| lines of evidence for horizontal gene transfer of a phenazine producing operon into multiple bacterial species. | phenazines are secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against bacteria, fungi, and eukaryotes. in pseudomonad species, a conserved seven-gene phenazine operon (phzabcdefg) is required for the conversion of chorismic acid to the broad-spectrum antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylate. previous analyses of genes involved in phenazine production from nonpseudomonad species uncovered a high degree of sequence similarity to pseudomonad homologues. the analyses undertaken in this stud ... | 2009 | 19189039 |
| melioidosis after brief exposure: a serologic survey in us marines. | melioidosis is endemic to southeast asia. the incidence of infection in visitors is not well known, especially for short visits. thirteen (38%) of 34 previously unexposed us marines had positive serology after 2 weeks in thailand, and one developed acute disseminated disease. asymptomatic infection with burkholderia pseudomallei may be common, even from brief exposures. | 2009 | 19190209 |
| enhanced biofilm formation and 3-chlorobenzoate degrading activity by the bacterial consortium of burkholderia sp. nk8 and pseudomonas aeruginosa pao1. | to characterize biofilm formation of a chlorobenzoates (cbs) degrading bacterium, burkholderia sp. nk8, with another bacterial species, and the biodegradation activity against cbs in the mixed-species biofilm. | 2009 | 19191976 |
| melioidosis masquerading as community-acquired pneumonia: a case report demonstrating efficacy of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy. | burkholderia pseudomallei, a soil saprophyte typically associated with the highly fatal disease melioidosis in southeast asia, is an increasing global concern as worldwide travel proliferates in our increasingly cosmopolitan society. emergence of this disease in locations where it was not previously described underscores the importance of understanding the basic microbiology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology of infectious diseases on a global scale rather than the myopic view of the usual microbio ... | 2009 | 19192137 |
| inactivation of virulent burkholderia pseudomallei by sunlight. | the goal of this study was to determine the sensitivity of virulent burkholderia pseudomallei to natural sunlight. we describe solar dosimetry calibrated to integrate radiation between 295 and 305 nm and an exposure system that minimizes thermal effects on bacterial cells. burkholderia pseudomallei cells were either exposed to sunlight in uv transparent dishes or maintained in the dark covered by opaque foil. the cells maintained in the dark remained at constant levels for the duration of all ex ... | 2009 | 19192198 |
| identification of melioidosis outbreak by multilocus variable number tandem repeat analysis. | endemic melioidosis is caused by genetically diverse burkholderia pseudomallei strains. however, clonal outbreaks (multiple cases caused by 1 strain) have occurred, such as from contaminated potable water. b. pseudomallei is designated a group b bioterrorism agent, which necessitates rapidly recognizing point-source outbreaks. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and multilocus sequence typing (mlst) can identify genetically related isolates, but results take several days to obtain. we develo ... | 2009 | 19193259 |
| homogeneous esterification by lipase from burkholderia cepacia in the fluorinated solvent. | the formation of noncovalent complexes between lipase from burkholderia cepacia and the fluorinated ionic surfactant kryto development product 4606 kdp was shown to promote the solubilization of the enzyme in the fluorinated solvent perfluoro(methylcyclohexane) (pfmc) and its operation as a catalyst in the fluorous pfmc/hexane biphasic system (fbs). in the reaction of esterification of 1-phenylethanol and vinyl acetate, the solubilized lipase showed high stereospecificity (ca. 99%) with a cataly ... | 2008 | 19194939 |
| genetics and function of the capsules of burkholderia pseudomallei and their potential as therapeutic targets. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a fatal disease that is endemic to southeast asia and northern australia. the clinical manifestations of melioidosis may range from an acute pneumonia or acute septicemia, to chronic and latent infections. b. pseudomallei is inherently resistant to a number of antibiotics, and even with aggressive antibiotic therapy, the mortality rate remains high, and the incidence of relapse is common. the resistance of this organism to a number ... | 2009 | 19200030 |
| experimental acute respiratory burkholderia pseudomallei infection in balb/c mice. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, which is considered a potential deliberate release agent. the objective of this study was to establish and characterise a relevant, acute respiratory burkholderia pseudomallei infection in balb/c mice. mice were infected with 100 b. pseudomallei strain bri bacteria by the aerosol route (approximately 20 median lethal doses). bacterial counts within lung, liver, spleen, brain, kidney and blood over 5 days were determined and histopa ... | 2009 | 19200247 |
| a burkholderia cenocepacia orphan luxr homolog is involved in quorum-sensing regulation. | burkholderia cenocepacia utilizes quorum sensing to control gene expression, including the expression of genes involved in virulence. in addition to cepr and ccir, a third luxr homolog, cepr2, was found to regulate gene expression and virulence factor production. all b. cenocepacia strains examined contained this orphan luxr homolog, which was not associated with an adjacent n-acyl-homoserine lactone synthase gene. expression of cepr2 was negatively autoregulated and was negatively regulated by ... | 2009 | 19201791 |
| kirbac1.1: it's an inward rectifying potassium channel. | kirbac1.1 is a prokaryotic homologue of eukaryotic inward rectifier potassium (kir) channels. the crystal structure of kirbac1.1 and related kirbac3.1 have now been used extensively to generate in silico models of eukaryotic kir channels, but functional analysis has been limited to (86)rb(+) flux experiments and bacteria or yeast complementation screens, and no voltage clamp analysis has been available. we have expressed pure full-length his-tagged kirbac1.1 protein in escherichia coli and obtai ... | 2009 | 19204189 |
| purification and characterization of arsenite oxidase from arthrobacter sp. | the chemolithoautotroph, arthrobacter sp.15b oxidizes arsenite to arsenate using a membrane bound arsenite oxidase. the enzyme arsenite oxidase is purified to its homogeneity and identified using maldi-tof ms analysis. upon further characterization, it was observed that the enzyme is a heterodimer showing native molecular mass as approximately 100 kda and appeared as two subunits of approximately 85 kda lsu and 14 kda ssu on sds-page. the v(max) and k(m) values of the enzyme was found to be 2.45 ... | 2009 | 19214757 |
