2017 | 28054452 |
| effect of sex-sorting and cryopreservation on the post-thaw sperm quality of iberian red deer spermatozoa. | this study investigated the effect of sex-sorting and cryopreservation on post-thaw characteristics and fertility of red deer (cervus elaphus) sperm for the first time. semen was collected by electroejaculation from 10 mature stags during the breeding season, and each ejaculate split into four experimental groups: bulk sorted spermatozoa, sorted but not sexed (bss); sorted high purity x-spermatozoa (xss); sorted high purity y-spermatozoa (yss); and, control non-sorted spermatozoa (ns). following ... | 2017 | 28043354 |
| resolving the phylogenetic status and taxonomic relationships of the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) in the family cervidae. | the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) is a "least concern" deer species, and it is the only survivor of the red deer group in the indian subcontinent. the phylogenetic status of the hangul relative to the other members of the family cervidae is not known because sequence data are not available in public databases. therefore, this study was carried out to determine the phylogenetic status and delineate the genetic boundaries of the hangul with respect to the other red deer subspecies on the basis of ... | 2016 | 27937071 |
| expression of metallothionein in the liver and kidneys of the red deer (cervus elaphus l.) from an industrial metal smelting area of poland. | the metallothionein 1 (mt1) coding sequence of red deer was identified and compared to orthologous sequences from other mammals. over 90% identity was observed between red deer mt1 amino acid sequence and mt1 sequences of other ruminants. liver and kidney samples of red deer were collected from the industrial zinc smelting site of miasteczko slaskie and from the masuria lake district serving as a pollution-free control site. the concentrations of cadmium (cd), lead (pb), copper (cu) and zinc (zn ... | 2017 | 27918943 |
| green wave tracking by large herbivores: an experimental approach. | the forage maturation hypothesis (fmh) states that herbivores should follow the onset of growth in spring to obtain access to forage of higher quality and quantity, the so-called "green wave surfing." several studies have found correlative evidence in support of this by associating animal movement with plant phenology. however, experimental manipulation of vast natural systems determining causes of large herbivore movement is usually beyond reach. the unique management system involving winter en ... | 2016 | 27912000 |
| glutathione in combination with trehalose has supplementary beneficial effects on cryopreserved red deer (cervus elaphus) sperm. | in this study, we evaluated the effects of glutathione in combination with trehalose addition to semen extenders on the quality parameters of frozen-thawed red deer (cervus elaphus) spermatozoa. | 2017 | 27885744 |
| low copper levels associated with low carcass weight in wild red deer ( cervus elaphus ) in norway. | copper (cu) deficiency is associated with several disease syndromes, including poor growth, in farmed red deer ( cervus elaphus ), but little is known of the consequences of low cu levels in free-ranging populations. low hepatic cu levels have been documented in several wild red deer populations along the west coast of norway, with the lowest values found on the island of hitra. we studied the relationship between liver cu concentration and slaughter weight in 63 red deer calves and 69 yearlings ... | 2017 | 27788057 |
| linking landscape-scale differences in forage to ungulate nutritional ecology. | understanding how habitat and nutritional condition affect ungulate populations is necessary for informing management, particularly in areas experiencing carnivore recovery and declining ungulate population trends. variations in forage species availability, plant phenological stage, and the abundance of forage make it challenging to understand landscape-level effects of nutrition on ungulates. we developed an integrated spatial modeling approach to estimate landscape-level elk (cervus elaphus) n ... | 2016 | 27755722 |
| changes in the rumen microbiome and metabolites reveal the effect of host genetics on hybrid crosses. | the rumen microbiota plays important roles in nutrient metabolism and absorption of the host. however, it is poorly understood how host genetic variation shapes the community structure of the rumen microbiota and its metabolic phenotype. here, we used sika deer (cervus nippon) and elk (cervus elaphus) to produce the following two types of hybrid offspring: sika deer ♀ × elk ♂ (seh) and elk ♀ × sika deer ♂ (esh). then, we examined the rumen microbiome and metabolites in the parents and their hybr ... | 2016 | 27717170 |
| [a rare zoonosis in hungary: cercarial dermatitis caused by schistosoma turkestanicum blood-fluke]. | several trematodes that parasitize vertebrate animals utilize swimming aquatic larvae to infect the host percutaneously. the most important ones among these parasites are the blood-flukes of birds and mammals comprising species that are also zoonotic. within this latter group are species that cause the bilharziasis or schistosomiasis of inhabitants of the tropical countries, and other trematode species that are able to penetrate human skin, but do not develop to an adult form of the worm in the ... | 2016 | 27690621 |
| dispersal ecology informs design of large-scale wildlife corridors. | landscape connectivity describes how the movement of animals relates to landscape structure. the way in which movement among populations is affected by environmental conditions is important for predicting the effects of habitat fragmentation, and for defining conservation corridors. one approach has been to map resistance surfaces to characterize how environmental variables affect animal movement, and to use these surfaces to model connectivity. however, current connectivity modelling typically ... | 2017 | 27657496 |
| purifying selection, density blocking and unnoticed mitochondrial dna diversity in the red deer, cervus elaphus. | the trajectories of postglacial range expansions, the occurrence of lineage patches and the formation and maintenance of secondary contact between lineages may mostly reflect neutral demographic processes, including density blocking, that may leave long-lasting genetic signatures. however, a few studies have recently shown that climate may also play a role. we used red deer, a large, mobile herbivore that is assumed to be sensitive to climate change, to test hypotheses of possible selection on t ... | 2016 | 27649313 |
| the role of weather and density dependence on population dynamics of alpine-dwelling red deer. | the dynamics of red deer cervus elaphus populations has been investigated across different environmental conditions, with the notable exception of the european alps. although the population dynamics of mountain-dwelling ungulates is typically influenced by the interaction between winter severity and density, the increase of temperatures and the reduction of snowpack occurring on the alps since the 1980s may be expected to alter this pattern, especially in populations dwelling at medium - low ele ... | 2017 | 27616664 |
