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carbon dioxide fixation in the light and in the dark by isolated spinach chloroplasts.factors affecting co(2) fixation in the spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast were investigated. free magnesium ions are shown to be highly inhibitory for photosynthetic co(2) fixation in isolated intact spinach chloroplasts. the ph optimum for co(2) fixation is about 8.5 but is dependent upon the reaction medium. conditions are defined under which chloroplasts illuminated in the absence of co(2) accumulate ribulose 1,5-diphosphate, and fix co(2) in a subsequent dark period when high magnesium ...197416658664
properties of phosphoribulokinase of whole chloroplasts.the ability of intact spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast preparations to catalyze co(2) fixation and photophosphorylation was examined. under conditions optimal for co(2) fixation, only poor photophosphorylation was observed. conditions optimal for photophosphorylation were found to be highly inhibitory to the co(2)-fixing capacity of the intact chloroplast preparation.a method for following the activity of phosphoribulokinase in the intact chloroplast preparation was developed, and conditi ...197416658663
[the influence of starch on the activity of pyrophosphatase from isolated spinach chloroplasts].the activity of the inorganic pyrophosphatase from isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts is strongly dependent upon the addition of magnesium ions. since the complex of the bivalent ion with inorganic pyrophosphate is the real substrate, a definite mg(2+)/na4p2o7-ratio is required for maximum activity. when the activity was measured in particle-free extracts from chloroplasts, this ratio was shown to be approximately 3. however, an increase up to 10 was observed in the presence of ...197424442654
separation and characterization of two inorganic pyrophosphatases from spinach leaves.two inorganic pyrophosphatases (pyrophosphate phosphohydrolase, e.c.3.6.1.1) have been identified in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves. the two isoenzymes were readily separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by isoelectric focusing between ph 4 and 6. one isoenzyme is located in the chloroplasts whereas the other form was isolated from the soluble "cytoplasmic" fraction. in addition, a third form appeared when the isolation procedure started from a crude extract from whole leaves ...197424442653
amino acid permeability of the chloroplast envelope as measured by light scattering, volumetry and amino acid uptake.the amino acid permeability of the envelope of intact, functional spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts was investigated by light scattering, volumetry and uptake of (14)c-labelled amino acids. the criterion for the functionally of the chloroplasts was their ability to reduce co2, pga and oxaloacetate in the light at high rates.net uptake into the chloroplast interior of neutral amino acids such as alanine, glycine, serine, proline, threonine or valine occurred only at very low rates. the ...197424442617
uptake and reduction of glycerate by isolated chloroplasts.intact chloroplasts of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) evolve o2 in the light in a glycerate-dependent reaction at rates usually close to 10 μmolxmg(-1) chlorophyllxh(-1). glycerate isfirst phosphorylated and the resulting phosphoglycerate reduced to the sugar level. products of the reaction are the intermediates of the calvin cycle and glycolate. the ratio of triosephosphates to phosphoglycerate is higher under low light or at a low ph than under high light or at a high ph. chloroplasts contain ...197424442616
oxidation of formate by peroxisomes and mitochondria from spinach leaves.1. spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf extracts catalyse the oxidation of formate to co(2). 2. two enzymic systems are responsible for this oxidation, the peroxidatic action of catalase (ec 1.11.1.6) and nad-dependent formate dehydrogenase (ec 1.2.1.2). 3. formate dehydrogenase is mainly, if not exclusively, located in the mitochondria. this enzyme has a ph optimum of 6-6.5 and a k(m) for formate of 1.7mm in the presence of 1 mm-nad(+). 4. peroxidatic action of catalase is presumed to take place ...19744840839
site-specific inhibition of photophosphorylation in isolated spinach chloroplasts by mercuric chloride.photophosphorylation associated with noncyclic electron transport in isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts is inhibited to approximately 50% by low concentrations of hgcl(2) (less than 1 mumole hg(2+)/mg chlorophyll) when the electron transport pathway includes both sites of energy coupling. reactions involving only a part of the electron transport system can give a functional isolation of at least two sites coupled to phosphorylation. only one of these sites, located between the oxi ...197316658631
zinc deficiency, carbonic anhydrase, and photosynthesis in leaves of spinach.a shortage in the zinc supply to spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) drastically reduced carbonic anhydrase levels with little effect on net co(2) uptake per unit leaf area, except with the most severe zinc stresses. under these conditions, carbonic anhydrase was below 10% and photosynthesis 60 to 70% of the control levels. when photosynthesis was measured at a range of co(2) supply levels, zinc-deficient leaves were less efficient at 300 to 350 microliters per liter co(2) and above, but the same as ...197316658536
