| cxc chemokine-mediated protection against visceral leishmaniasis: involvement of the proinflammatory response. | visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani, is characterized by the loss of ability of the host to generate an effective immune response. in the present study, the comparative potential of cxc chemokines, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 (ip-10) and interleukin-8 (il-8) in restricting leishmania donovani infection via the release of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines was studied in an in vitro model. nitric oxide, a crucial mediator for ip-10-mediat ... | 2009 | 19743920 |
| recombinant outer membrane vesicles to augment antigen-specific live vaccine responses. | release of outer membrane vesicles is a common feature of gram negative bacteria. there is growing interest in the use of these vesicles in the development of affordable vaccines. however, to exploit their full potential a convenient system to generate recombinant vesicles would be highly desirable. here, we report the design of a versatile system for preparation of recombinant outer membrane vesicles based on an engineered autotransporter. two model vaccine antigens of leishmania were expressed ... | 2009 | 19748581 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of new heterocyclic quinolinones as anti-parasite and anti-hiv drug candidates. | we have synthesized quinolinones with potential antiparasitic and anti-hiv activities by an original two-step method involving microwave irradiation and have evaluated their activities against plasmodium falciparum, leishmania donovani, trichomonas vaginalis, and hiv. none of the tested compounds had been previously described using this method of synthesis. one of the compounds had interesting antiparasitic and anti-hiv activity, which could be improved by substitution with different radicals. | 2009 | 19748781 |
| the evolution of amastin surface glycoproteins in trypanosomatid parasites. | amastin is a transmembrane glycoprotein found on the cell surfaces of trypanosomatid parasites. encoded by a large, diverse gene family, amastin was initially described from the intracellular, amastigote stage of trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani. genome sequences have subsequently shown that the amastin repertoire is much larger in leishmania relative to trypanosoma. however, it is not known when this expansion occurred, whether it is associated with the origins of leishmania and verteb ... | 2010 | 19748930 |
| membrane sterol depletion impairs miltefosine action in wild-type and miltefosine-resistant leishmania donovani promastigotes. | this study focuses on the importance of sterols in the action of miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine, hepc) against leishmania donovani. | 2009 | 19749205 |
| in vitro sensitivity testing of leishmania clinical field isolates: preconditioning of promastigotes enhances infectivity for macrophage host cells. | diagnostic material from patients with leishmaniasis is generally available as promastigotes, and proper testing for susceptibility to first-line drugs by the intracellular amastigote assay is frequently hampered by the poor infectivity of the promastigotes for the macrophage host cell. several conditions for optimization of the in vitro metacyclogenesis and cell infectivity of leishmania donovani, l. guyanensis, and l. braziliensis field strains obtained from patients receiving standard antimon ... | 2009 | 19752271 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal properties of pentamidine congeners bearing the benzofuran motif. | forty-eight cationically substituted pentamidine congeners possessing benzofuran rings were synthesized by a copper mediated heteroannulation of substituted o-iodophenols with phenyl acetylenes. activities of compounds 1-48 against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, plasmodium falciparum, and leishmania donovani and cytotoxicities for mammalian cells were influenced by the nature of cationic substituents, placement of the benzofuran fragment, and the length of the carbon linker between aromatic moi ... | 2009 | 19757840 |
| [two new populations of lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis arrivillaga & feliciangeli (diptera: phlebotominae) vector of visceral leishmaniasis in venezuela]. | two new populations of lutzomyia pseudolongipalpis arrivillaga & feliciangeli, species belonging to the lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) complex, are reported in venezuela on diagnostic isoenzymes. | 2009 | 19768281 |
| leishmania donovani ran-gtpase interacts at the nuclear rim with linker histone h1. | ran-gtpase regulates multiple cellular processes such as nucleocytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle assembly, nuclear envelope assembly, cell-cycle progression and the mitotic checkpoint. the leishmanial ran protein, in contrast with its mammalian counterpart which is predominately nucleoplasmic, is localized at the nuclear rim. the aim of the present study was to characterize the ldran (leishmania donovani ran) orthologue with an emphasis on the ran-histone association. ldran was found to be ... | 2009 | 19769568 |
| pcr for diagnosis and assessment of cure in kala-azar patients in bangladesh. | the study evaluated the usefulness of leishmania-nested polymerase chain reaction (ln-pcr) for diagnosis of kala-azar and assessed its role as a test of cure among kala-azar patients in bangladesh. peripheral blood buffy coat ln-pcr was done in ninety-seven (97) clinically suspected patients of kala-azar, in forty (40) healthy controls from both endemic and non-endemic areas, and in forty-six (46) patients after completion of treatment with sodium stibogluconate (ssg). the ln-pcr results were co ... | 2010 | 19769932 |
| apoptosis-like death in leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by diospyrin and its ethanolamine derivative. | previous studies have demonstrated that diospyrin (1), a quinonoid plant product, can inhibit the growth of leishmania donovani parasites. here, several derivatives of 1 were evaluated by the mtt assay and it was observed that the ethanolamine analogue (10) exhibited maximum cytotoxicity [50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50))=2.9 microm] against l. donovani promastigotes. subsequently, the mode of cell death in promastigotes was investigated through externalisation of membrane-associated phospha ... | 2009 | 19783125 |
| [liposomal amphotericin b as treatment for visceral leishmaniasis in europe, 2009]. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) causes an estimated 500,000 new cases of disease and more than 50,000 deaths a year. for more than 60 years, pentavalent antimonies were considered the standard therapy for vl. the emergence of leishmania strains resistant to antimonials led to the evaluation of other treatments including amphotericin b and its lipidic derivatives. clinical trials with liposomal amphotericin b demonstrated that total doses of 10 to 20mg/kg, administered according to various regimens, ... | 2009 | 19783391 |
| total synthesis and antileishmanial activity of the natural occurring acetylenic fatty acids 6-heptadecynoic acid and 6-icosynoic acid. | the first total syntheses of the naturally occurring acetylenic fatty acids-6-heptadecynoic acid (59% overall yield) and 6-icosynoic acid (34% overall yield)-was accomplished in four steps. using the same synthetic sequence the naturally occurring fatty acids (6z)-heptadecenoic acid (46% overall yield) and (6z)-icosenoic acid (27% overall yield) were also synthesized. the delta(6) acetylenic fatty acids displayed good antiprotozoal activity towards leishmania donovani promastigotes (ec(50) = 1-6 ... | 2009 | 19789903 |