| relative costs of offspring sex and offspring survival in a polygynous mammal. | costs of reproduction are expected to be ubiquitous in wild animal populations and understanding the drivers of variation in these costs is an important aspect of life-history evolution theory. we use a 43 year dataset from a wild population of red deer to examine the relative importance of two factors that influence the costs of reproduction to mothers, and to test whether these costs vary with changing ecological conditions. like previous studies, our analyses indicate fitness costs of lactati ... | 2016 | 27601725 |
| red deer bone and antler collagen are not isotopically equivalent in carbon and nitrogen. | bone and antler collagen δ(13) c and δ(15) n values are often assumed to be equivalent when measured in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. although compositionally similar, bone grows slowly and is remodelled whereas antler growth is rapid and remodelling does not occur. these different patterns of growth could result in isotopic difference within antler and between the two tissue types. here we test whether red deer (cervus elaphus) bone and antler δ(13) c and δ(15) n val ... | 2016 | 27501431 |
| morphological and molecular identification of nasopharyngeal bot fly larvae infesting red deer (cervus elaphus) in austria. | nasopharyngeal myiases are caused by larvae of bot flies (diptera: oestridae), which have evolved a high specificity for their hosts. bot flies (n = 916) were collected from 137 (57.6 %) out of 238 red deer (cervus elaphus) hunted in vorarlberg and tyrol (western austria). after being stored in 75 % ethanol, larvae were identified to species level and developmental stage using morphological and morphometric keys. larvae were also molecularly characterized by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ampli ... | 2016 | 27492199 |
| the petrosal bone and bony labyrinth of early to middle miocene european deer (mammalia, cervidae) reveal their phylogeny. | deer (cervidae) have a long evolutionary history dating back to the early miocene, around 19 million years ago. the best known fossils to document this history belong to european taxa, which all bear cranial appendages more or less similar to today's deer antlers. despite the good fossil record, relationships of the earliest stem deer and earliest crown deer are much debated. this hampers precise calibration against the independent evidence of the fossil record in molecular clock analyses. while ... | 2016 | 27460747 |
| climate-mediated shifts in neandertal subsistence behaviors at pech de l'azé iv and roc de marsal (dordogne valley, france). | neandertals disappeared from europe just after 40,000 years ago. some hypotheses ascribe this to numerous population crashes associated with glacial cycles in the late pleistocene. the goal of this paper is to test the hypothesis that glacial periods stressed neandertal populations. if cold climates stressed neandertals, their subsistence behaviors may have changed-requiring intensified use of prey through more extensive nutrient extraction from faunal carcasses. to test this, an analysis of nea ... | 2016 | 27343769 |
| leave before it's too late: anthropogenic and environmental triggers of autumn migration in a hunted ungulate population. | autumn has to a large extent been neglected in the climate effect literature, yet autumn events, e.g., plant senescence and animal migration, affect fitness of animals differently than spring events. understanding how variables including plant phenology influence timing of autumn migrations is important to gain a comprehensive understanding of the full annual cycle of migratory species. here we use 13 yr of data from 60 male and 168 female red deer (cervus elaphus) to identify triggers of autumn ... | 2016 | 27220221 |
| female sexual preferences toward conspecific and hybrid male mating calls in two species of polygynous deer, cervus elaphus and c. nippon. | the behavioral processes at the basis of hybridization and introgression are understudied in terrestrial mammals. we use a unique model to test the role of sexual signals as a reproductive barrier to introgression by investigating behavioral responses to male sexual calls in estrous females of two naturally allopatric but reproductively compatible deer species, red deer and sika deer. previous studies demonstrated asymmetries in acoustic species discrimination between these species: most but not ... | 2017 | 27217596 |
| population dynamics of a natural red deer population over 200 years detected via substantial changes of genetic variation. | most large mammals have constantly been exposed to anthropogenic influence over decades or even centuries. because of their long generation times and lack of sampling material, inferences of past population genetic dynamics, including anthropogenic impacts, have only relied on the analysis of the structure of extant populations. here, we investigate for the first time the change in the genetic constitution of a natural red deer population over two centuries, using up to 200-year-old antlers (30 ... | 2016 | 27096075 |
| mercury and selenium binding biomolecules in terrestrial mammals (cervus elaphus and sus scrofa) from a mercury exposed area. | mercury (hg) is likely bound to large biomolecules (e.g. proteins) in living organisms, and in order to assess hg metabolic pathways and possible toxicological effects, it is essential to study these hg containing biomolecules. however, the exact nature of most metal binding biomolecules is unknown. such studies are still in their infancy and information on this topic is scarce because the analysis is challenging, mainly due to their lability upon digestion or extraction from the tissue. new ana ... | 2016 | 27093497 |
| colonization of the scottish islands via long-distance neolithic transport of red deer (cervus elaphus). | red deer (cervus elaphus) have played a key role in human societies throughout history, with important cultural significance and as a source of food and materials. this relationship can be traced back to the earliest human cultures and continues to the present day. humans are thought to be responsible for the movement of a considerable number of deer throughout history, although the majority of these movements are poorly described or understood. studying such translocations allows us to better u ... | 2016 | 27053752 |
| linking habitat selection to fitness-related traits in herbivores: the role of the energy landscape. | animals may partially overcome environmental constraints on fitness by behaviorally adjusting their exposure to costs and supplies of energy. few studies, however, have linked spatiotemporal variation in the energy landscape to behaviorally mediated measures of performance that ostensibly influence individual fitness. we hypothesized that strength of selection by north american elk (cervus elaphus) for areas that reduced costs of thermoregulation and activity, and increased access to high-qualit ... | 2016 | 27003702 |