| x-ray crystallographic and mutational studies of fluoroacetate dehalogenase from burkholderia sp. strain fa1. | fluoroacetate dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic defluorination of fluoroacetate to produce glycolate. the enzyme is unique in that it catalyzes the cleavage of a carbon-fluorine bond of an aliphatic compound: the bond energy of the carbon-fluorine bond is among the highest found in natural products. the enzyme also acts on chloroacetate, although much less efficiently. we here determined the x-ray crystal structure of the enzyme from burkholderia sp. strain fa1 as the first experimentally de ... | 2009 | 19218394 |
| time-resolved metabolic footprinting for nonlinear modeling of bacterial substrate utilization. | untargeted profiling of small-molecule metabolites from microbial culture supernatants (metabolic footprinting) has great potential as a phenotyping tool. we used time-resolved metabolic footprinting to compare one escherichia coli and three pseudomonas aeruginosa strains growing on complex media and show that considering metabolite changes over the whole course of growth provides much more information than analyses based on data from a single time point. most strikingly, there was pronounced se ... | 2009 | 19218401 |
| production of the antifungal compound pyrrolnitrin is quorum sensing-regulated in members of the burkholderia cepacia complex. | members of the genus burkholderia are known for their ability to suppress soil-borne fungal pathogens by the production of various antibiotic compounds. in this study we investigated the role of n-acylhomoserine lactone (ahl)-dependent quorum sensing (qs) in the expression of antifungal traits. using a quorum quenching approach, that is, by heterologous expression of the bacillus sp. aiia lactonase, we show that expression of antifungal activities is ahl-dependent in the large majority of the in ... | 2009 | 19220396 |
| systemic therapy as a first choice treatment for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. | idiopathic granulomatous mastitis clinically and histologically mimics an inflammatory carcinoma. a correct approach including ultrasound, clinical and histological analysis can safely identify a patient with this pathology, orienting to adequate therapy with anti-inflammatory and antibiotic drugs and leaving the surgical approach only for case unresponsive to medical therapy. | 2009 | 19222698 |
| experimental bacteriophage therapy increases survival of galleria mellonella larvae infected with clinically relevant strains of the burkholderia cepacia complex. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is a group of bacterial pathogens that are highly antibiotic resistant and associated with debilitating respiratory infections. although bacteriophages of the bcc have been isolated and characterized, no studies have yet examined phage therapy against the bcc in vivo. in a caterpillar infection model, we show that bcc phage therapy is an alternative treatment possibility and is highly effective under specific conditions. | 2009 | 19223640 |
| diversity of culturable bacteria isolated from root domains of moso bamboo (phyllostachys edulis). | the distribution of culturable bacteria in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, and interior root tissues of moso bamboo plants was investigated in this study. of the 182 isolates showing different colony characteristics on luria-bertani and king b plates, 56 operational taxonomic units of 22 genera were identified by 16s ribosomal rna gene sequence analysis. the majority of root endophytic bacteria were proteobacteria (67.5%), while the majority of rhizospheric and rhizoplane bacteria were firmicutes ( ... | 2009 | 19224269 |
| a bacterial type iii effector family uses the papain-like hydrolytic activity to arrest the host cell cycle. | pathogenic bacteria deliver effector proteins into host cells through the type iii secretion apparatus to modulate the host function. we identify a family of proteins, homologous to the type iii effector cif from enteropathogenic escherichia coli, in pathogens including yersinia, photorhabdus, and burkholderia that contain functional type iii secretion systems. like cif, this family of proteins is capable of arresting the host cell cycle at g(2)/m. structure of one of the family members, cif hom ... | 2009 | 19225106 |
| species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of gram-negative aerobic bacteria in hospitalized cancer patients. | nosocomial infections pose significant threats to hospitalized patients, especially the immunocompromised ones, such as cancer patients. | 2009 | 19228413 |
| enhancement of methyl tert-butyl ether degradation by the addition of readily metabolizable organic substrates. | supplements with readily metabolizable organic substrates were investigated to increase the biomass and enhance degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe) due to the low biomass yield of mtbe which has been one of the factors for low-rate mtbe degradation. the influence of various organic substrates on the rate of aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether (mtbe) by methylibium petroleiphilum pm1 was investigated, and only yeast extract (ye), beef extract and tryptone exhibited stimulator ... | 2009 | 19231071 |
| a role for carbapenem in the treatment of melioidosis in developing countries? | | 2009 | 19231268 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of bronchopulmonary colonization-infection in cystic fibrosis]. | cystic fibrosis (cf), a condition produced by mutations in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, is the most prevalent autosomal-recessive hereditary disease in caucasian populations. among other repercussions, this defect leads to an alteration of respiratory secretions and determines a predisposition for chronic bronchopulmonary colonization-infection, which is the main driver of the high morbidity and early mortality of cf patients. colonization by sta ... | 2009 | 19232782 |
| mapping the burkholderia cenocepacia niche response via high-throughput sequencing. | determining how an organism responds to its environment by altering gene expression is key to understanding its ecology. here, we used rna-seq to comprehensively and quantitatively assess the transcriptional response of the bacterial opportunistic cystic fibrosis (cf) pathogen and endemic soil dweller, burkholderia cenocepacia, in conditions mimicking these 2 environments. by sequencing 762 million bases of cdna from 2 closely related b. cenocepacia strains (one isolated from a cf patient and on ... | 2009 | 19234113 |
| sugar sweet and deadly? | | 2009 | 19246736 |
| bacterial contamination of cystic fibrosis clinics. | respiratory pathogens from cf patients can contaminate inpatient settings, which may be associated with increased risk of patient-to-patient transmission. few data are available that assess the rate of bacterial contamination of outpatient settings. we determined the frequency of contamination of cf clinics and the effectiveness of alcohol-based disinfectants in reducing hand carriage of bacterial pathogens. | 2009 | 19250885 |