| remarks on identification of amplified fragment length polymorphisms linked to sag resistance in leishmania. | | 2010 | 19800857 |
| leishmania major mpk7 protein kinase activity inhibits intracellular growth of the pathogenic amastigote stage. | during the infectious cycle, protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania undergo several adaptive differentiation steps that are induced by environmental factors and crucial for parasite infectivity. genetic analyses of signaling proteins underlying leishmania stage differentiation are often rendered difficult due to lethal null mutant phenotypes. here we used a transgenic strategy to gain insight into the functions of the mitogen-activated leishmania major protein kinases lmampk7 and lmampk10 i ... | 2010 | 19801421 |
| surveillance for antibodies to leishmania spp. in dogs from sri lanka. | the global distribution of leishmaniasis is rapidly expanding into new geographic regions. dogs are the primary reservoir hosts for human visceral leishmaniasis caused by infection with leishmania infantum. natural infections with other leishmania spp. can occur in dogs, but their role as reservoir hosts for other species of leishmania is uncertain. leishmania donovani is traditionally considered a visceralizing anthroponotic species; however, cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by l. donovani has be ... | 2010 | 19803542 |
| a human il10 bac transgene reveals tissue-specific control of il-10 expression and alters disease outcome. | interleukin (il)-10 is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is produced by diverse cell populations. studies in mice suggest that the cellular source of il-10 is a key determinant in various disease pathologies, yet little is known regarding the control of tissue-specific human il-10 expression. to assess cell type-specific human il-10 regulation, we created a human il-10 transgenic mouse with a bacterial artificial chromosome (hil10bac) in which the il10 gene is positioned centrally. since human i ... | 2009 | 19805095 |
| coexistence of leishmaniasis and hodgkin's lymphoma in a lymph node. | | 2009 | 19805673 |
| a new series of amodiaquine analogues modified in the basic side chain with in vitro antileishmanial and antiplasmodial activity. | the synthesis and the study of new amodiaquine derivatives bearing modified lateral basic chains as new agents with both antimalarial and antileishmanial activities are reported. the compounds were tested in vitro against leishmania donovani mhom/et/67/hu3 and 2 strains of plasmodium falciparum, 3d7 and k1. all the compounds show complex ionisation profiles. at physiological ph the ionised form(s) are in equilibrium with the uncharged form, while at acid ph all the products exist largely as prot ... | 2009 | 19811859 |
| [cloning and expression of extracellular region gene located in n-terminus of leishmania donovani]. | the objective of this study was to construct and express recombinant prokaryotic plasmid pet32a (+)- ast1 in e. coli bl21(de3). amastin gene was amplified from genomic dna of leishmania donovani and its transmembran region was predicted by the methods of sosui and tmpred; astl located in n-terminus of amastin gene was amplified and cloned into prokaryotic plasmid pet32a(+), which was named pet32a(+)-ast1, and then rast1 was expressed in e. coli bl21(de3). the results of sds-page and immunoblotin ... | 2009 | 19813619 |
| sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of leishmania donovani dna by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | we have applied a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) technique to detect leishmania donovani dna. the lamp technique detected 1 fg of l. donovani dna, which was 10-fold more sensitive than a conventional polymerase chain reaction (pcr). all nested pcr-positive blood samples from visceral leishmaniasis patients were positive with the lamp technique, and dna samples from l. infantum, l. major, l. mexicana, l. tropica, l. braziliensis, plasmodium falciparum, and healthy humans were negat ... | 2009 | 19815869 |
| comparison of liposome based antigen delivery systems for protection against leishmania donovani. | liposomes have been widely exploited as antigen delivery systems for a variety of diseases including leishmaniasis. these vesicles can be prepared in various ways which may affect the immunogenicity of the encapsulated antigens. in this study we compared the vaccine potentiality of three cationic formulations with leishmania donovani promastigote membrane antigens (lag) and the best vesicle was evaluated for long-term protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. we immunized mice with ... | 2010 | 19818373 |
| recombinant leishmania tarentolae expressing the a2 virulence gene as a novel candidate vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. to date, there is no effective vaccine against this disease. many antigens have been examined so far as protein- or dna-based vaccines, but none of them conferred complete long-term protection. the use of live attenuated vaccines has recently emerged as a promising vaccination strategy. in this study, we stably expressed the leishmania donovani a2 antigen in leishmania tarentolae, a non-pathogenic member of the genus leishmania, an ... | 2009 | 19818721 |
| the leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan excludes the vesicular proton-atpase from phagosomes by impairing the recruitment of synaptotagmin v. | we recently showed that the exocytosis regulator synaptotagmin (syt) v is recruited to the nascent phagosome and remains associated throughout the maturation process. in this study, we investigated the possibility that syt v plays a role in regulating interactions between the phagosome and the endocytic organelles. silencing of syt v by rna interference revealed that syt v contributes to phagolysosome biogenesis by regulating the acquisition of cathepsin d and the vesicular proton-atpase. in con ... | 2009 | 19834555 |
| reduced hamster usage and stress in propagating leishmania chagasi promastigotes using cryopreservation and saphenous vein inoculation. | leishmania chagasi, a causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis, requires passage through lab animals such as hamsters to maintain its virulence. hamster infection is typically accomplished via cardiac puncture or intraperitoneal injection, procedures accompanied by risks of increased animal stress and death. the use of the hamster model also necessitates a regular supply of infected animals, because l. chagasi parasites newly isolated from an infected hamster can be grown in culture for only sever ... | 2010 | 19835434 |
| study of the stress proteins secreted by leishmania donovani after treatment with edelfosine, mitelfosine and ilmofosine, and morphological alterations analyzed by electronic microscopy. | we studied the stress proteins induced in protozoa leishmania donovani after treatment with edelfosine, miltefosine and ilmofosine. we studied the morphological and structural modifications caused in the promastigote forms of the parasite after treatment with the three alkyl-lysophospholipids (alps). a resistant strain of l. donovani to miltefosine was obtained and the morphological modifications were observed. the stress proteins induction was studied in promastigote forms and also in amastigot ... | 2009 | 19839267 |