| inbreeding depression across the lifespan in a wild mammal population. | inbreeding depression is of major concern for the conservation of threatened species, and inbreeding avoidance is thought to be a key driver in the evolution of mating systems. however, the estimation of individual inbreeding coefficients in natural populations has been challenging, and, consequently, the full effect of inbreeding on fitness remains unclear. genomic inbreeding coefficients may resolve the long-standing paucity of data on inbreeding depression in adult traits and total fitness. h ... | 2016 | 26979959 |
| genetic structure and effective population sizes in european red deer (cervus elaphus) at a continental scale: insights from microsatellite dna. | we analyzed more than 600 red deer (cervus elaphus) from large parts of its european distribution range at 13 microsatellite loci, presenting the first continent-wide study of this species using nuclear markers. populations were clearly differentiated (overall f st = 0.166, jost's d est = 0.385), and the baps clustering algorithm yielded mainly geographically limited and adjacent genetic units. when forced into only 3 genetic clusters our data set produced a very similar geographic pattern as pr ... | 2016 | 26912909 |
| a non-destructive method for distinguishing reindeer antler (rangifer tarandus) from red deer antler (cervus elaphus) using x-ray micro-tomography coupled with svm classifiers. | over the last decade, biomedical 3d-imaging tools have gained widespread use in the analysis of prehistoric bone artefacts. while initial attempts to characterise the major categories used in osseous industry (i.e. bone, antler, and dentine/ivory) have been successful, the taxonomic determination of prehistoric artefacts remains to be investigated. the distinction between reindeer and red deer antler can be challenging, particularly in cases of anthropic and/or taphonomic modifications. in addit ... | 2016 | 26901355 |
| tall grass invasion after grassland abandonment influences the availability of palatable plants for wild herbivores: insight into the conservation of the apennine chamois rupicapra pyrenaica ornata. | invasion of the tall grass brachypodium genuense was observed in an area of the central apennines (italy) where the population size of apennine chamois (rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) was in strong decline. since this dominant tall grass threatens biodiversity and forage quality, our hypothesis was that b. genuense abundance influenced that of palatable species for the chamois, depending on their functional traits and distribution patterns. our sampling design used plots of 10 × 10 m and 1 × 1 m to ... | 2016 | 26899738 |
| expression of regulatory neuropeptides in the hypothalamus of red deer (cervus elaphus) reveals anomalous relationships in the seasonal control of appetite and reproduction. | red deer are seasonal with respect to reproduction and food intake, so we tested the hypothesis that their brains would show seasonal changes in numbers of cells containing hypothalamic neuropeptides that regulate these functions. we examined the brains of male and female deer in non-breeding and breeding seasons to quantify the production of kisspeptin, gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (gnih), neuropeptide y (npy) and γ-melanocyte stimulating hormone (γ-msh - an index of pro-opiomelanocortin pro ... | 2016 | 26899722 |
| characteristics of antioxidant systems of yellow fraction of red deer's (cervus elaphus l.) semen during the rutting period. | the objective of this study was to make the preliminary characterization of the antioxidant defence systems of the yellow fraction (yf) of red deer's (cervus elaphus l.) semen during the rutting period. the semen was collected using artificial vagina (av). the studies included spectrophotometric determination of antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx). we also analysed the contents of low-molecular antioxidants such as l- ... | 2016 | 26854018 |
| iberian red deer: paraphyletic nature at mtdna but nuclear markers support its genetic identity. | red deer populations in the iberian glacial refugium were the main source for postglacial recolonization and subspecific radiation in north-western europe. however, the phylogenetic history of iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its relationships with northern european populations remain uncertain. here, we study dna sequences at the mitochondrial control region along with str markers for over 680 specimens from all the main red deer populations in spain and other west european area ... | 2016 | 26843924 |
| [identification of antler powder components based on dna barcoding technology]. | in order to authenticate the components of antler powder in the market, dna barcoding technology coupled with cloning method were used. cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) sequences were obtained according to the dna barcoding standard operation procedure (sop). for antler powder with possible mixed components, the cloning method was used to get each coi sequence. 65 coi sequences were successfully obtained from commercial antler powders via sequencing pcr products. the results indicates that o ... | 2015 | 26837186 |
| heterogeneity in primary productivity influences competitive interactions between red deer and alpine chamois. | habitat heterogeneity can promote coexistence between herbivores of different body size limited to different extents by resource quantity and quality. red deer (cervus elaphus) are known as superior competitors to smaller species with similar diets. we compared competitive interactions and habitat use between red deer and alpine chamois (rupicapra rupicapra) in two adjacent valleys in a strictly protected area in the central alps. red deer density was higher in the valley with higher primary pro ... | 2016 | 26824867 |
| behavioural flexibility in migratory behaviour in a long-lived large herbivore. | migratory animals are predicted to enhance lifetime fitness by obtaining higher quality forage and/or reducing predation risk compared to non-migratory conspecifics. despite evidence for behavioural flexibility in other taxa, previous research on large mammals has often assumed that migratory behaviour is a fixed behavioural trait. migratory behaviour may be plastic for many species, although few studies have tested for individual-level flexibility using long-term monitoring of marked individual ... | 2016 | 26790111 |
| the odocoileus virginianus femur: mechanical behavior and morphology. | biomechanical research relies heavily on laboratory evaluation and testing with osseous animal structures. while many femora models are currently in use, including those of the european red deer (cervus elaphus), the odocoileus virginianus femur remains undocumented, despite its regional abundance in north america. the objective of this study was to compare biomechanical and morphological properties of the odocoileus virginianus femur with those of the human and commonly used animal models. sixt ... | 2016 | 26757205 |