| pathway and evolutionary implications of diphenylamine biodegradation by burkholderia sp. strain js667. | diphenylamine (dpa) is a common contaminant at munitions-contaminated sites as well as at aniline manufacturing sites. little is known about the biodegradation of the compound, and bacteria able to use dpa as the growth substrate have not been reported. burkholderia sp. strain js667 and ralstonia sp. strain js668 were isolated by selective enrichment from dpa-contaminated sediment. the isolates grew aerobically with dpa as the sole carbon, nitrogen, and energy source. during induction of dpa deg ... | 2009 | 19251893 |
| microbial mineral weathering for nutrient acquisition releases arsenic. | tens of millions of people in southeast asia drink groundwater contaminated with naturally occurring arsenic. how arsenic is released from the sediment into the water remains poorly understood. here, we show in laboratory experiments that phosphate-limited cells of burkholderia fungorum mobilize ancillary arsenic from apatite. we hypothesize that arsenic mobilization is a by-product of mineral weathering for nutrient acquisition. the released arsenic does not undergo a redox transformation but a ... | 2009 | 19251899 |
| response of an algal consortium to diesel under varying culture conditions. | a diesel-tolerant sessile freshwater algal consortium obtained from the vicinity of powai lake (mumbai, india) was cultured in the laboratory. the presence of diesel in batch cultures enhanced the maximum specific growth rate of the algal consortium. with decrease in light-dark (l:d) cycle from 20:4 to 4:20 h, the chlorophyll-a levels decreased; however, the removal of diesel was found to be maximum at l:d of 18:6 h with 37.6% degradation over and above controls. in addition to growth in the for ... | 2010 | 19253006 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei recovered in an hiv-positive individual. | | 2008 | 19265236 |
| tylenchulus semipenetrans alters the microbial community in the citrus rhizosphere. | infection of citrus seedlings by tylenchulus semipenetrans was shown to reduce subsequent infection of roots by phytophthora nicotianae and to increase plant growth compared to plants infected by only the fungus. hypothetical mechanisms by which the nematode suppresses fungal development include nutrient competition, direct antibiosis, or alteration of the microbial community in the rhizosphere to favor microorganisms antagonistic to p. nicotianae. a test of the last hypothesis was conducted via ... | 2003 | 19265991 |
| strains from the burkholderia cepacia complex: relationship to opportunistic pathogens. | burkholderia cepacia-like organisms attract much interest from the agricultural industry as natural promoters of plant growth and biological control agents, and for bioremediation. some of these organisms, however, cause life-threatening infections, particularly in cystic fibrosis patients for whom this multi-resistant bacterium is a major pathogen. the biodiversity of this group of bacteria is severely underestimated, and current identification procedures are inadequate. presumed b. cepacia iso ... | 2003 | 19265996 |
| burkholderia cepacia complex as human pathogens. | although sporadic human infection due to burkholderia cepacia has been reported for many years, it has been only during the past few decades that species within the b. cepacia complex have emerged as significant opportunistic human pathogens. individuals with cystic fibrosis, the most common inherited genetic disease in caucasian populations, or chronic granulomatous disease, a primary immunodeficiency, are particularly at risk of life-threatening infection. despite advances in our understanding ... | 2003 | 19265997 |
| polyketide-chain branching by an enzymatic michael addition. | a new "branch" for polyketide synthases was discovered in the biosynthesis of the antimitotic rhizoxin complex in the endofungal bacterium burkholderia rhizoxinica. genetic engineering and the structural elucidation of pathway intermediates revealed that a complex polyketide chain is branched at the beta position by an unprecedented conjugate addition of an acetyl building block to an acryloyl precursor (see scheme). | 2009 | 19266509 |
| use of a microchip electrophoresis system for estimation of bacterial phylogeny and analysis of no3- reducing bacterial flora in field soils. | phylogenetic estimation method without determination of dna sequence was developed. by this method, fragment length polymorphism separately digested with multiple restriction enzymes was measured using microchip electrophoresis and affiliated with those calculated from corresponding dna sequence in the theoretical database. the phylogenies of 129 no(3)(-) reducing bacteria newly isolated from field soils were estimated by this method, and were compared to those by carbon source utilization profi ... | 2009 | 19270404 |
| bacterial-feeding nematode growth and preference for biocontrol isolates of the bacterium burkholderia cepacia. | the potential of different bacterial-feeding rhabditida to consume isolates of burkholderia cepacia with known agricultural biocontrol ability was examined. caenorhabditis elegans, diploscapter sp., oscheius myriophila, pelodera strongyloides, pristionchus pacificus, zeldia punctata, panagrellus redivivus, and distolabrellus veechi were tested for growth on and preference for escherichia coli op50 or b. cepacia maize soil isolates j82, bcf, m36, bc2, and phqm100. considerable growth and preferen ... | 2000 | 19270990 |
| [fluoroquinolones: antimicrobial activity and chemotherapeutic efficacy with respect to various pathogens in highly dangerous diseases]. | comparative in vitro and in vivo efficacy of new fluoroquinolones with respect to pathogens of tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax was estimated. it was shown that the strains of the tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax pathogens were in vitro highly susceptible to the new agents. the experiments on laboratory animals demonstrated that pefloxacin and sparfloxacin had extremely broad spectra and were of special value in emergency prophylaxis of tularemia, glanders, melioidosis an ... | 2007 | 19275053 |
| immunity to burkholderia pseudomallei. | largely due to its recognition as a biological threat agent, current knowledge on melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, has increased tremendously over the last years. this review summarizes current understanding on the molecular characterization of b. pseudomallei and the immunology of melioidosis. | 2009 | 19276877 |
| simple sequence repeat (ssr)-based gene diversity in burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei. | pathogens burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) and burkholderia mallei (bm) contain a large number (> 12,000) of simple sequence repeats (ssrs). to study the extent to which these features have contributed to the diversification of genes, we have conducted comparative studies with nineteen genomes of these bacteria. we found 210 genes with characteristic types of ssr variations. ssrs with nonamer repeat units were the most abundant, followed by hexamers and trimers. amino acids with smaller and nonpol ... | 2009 | 19277507 |