| a combination dna vaccine encoding nucleoside hydrolase 36 and glycoproteine 63 protects female but not male hamsters against leishmania mexicana. | leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the leishmania genus. previous studies have shown that a dna vaccine encoding leishmania donovani antigen nucleoside hydrolase 36 and l. mexicana glycoprotein 63 is protective in mice. we investigated here the efficacy of this dna vaccine to induce protection in golden hamsters. male hamsters were more susceptible to infection by leishmania mexicana than females. following immunization with two doses of the dna vaccine, only f ... | 2009 | 19839269 |
| sandflies of the south part of ouagadougou city, burkina faso. | since 1996, the number of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis has increased dramatically in ouagadougou. leishmania major, zymodeme mon74 was the only strain isolated in this focus. an epidemiological study of the phlebotomine sandflies fauna has been undertaken. collections of sandflies have been carried out in six areas of the town during one year with two intensive collections at the end of the dry (may-june) and wet seasons (september-october). the only species of genus phlebotomus captured was ... | 2009 | 19839270 |
| preparation, characterization and evaluation of targeting potential of amphotericin b-loaded engineered plga nanoparticles. | the objective of present work was to develop a mannose-anchored, engineered nanoparticulate system for efficient delivery of amphotericin b to macrophages. furthermore, the effect of spacer on macrophage targeting was also evaluated. | 2009 | 19842021 |
| nmr assignment of actin depolymerizing and dynamics regulatory protein from leishmania donovani. | leishmania donovani cofilin displays low sequence similarity to other mammalian cofilins and also possesses characteristic activity of its own. determination of its solution structure would facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanism of actin dynamics regulation in this disease causing pathogen. | 2009 | 19844807 |
| antileishmanial effect of cisplatin against murine visceral leishmaniasis. | drug development in visceral leishmaniasis is extremely vital as the existing therapeutic modalities are plagued by the unwanted twosome of toxicity and drug resistance. antineoplastic drugs have in the past been effective against the parasitic infections, for example, miltefosine. cisplatin is a first-generation platinum-containing drug, used in the treatment of various solid tumors. its in vitro antileishmanial effect has already been demonstrated. in the present study, the leishmanicidal pote ... | 2010 | 19853668 |
| amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis is useful for distinguishing leishmania species of visceral and cutaneous forms. | the leishmania strains belonging to cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) and visceral leishmaniasis (vl) have been reported to possess close homology in genome profiles. to confirm this on genetic basis an attempt was made to differentiate leishmania major; leishmania tropica and leishmania donovani genetically for the first time using amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp)--a high throughput dna fingerprinting technique. the objective of this research work was to identify dna markers of cl and v ... | 2010 | 19854144 |
| [comparative proteomic analysis of the promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania donovani]. | to explore the protein profile and identify developmentally regulated proteins of the promastigotes and axenic amastigotes with comparative proteomics technique. | 2009 | 19856494 |
| [preliminary application of pcr-based assay for the detection of neospora caninum in bovine aborted fetus]. | to establish a pcr diagnostic method based on nc-5 gene of neospora caninum, for being used to detect neospora in brain tissues of bovine aborted fetus. | 2009 | 19856504 |
| comparison of microscopic examination, rk39, and pcr for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in turkey. | the laboratory diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is based on microscopic examination, culture, serological tests, and molecular methods. in this study, we examined 50 blood specimens from suspected visceral leishmaniasis patients by microscopic examination, recombinant antigen dipstick test (rk39), and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in the university of cukurova, faculty of medicine, parasitology department in turkey. we calculated the sensitivity-specificity and positive-negative predictive ... | 2009 | 19859739 |
| acidic residues in the purine binding site govern the 6-oxopurine specificity of the leishmania donovani xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. | leishmania possess distinct xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase enzymes that mediate purine salvage, an obligatory nutritional function for these pathogenic parasites. the xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase preferentially uses xanthine as a substrate, while the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase phosphoribosylates only hypoxanthine and guanine. these related phosphoribosyltransferases were used as model system to investigate the molec ... | 2010 | 19861168 |
| leishmania donovani in the peripheral blood. | 1. the effect of human red cells and serum on the growth of leishmania donovani has been studied and a blood culture method devised, based on these findings. 2. the distribution of blood platelets and of the different varieties of leucocytes in the strata of centrifugalized diluted blood has been investigated, and also the distribution of leishman-donovan bodies, extracellular and intracellular, in these strata. 3. the effect of treatment with antimony on the cultivability of leishmania donavani ... | 1923 | 19868786 |
| viable leishmania donovani in nasal and oral secretions of patients with kala-azar and the bearing of this finding on the transmission of the disease. | 1. smears from the nasal cavities of fifteen patients suffering from kala-azar have been examined and in nine of these typical leishman-donovan bodies have been found. 2. smears from the surface of the tonsil and from the saliva in one of the above nine cases showed the presence of leishmania. the tonsils of this patient, who died as the result of kala-azar and secondary infection, at autopsy were shown to be massively infected with leishman-donovan bodies. 3. leishmania in the nasal discharge o ... | 1934 | 19870261 |
| leishmania donovani-induced expression of signal regulatory protein alpha on kupffer cells enhances hepatic invariant nkt-cell activation. | signal regulatory protein alpha (sirpalpha) and its cognate ligand cd47 have been documented to have a broad range of cellular functions in development and immunity. here, we investigated the role of sirpalpha-cd47 signalling in invariant nkt (inkt) cell responses. we found that cd47 was required for the optimal production of ifn-gamma from splenic inkt cells following exposure to the alphagalcer analogue pbs-57 and in vivo infection of mice with leishmania donovani. surprisingly, although sirpa ... | 2010 | 19877019 |
