| a human monoclonal antibody cocktail as a novel component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis. | the currently recommended treatment for individuals exposed to rabies virus is the combined administration of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin (rig). this review sets out the criteria used to guide development of a cocktail of human monoclonal antibodies as a replacement for rig. using this process as a model, the general requirements for development of safe and efficacious monoclonal antibody alternatives to currently used polyclonal serum products are discussed. | 2007 | 16886905 |
| intradermal pre-exposure rabies immunisation in new zealand. | rabies is a fatal infection and immunisation is important to consider in those travellers going to rabies endemic areas. in those at high risk, a course of three immunisations may be given by the intramuscular (im) or intradermal (id) route, both of which are approved by the world health organization (who) and the centers for disease control (cdc). little is known in the new zealand context regarding the effectiveness of pre-exposure id rabies immunisation. | 2006 | 16887722 |
| a novel double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibodies against rabies virus. | a novel double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to measure rabies antibodies in dogs. in contrast to the 4 days required for detecting rabies antibody with conventional rabies antibody virus neutralization assays, this elisa can be completed in hours, without using live virus, in routine laboratories. | 2006 | 16893999 |
| lyssavirus infection activates interferon gene expression in the brain. | to investigate the innate immune response within the brain to lyssavirus infection, key transcripts indicative of innate defences were measured in a mouse model system. following infection with rabies virus, transcript levels for type 1 interferons (ifn-alpha and -beta), the inflammatory mediator interleukin 6 (il-6) and the antiviral protein mx1 increased in the brains of mice. intracranial inoculation resulted in the early detection of virus replication and rapid expression within the brain of ... | 2006 | 16894206 |
| is injecting a finger with rabies immunoglobulin dangerous? | treating potentially rabies virus infected wounds requires the injection of rabies immunoglobulin into and around the wounds, followed by vaccination with an approved tissue culture rabies vaccine. a significant number of such bite wounds involves fingers where there is little space for expansion. injecting immunoglobulin into such areas under pressure may induce a compartment syndrome caused by compromising circulation. we carried out a retrospective review and a prospective study of patients s ... | 2006 | 16896149 |
| retrospective: animal attacks and rabies exposures in thai children. | over 50% of animal bites and potential rabies exposures in thailand are in children and they also have the more severe injuries due to inexperience, smaller size and less ability to fend off attacks. potential rabies exposures and animal bites are common in thailand. majority of these are in children where the extent of the injuries is also much more severe. the bitten areas correlate to the age of the children and level of the bitten animal head. these are areas noted for a higher risk of infec ... | 2006 | 16905457 |
| the evolving epidemiology of viral encephalitis. | the introduction of west nile virus to north america illustrates the potential emergence of novel encephalitic agents in unexpected settings. there has been continued recognition of emerging neurotropic viruses in both the developed and developing world and novel modes of transmission of these agents. this review describes recent developments in the epidemiology of west nile virus and several other emerging viral encephalitides in the developed and developing world and the emergence of novel mec ... | 2006 | 16914972 |
| laboratory diagnosis of equine rabies and its implications for human postexposure prophylaxis. | laboratory diagnosis is essential to confirm suspected cases of equine rabies and to determine the medical care needed for human postexposure antirabies prophylaxis. equine rabies transmitted by the vampire bat, desmodus rotundus, has increased gradually in the state of são paulo. the present study has several objectives, the most important being the evaluation of fluorescent antibody test (fat) and virus-isolation laboratory tests performed with different equine nervous system tissues (cortical ... | 2006 | 16919789 |
| the rabies peripheral challenge test: more accurate determination of vaccine potency. | the national institutes of health (nih) rabies vaccine potency test is used internationally for evaluating the efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines, despite concerns about its methods. an alternative test has been developed, using a simplified in vivo method for rabies vaccine testing which has several advantages over the currently recommended method of efficacy testing. the rabies peripheral challenge test more closely models practical vaccine application in target species; decreases the obs ... | 2006 | 16919854 |
| prevalance of bat rabies. | | 2006 | 16921664 |
| horizontal eye movement networks in primates as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus: differences in monosynaptic input to "slow" and "fast" abducens motoneurons. | the sources of monosynaptic input to "fast" and "slow" abducens motoneurons (mns) were revealed in primates by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus after injection either into the distal or central portions of the lateral rectus (lr) muscle, containing, respectively, "en grappe" endplates innervating slow muscle fibers or "en plaque" motor endplates innervating fast fibers. rabies uptake involved exclusively motor endplates within the injected portion of the muscle. at 2.5 days aft ... | 2006 | 16927266 |
| evaluation of cytokines concentration and percentage of survival of rabies virus-infected mice submitted to anti-rabies vero-cell propagated vaccine and p. acnes. | previously, survival of rabies infection was shown to correlate with low il-6 serum concentration in mice subjected to post-exposure treatment with the fuenzalida palacios rabies vaccine in conjunction with the immunomodulator propionibacterium acnes, previously corynebacterium parvum. considering the substitution of the fuenzalida palacios rabies vaccine by the vero cell raised anti-rabies vaccine in almost all countries, the objective of this work was to evaluate the survival and cytokine seru ... | 2006 | 16930720 |
| presence of rabies specific immune complexes in cerebro-spinal fluid can help in ante-mortem diagnosis of human paralytic rabies. | human rabies presents in two clinical forms, viz. furious or encephalitic and paralytic. clinical diagnosis of paralytic form is difficult and requires laboratory confirmation. presently available diagnostic techniques are not very sensitive for ante-mortem confirmation of rabies. | 2006 | 16931137 |