| comparison of routine bench and molecular diagnostic methods in identification of burkholderia pseudomallei. | this study compared the identification of burkholderia pseudomallei with that of related organisms. bench tests and latex agglutination were compared with molecular identification. using bench tests and latex agglutination alone, 100% (30/30) of b. pseudomallei isolates were correctly identified. amoxicillin-clavulanate susceptibility testing was also a good and simple discriminatory test. | 2009 | 19279182 |
| enzymatic desymmetrization of prochiral 2-substituted-1,3-diamines: preparation of valuable nitrogenated compounds. | a wide range of prochiral 1,3-diamines were first efficiently synthesized and subsequently desymmetrized by using lipase from pseudomonas cepacia as catalyst and diallyl carbonate as alkoxycarbonylating agent. in all cases, the amino carbamates of r-configuration were recovered. final selective cleavage of the n-allyloxycarbonyl moiety was carried out under mild reaction conditions, which demonstrates the high versatility and potential of this chemoenzymatic route as a source of intermediates in ... | 2009 | 19284738 |
| production, partial purification and characterization of organic solvent tolerant lipase from burkholderia multivorans v2 and its application for ester synthesis. | burkholderia multivorans v2 (bmv2) isolated from soil was found to produce an extracellular solvent tolerant lipase (6.477 u/ml). this lipase exhibited maximum stability in n-hexane retaining about 97.8% activity for 24h. after performing statistical optimization of medium components for lipase production, a 2.2-fold (14 u/ml) enhancement in the lipase production was observed. the crude lipase from bmv2 was partially purified by ultrafiltration and gel permeation chromatography with 24.64-fold p ... | 2009 | 19285387 |
| high rate of n2 fixation by east siberian cryophilic soil bacteria as determined by measuring acetylene reduction in nitrogen-poor medium solidified with gellan gum. | for evaluating n(2) fixation of diazotrophic bacteria, nitrogen-poor liquid media supplemented with at least 0.5% sugar and 0.2% agar are widely used for acetylene reduction assays. in such a soft gel medium, however, many n(2)-fixing soil bacteria generally show only trace acetylene reduction activity. here, we report that use of a n(2) fixation medium solidified with gellan gum instead of agar promoted growth of some gellan-preferring soil bacteria. in a soft gel medium solidified with 0.3% ge ... | 2009 | 19286791 |
| global distribution and evolution of a toxinogenic burkholderia-rhizopus symbiosis. | toxinogenic endobacteria were isolated from a collection of rhizopus spp. representing highly diverse geographic origins and ecological niches. all endosymbionts belonged to the burkholderia rhizoxinica complex according to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight biotyping and multilocus sequence typing, suggesting a common ancestor. comparison of host and symbiont phylogenies provides insights into possible cospeciation and horizontal-transmission events. | 2009 | 19286793 |
| migratory response of soil bacteria to lyophyllum sp. strain karsten in soil microcosms. | in this study, the selection of bacteria on the basis of their migration via fungal hyphae in soil was investigated in microcosm experiments containing lyophyllum sp. strain karsten (dsm2979). one week following inoculation with a bacterial community obtained from soil, selection of a few specific bacterial types was noticed at 30 mm in the growth direction of lyophyllum sp. strain karsten in sterile soil. cultivation-based analyses showed that the migration-proficient types encompassed 10 bacte ... | 2009 | 19286795 |
| factors associated with bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. | the epidemiology of bacteremia developing during neutropenia has changed in the past decade, with the re-emergence of gram-negative (gn) bacteria and the development of multidrug resistance (mdr) among gn bacteria. we conducted a case-control study in order to identify factors associated with bacteremia due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative (mdrgn) isolates in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. ten patients with mdrgn bacteremia were compared with 44 patients with gn bacteremia wi ... | 2009 | 19287908 |
| rep-pcr fingerprinting and taxonomy based on the sequencing of the 16s rrna gene of 54 elite commercial rhizobial strains. | in tropical soils, diversity and biotechnological potential of symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria are high. however, the phylogenetic relationships of prominent strains are still poorly understood. in addition, in countries such as brazil, despite the broad use of rhizobial inoculants, molecular methods are rarely used in the analysis of strains or determination of inoculant performance. in this study, both rep-pcr (box) fingerprintings and the dna sequences of the 16s rrna gene were obtained for 5 ... | 2009 | 19290521 |
| mechanistic insight into the initiation step of the reaction of burkholderia pseudomallei catalase-peroxidase with peroxyacetic acid. | the reaction of the catalase-peroxidase of burkholderia pseudomallei with peroxyacetic acid has been analyzed using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. two well-defined species were observed, the first defined by an increase in intensity and narrowing of the soret band at 407 nm and a 10-nm shift of the charge transfer band from 635 to 625 nm. these features are consistent with a ferric spectrum with a greater proportion of sixth-coordination character and are assigned to an fe(iii)-peroxyacetic aci ... | 2009 | 19290552 |
| microbiological and epidemiological features of clinical respiratory isolates of burkholderia gladioli. | burkholderia gladioli, primarily known as a plant pathogen, is involved in human infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). in the present study, the first respiratory isolates recovered from 14 french patients with cf and 4 french patients without cf, identified by 16s rrna gene analysis, were tested for growth on b. cepacia selective media, for identification by commercial systems, and for their antimicrobial susceptibilities, and were compared by pulsed-field gel electropho ... | 2009 | 19297595 |
| variations in ceftazidime and amoxicillin-clavulanate susceptibilities within a clonal infection of burkholderia pseudomallei. | a patient with a clonal infection of burkholderia pseudomallei had subpopulations with ceftazidime and amoxicillin-clavulanate susceptibilities that differed among the clinical specimens. resistance was associated with a novel cys69tyr substitution in the ambler class a beta-lactamase. susceptibility testing of multiple colony variants from different sites should be performed for patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis. | 2009 | 19297597 |
| comment on: resistance of planktonic and biofilm-grown burkholderia cepacia complex isolates to the transition metal gallium. | | 2009 | 19299470 |