| innate immune defense in visceral leishmaniasis: cytokine mediated protective role by allogeneic effector cell. | antileishmanial role of mouse splenic natural killer (nk) cell was studied in allogeneic condition. in vitro data indicates that nk cells of allogeneic (c57bl/6, h2(b)) non-leishmania exposed mouse have strong antileishmanial effect against leishmania donovani infected balb/c (h2(d)) macrophages. physical contact between the effector (nk cell) and the target cells (infected macrophages) is essential in this system since; cell free supernatant generated after coculturing of effector cells with in ... | 2010 | 19879234 |
| identification and characterization of a novel deoxyhypusine synthase in leishmania donovani. | deoxyhypusine synthase, an nad(+)-dependent enzyme, catalyzes the first step in the post-translational synthesis of an unusual amino acid, hypusine (n(epsilon)-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine), in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5a precursor protein. two putative deoxyhypusine synthase (dhs) sequences have been identified in the leishmania donovani genome, which are present on chromosomes 20: dhsl20 (dhs-like gene from chromosome 20) and dhs34 (dhs from chromosome 34). although both sequences ex ... | 2010 | 19880510 |
| leishmania cell surface prohibitin: role in host-parasite interaction. | proteins selectively upregulated in infective parasitic forms could be critical for disease pathogenesis. a mammalian prohibitin orthologue is upregulated in infective metacyclic promastigotes of leishmania donovani, a parasite that causes visceral leishmaniasis. leishmania donovani prohibitin shares 41% similarity with mammalian prohibitin and 95-100% within the genus. prohibitin is concentrated at the surface of the flagellar and the aflagellar pole, the aflagellar pole being a region through ... | 2010 | 19888987 |
| immunoactivation and immunopathogeny during active visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the leishmania donovani complex. during active disease in humans, high levels of ifn-gamma and tnf-alpha detected in blood serum, and high expression of ifn-gamma mrna in samples of the lymphoid organs suggest that the immune system is highly activated. however, studies using peripheral blood mononuclear cells have found immunosuppression specific to leishmania antigens; this poor immune response probably results from leishmania antigen- ... | 2009 | 19893975 |
| fluorinated rhodacyanine (sjl-01) possessing high efficacy for visceral leishmaniasis (vl). | anti-leishmania in vitro and in vivo activities of various rhodacyanine derivatives have been examined. among them, the fluorinatied variant sjl-01 (8) showed ic(50) of 0.011 microm against leishmania donovani strain mhom/et/67/l82 (selective index of >15000) and 95-97% inhibition against l. donovani strain mhom/et/67/hu in female balb/c mice by 1.3-12.5 mg/kg x 5 iv administrations. negative results on chromosomal aberration test and in vitro micronucleus test suggest that compound 8 is a hopef ... | 2010 | 19894726 |
| uptake of biodegradable gel-assisted lbl nanomatrix by leishmania donovani-infected macrophages. | the aim of this study was to develop novel gel-assisted layer-by-layer (lbl) nanomatrix with high payload of doxorubicin (dox) and to assess its efficacy against leishmania donovani. the biodegradable lbl nanomatrix was fabricated using lbl technique using polyions (protamine and sodium alginate) on decomposable core. the developed system was characterized in vitro in terms of layer-by-layer growth and payload efficiency. the efficacy of optimized formulations was evaluated against l. donovani s ... | 2009 | 19904614 |
| synthesis of substituted aryloxy alkyl and aryloxy aryl alkyl imidazoles as antileishmanial agents. | a series of aryloxy alkyl/aryl alkyl imidazoles were synthesized and evaluated in vitro as antileishmanials against leishmania donovani. all the 19 compounds exhibited 94-100% inhibition at 10microg/ml against promastigotes and 12 compounds exhibited high inhibition with an ic(50) in the range of 0.47-4.85microg/ml against amastigotes. promising compounds were tested further in vivo. among all, compounds 4 and 23 with 4-cf(3) aryloxy moiety exhibited medium in vivo inhibition of 58-60%, thus pro ... | 2010 | 19913413 |
| antimalarial and antileishmanial activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors with triazole-linked cap group. | histone deacetylase inhibitors (hdaci) are endowed with plethora of biological functions including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasitic, and cognition-enhancing activities. parsing the structure-activity relationship (sar) for each disease condition is vital for long-term therapeutic applications of hdaci. we report in the present study specific cap group substitution patterns and spacer-group chain lengths that enhance the antimalarial and antileishmanial activity of aryltriazo ... | 2010 | 19914074 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of 4-arylcoumarins. | a large series of 4-arylcoumarins was synthesized by suzuki-miyaura cross-coupling reaction and evaluated for antiprotozoal activity against plasmodium falciparum and leishmania donovani. several compounds were found to strongly inhibit the proliferation of human cell line and/or parasites. the 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin exhibit a potent activity on l. donovani amastigotes with a selectivity index (si=265) twice than amphotericin b (si=140). | 2010 | 19914747 |
| dendritic cells matured by inflammation induce cd86-dependent priming of naive cd8+ t cells in the absence of their cognate peptide antigen. | dendritic cells (dc) licensed by the interaction between pathogen products and pattern recognition receptors can activate naive t cells to undergo ag-dependent proliferation and cytokine production. in contrast, dc induced to mature by trans-acting inflammatory stimuli are believed to only be capable of supporting ag-dependent proliferative responses. in this study, we show that uninfected dc matured as a consequence of leishmania-induced inflammation induce cd8(+) t cells to proliferate in the ... | 2009 | 19917700 |
| identification of transport-critical residues in a folate transporter from the folate-biopterin transporter (fbt) family. | the synechocystis slr0642 protein and its plastidial arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) ortholog at2g32040 belong to the folate-biopterin transporter (fbt) family within the major facilitator superfamily. both proteins transport folates when expressed in escherichia coli. because the structural requirements for transport activity are not known for any fbt protein, we applied mutational analysis to identify residues that are critical to transport and interpreted the results using a comparative st ... | 2010 | 19923217 |
| structure of cyclophilin from leishmania donovani bound to cyclosporin at 2.6 a resolution: correlation between structure and thermodynamic data. | drug development against leishmania donovani, the pathogen that causes visceral leishmaniasis in humans, is currently an active area of research given the widespread prevalence of the disease and the emergence of resistant strains. the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin is known to have antiparasitic activity against a variety of pathogens. the receptor for cyclosporin is the protein cyclophilin, which is a ubiquitous peptidylprolyl isomerase. the crystal structure of cyclophilin from l. donovan ... | 2009 | 19923714 |