fat metabolism in higher plants: lvii. a comparison of fatty acid-synthesizing enzymes in chloroplasts isolated from mature and immature leaves of spinach.chloroplasts isolated from immature leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea) differ in enzyme levels from those isolated from mature leaves. on a chlorophyll basis, immature chloroplast preparations had 5- to 6-fold higher capacity to synthesize fatty acids from 2-(14)c-acetate compared to plastids isolated from mature leaves. this difference was correlated with higher activities for the enzymes, acetyl coenzyme a synthetase, malonyl coenzyme a synthetase, acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase, and oleyl c ...197316658518
response of carbon dioxide fixation to water stress: parallel measurements on isolated chloroplasts and intact spinach leaves.application of water stress to isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts by redutcion of the osmotic potentials of co(2) fixation media below -6 to -8 bars resulted in decreased rates of fixation regardless of solute composition. a decrease in co(2) fixation rate of isolated chloroplasts was also found when leaves were dehydrated in air prior to chloroplast isolation. an inverse response of co(2) fixation to osmotic potential of the fixation medium was found with chloroplasts isolated fr ...197316658493
the protective effect of sugars on chloroplast membranes during temperature and water stress and its relationship to frost, desiccation and heat resistance.freezing, desiccation and high-temperature stress may under certain conditions result in inactivation of electron transport (dcip reduction) and cyclic photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplast membranes of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). when sugars are present during temperature and water stress, the thylakoids may be partially or completely protected. this membrane stabilization depends on the concentration of sugars and their molecular size. the trisaccharide raffinose is, on a molar basi ...197324468903
isocitrate lyase in green leaves.isocitrate lyase (ec 4.1.3.1) has been demonstrated in crude dialyzed extracts of healthy spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves from commercial sources and wheat (triticum aestivum) and maize (zea mays) leaves stored in darkness in the cold room for 1 week. the products of the reaction were identified as glyoxylate and succinate, the former by its phenylhydrazone, and the latter traced by isotopic labeling and cochromatography. fresh spinach extracts contain a mixture of at least two endogenous inh ...197316658428
carotenoid composition of spinach chloroplast grana and stroma lamellae.stroma lamellae and grana stacks prepared by french press rupture of spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts contain similar amounts of beta-carotene on a protein basis. the grana fraction has considerably more xanthophylls than does the stroma fraction. total carotenoid to chlorophyll ratios are similar for both fractions.197316658372
the amino acid sequence of cytochrome c from spinacea oleracea l. (spinach).the amino acid sequence of spinach (spinacea oleracea l., var. monster viroflay) cytochrome c was determined on 1mumol of protein. the molecule consists of 111 residues and is homologous with other mitochondrial cytochromes c. experimental details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as supplementary publication sup 50013, at the national lending library for science and technology, boston spa, yorks. ls23 7bq, u.k., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in ...19734352906
reversible abolition of enhancement in isolated spinach chloroplasts.the photosynthetic evolution of oxygen by isolated chloroplasts of spinacia oleracea l. was studied using a modulated oxygen electrode. the enhancement effect, measured as the increase in the relative quantum yield of 650-nanometer light due to the presence of 710-nanometer light, was profoundly influenced by the concentration of inorganic cations in the bathing medium. chloroplast fragments immersed in a solution containing a very low concentration of mgcl(2) or kcl, did not display enhancement ...197216658263
fat metabolism in higher plants. lv. acetate uptake and accumulation by class i and ii chloroplasts from spinacia oleracea. 19724196743
acid-bath phosphorylation in heptane-extracted chloroplasts.when spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast fragments were lyophilized and extracted with n-heptane, acid-bath phosphorylation was significantly reduced. phosphorylation could be restored to these chloroplasts, if the extracted material (containing quinones, carotenoids, and other lipids) was added back to dry preparation before rehydration. the results reported suggest it was not quinones which were required for restoration of acid-bath phosphorylation but lipids. it is suggested that the lipi ...197216658223
comparative aspects of incorporation of vanadium, tungsten or molybdenum into protein of nitrate reductase of spinacea oleracea l. leaves. 19725070057