| long term study of ixodid ticks feeding on red deer (cervus elaphus) in a meso-mediterranean climate. | red deer (cervus elaphus l.) are very valuable in trophy-hunting but also contribute to the preservation of natural areas. they are affected by many parasites and pathogens, including hard ticks that are not only important parasites themselves but can also act as vectors and/or reservoirs of pathogens. tick phenology is complex insofar as population dynamics depend on environmental conditions, vegetation, host availability and their own intrinsic characteristic. ticks were collected monthly from ... | 2016 | 26715543 |
| mhc, parasites and antler development in red deer: no support for the hamilton & zuk hypothesis. | the hamilton-zuk hypothesis proposes that the genetic benefits of preferences for elaborated secondary sexual traits have their origins in the arms race between hosts and parasites, which maintains genetic variance in parasite resistance. infection, in turn, can be reflected in the expression of costly sexual ornaments. however, the link between immune genes, infection and the expression of secondary sexual traits has rarely been investigated. here, we explored whether the presence and identity ... | 2016 | 26687843 |
| circannual changes in serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in immature and mature red deer females (cervus elaphus). | the aim of this study was to determine circannual changes in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, calcitonin and parathormone in mature and immature red deer females. blood samples from 8 hinds were collected monthly for 26 months. secretions of thyroxine and calcitonin showed circannual rhythms with significantly higher levels in the immature hinds compared to the mature animals (p<0.05). for thyroxine, the concentration was higher in the winter/spring period than in summer/autumn (p<0.05), w ... | 2015 | 26618595 |
| the larger mammal fauna from the lower paleolithic schöningen spear site and its contribution to hominin subsistence. | the locality schöningen (germany) is an important source of knowledge about lower paleolithic hominin subsistence. the locality includes a series of sites dated to the late middle pleistocene with a holsteinian (mis 11) and reinsdorf interglacial (mis 9) age. one of the youngest sites is schöningen 13 ii-4, the spear horizon site also known as the horse butchery site. the organic remains excavated here are exceptionally well-preserved as they were embedded in anaerobic, waterlogged sediments in ... | 2015 | 26607346 |
| production of prostaglandins in placentae and corpus luteum in pregnant hinds of red deer (cervus elaphus). | prostaglandins (pgs) are synthesized from arachidonic acid by prostaglandin synthase 2 (ptgs2) and specific terminal pg synthases such as pges and pgfs. the role of pgs in the reproductive processes of domestic ruminants is well recognized, whereas in cervidae, it is almost unknown, although it is noteworthy because some species of this family are valued in meat production and trophies. the aim of this study was to determine an effective marker of pregnancy and investigate the production and sec ... | 2016 | 26553568 |
| parasite load and seasonal migration in red deer. | northern deer populations are typically partially migratory, but the relationship between migratory movements and parasites has received little attention. migration often involves movement from a low-elevation winter range towards a summer range at higher elevation. in europe these movements may also involve a gradient in abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks, but whether tick loads on deer differ depending on migration tactic has not been quantified. based on the examination of ears from 49 red dee ... | 2016 | 26450650 |
| micness: genotyping microsatellite loci from a collection of (ngs) reads. | microsatellites are widely used in population genetics to uncover recent evolutionary events. they are typically genotyped using capillary sequencer, which capacity is usually limited to 9, at most 12 loci for each run, and which analysis is a tedious task that is performed by hand. with the rise of next-generation sequencing (ngs), a much larger number of loci and individuals are available from sequencing: for example, on a single run of a gs junior, 28 loci from 96 individuals are sequenced wi ... | 2016 | 26400716 |
| lead, cadmium and organochlorine pesticide residues in hunted red deer and wild boar from northern italy. | the objectives of the present study were to assess heavy metal cadmium (cd), lead (pb) and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in tissues of red deer (cervus elaphus) and wild boar (sus scrofa) from nine hunting areas and to evaluate related risk factors for the host animal. over a period of 2 years, a total of 1055 and 210 masseters, 424 and 201 livers, 642 and 152 kidneys were collected from wild boar and red deer, respectively, and concentrations of cd, pb and organochlorine pesticides we ... | 2015 | 26365428 |
| relationship between velvet antler ossification and pth and androgen serum levels in tarim red deer (cervus elaphus). | ossification degree is one of the primary variables affecting the medicinal value of velvet antler. multiple factors regulate the calcification of velvet antler. we studied the relationship between the ossification of velvet antlers and the serum levels of parathyroid hormone (pth) and androgen (adg) in tarim red deer. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) and atomic absorption spectrometry demonstrated that the changes in serum pth and adg levels nearly paralleled antler ossification durin ... | 2015 | 26351085 |
| wear fast, die young: more worn teeth and shorter lives in iberian compared to scottish red deer. | teeth in cervidae are permanent structures that are not replaceable or repairable; consequently their rate of wear, due to the grinding effect of food and dental attrition, affects their duration and can determine an animal's lifespan. tooth wear is also a useful indicator of accumulative life energy investment in intake and mastication and their interactions with diet. little is known regarding how natural and sexual selection operate on dental structures within a species in contrasting environ ... | 2015 | 26252380 |
| mercury species accumulation and trophic transfer in biological systems using the almadén mining district (ciudad real, spain) as a case of study. | the impact of mercury (hg) pollution in the terrestrial environments and the terrestrial food chains including the impact on human food consumption is still greatly under-investigated. in particular, studies including hg speciation and detoxification strategies in terrestrial animals are almost non-existing, but these are key information with important implications for human beings. therefore, in this work, we report on hg species (inorganic mercury, ihg, and monomethylmercury, mehg) distributio ... | 2016 | 26160125 |