| expression of a pts2-truncated hexokinase produces glucose toxicity in leishmania donovani. | compartmentalization of glycolytic enzymes in glycosomes is vital in trypanosomatid parasites. retention of these enzymes in the cytosol induces sugar toxicity and accumulation of intermediate metabolites, notably the hexokinase product glucose-6-phosphate. however, the role of hexokinase in sugar mediated toxicity remains unexplored. we have generated leishmania donovani transfectants expressing a catalytically active cytosolic mutant of hexokinase. in the presence of glucose, these transfectan ... | 2010 | 19925831 |
| original quinazoline derivatives displaying antiplasmodial properties. | the multistep synthesis of new quinazoline-derived molecules and their in vitro antiplasmodial evaluation on the w2 chloroquino-resistant plasmodium falciparum strain is described herein. these molecules have also been studied concerning their in vitro cytotoxicity toward two human cell lines (k652 and hepg2) in order to calculate their respective selectivity indexes (s.i.). among the fourteen tested molecules, two exhibited both significant antiplasmodial activity (ic(50)=0.95 and 1.3 microm) a ... | 2010 | 19926173 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of trifluralin analogues as antileishmanial agents. | a series of new analogues of trifluralin (tfl) were synthesized and characterized in view of changing the unfavorable properties that limits its use as antileishmanial agent. some of the tfl analogues display more activity than a standard drug (miltefosine) against the promastigote forms of leishmania infantum and leishmania donovani and the intracellular form (thp-1 infected with l. infantum). all analogues showed a clear advantage over miltefosine, as they are not hemolytic. some analogues can ... | 2010 | 19926293 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of cationic 1,4-diphenyl-1h-1,2,3-triazoles. | novel dicationic triazoles 1-60 were synthesized by the pinner method from the corresponding dinitriles, prepared via the copper(i)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (cuaac). the type and the placement of cationic moieties as well as the nature of aromatic substituents influenced in vitro antiprotozoal activities of compounds 1-60 against trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, plasmodium falciparum, and leishmania donovani and their cytotoxicity for mammalian cells. eight congeners displayed antitry ... | 2010 | 19928900 |
| ubiquitin conjugation of open reading frame f dna vaccine leads to enhanced cell-mediated immune response and induces protection against both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of leishmania donovani. | resistance of leishmania donovani to sodium antimony gluconate has become a critical issue in the current, prolonged epidemic in india. hence, there is an urgent need for a vaccine that is protective against both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of l. donovani. the multigene ld1 locus located on chromosome 35 of leishmania is amplified in approximately 15% of the isolates examined. the open reading frame f (orff), a potential vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis, is part o ... | 2009 | 19933862 |
| synthesis, stereoelectronic characterization and antiparasitic activity of new 1-benzenesulfonyl-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolines. | the synthesis and full 3d structural characterization of nine new 1-benzenesulfonyl-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives are reported. these belong to a library whose rationale for the design was the previous knowledge of the biological relevant properties of both structural moieties. from protozoan antiparasitic screening, compounds 3 demonstrated interesting activity against trypanozoma cruzi with low cytotoxicity. besides, most compounds were moderately active against plasmodium f ... | 2010 | 19942439 |
| the co-chaperone sgt of leishmania donovani is essential for the parasite's viability. | molecular chaperone proteins play a pivotal role in the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani, controlling cell fate and ensuring intracellular survival. in higher eukaryotes, the so-called co-chaperone proteins are required for client protein recognition and proper function of chaperones, among them the small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat proteins (sgt) which interact with both hsp70 and hsp90 chaperones. an atypical sgt homolog is found in the l. donovani genome, encoding a protein ... | 2010 | 19953351 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of single antigen gp63, polytope and polytopehsp70 dna vaccines against visceral leishmaniasis in experimental mouse model. | polytope approach of genetic immunization is a promising strategy for the prevention of infectious disease as it is capable of generating effective cell mediated immunity by delivering the t cell epitopes assembled in series. leishmaniasis is a significant world wide health problem for which no vaccine exists. in this study we have compared immunogenicity and efficacy of three types of dna vaccines: single antigen gp63 (gp63/pcdna), polytope (poly/pcdna) and polytope fused with hsp70 (poly/hsp/p ... | 2009 | 19956549 |
| antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of some british green algae. | in the continuation of our search for natural sources for antiprotozoal and antitubercular molecules, we have screened the crude extracts of four green marine algae (cladophora rupestris, codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, ulva intestinalis and ulva lactuca) collected from the dorset area of england. trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani and mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as test organisms in the in vitro assays. the selective toxicity of the extracts was a ... | 2010 | 19960429 |
| membrane bound pyrophosphatase and p-type adenosine triphosphatase of leishmania donovani as possible chemotherapeutic targets: similarities and differences in inhibitor sensitivities. | the activities of inorganic pyrophosphatase (ppase) and adenosine triphosphatase (atpase) were studied in the plasma membrane of leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes. it was shown that the specific activity of ppase was greater than that of atpase in the promastigote plasma membrane. we characterized h+-ppase present in the plasma membrane of l. donovani and investigated its possible role in the survival of promastigote and amastigote. ppase activity was stimulated by k+ and sodium ... | 2009 | 19961421 |
| comparative in vivo expression of amastigote up regulated leishmania genes in three different forms of leishmaniasis. | in old world leishmania infections in india, leishmania donovani is responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (vl) and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) while l. tropica is responsible for cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in humans. the molecular differences between the two species of leishmania and within the same species causing distinct pathologies that govern the outcome of infection and pathogenesis in the human host are unknown. quantitative expression of selected genes was evaluated dir ... | 2010 | 19963076 |