| phenotypic characteristics and pathogenic ability across distinct morphotypes of burkholderia pseudomallei dt. | burkholderia pseudomallei dt is unusual as it exhibits six distinct colony morphotypes. types iii and v show stronger motility, whereas type vi exhibits the highest levels of bacterial association with peritoneal exudate cells. although the bacterial loads in the organs are not significantly different for infections by the six distinct morphotypes, higher mortality (100% and 89%, respectively) and larger areas of abnormal liver debris (20.6% and 22.4%, respectively) are found with types i- and i ... | 2009 | 19302529 |
| strains of burkholderia cenocepacia genomovar iiia possessing the cbla gene that are distinct from et12. | three strains of burkholderia cenocepacia genomovar iiia that were polymerase chain reaction positive for cbla, bcra, and the epidemic strain marker, but were distinct from representatives of et12 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, are described. one of these strains was shown to express cable pili by electron microscopy. | 2009 | 19304435 |
| [cloning of silkworm 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase gene and its expression patterns analysis in simulated weightless environment]. | the full length cdna of silkworm hibadh gene was cloned by rt-pcr and race (rapid amplification of cdna ends) technique. the hibadh gene and its deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed. the tissue distribution of hibadh gene in 5th instar silkworm larvae was tested by rt-pcr. the expression patterns of hibadh gene in simulated weightless environment were analyzed by real time rt-pcr. the results showed that the full length hibadh cdna sequence was 1074 bp in lenth, including an open read fram ... | 2008 | 19306573 |
| genetic and phenotypic diversity of fenitrothion-degrading bacteria isolated from soils. | twenty-seven fenitrothion-degrading bacteria were isolated from different soils, and their genetic and phenotypic characteristics were investigated. analysis of the 16s rdna sequence showed that the isolates were related to members of the genera burkholderia, pseudomonas, sphingomonas, cupriavidus, corynebacterium, and arthrobacter. among the 27 isolates, 12 different chromosomal dna fingerprinting patterns were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of repetitive extragenic p ... | 2009 | 19307758 |
| cycle inhibiting factors (cifs) are a growing family of functional cyclomodulins present in invertebrate and mammal bacterial pathogens. | the cycle inhibiting factor (cif) produced by enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli was the first cyclomodulin to be identified that is injected into host cells via the type iii secretion machinery. cif provokes cytopathic effects characterized by g(1) and g(2) cell cycle arrests, accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (ckis) p21(waf1/cip1) and p27(kip1) and formation of actin stress fibres. the x-ray crystal structure of cif revealed it to be a divergent member ... | 2009 | 19308257 |
| mutational analysis of the inducer recognition sites of the lysr-type transcriptional regulator tfdt of burkholderia sp. nk8. | tfdt is a lysr-type transcriptional regulator that activates the transcription of the chlorocatechol degradative gene operon tfdcdef of the chlorobenzoate-degrading bacterium burkholderia sp. nk8. to identify the amino acids involved in the effector recognition by tfdt, a polymerase-chain-reaction-based random mutagenesis protocol was applied to introduce mutations into the tfdt gene. nine types of tfdt mutant bearing a single-amino-acid substitution at positions, lys-129, arg-199, val-226, val- ... | 2009 | 19319522 |
| expression and purification of 30 kilodalton protein antigen of ara- burkholderia pseudomallei. | the 30 kda protein of b. pseudomallei is found in virulent ara- but not avirulent ara+ strain. the gene was cloned in escherichia coli jm105 employing piniii-c2 vector. the open reading frame was 870 nucleotides with a guanine plus cytosine content of 69.9%. arginine was the most abundant amino acid in the protein, having a pi of 12.65. nucleotide sequence of the gene was 96% identical to b. pseudomallei 1710b chromosome ii sequence cp000125.1, encoding an oxidoreductase of the short chain dehyd ... | 2009 | 19323014 |
| construction and characterization of an unmarked aroc deletion mutant of burkholderia pseudomallei strain a2. | using a sucrose counter-selection strategy, we have constructed an unmarked aroc deletion mutant of b. pseudomallei strain a2 in order to investigate the possibility of an effective live-attenuated vaccine. the aroc deletion in the resultant mutant, designated a2deltaaroc, was confirmed by pcr, southern hybridization and failure of the mutant to grow in a defined medium without aromatic compounds. compared to the parental wild type strain, a2deltaaroc was highly attenuated for virulence followin ... | 2009 | 19323044 |
| constitutive and regulated expression vectors to construct polyphosphate deficient bacteria. | inorganic polyphosphate (polyp), a polymer of tens or hundreds of phosphate residues linked by atp-like bonds, is found in all organisms and performs a wide variety of functions. polyp is synthesized in bacterial cells by the actions of polyphosphate kinases (ppk1 and ppk2) and degraded by an exopolyphosphatase (ppx). bacterial cells with polyp deficiencies are impaired in many structural and important cellular functions such as motility, quorum sensing, biofilm formation and virulence. knockout ... | 2009 | 19323822 |
| validation of ten new polymorphic tandem repeat loci and application to the mlva typing of burkholderia pseudomallei isolates collected in singapore from 1988 to 2004. | multiple locus variable number of tandem repeat (vntr) analysis (mlva) has been shown to be very promising for the typing of burkholderia pseudomallei and mallei. the currently available set of loci requires high resolution allele size measurement due to short repeat units. the present work was aimed at expanding the available set of vntr loci, and generating data from a collection of 102 b. pseudomallei strains isolated in singapore between 1988 and 2004 including few additional strains of vari ... | 2009 | 19327380 |
| complete genome sequence of burkholderia glumae bgr1. | burkholderia glumae is the causative agent of grain and seedling rot in rice and of bacterial wilt in many field crops. here, we report the complete genome sequence of b. glumae bgr1 isolated from a diseased rice panicle in korea. | 2009 | 19329631 |
| symbiotic effects of a lipase-secreting bacterium, burkholderia arboris sl1b1, and a glycerol-assimilating yeast, candida cylindracea sl1b2, on triacylglycerol degradation. | although microbial degradation of oils and fats has been developed for application in wastewater treatment, microbial degraders are not always effective in the field, for example, in grease-traps installed for the treatment of wastewater from restaurants and food industries. wastewater in grease-traps is usually in a ph range of 5.5 to 6.5 due to hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (tag). because many microorganisms commercialized for use in grease-traps cannot grow at ph 6.0, we screened oil-degradin ... | 2009 | 19332299 |