the distribution of carbonic anhydrase and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase in maize leaves.extraction of maize (zea mays) leaves by progressive grinding under suitably protective conditions yields total carbonic anhydrase activities (4800 units per milligram chlorophyll) comparable to the activity in spinach (spinacia oleracea) leaves. the total ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity was also equal to or greater than the best literature values for maize. of the total leaf carbonic anhydrase, 72.5% on a chlorophyll basis was present in the mesophyll cells and 14.2% in the bundle-she ...197216658170
microbody enzymes and carboxylases in sequential extracts from c(4) and c(3) leaves.a seven-step sequential grinding procedure was applied to leaves of atriplex rosea, sorghum sudanense, and spinacia oleracea to study the distribution of carboxylases and microbody enzymes. in the extracts from c(4) species there were 7- to 10-fold reciprocal changes in specific activities of ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase. no such changes occurred in sequential extracts from spinach. no inhibitors of ribulose-1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase were detected ...197216658149
circular dna molecules associated with chloroplasts of spinach, spinacia oleracea. 19725025115
antimycin a stimulation of rate-limiting steps of photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts.changes in levels of metabolites in isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts seen upon addition of antimycin a suggest that the activities of enzymes mediating several regulated reactions are affected. apparently, the presence of added antimycin a does not increase the level of co(2) in the chloroplasts, nor does it stimulate co(2) fixation by increasing the level of the carboxylation substrate, ribulose-1,5-diphosphate. rather, it appears that antimycin a increases co(2) fixation rate ...197216657971
studies on effect of certain quinones: i. electron transport, photophosphorylation, and co(2) fixation in isolated chloroplasts.the effect of quinone herbicides and fungicides on photosynthetic reactions in isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts was investigated. 2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (dichlone), 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone (06k-quinone), and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone (chloranil) inhibited ferricyanide reduction as well as atp formation. benzoquinone had little or no effect on these reactions. the two reactions showed a differential sensitivity to these inhibitors. dichlone was a s ...197216657965
inhibition of chloroplast reactions with phenylmercuric acetate.phenylmercuric acetate is a selective inhibitor of the photosynthetic activities of isolated spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. at 5 mum concentration of phenylmercuric acetate, photophosphorylation is inhibited. at 33 mum phenylmercuric acetate, ferredoxin is inactivated. ferredoxin-nadp oxidoreductase is 50% inhibited at 100 mum phenylmercuric acetate. photosystem ii reactions are 50% inhibited at 150 mum phenylmercuric acetate and very much higher cooncentrations-500 mum-are needed to ...197216657964
involvement of photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle intermediates in co(2) fixation and o(2) evolution by isolated chloroplasts.the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle intermediates can be divided into three classes according to their effects on the rate of photosynthetic co(2) evolution by whole spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts and on their ability to affect reversal of certain inhibitors (nigericin, arsenate, arsenite, iodoacetate, antimycin a) of photosynthesis: class i (maximal): fructose 1, 6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate; class 2 (slight): glucose ...197116657865
inhibition of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation in isolated spinach chloroplasts exposed to reduced osmotic potentials.reduced osmotic potentials inhibited the rate of co(2) fixation by isolated intact spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. this inhibition was observed immediately after transfer of chloroplasts from a solution containing 0.33 m sorbitol to higher sorbitol concentrations, and the depressed rate remained constant. the inhibited co(2) fixation could not be attributed to a decreased rate of photosynthetic electron transport, since nadp reduction was unaffected by subjecting the chloroplasts to lo ...197116657842
malate dehydrogenases of leaf tissue from spinacia oleracea: properties of three isoenzymes. 19715114926
reversible cyanide inhibition of spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) nitrate reductase and non-exchangeability in vitro of protein bound molybdenum and tungsten. 197111946072
3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase in plants: iii. activity associated with starch particles.a particulate form of 3-phosphoglycerate phosphatase represents about 20% of this activity in spinach (spinacia oleracea var. longstanding bloomsdale) leaves. by differential and isopycnic sucrose density gradient centrifugation, all the particulate activity was found in starch grains that pelleted through 2.5 m sucrose. this particulate phosphatase was extremely stable, had a ph optimum of 5.8, and an apparent michaelis constant (3-phosphoglycerate) of 9 x 10(-4)m. no cation requirement for act ...197116657823