| leishmania donovani, in cultures, recovered from spleen during life and from the bone marrow of the cadaver. | | 1921 | 19982044 |
| novel convenient synthesis of biologically active esters of hydroxylamine. | alkylation of ethyl n-hydroxyacetimidate with readily available methanesulfonates of functionally substituted alcohols and subsequent deprotection of aminooxy group is a novel and convenient method to prepare functionally substituted esters of hydroxylamine with high overall yield. this approach is a good alternative to well-known reaction of n-hydroxyphthalimide with alcohols under the mitsunobu conditions. the properties of ethoxyethylidene protection of aminooxy group on the contrary to that ... | 2010 | 19997759 |
| dragonamide e, a modified linear lipopeptide from lyngbya majuscula with antileishmanial activity. | tropical parasitic and infectious diseases, such as leishmaniasis, pose enormous global health threats, but are largely neglected in commercial drug discovery programs. however, the panama international cooperative biodiversity group (icbg) has been working to identify novel treatments for malaria, chagas' disease, and leishmaniasis through an investigation of plants and microorganisms from panama. we have pursued activity-guided isolation from an extract of lyngbya majuscula that was found to b ... | 2010 | 20030365 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in aba-roba, south-western ethiopia: prevalence and incidence of active and subclinical infections. | between august 1997 and february 2005, a prospective study of human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was undertaken in two villages in the konso district of south-western ethiopia, to provide epidemiological indices of subclinical infection and active vl. six cross-sectional surveys at 6-month intervals (ending in august 2000) were complemented by a single survey in february 2005. the prevalences and incidences of leishmanial infection and active vl, which were determined using leishmanin skin tests ... | 2009 | 20030990 |
| enhanced lesional foxp3 expression and peripheral anergic lymphocytes indicate a role for regulatory t cells in indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | indian post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is a low-frequency (5-10%) dermal sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) caused by leishmania donovani; importantly, affected individuals are speculated to be parasite reservoirs. insight into its immunopathogenesis could translate into rational immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches against leishmaniases. in patients with pkdl (n=21), peripheral lymphocytes were analyzed for surface markers, intracellular cytokines, and lymphoproliferative resp ... | 2010 | 20032994 |
| n-myristoyltransferase from leishmania donovani: structural and functional characterisation of a potential drug target for visceral leishmaniasis. | n-myristoyltransferase (nmt) catalyses the attachment of the 14-carbon saturated fatty acid, myristate, to the amino-terminal glycine residue of a subset of eukaryotic proteins that function in multiple cellular processes, including vesicular protein trafficking and signal transduction. in these pathways, n-myristoylation facilitates association of substrate proteins with membranes or the hydrophobic domains of other partner peptides. nmt function is essential for viability in all cell types tes ... | 2010 | 20036251 |
| characterization of dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase of leishmania donovani: a molecular model for structure based design of antileishmanials. | leishmania donovani dipeptidylcarboxypeptidsae (lddcp), an angiotensin converting enzyme (ace) related metallopeptidase has been identified and characterized as a putative drug target for antileishmanial chemotherapy. the kinetic parameters for lddcp with substrate, hip-his-leu were determined as, km, 4 mm and vmax, 1.173 micromole/ml/min. inhibition studies revealed that known ace inhibitors (captopril and bradykinin potentiating peptide; bpp1) were weak inhibitors for lddcp as compared to huma ... | 2010 | 20039100 |
| germatranyl substituted organotin (iv) carboxylates: synthesis spectroscopic characterization and biological activities. | eight new organotin (iv) derivatives of general formula [n(ch2ch2o)3gech(r1)ch2coo](4-n)snr(2)n, where n= 2, r(2) = c2h5 (1-5); r(1) = ch3 (1); c6h5 (2); p-ch3c6h4 (3); p-fc6h4(4); p-ch3oc6h4 (5) and n = 3, r(2) = ch2c6h5 (6-8), r(1) = ch3 (6); c6h5 (7); p-ch3c6h4 (8) have been synthesized by the reaction of di- or tri-organotin chloride with the corresponding germatranyl (substituted) propionic acid in the appropriate mole ratios using triethylamine as a base. the synthesized compounds were cha ... | 2009 | 20041833 |
| performance of latex agglutination test (katex) in diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in iran. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an endemic disease in some parts of iran. many techniques have been used for diagnosis of vl, among which the urine based latex agglutination test (katex) is a promising one. | 2009 | 20054108 |
| qualitative and semi-quantitative comparison of an rk39 strip test and direct agglutination test for detection of anti-leishmania donovani antibodies in the sudan. | until now, the comparison of the rk39 strip test (rkt) and direct agglutination test (dat) for detection of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is exclusively based on either positive or negative qualification of the reaction outcome. | 2009 | 20054109 |
| assessment of anti-protozoal activity of plants traditionally used in ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis. | for the assessment of the in vitro anti-protozoal potential of plants traditionally used in ecuador in the treatment of leishmaniasis, a combined approach based on interviews with healers as well as a literature search was carried out. | 2010 | 20064594 |
| practical and efficient synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]pyridone, pyrano[4,3-b]pyran and their hybrids with nucleoside as potential antiviral and antileishmanial agents. | a highly practical and efficient preparation of pyrano[3,2-c]pyridone and pyrano[4,3-b]pyran derivatives was developed via an ionic liquid mediated and promoted multi-component reaction of aldehyde (1), 4-hydroxy-pyridin-2(1h)-one or 4-hydroxy-2-pyranone (2), and malononitrile (3). as an application, a series of pyrimidine nucleoside-pyrano[3,2-c]pyridone or pyrano[4,3-b]pyran hybrids were efficiently obtained. these hybrid compounds were evaluated as potential antiviral and antileishmanial agen ... | 2010 | 20064723 |
| amphotericin b therapy in children with visceral leishmaniasis: daily vs. alternate day, a randomized trial. | a randomized study was carried out to compare the efficacy and adverse reactions of daily vs. alternate day regimens of amphotericin b in children with visceral leishmaniasis (vl). six hundred and five children of vl below 14 years of age were randomized into two groups; group a (302), who received amphotericin b at a dose of 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) for 15 days and group b (303); same doses but on alternate days. all patients in both groups were cured, who had completed course of amphotericin b ther ... | 2010 | 20065047 |
| [virulence-associated gene profiling of different leishmania spp]. | to investigate the expression level of virulence-associated genes in promastigotes and amastigotes of different leishmania spp. | 2009 | 20066984 |