| delayed association of the nadph oxidase complex with macrophage vacuoles containing the opportunistic pathogen burkholderia cenocepacia. | burkholderia cenocepacia causes chronic lung infections in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. we have previously shown that b. cenocepacia survives intracellularly in macrophages within a membrane vacuole (bccv) that delays acidification. here, we report that after macrophage infection with live b. cenocepacia there is a approximately 6 h delay in the association of nadph oxidase with bccvs, while heat-inactivated bacteria are normally trafficked into nadp ... | 2009 | 19332803 |
| altered secretome of burkholderia pseudomallei induced by salt stress. | burkholderia pseudomallei is a saprophyte found in soil and water. it is a difficult microorganism to kill and can survive in these environments for many years. mechanisms for its adaptive response to environmental changes remain largely unknown. we performed a proteomics study to examine alterations in secreted proteins (secretome) under a salt stress (with 150 mm nacl) compared to the normal cultured condition in lb broth. the culture supernatants were filtrated and precipitated with 50% ethan ... | 2009 | 19336033 |
| evaluation of the vitek 2 cards for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli. | we evaluated vitek 2 cards (ngnc and ast-gn10) for the accuracy of identification (id) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast) of non-glucose-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (ngf-gnb). in a total of 201 strains, 190 strains (94.5%) were correctly identified, seven strains (3.5%)showed low discrimination, four strains (2.0%) had discrepancies, and no strain remained unidentified.reference ast of amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem,levofloxacin, ... | 2009 | 19343822 |
| bacterial communities in a crude oil gathering and transferring system (china). | bacterial communities in crude oil and oil field production water samples from an oil gathering and transferring system in changqing oil field in china were investigated by 16s rrna denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) analysis followed by gene cloning and sequencing. dgge profiles showed that bacterial communities are far more rich in the water samples than that in the crude oil samples, and that bacteria related to ochrobactrum sp. and stenotrophomonas sp. were detected in all crude ... | 2009 | 19351561 |
| phenotypic and functional characterization of human memory t cell responses to burkholderia pseudomallei. | infection with the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei is an important cause of community-acquired lethal sepsis in endemic regions in southeast asia and northern australia and is increasingly reported in other tropical areas. in animal models, production of interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) is critical for resistance, but in humans the characteristics of ifn-gamma production and the bacterial antigens that are recognized by the cell-mediated immune response have not been defined. | 2009 | 19352426 |
| identification and characterization of rpos regulon and rpos-dependent promoters in burkholderia pseudomallei. | rpos subunit of rna polymerase is a bacterial alternative sigma factor and major regulator important for response to a variety of stress conditions. however, rpos-dependent genes in burkholderia pseudomallei remained undefined. we identified the rpos regulon of b. pseudomallei using a proteomics approach, which revealed 70 differentially expressed proteins between rpos(+) and rpos(-) strains. the rpos-dependent genes were then classified into 14 functional categories, most of which were related ... | 2009 | 19364128 |
| in vitro activity of doripenem against burkholderia pseudomallei. | the mic(50) and mic(90) values of doripenem, determined by etest, for 110 isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei were 0.5 and 0.75 microg/ml, respectively. there were significant correlations between mics determined by etest and mics determined by agar dilution, mics determined by etest and inhibition zone size, and mics determined by agar dilution and inhibition zone size. | 2009 | 19364859 |
| dna microarray-based detection and identification of burkholderia mallei, burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia spp. | we developed a rapid oligonucleotide microarray assay based on genetic markers for the accurate identification and differentiation of burkholderia (b.) mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei, the agents of glanders and melioidosis, respectively. these two agents were clearly identified using at least 4 independent genetic markers including 16s rrna gene, flic, motb and also by novel species-specific target genes, identified by in silico sequence analysis. specific hybridization signal profiles all ... | 2009 | 19366627 |
| structural and biophysical characterization of boxc from burkholderia xenovorans lb400: a novel ring-cleaving enzyme in the crotonase superfamily. | the mineralization of aromatic compounds by microorganisms relies on a structurally and functionally diverse group of ring-cleaving enzymes. the recently discovered benzoate oxidation pathway in burkholderia xenovorans lb400 encodes a novel such ring-cleaving enzyme, termed boxc, that catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-coa to 3,4-dehydroadipyl-coa without the requirement for molecular oxygen. sequence analysis indicates that boxc is a highly divergent member of the crot ... | 2009 | 19369256 |
| burkholderia mallei cellular interactions in a respiratory cell model. | burkholderia mallei is a facultative intracellular pathogen that survives and replicates in phagocytic cell lines. the bacterial burden recovered from naïve balb/c mice infected by intranasal delivery indicated that b. mallei persists in the lower respiratory system. to address whether b. mallei invades respiratory non-professional phagocytes, this study utilized a549 and la-4 respiratory epithelial cells and demonstrated that b. mallei possesses the capacity to adhere poorly to, but not to inva ... | 2009 | 19369515 |
| identification of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria of clinical importance by an oligonucleotide array. | many species of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (non-fermenters) are important opportunistic and nosocomial pathogens. identification of most species of non-fermenters by phenotypic characteristics can be difficult. in this study, an oligonucleotide array was developed to identify 38 species of clinically relevant non-fermenters. the method consisted of pcr-based amplification of 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer (its) regions using bacterial universal primers, followed by hybridization o ... | 2009 | 19369521 |
| life on the inside: the intracellular lifestyle of cytosolic bacteria. | bacterial pathogens exploit a huge range of niches within their hosts. many pathogens can invade non-phagocytic cells and survive within a membrane-bound compartment. however, only a small number of bacteria, including listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, burkholderia pseudomallei, francisella tularensis and rickettsia spp., can gain access to and proliferate within the host cell cytosol. here, we discuss the mechanisms by which these cytosolic pathogens escape into the cytosol, obtain nut ... | 2009 | 19369949 |