| [molecular identification of hairy antler by analysis of high resolution melting]. | high resolution melting (hrm) , an important technology for genotyping and mutation scanning, has broad prospects in the authenticity of traditional chinese medicine. this paper selected universal co i primers and used hrm to establish a new method for authenticity of hairy antler. pcr was conducted at the annealing temperature of 60 °c and 45 cycles. the range of the dna template concentration, the primer concentration and the mg2+ ion concentration were further optimized. the results showed th ... | 2015 | 26137679 |
| assessing nutritional parameters of brown bear diets among ecosystems gives insight into differences among populations. | food habit studies are among the first steps used to understand wildlife-habitat relationships. however, these studies are in themselves insufficient to understand differences in population productivity and life histories, because they do not provide a direct measure of the energetic value or nutritional composition of the complete diet. here, we developed a dynamic model integrating food habits and nutritional information to assess nutritional parameters of brown bear (ursus arctos) diets among ... | 2015 | 26083536 |
| solar radiation determines site occupancy of coexisting tropical and temperate deer species introduced to new zealand forests. | assemblages of introduced taxa provide an opportunity to understand how abiotic and biotic factors shape habitat use by coexisting species. we tested hypotheses about habitat selection by two deer species recently introduced to new zealand's temperate rainforests. we hypothesised that, due to different thermoregulatory abilities, rusa deer (cervus timorensis; a tropical species) would prefer warmer locations in winter than red deer (cervus elaphus scoticus; a temperate species). since adult male ... | 2015 | 26061426 |
| contrary seasonal changes of rates of nutrient uptake, organ mass, and voluntary food intake in red deer (cervus elaphus). | northern ungulates acclimatize to winter conditions with restricted food supply and unfavorable weather conditions by reducing energy expenditure and voluntary food intake. we investigated in a study on red deer whether rates of peptide and glucose transport in the small intestines are also reduced during winter as part of the thrifty phenotype of winter-acclimatized animals, or whether transport rates are increased during winter in order to exploit poor forage more efficiently. our results supp ... | 2015 | 26017492 |
| analysis of annual changes in the concentrations of selected macro- and microelements, thyroxine, and testosterone in the serum of red deer (cervus elaphus) stags. | the aim of the study was to analyze seasonal changes in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and selenium as well as thyroxine and testosterone in adult red deer stags. the highest testosterone concentrations (mean 6.29±4.36 ng/ml) were observed from the end of august to november, confirming an increase in testicular secretory activity during the mating season. the changes in thyroxine concentration show circannual rhythms, most likely related to changes in the air temperature. ... | 2015 | 25998797 |
| investment in constitutive immune function by north american elk experimentally maintained at two different population densities. | natural selection favors individuals that respond with effective and appropriate immune responses to macro or microparasites. animals living in populations close to ecological carrying capacity experience increased intraspecific competition, and as a result are often in poor nutritional condition. nutritional condition, in turn, affects the amount of endogenous resources that are available for investment in immune function. our objective was to understand the relationship between immune function ... | 2015 | 25992627 |
| admixture of eastern and western european red deer lineages as a result of postglacial recolonization of the czech republic (central europe). | due to a restriction of the distributional range of european red deer (cervus elaphus l.) during the quaternary and subsequent recolonization of europe from different refugia, a clear phylogeographical pattern in genetic structure has been revealed using mitochondrial dna markers. in central europe, 2 distinct, eastern and western, lineages of european red deer are present; however, admixture between them has not yet been studied in detail. we used mitochondrial dna (control region and cytochrom ... | 2015 | 25918430 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of a wild alashan red deer (cervus elaphus alxaicus). | the complete mitochondrial genome of a wild red deer from helan mountain, china was sequenced and annotated newly. the total length of the mitochondrial genome is 16,428 bp, with a base composition of 33.3% a, 28.8% t, 24.4% c and 13.5% g, and it contains 12s rrna gene, 16s rrna gene, 22 trna genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region. | 2016 | 25693699 |
| sexual segregation in north american elk: the role of density dependence. | we investigated how density-dependent processes and subsequent variation in nutritional condition of individuals influenced both timing and duration of sexual segregation and selection of resources. during 1999-2001, we experimentally created two population densities of north american elk (cervus elaphus), a high-density population at 20 elk/km(2), and a low-density population at 4 elk/km(2) to test hypotheses relative to timing and duration of sexual segregation and variation in selection of re ... | 2015 | 25691992 |
| pragmatic perspective on conservation genetics and demographic history of the last surviving population of kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu) in india. | the hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu) is of great conservation concern because it represents the easternmost and only hope for an asiatic survivor of the red deer species in the indian subcontinent. despite the rigorous conservation efforts of the department of wildlife protection in jammu & kashmir, the hangul population has experienced a severe decline in numbers and range contraction in the past few decades. the hangul population once abundant in the past has largely become confined to the dachi ... | 2015 | 25671567 |
| vegetation changes associated with a population irruption by roosevelt elk. | interactions between large herbivores and their food supply are central to the study of population dynamics. we assessed temporal and spatial patterns in meadow plant biomass over a 23-year period for meadow complexes that were spatially linked to three distinct populations of roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in northwestern california. our objectives were to determine whether the plant community exhibited a tolerant or resistant response when elk population growth became irruptive. pla ... | 2015 | 25628868 |