| assessing aquaglyceroporin gene status and expression profile in antimony-susceptible and -resistant clinical isolates of leishmania donovani from india. | clinical resistance to pentavalent antimonials results from an interplay between uptake, efflux and sequestration in leishmania. aquaglyceroporins (aqps) have been shown to facilitate uptake of trivalent metalloids. down-regulation of aqp1 in leishmania results in resistance to trivalent antimony, whereas overexpression of aqp1 in drug-resistant parasites can reverse the resistance. the present work investigates the role of aqp1 in monitoring antimonial resistance in indian leishmaniasis. | 2010 | 20067981 |
| antiprotozoal, antimycobacterial and cytotoxic potential of twenty-three british and irish red algae. | as part of our continuing research on seaweeds, we have screened the crude extracts of 23 red marine algae collected from england and ireland. the clinically important blood-stage life forms of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, t. cruzi, leishmania donovani and mycobacterium tuberculosis were used as test organisms in the in vitro assays. the selectivity of the extracts was determined by using mammalian skeletal myoblast (l6) cells. all algal extracts showed activity against t. brucei rhodesiense, ... | 2010 | 20077438 |
| sialic acids in different leishmania sp., its correlation with nitric oxide resistance and host responses. | the presence of different derivatives of sialic acids (sa) on leishmania donovani instigated us to investigate their status on different strains of leishmania sp. causing different forms of the disease. leishmania tropica (k27), leishmania major (jish118) and leishmania mexicana (lv4) responsible for cutaneous, leishmania braziliensis (l280) and leishmania amazonensis (lv81) causing diffuse and leishmania infantum (mon29) responsible for visceral leishmaniasis were included in this study. the st ... | 2010 | 20085901 |
| immune evasive mechanisms contributing to persistent leishmania donovani infection. | the protozoan parasite leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, has evolved several strategies to interfere with the immune system and establish persistent infections that are potentially lethal. in this article, we discuss two mechanisms of immune evasion adopted by the parasite: the induction of immune suppressive il-10 responses and the generation of poor and functionally impaired cd8(+) t-cell responses. | 2010 | 20087685 |
| in vitro activity of anti-leishmanial drugs against leishmania donovani is host cell dependent. | to evaluate the in vitro activity of anti-leishmanial drugs against intracellular leishmania donovani amastigotes in different types of macrophages. | 2010 | 20089542 |
| enhanced efficacy and immunogenicity of 78kda antigen formulated in various adjuvants against murine visceral leishmaniasis. | leishmania infection causes localized cutaneous to severe visceral disease in humans and animals. current control measures, based on antimonial compounds, are not effective because of resistance in leishmania. vaccination would be a feasible alternative, but as yet no vaccine to protect humans against infection has been commercialized. parasite antigens that preferentially stimulate the induction of significant protection through th1 response presents a rational approach for a vaccine against le ... | 2010 | 20093205 |
| in situ immunolocalization and stage-dependent expression of a secretory serine protease in leishmania donovani and its role as a vaccine candidate. | proteases have been found to play essential roles in many biological processes, including the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. most parasites rely on their intracellular and extracellular protease repertoire to invade and multiply in mammalian host cells. however, few studies have addressed serine proteases in leishmania and their role in host pathogenesis. here we report the intracellular distribution of a novel l. donovani secretory serine protease in the flagellar pocket, as determined by immun ... | 2010 | 20106998 |
| development and evaluation of different pcr-based typing methods for discrimination of leishmania donovani isolates from nepal. | leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent, has been reported to be genetically homogeneous. in order to support ongoing initiatives to eliminate the disease, highly discriminative tools are required for documenting the parasite population and dynamics. | 2010 | 20109247 |
| the potential of metabolomics for leishmania research in the post-genomics era. | the post-genomics era has provided researchers with access to a new generation of tools for the global characterization and understanding of pathogen diversity. this review provides a critical summary of published leishmania post-genomic research efforts to date, and discusses the potential impact of the addition of metabolomics to the post-genomic toolbox. metabolomics aims at understanding biology by comprehensive metabolite profiling. we present an overview of the design and interpretation of ... | 2010 | 20109253 |
| synthesis and anti-leishmanial activity of heterocyclic betulin derivatives. | betulin, a naturally occurring abundant triterpene is converted in four steps to 3,28-di-o-acetyllupa-12,18-diene. when various 4-substituted urazoles were oxidized to the corresponding urazines with iodobenzene diacetate in the presence of 3,28-di-o-acetyllupa-12,18-diene, new heterocyclic betulin derivatives were produced. these betulin derivatives were examined in a microplate assay at 50 microm for their ability to inhibit the growth of leishmania donovani axenic amastigotes, a species that ... | 2010 | 20116263 |
| characterization of a subunit of the outer dynein arm docking complex necessary for correct flagellar assembly in leishmania donovani. | in order to proceed through their life cycle, leishmania parasites switch between sandflies and mammals. the flagellated promastigote cells transmitted by the insect vector are phagocytized by macrophages within the mammalian host and convert into the amastigote stage, which possesses a rudimentary flagellum only. during an earlier proteomic study of the stage differentiation of the parasite we identified a component of the outer dynein arm docking complex, a structure of the flagellar axoneme. ... | 2010 | 20126266 |
| momordicatin purified from fruits of momordica charantia is effective to act as a potent antileishmania agent. | aqueous extract of the green fruits of the indian plant momordica charantia and purified momordicatin structurally established as 4-(o-carboethoxyphenyl) butanol were evaluated in vitro and in vivo against kala-azar caused by leishmania donovani. 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) against leishmania promastigotes in vitro for the crude extract and momordicatin were 0.6mg/l and 0.02mg/l, respectively. when administered in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis, 100% parasite clearance was ... | 2010 | 20132905 |