effect of antimycin a on photosynthesis of intact spinach chloroplasts.low concentrations (0.5-10 mum) of antimycin a were shown to increase the rate of co(2) fixation, o(2) evolution and inorganic phosphate esterification in intact spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. the increase was highest when the light intensity was saturating. stimulation was independent of the bicarbonate concentration and was accompanied by an enhancement in the synthesis of glycerate 3-phosphate with a decrease in dihydroxyacetone phosphate. the antibiotic decreased the michaelis con ...197116657816
inhibition of glycolipid biosynthesis in chloroplasts by ozone and sulfhydryl reagents.the metabolism of uridine 5'-pyrophosphate-galactose by spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplast preparations was inhibited by ozone. the formation of digalactosyl diglyceride and trigalactosyl diglyceride was inhibited much more than the formation of monogalactosyl diglyceride, steryl glycoside, and acylated steryl glycoside. essentially identical results were obtained when glycolipid synthesis was inhibited by n-ethyl maleimide, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, and cdcl(2). iodoacetate and iodoacetami ...197116657793
the regulation of nitrate reductase activity from spinach spinacea oleracea l. leaves by thiol compounds in the presence of adenosine-5'-diphosphate. 197111945970
the role of tungsten in the inhibition of nitrate reductase activity in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) leaves. 19714107835
the effect of freezing on thylakoid membranes in the presence of organic acids.the effect of salts of organic acids on washed and non-washed chloroplast membranes during freezing was investigated. thylakoids were isolated from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l.) and, prior to freezing, salts of various organic acids or inorganic salts or both were added. freezing occurred for 3 to 4 hours at -25 c. after thawing membrane integrity was investigated by measuring the activity of cyclic photophosphorylation.at very low nacl levels (1 to 3 mm, washed thylakoids) salts of orga ...197116657754
(+)-abscisic acid content of spinach in relation to photoperiod and water stress.levels of (+)-abscisic acid present in the long-day plant spinach (spinacia oleracea l., cv. savoy hybrid 612) grown under different photoperiodic regimes were measured in purified extracts by optical rotary dispersion. when plants were transferred from short to long days, the abscisic acid content increased 2- to 3-fold. this rise in the level of abscisic acid took place during the 1st long day. abscisic acid levels of plants under short days as well as under long-day conditions were higher at ...197116657741
effects of photoperiod on growth rate and endogenous gibberellins in the long-day rosette plant spinach.the earliest visible responses of spinach plants (spinacia oleracea l., cv. savoy hybrid 612) transferred from short to long days (8 hours of high intensity light supplemented with 16 hours of low intensity illumination from incandescent lamps) were upright leaf orientation and increased elongation of the petioles. the effect of long days on growth rate was direct; i.e., there was no after-effect if the plants were transferred to short days. gibberellin a(3) applied to plants under short days ha ...197116657712
kinetics and inhibition by adenosine phosphates and nitrite of nitrate reductase from spinacea oleracea l. 19714330963
a lipid requirement for photosystem i activity in heptane-extracted spinach chloroplasts.a lipid requirement for photosystem i activity in spinacia oleracea chloroplasts has been characterized. the transfer of electrons from tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine through the chloroplast photosystem to viologen dye was used as an assay of photosystem i activity. activity is diminished by prolonged heptane extraction and is partially restored by readdition of the extracted lipid. extracted chloroplasts require plastocyanin for maximal restoration of activity. the effect of lipid extract in re ...197116657568
[regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in spinach chloroplasts by light].1. the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (d-glucose-6-phosphate: nadph oxidoreductase, ec 1.1.1.49) in the homogenate of illuminated leaves of spinacea oleracea l. (30 min with 30000 lux) is about 30% lower than in the dark controls. 2. illumination of isolated chloroplasts (10000 lux) causes a fast inhibition of the enzyme activity which reaches about 45% after 20 min. 3. the activity of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho d-gluconate: nadp(+) oxidoreductase, ec 1.1. ...197024496814
[the intracellular distribution of acetyl-coa-synthetase in the leaves of spinacia oleracea spinach]. 20135480178
inhibition of photosynthesis by oxygen in isolated spinach chloroplasts.the inhibition of photosynthetic co(2) fixation by o(2), commonly referred to as the warburg effect, was examined in isolated intact spinach (spinacia oleracea) chloroplasts. the major characteristics of this effect in isolated chloroplasts are rapid reversibility when o(2) is replaced by n(2), an increased inhibition by o(2) at low concentrations of co(2) and a decreased effect of o(2) with increased concentrations of co(2).both the dpn- and tpn-linked glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases ...196916657176