| interaction effects between weather and space use on harvesting effort and patterns in red deer. | most cervid populations in europe and north america are managed through selective harvesting, often with age- and sex-specific quotas, with a large influence on the population growth rate. less well understood is how prevailing weather affects harvesting selectivity and off-take indirectly through changes in individual animal and hunter behavior. the behavior and movement patterns of hunters and their prey are expected to be influenced by weather conditions. furthermore, habitat characteristics ... | 2014 | 25558369 |
| long-range gene flow and the effects of climatic and ecological factors on genetic structuring in a large, solitary carnivore: the eurasian lynx. | due to their high mobility, large terrestrial predators are potentially capable of maintaining high connectivity, and therefore low genetic differentiation among populations. however, previous molecular studies have provided contradictory findings in relation to this. to elucidate patterns of genetic structure in large carnivores, we studied the genetic variability of the eurasian lynx, lynx lynx throughout north-eastern europe using microsatellite, mitochondrial dna control region and y chromos ... | 2014 | 25551216 |
| the content of selected metals in muscles of the red deer (cervus elaphus) from poland. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of pb, cu, zn, rb, cs, sr and ba in the muscles of red deer that were hunted in two regions of poland (south-western and north-eastern). the data obtained were evaluated with regards to benefits and potential risk to consumers' health. samples for the investigations were collected in 2008 and 2009 from 50 female red deer, and the metal concentrations were determined by using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric (icp-ms) method ... | 2015 | 25548020 |
| genetic differentiation among 6 populations of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in poland based on microsatellite dna polymorphism. | recently, there has been considerable interest in genetic differentiation in the cervidae family. a common tool used to determine genetic variation in different species, breeds and populations is dna analysis, which allows for direct determination of the differences and changes within a group of animals. because the analysis of microsatellite polymorphism in different cervidae populations revealed considerable genetic variability in individual populations, it was important to test a set of marke ... | 2014 | 25475981 |
| heritability and cross-sex genetic correlations of early-life circulating testosterone levels in a wild mammal. | testosterone is an important hormone that has been shown to have sex-specific links to fitness in numerous species. although testosterone concentrations vary substantially between individuals in a population, little is known about its heritable genetic basis or between-sex genetic correlations that determine its evolutionary potential. we found circulating neonatal testosterone levels to be both heritable (0.160 ± 0.064 s.e.) and correlated between the sexes (0.942 ± 0.648 s.e.) in wild red deer ... | 2014 | 25428929 |
| effect of microsatellite selection on individual and population genetic inferences: an empirical study using cross-specific and species-specific amplifications. | although whole-genome sequencing is becoming more accessible and feasible for nonmodel organisms, microsatellites have remained the markers of choice for various population and conservation genetic studies. however, the criteria for choosing microsatellites are still controversial due to ascertainment bias that may be introduced into the genetic inference. an empirical study of red deer (cervus elaphus) populations, in which cross-specific and species-specific microsatellites developed through p ... | 2015 | 25403329 |
| element concentrations and element ratios in antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer (cervus elaphus) stags-a quantitative x-ray fluorescence study. | the present study compared the concentrations of different elements (ca, p, mg, sr, ba, k, s, zn, mn) as well as ca/p, ca/mg, sr/ca, and ba/ca ratios in hard antler and pedicle bone of yearling red deer stags (n = 11). pedicles showed higher concentrations of calcium and phosphorus and a higher ca/mg ratio than antlers, while antlers exhibited higher concentrations of potassium, sulfur, and manganese as well as higher ca/p, sr/ca, and ba/ca ratios. the findings indicate that antlers are less min ... | 2014 | 25319008 |
| authenticity control of game meat products--a single method to detect and quantify adulteration of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon) by real-time pcr. | this contribution presents a single real-time pcr assay allowing the determination of the deer content (the sum of fallow deer (dama dama), red deer (cervus elaphus) and sika deer (cervus nippon)) in meat products to detect food adulteration. the pcr assay does not show cross-reactivity with 20 animal species and 43 botanical species potentially contained in game meat products. the limit of quantification is 0.5% for fallow deer and red deer and 0.1% for sika deer. the deer content in meat produ ... | 2015 | 25306377 |
| increased chromatin fragmentation and reduced acrosome integrity in spermatozoa of red deer from lead polluted sites. | vertebrates are constantly exposed to a diffuse pollution of heavy metals existing in the environment, but in some cases, the proximity to emission sources like mining activity increases the risk of developing adverse effects of these pollutants. here we have studied lead (pb) levels in spermatozoa and testis, and chromatin damage and levels of endogenous antioxidant activity in spermatozoa of red deer (cervus elaphus) from a pb mining area (n=37) and a control area (n=26). deer from the pb-poll ... | 2015 | 25306093 |
| condition dependent effects on sex allocation and reproductive effort in sequential hermaphrodites. | theory predicts the optimal timing of sex change will be the age or size at which half of an individual's expected fitness comes through reproduction as a male and half through reproduction as a female. in this way, sex allocation across the lifetime of a sequential hermaphrodite parallels the sex allocation of an outbreeding species exhibiting a 1:1 ratio of sons to daughters. however, the expectation of a 1:1 sex ratio is sensitive to variation in individual condition. if individuals within a ... | 2014 | 25302941 |
| a multivariate analysis of genetic constraints to life history evolution in a wild population of red deer. | evolutionary theory predicts that genetic constraints should be widespread, but empirical support for their existence is surprisingly rare. commonly applied univariate and bivariate approaches to detecting genetic constraints can underestimate their prevalence, with important aspects potentially tractable only within a multivariate framework. however, multivariate genetic analyses of data from natural populations are challenging because of modest sample sizes, incomplete pedigrees, and missing d ... | 2014 | 25278555 |
| diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration cytology in testicular disorders of red deer (cervus elaphus): a case report. | we used fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) to diagnose sertoli cell-only pattern and hypospermatogenesis in an iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus). cytologic diagnosis was confirmed by histology and epididymal sperm analysis. we conclude that fnac can be an important diagnostic tool in testicular diseases of wildlife. | 2014 | 25248117 |
| early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer. | the evolutionary theories of senescence predict that investment in reproduction in early life should come at the cost of reduced somatic maintenance, and thus earlier or more rapid senescence. there is now growing support for such trade-offs in wild vertebrates, but these exclusively come from females. here, we test this prediction in male red deer (cervus elaphus) using detailed longitudinal data collected over a 40-year field study. we show that males which had larger harems and thereby alloca ... | 2014 | 25122226 |
| novel combinations of nalbuphine and medetomidine for wildlife immobilization. | we formulated novel drug combinations of nalbuphine hcl and medetomidine hcl (nalmed), with or without azaperone tartrate, for use in immobilizing rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and potentially for other wildlife species. using the lowest tested nalbuphine dose (0.3 mg/kg) that produced sedation in elk, we initially evaluated a combination of nalbuphine, medetomidine, and azaperone (nalmed-a) for immobilizing adult elk. based on initial success, we then conducted follow-up trials to ... | 2014 | 25121404 |
| response of red deer stags (cervus elaphus) to playback of harsh versus common roars. | red deer stags (cervus elaphus) give two distinct types of roars during the breeding season, the "common roar" and the "harsh roar." harsh roars are more frequent during contexts of intense competition, and characterized by a set of features that increase their perceptual salience, suggesting that they signal heightened arousal. while common roars have been shown to encode size information and mediate both male competition and female choice, to our knowledge, the specific function of harsh roars ... | 2014 | 25119193 |
| habituating to handling: factors affecting preorbital gland opening in red deer calves. | the preorbital gland plays not only an olfactory role in cervids but also a visual one. opening this gland is an easy way for the calf to communicate with the mother, indicating hunger/satiety, stress, pain, fear, or excitement. this information can be also useful for farm operators to assess how fast the calves habituate to handling routines and to detect those calves that do not habituate and may suffer chronic stress in the future. thirty-one calves were subjected to 2 consecutive experiments ... | 2014 | 25035243 |
| use of acepromazine and medetomidine in combination for sedation and handling of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and black bears (ursus americanus). | we opportunistically evaluated a combination of acepromazine maleate and medetomidine hcl for use in sedating rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and black bears (ursus americanus) as an alternative to scheduled drug combinations. this combination was safe and effective with limitations inherent in its sedative rather than anesthetic properties. | 2014 | 25014907 |
| effect of pelvic suspension on the instrumental meat quality characteristics of red deer (cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (dama dama) venison. | the effect of pelvic and achilles tendon suspension of red and fallow deer carcasses on meat quality parameters were compared. venison was evaluated from red deer stags (n=14), bucks (n=14) and fallow deer does (n=10) between 12 and 36months old. immediately after slaughter, carcasses were split down the dorsal midline and assigned to one of the two hanging methods and ph and core body temperature measured. twenty-four hours post-slaughter muscles were excised. venison from fallow deer and red d ... | 2014 | 24922603 |
| efficacy of a low-dosage combination of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (bam) to immobilize rocky mountain elk. | we compared dosages of a combination of sedatives, which included butorphanol tartrate, azaperone tartrate, and medetomidine hcl (bam) in captive adult rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). all three bam dosages (low, medium, and high) effectively immobilized elk and produced an adequate level of sedation in all subjects. induction times were similar among the three groups (mean ± sd: low=6.9 ± 1.1 min; medium=6.3 ± 0.9 min; high=4.7 ± 1.3 min). most elk became hypoxemic regardless of bam ... | 2014 | 24807358 |
| complete mitochondrial genome sequence of northeastern red deer (cervus elaphus xanthopygus). | the complete mitochondrial genome of the northeastern red deer, cervus elaphus xanthopygus, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome is 16,416 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which are arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeastern red deer's mitochondrial genome is 33.3% of a, 24.3% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.5% of g. a termination-associated sequenc ... | 2016 | 24708113 |
| greece: a balkan subrefuge for a remnant red deer (cervus elaphus) population. | a number of phylogeographic studies have revealed the existence of multiple ice age refugia within the balkan peninsula, marking it as a biodiversity hotspot. greece has been reported to harbor genetically differentiated lineages from the rest of balkans for a number of mammal species. we therefore searched for distinct red deer lineages in greece, by analyzing 78 samples originating from its last population in parnitha mountain (central greece). additionally, we tested the impact of human-induc ... | 2014 | 24558101 |
| constructing str multiplexes for individual identification of hungarian red deer. | red deer is the most valuable game of the fauna in hungary, and there is a strong need for genetic identification of individuals. for this purpose, 10 tetranucleotide str markers were developed and amplified in two 5-plex systems. the study presented here includes the flanking region sequence analysis and the allele nomenclature of the 10 loci as well as the pcr optimization of the deerplex i and ii. ld pairwise tests and cross-species similarity analyses showed the 10 loci to be independently i ... | 2014 | 24512288 |