| antimalarial and antitubercular nostocarboline and eudistomin derivatives: synthesis, in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. | the synthesis of nine nostocarboline derivatives with substitutions of the 2-methyl group by alkyl, aryl and functionalized residues, 10 symmetrical bis cationic dimers linking 6-cl-norharmane through the 2-position and fifteen derivatives of the marine alkaloids eudistomin n and o is reported. these compounds were evaluated in vitro against four parasites (trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense stib 900, trypanosoma cruzi tulahuen c2c4, leishmania donovani mhom-et-67/l82 axenic amastigotes, and plasmod ... | 2010 | 20133138 |
| 16alpha-hydroxycleroda-3,13 (14)z-dien-15,16-olide from polyalthia longifolia: a safe and orally active antileishmanial agent. | new antileishmanials from natural products are urgently needed due to the emergence of drug resistance complicated by severe cytotoxic effects. 16alpha-hydroxycleroda-3,13 (14)z-dien-15,16-olide (compound 1) from polyalthia longifolia was found to be a potential antileishmanial and non-cytotoxic, as evidenced by long-term survival (>6 months) of treated animals. this prompted us to determine its target and, using molecular modelling, identify the interactions responsible for its specific antilei ... | 2010 | 20136832 |
| therapeutic glucocorticoid-induced tnf receptor-mediated amplification of cd4+ t cell responses enhances antiparasitic immunity. | chronic infectious diseases and cancers are often associated with suboptimal effector t cell responses. enhancement of t cell costimulatory signals has been extensively studied for cancer immunotherapy but not so for the treatment of infectious disease. the few previous attempts at this strategy using infection models have lacked cellular specificity, with major immunoregulatory mechanisms or innate immune cells also being targeted. in this study, we examined the potential of promoting t cell re ... | 2010 | 20139272 |
| anti-leishmanial activity of betulin derivatives. | leishmanicidal activity of 24 derivatives of naturally occurring and abundant triterpenes belonging to the lupane series, betulin, betulinic acid and betulonic acid, is described in this study. the easily modified positions of the lupane skeleton, the hydroxy groups of c-3 and c-28, as well as the carbon-carbon double bond c-20-c-29 were used as a starting point to prepare a library of triterpenoid derivatives for bioactivity studies. the compounds were evaluated against leishmania donovani axen ... | 2010 | 20139867 |
| the use of remote sensing in the identification of the eco-environmental factors associated with the risk of human visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) on the gangetic plain, in north-eastern india. | human visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar remains a major cause of mortality, particularly in the developing world. the disease is common in the internal regions of north-eastern india, which have a tropical or sub-tropical climate. in a recent study on vl in this region, the relationship between the incidence of vl and certain physio-environmental factors was explored, using a combination of a geographical information system (gis), satellite imagery and data collected 'on the ground'. some ... | 2010 | 20149291 |
| an exosome-based secretion pathway is responsible for protein export from leishmania and communication with macrophages. | specialized secretion systems are used by numerous bacterial pathogens to export virulence factors into host target cells. leishmania and other eukaryotic intracellular pathogens also deliver effector proteins into host cells; however, the mechanisms involved have remained elusive. in this report, we identify exosome-based secretion as a general mechanism for protein secretion by leishmania, and show that exosomes are involved in the delivery of proteins into host target cells. comparative quant ... | 2010 | 20159964 |
| inhibitory activity of marine sponge-derived natural products against parasitic protozoa. | in this study, thirteen sponge-derived terpenoids, including five linear furanoterpenes: furospinulosin-1 (1), furospinulosin-2 (2), furospongin-1 (3), furospongin-4 (4), and demethylfurospongin-4 (5); four linear meroterpenes: 2-(hexaprenylmethyl)-2-methylchromenol (6), 4-hydroxy-3-octaprenylbenzoic acid (7), 4-hydroxy-3-tetraprenyl-phenylacetic acid (8), and heptaprenyl-p-quinol (9); a linear triterpene, squalene (10); two spongian-type diterpenes dorisenone d (11) and 11 beta-acetoxyspongi-12 ... | 2010 | 20161970 |
| probing the structure of leishmania donovani chagasi dhfr-ts: comparative protein modeling and protein-ligand interaction studies. | dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) has been used successfully as a drug target in the area of anti-bacterial, anti-cancer and anti-malarial therapy. it also acts as a drug target for leishmaniasis. inhibition of dhfr leads to cell death through lack of thymine (nucleotide metabolism). although the crystal structures of leishmania major and trypanosoma cruzi dhfr-thymidylate synthase (ts) have been resolved, to date there is no three-dimensional (3d)-structural information on dhfr-ts of leishmania do ... | 2010 | 20174846 |
| a taxonomic reassessment of the phlebotomus argentipes species complex (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae). | the taxonomic status of the sand fly phlebotomus (euphlebotomus) argentipes annandale & brunette 1908, which transmits leishmania (leishmania) donovani (laveran & mesnil 1903) in southern asia, is reassessed, because variation in morphology, behavior, and distribution suggests it to be a complex of sibling species. the putative complex is composed of the nominotypical member phlebotomus argentipes sensu stricto, phlebotomus annandalei sinton 1923 status revived and phlebotomus glaucus mitra & ro ... | 2010 | 20180302 |
| synthesis and molecular docking studies of 1-phenyl-4-glycosyl-dihydropyridines as potent antileishmanial agents. | a series of 1-phenyl-4-glycosyl-dihydropyridines (4-17 and 19-21) were prepared by the one pot multicomponent reaction of glcosyl aldehyde, beta-keto compounds and aniline or substituted aniline in the presence of tbahs as catalyst. the compounds were screened in vitro and in vivo for their antileishmanial activities. most of the compounds exhibited moderate to good activity against amastigotes and promastigotes of leishmania donovani. the compounds 4, 11, 12, 13, and 17 exhibited potent in vivo ... | 2010 | 20199824 |
| mapk-directed phosphatases preferentially regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in experimental visceral leishmaniasis: involvement of distinct protein kinase c isoforms. | the role of phosphatases in the impairment of mapk signaling, which is directly responsible for leishmania-induced macrophage dysfunction, is still poorly understood. gene expression profiling revealed that leishmania donovani infection markedly up-regulated the expression of three phosphatases: mkp1, mkp3, and pp2a. inhibition of these phosphatases prior to infection points toward preferential induction of the th2 response through deactivation of p38 by mkp1. on the other hand, mkp3 and pp2a mi ... | 2010 | 20200403 |
| compararative evaluation of rk9, rk26 and rk39 antigens in the serodiagnosis of indian visceral leishmaniasis. | this study was designed for comparative evaluation of two relatively newer recombinant hydrophilic antigens, rk9 and rk26 of leishmania chagasi along with rk39 (a 39-aminoacid-repetitive immunodominant b-cell epitope of kinesin-related antigen from l. chagasi) and crude soluble antigen (csa) for the serodiagnosis of indian visceral leishmaniasis (vl) patients by quantitative elisa. | 2010 | 20212344 |