oxygen evolution and the permeability of the outer envelope of isolated whole chloroplasts.a rapid oxygraph method of studying the permeability of the envelope of isolated chloroplasts was used. the outer envelope of aqueously isolated whole spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts in buffer is readily permeable to 3-phosphoglyceric acid, which induces an immediate light dependent oxygen evolution. this light dependent oxygen evolution was completely eliminated by swelling these plastids in an osmotically dilute solution. exogenous adenosine diphosphate, but not inorganic phosphate ...196816656943
[the role of phosphorylase in starch metabolism in plastids].two phosphorylases could be detected on gel-electropherograms of leaf-extracts of spinacia oleracea and of immature cotyledons of vicia faba. these two phosphorylases could be separated by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation. both the slower migrating phosphorylases from spinach and from beans, but not the fast one from beans, could be adsorbed on amyloplasts. this process takes place only when the amyloplasts are suspended in a salt medium. the slow phosphorylases can also be adsorbed on ch ...196824522870
the effect of excess moisture on the germination of spinacia oleracea l.the reversible inhibition of the germination of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) seeds in conditions which are even slightly wetter than optimal has been traced to the production, in a wet environment, of a layer of mucilage around and within the fruit coat which surrounds the true seed. such wet seeds may however germinate readily when the temperature is lowered, or the oxygen pressure of the environment is raised, or the intact seeds are placed for a short time in hydrogen peroxide before being ...196824519211
chloroplast integrity and atp-dependent co(2) fixation in spinacia oleracea.washed whole chloroplasts of spinacia oleracea isolated and assayed in a tris (hydroxymethyl aminomethane)-hcl buffered sucrose solution exhibited low dark co(2) fixing activity, whereas washed whole chloroplasts isolated in the same buffer but assayed in that buffer without sucrose exhibited much greater dark co(2) fixing activity. the lowered activity could be attributed to the impermeability of the chloroplast membrane to ribose-5-phosphate or adenosine triphosphate. the preservation of the i ...196716656658
[studies on the backward-reactions in the xanthophyll-cycle of chlorella, spinacia and taxus].the epoxidation of zeaxanthin to the di-epoxide violaxanthin via the mono-epoxide antheraxanthin (called the backward-reaction), is examined with several plant objects and under various conditions.in chlorella and in the needles of taxus baccata a backward-conversion can be observed immediately after the termination of strong illumination. the reaction can be accelerated somewhat by exposure of the plant material to pure o2 or dim light.one cannot observe such an epoxidation in leaf disks of spi ...196724549422
studies on l-threonine dehydratase from spinach (spinacia oleracea). 19674233789
aldolase activity in chloroplasts of spinacia oleracea. 19675589216
effect of salts and electron transport on the conformation of isolated chloroplasts. i. light-scattering and volume changes.whole chloroplasts isolated from the leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) exhibit 2 types of conformational change during electron transport. amine-uncoupled chloroplasts swell and atebrin-uncoupled chloroplasts shrink. chloroplasts uncoupled by carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazones and by treatment with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid do not change their volumes or light-scattering properties during electron transport. phosphorylating chloroplasts shrink only slightly.the rate and extent of the ...196616656285
[nitrate content of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) in relation to methemoglobinemia in infants]. 19655826819
[on lecithin, colaminecephalin and diglyceridephosphoric acid glycerol ester (phosphatidylglycerol) from green leaves of spinacia oleracea]. 19655885527
quinone and pigment composition of chloroplasts and quantasome aggregates from spinacia oleracea. 196414114526
light-dependent conversions of endogenous alpha-tocopherylquinone and plastoquinone-d in spinacia oleracea chloroplasts. 196416655875
purification and properties of a dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase from spinacia oleracea. 196313933868
sex chromosome translocations in spinacia oleracea. 196317248152
chemical composition and the substructure of lamellae isolated from spinacea oleracea chloroplasts. 196313941467
cytogenetic analysis of sex determination in spinacia oleracea. 196217248129
correlation of structure with function in spinacea oleracea chloroplasts. 196113732832
[biosynthesis of higher fatty acids from acetates in isolated chloroplasts of spinacia oleracea leaves]. 200713831833
purification and properties of a stereospecific dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase from spinacia oleracea. 196013797459
purification and properties of a c-1 diphosphatase from spinacia oleracea. 195913650635
[determination of histamine, n-dimethylhistamine, n-acetylhistamine and acetylcholine in spinacia oleracea]. 195913628473
[yellow spotting of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.); research on central german viral strains]. 195514388677
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