| isolation of burkholderia cenocepacia and burkholderia vietnamiensis from human sewage. | fresh human sewage was examined from a sewage treatment plant for the presence of members of the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) of bacterial organisms and confirmed the presence of viable b. cenocepacia and b. vietnamiensis, by a combination of cultural, phenotypic and genotypic techniques. both these organisms are important respiratory pathogens for patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). presently, the survival dynamics of these organisms in sewage effluent and sludge is, as yet, unknown. ther ... | 2009 | 19370465 |
| implementation of european standards of care for cystic fibrosis--control and treatment of infection. | several guidelines on infection control and treatment of infection exist for cystic fibrosis (cf) caregivers, although the extent of implementation is variable. | 2009 | 19372063 |
| purple acid phosphatase-like sequences in prokaryotic genomes and the characterization of an atypical purple alkaline phosphatase from burkholderia cenocepacia j2315. | purple acid phosphatases (pap) are a group of dimetallic phosphohydrolase first identified in eukaryotes. bioinformatics analysis revealed 57 prokaryotic pap-like sequences in the genomes of 43 bacteria and 4 cyanobacteria species. a putative pap gene (bcpap) from the bacteria burkholderia cenocepacia j2315 was chosen for further studies. synteny analysis showed that this gene is present as an independent gene in most of the members of the genus burkholderia. the predicted 561 a.a. polypeptide o ... | 2009 | 19376213 |
| quorum-sensing control of antibiotic synthesis in burkholderia thailandensis. | the genome of burkholderia thailandensis codes for several luxr-luxi quorum-sensing systems. we used b. thailandensis quorum-sensing deletion mutants and recombinant escherichia coli to determine the nature of the signals produced by one of the systems, btar2-btai2, and to show that this system controls genes required for the synthesis of an antibiotic. btai2 is an acyl-homoserine lactone (acyl-hsl) synthase that produces two hydroxylated acyl-hsls, n-3-hydroxy-decanoyl-hsl (3ohc(10)-hsl) and n- ... | 2009 | 19376863 |
| engineering of tellurite-resistant genetic tools for single-copy chromosomal analysis of burkholderia spp. and characterization of the burkholderia thailandensis betba operon. | there are few appropriate single-copy genetic tools for most burkholderia species, and the high level of antibiotic resistance in this genus further complicates the development of genetic tools. in addition, the utilization of resistance genes for clinically important antibiotics is prohibited for the bioterrorism agents burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei, necessitating the development of additional nonantibiotic-based genetic tools. three single-copy systems devoid of antibiotic ... | 2009 | 19376905 |
| chronic granulomatous disease: the european experience. | cgd is an immunodeficiency caused by deletions or mutations in genes that encode subunits of the leukocyte nadph oxidase complex. normally, assembly of the nadph oxidase complex in phagosomes of certain phagocytic cells leads to a "respiratory burst", essential for the clearance of phagocytosed micro-organisms. cgd patients lack this mechanism, which leads to life-threatening infections and granuloma formation. however, a clear picture of the clinical course of cgd is hampered by its low prevale ... | 2009 | 19381301 |
| comparative metagenomics of daphnia symbionts. | shotgun sequences of dna extracts from whole organisms allow a comprehensive assessment of possible symbionts. the current project makes use of four shotgun datasets from three species of the planktonic freshwater crustaceans daphnia: one dataset from clones of d. pulex and d. pulicaria and two datasets from one clone of d. magna. we analyzed these datasets with three aims: first, we search for bacterial symbionts, which are present in all three species. second, we search for evidence for cyanob ... | 2009 | 19383155 |
| contributions of two udp-glucose dehydrogenases to viability and polymyxin b resistance of burkholderia cenocepacia. | burkholderia cenocepacia is highly resistant to antimicrobial peptides and we hypothesized that the conversion of udp-glucose to udp-glucuronic acid, a reaction catalysed by the enzyme udp-glucose dehydrogenase (ugd) would be important for this resistance. the genome of b. cenocepacia contains three predicted ugd genes: ugd(bcal2946), ugd(bcam0855) and ugd(bcam2034), all of which were individually inactivated. only inactivation of ugd(bcal2946) resulted in increased sensitivity to polymyxin b an ... | 2009 | 19383677 |
| identification of lysine positive non-fermenting gram negative bacilli (stenotrophomonas maltophilia and burkholderia cepacia complex). | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) and stenotrophomonas maltophilia are closely related groups of non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli (nfgnbs) having a similar spectrum of infections ranging from superficial to deep-seated and disseminated infections. identification of these lysine decarboxylase-positive nfgnbs lags behind in most indian laboratories. a simplified identification scheme was devised for these two pathogens that allowed us to isolate them with an increasing frequency at our te ... | 2009 | 19384035 |
| pseudomonas cepacia (pc) contamination of a cornea conservated in organ culture. | | 2009 | 19384798 |
| new mobile genetic elements in cupriavidus metallidurans ch34, their possible roles and occurrence in other bacteria. | cupriavidus metallidurans strain ch34 is a beta-proteobacterium that thrives in low concentrations of heavy metals. the genetic determinants of resistance to heavy metals are located on its two chromosomes, and are particularly abundant in the two megaplasmids, pmol28 and pmol30. we explored the involvement of mobile genetic elements in acquiring these and others traits that might be advantageous in this strain using genome comparison of cupriavidus/ralstonia strains and related beta-proteobacte ... | 2009 | 19390985 |
| infection control in cystic fibrosis: cohorting, cross-contamination, and the respiratory therapist. | cystic fibrosis (cf) is a complex genetic disease characterized by lung infections that lead to early morbidity and death. pathogens that commonly infect the lungs of patients with cf include staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and burkholderia cepacia. aggressively treating pulmonary infection with antibiotics has contributed to improved survival in patients with cf but has also promoted multiple-drug-resistant bacteria. other complexities include the ability ... | 2009 | 19393108 |