| reversible immobilization of free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) with xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam and atipamezole. | forty-eight free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) were immobilized with xylazine (x) and tiletamine-zolazepam (tz) by dart injection during winter 2008 in norway. a follow-up study in five animals during winter 2010 included arterial blood samples analyzed with a portable clinical analyzer in the field. thirty-five of 48 animals were effectively immobilized and 13 required a second dart. mean ± sd doses were 2.89 ± 0.45 mg x/kg and 2.89 ± 0.45 mg tz/kg in calves and 2.97 ± 0.66 mg x/kg and 1.91 ... | 2014 | 24506427 |
| severe hoof disease in free-ranging roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) in southwestern washington, usa. | reports of free-ranging roosevelt elk (cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern washington, usa, during winter 2008. in march 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof lesions, examine the general health of affected elk, and potentially identify etiologies causing hoof disease. three clinically normal elk from an adjacent but unaffected region were also collected as normal c ... | 2014 | 24484504 |
| use of stable isotopes to identify dietary differences across subpopulations and sex for a free-ranging generalist herbivore. | carbon and nitrogen isotopes in tissues can be used to understand plants consumed by various taxa, but can they provide additional information about consumers? values of δ(13)c and δ(15)n were assessed from tissue of free-ranging elk (cervus elaphus) occupying disparate habitats of mixed prairie-oak savannah that contained c3 agricultural crops in a c4-dominated landscape and in key plants consumed by elk. muscle and hoof samples were collected from female and male elk in two subpopulations (for ... | 2014 | 24450704 |
| complete mitochondrial genome sequence of tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis). | the complete mitochondrial genome of the tarim red deer, cervus elaphus yarkandensis, was determined by accurate polymerase chain reaction. the entire genome was 16,351 bp in length and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region, all of which were arranged in a typical vertebrate manner. the overall base composition of the northeast sika deer's mitochondrial genome was 33.3% of a, 24.4% of c, 28.9% of t and 13.4% of g. a termination-associated sequence an ... | 2016 | 24438284 |
| do red deer stags (cervus elaphus) use roar fundamental frequency (f0) to assess rivals? | it is well established that in humans, male voices are disproportionately lower pitched than female voices, and recent studies suggest that this dimorphism in fundamental frequency (f0) results from both intrasexual (male competition) and intersexual (female mate choice) selection for lower pitched voices in men. however, comparative investigations indicate that sexual dimorphism in f0 is not universal in terrestrial mammals. in the highly polygynous and sexually dimorphic scottish red deer cerv ... | 2013 | 24386312 |
| habitat selection during ungulate dispersal and exploratory movement at broad and fine scale with implications for conservation management. | dispersal has a critical influence on demography and gene flow and as such maintaining connectivity between populations is an essential element of modern conservation. advances in satellite radiotelemetry are providing new opportunities to document dispersal, which previously has been difficult to study. this type of data also can be used as an empirical basis for defining landscapes in terms of resistance surfaces, enabling habitat corridors to be identified. however, despite the scale-dependen ... | 2014 | 27148450 |
| the relationship between body-mass and puberty in young red deer (cervus elaphus) hinds: evidence of early-life effects on permissive live-weight thresholds. | this study, based on the analysis of growth and reproductive records of 6158 young red deer hinds, tested the hypothesis that the nutritional environment in early life influences the permissive body mass threshold for puberty at around 16 months of age. live-weight at 3 months (i.e. weaning weight) was a proxy for their nutritional environment between birth and weaning, live-weight at 14 months was the indicator of pre-mating body mass, and pregnancy status at 18-19 months was a proxy for entry ... | 2013 | 24280634 |
| the importance of observation versus process error in analyses of global ungulate populations. | population abundance data vary widely in quality and are rarely accurate. the two main components of error in such data are observation and process error. we used bayesian state space models to estimate the observation and process error in time-series of 55 globally distributed populations of two species, cervus elaphus (elk/red deer) and rangifer tarandus (caribou/reindeer). we examined variation among populations and species in the magnitude of estimates of error components and density depende ... | 2013 | 24201239 |
| oral squamous cell carcinoma in a red deer (cervus elaphus). | we describe the pathomorphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics of an oral squamous cell carcinoma in a 13-yr-old, free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) in lower saxony, germany. | 2014 | 24171568 |
| the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 (acari, demodecidae) in red deer (cervus elaphus l.) in poland. | the occurrence of demodex kutzeri bukva, 1987 was examined and compared in red deer coming from different populations--25 red deer from northern poland (masurian lake district) and 25 from southern poland (lower silesia). the total prevalence of infestation in red deer by d. kutzeri was 52% with the mean intensity of 38 individuals and the intensity range of 1-135. parameters of infestation for red deer from northern poland were much higher (68%, 49), while for other red deer--lower (36%, 16). d ... | 2013 | 24171302 |
| organochlorine compound residues in muscle of wild boar (sus scrofa l.) and red deer (cervus elaphus l.): effects of age and sex. | twenty-six organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyls were measured in muscle of wild boar and red deer from the czech republic. the concentration of ddt and its metabolites was higher (p < 0.01) in wild boar than in red deer, while pcbs and hch were higher (p < 0.01) in red deer than in wild boar. the concentrations of ddt and its metabolites, hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers were higher (p < 0.05) in juvenile wild boar than in adults. pcb 153 and p,p'-dde were ... | 2013 | 24097284 |
| loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding in kashmir red deer (cervus elaphus hanglu) of dachigam national park, jammu & kashmir, india. | hangul (cervus elaphus hanglu), the eastern most subspecies of red deer, is now confined only to the mountains in the kashmir region of jammu & kashmir state of india. it is of great conservation significance as this is the last and only hope for asiatic survivor of the red deer species in india. wild population of free ranging hangul deer inhabiting in and around dachigam national park was genetically assessed in order to account for constitutive genetic attributes of hangul population using mi ... | 2013 | 24060051 |