| the quorum sensing-dependent gene katg of burkholderia glumae is important for protection from visible light. | quorum sensing (qs) plays important roles in the pathogenicity of burkholderia glumae, the causative agent of bacterial rice grain rot. we determined how qs is involved in catalase expression in b. glumae. the qs-defective mutant of b. glumae exhibited less catalase activity than wild-type b. glumae. a beta-glucuronidase assay of a katg::tn3-gusa78 reporter fusion protein revealed that katg expression is under the control of qs. furthermore, katg expression was upregulated by qsmr, a transcripti ... | 2009 | 19395481 |
| [recurrent tonsillopharyngitis associated with burkholderia cenocepacia : two case reports]. | the burkholderia cepacia complex comprises bacteria typically responsible for respiratory infections in immunocompromised and cystic fibrosis patients. however, these bacteria are rarely associated with infections in immunocompetent patients. in the presented case reports of two nonhospitalized immunocompetent female patients who underwent tonsillectomy as the ultimate therapy for recurrent tonsillopharyngitis, burkholderia cenocepacia were demonstrated in the surgically removed tonsils. the cli ... | 2009 | 19396411 |
| 16s rrna gene-based phylogenetic microarray for simultaneous identification of members of the genus burkholderia. | for cultivation-independent and highly parallel analysis of members of the genus burkholderia, an oligonucleotide microarray (phylochip) consisting of 131 hierarchically nested 16s rrna gene-targeted oligonucleotide probes was developed. a novel primer pair was designed for selective amplification of a 1.3 kb 16s rrna gene fragment of burkholderia species prior to microarray analysis. the diagnostic performance of the microarray for identification and differentiation of burkholderia species was ... | 2009 | 19396938 |
| differential intracellular fate of burkholderia pseudomallei 844 and burkholderia thailandensis ue5 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages. | burkholderia pseudomallei (bp) is a category b biothreat organism that causes a potentially fatal disease in humans and animals, namely melioidosis. burkholderia thailandensis (bt) is another naturally occurring species that is very closely related to bp. however, despite this closely related genotype, bt is considered avirulent as it does not cause the disease. in the present study, we compared the growth kinetics of b. pseudomallei strain 844 (bp-844) in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells ... | 2009 | 19397822 |
| recurrent burkholderia infection in patients with chronic granulomatous disease: 11-year experience at a large referral center. | the epidemiology of burkholderia infection in persons with chronic granulomatous disease is poorly understood. we used species-specific polymerase chain reaction-based assays and genotyping analyses to identify 32 strains representing 9 burkholderia species among 50 isolates recovered from 18 patients with chronic granulomatous disease. we found that recurrent pulmonary infection with distinct burkholderia strains is common in chronic granulomatous disease. | 2009 | 19400745 |
| an outbreak of postoperative gram-negative bacterial endophthalmitis associated with contaminated trypan blue ophthalmic solution. | we report 6 cases of postsurgical endophthalmitis due to gram-negative bacteria associated with contaminated trypan blue dye from a compounding pharmacy. unopened trypan blue syringes yielded pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cepacia complex on culture, with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns indistinguishable from patient isolates. contamination of compounded medications should be considered when investigating outbreaks of postoperative endophthalmitis. | 2009 | 19400746 |
| inhibition of cathelicidin activity by bacterial exopolysaccharides. | the interaction of bacterial exopolysaccharides, produced by opportunistic lung pathogens, with antimicrobial peptides of the innate primate immune system was investigated. the exopolysaccharides were produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa, inquilinus limosus and clinical isolates of the burkholderia cepacia complex, bacteria that are all involved in lung infections of cystic fibrosis patients. the effects of the biological activities of three orthologous cathelicidins from homo sapiens sapiens, pon ... | 2009 | 19400793 |
| fosfomycin for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli: a systematic review of microbiological, animal and clinical studies. | the treatment of multidrug-resistant (mdr), extensively drug-resistant or pandrug-resistant non-fermenting gram-negative bacterial infections constitutes a challenge in an era of few new antibiotic choices. this mandates the re-evaluation of already existing antibiotics such as fosfomycin. we systematically reviewed the literature to assess the clinical and microbiological effectiveness of fosfomycin in the treatment of these infections by searching pubmed, scopus and the cochrane library databa ... | 2009 | 19403273 |
| clinical features that affect indirect-hemagglutination-assay responses to burkholderia pseudomallei. | melioidosis, a disease endemic to northern australia and southeast asia, is caused by the soil saprophyte burkholderia pseudomallei. the indirect hemagglutination assay (iha) is the most frequently used serological test to help confirm exposure to the causative organism. however, despite culture-confirmed disease, patients often have a negative iha result at presentation and occasionally fail to seroconvert in serial testing. we retrospectively examined results for all patients with culture-conf ... | 2009 | 19403784 |
| [comparison between agar dilution and three other methods for determining the susceptibility of 228 clinical isolates of non-fermenting gram-negative rods]. | susceptibility testing for non-fermenting gram-negative rods (nfgnr) is problematic; valid methods are needed for this purpose. | 2009 | 19406523 |
| successful treatment of cepacia syndrome. | | 2009 | 19411195 |
| identification of a novel alkaliphilic esterase active at low temperatures by screening a metagenomic library from antarctic desert soil. | a novel esterase was identified through functional screening of a metagenomic library in escherichia coli obtained from antarctic desert soil. the 297-amino-acid sequence had only low (<29%) similarity to a putative esterase from burkholderia xenovorans. the enzyme was active over a temperature range of 7 to 54 degrees c and at alkaline ph levels and is a potential candidate for industrial application. | 2009 | 19411411 |
| [a case of disseminated melioidosis in a migrant worker from thailand]. | with globalization, foreign patients are frequently encountered at the clinical practice in korea. as the number of migrant workers from southeast asia has been notably rising since the late 1990's, unfamiliar tropical infectious diseases that they bring out, may give great challenges to the routine clinical practice in korea. melioidosis is a community-acquired infection caused by a gram-negative bacillus, burkholderia pseudomallei. it has been endemic in southeast asia and northern australia, ... | 2009 | 19411781 |