| evaluation of cases admitted to a center in istanbul, turkey in 2003 for rabies vaccination and three rabies cases followed up in the last 15 years. | we evaluated the cases of 7,266 individuals who applied to our hospital's center for rabies vaccination between january and december 2003. among 1,831 female and 5,435 male cases, 37% were given 3 doses of vaccination, 14% were given 5 doses, and in 24% of cases a 2-1-1 vaccination schedule was applied. antirabies serum of horse origin was given in 179 cases. regarding the wounds, 83% were superficial and 17% were deep. most of the cases involved dog bites (74%). of the dogs involved, 30% were p ... | 2006 | 16936345 |
| a single immunization with a recombinant canine adenovirus expressing the rabies virus g protein confers protective immunity against rabies in mice. | rabies vaccines based on live attenuated rabies viruses or recombinant pox viruses expressing the rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (g) hold the greatest promise of safety and efficacy, particularly for oral immunization of wildlife. however, while these vaccines induce protective immunity in foxes, they are less effective in other animals, and safety concerns have been raised for some of these vaccines. because canine adenovirus 2 (cav2) is licensed for use as a live vaccine for dogs and has an ex ... | 2006 | 16938327 |
| [the induction of protective immune response in mice vaccinated by recombinant avian adenovirus celo expressing glycoprotein g of the rabies virus]. | the recombinant avian adenovirus celo-gprb expressing glycoprotein g of rabies virus (strain ts-80, arriw&m, pokrov, russia) was used for mice vaccination against rabies. double intramuscular immunization by recombinant celo-gprb adenovirus in a dose 10(9) pfu per mouse caused the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies (vna) synthesis in 78% of mice, while twice repeated intradermal injections of the recombinant adenovirus failed to induce the vna production. the protection level in groups o ... | 2006 | 16941876 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates in india. | in india, rabies is enzootic and is a serious public health and economic problem. india has a large population of stray dogs which, together with a lack of effective control strategies, might have led to the persistence of rabies virus (rv) in the canine population. our objective was to study the molecular epidemiology of rv isolates in india based on nucleotide sequence analysis of 29 rv isolates originating from different species of animals in four states. here we have analyzed two sets of seq ... | 2006 | 16954251 |
| detection of cellular immunity to rabies antigens in human vaccinees. | a nonradioactive multi-parameter flow cytometry assay was developed to identify antigen-specific lymphocytes in human subjects previously vaccinated against rabies virus and was subsequently compared to the standard tritiated thymidine method. a cell tracking dye, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester, was used in combination with surface label for cd4 and cd8 cells in order to determine the response of lymphocytes to killed rabies virus in an antigen recall assay. the rabies virus-specific lymp ... | 2006 | 16964551 |
| bat-transmitted human rabies outbreaks, brazilian amazon. | we describe 2 bat-transmitted outbreaks in remote, rural areas of portel and viseu municipalities, pará state, northern brazil. central nervous system specimens were taken after patients' deaths and underwent immunofluorescent assay and histopathologic examination for rabies antigens; also, specimens were injected intracerebrally into suckling mice in an attempt to isolate the virus. strains obtained were antigenically and genetically characterized. twenty-one persons died due to paralytic rabie ... | 2006 | 16965697 |
| bat-associated rabies virus in skunks. | rabies was undetected in terrestrial wildlife of northern arizona until 2001, when rabies was diagnosed in 19 rabid skunks in flagstaff. laboratory analyses showed causative rabies viruses associated with bats, which indicated cross-species transmission of unprecedented magnitude. public health infrastructure must be maintained to address emerging zoonotic diseases. | 2006 | 16965714 |
| somatotopically arranged inputs from putamen and subthalamic nucleus to primary motor cortex. | employing retrograde transsynaptic transport of rabies virus, we investigated the organization of basal ganglia inputs to hindlimb, proximal and distal forelimb, and orofacial representations of the macaque primary motor cortex (mi). four days after rabies injections into these mi regions, neuronal labeling occurred in the striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (stn) through the cortico-basal ganglia loop circuits. in the striatum, two distinct sets of the labeling were observed: one in the dorsal ... | 2006 | 16973231 |
| control of rabies in jaipur, india, by the sterilisation and vaccination of neighbourhood dogs. | a programme to sterilise and vaccinate neighbourhood dogs against rabies was established in jaipur, india. neighbourhood dogs were captured humanely, sterilised surgically, vaccinated against rabies and, when they had recovered, released where they had been caught. between november 1994 and december 2002, 24,986 dogs were treated in this way. direct observational surveys of the local dog population indicated that 65 per cent of the females were sterilised and vaccinated, and that the population ... | 2006 | 16980523 |
| [epidemiological aspects of human and animal rabies in the urban area of bamako, mali]. | the district of bamako is the political and economical capital city of mali with 1,800,000 inhabitants. the goal of the present retrospective study was to determine the frequency of animal bites, human and animal rabies on the one hand and to determine the frequency and the nature of mad animals on the other hand from january 2000 to december 2003 (4 years). to achieve this goal, we have analysed registers and documents related to rabies in the department of prevention and fight against diseases ... | 2006 | 16983822 |
| rabies virus infection of primary neuronal cultures and adult mice: failure to demonstrate evidence of excitotoxicity. | cultures derived from the cerebral cortices and hippocampi of 17-day-old mouse fetuses infected with the cvs strain of rabies virus showed loss of trypan blue exclusion, morphological apoptotic features, and activated caspase 3 expression, indicating apoptosis. the nmda (n-methyl-d-aspartate acid) antagonists ketamine (125 microm) and mk-801 (60 microm) were found to have no significant neuroprotective effect on cvs-infected neurons, while the caspase inhibitor ac-asp-glu-val aspartic acid aldeh ... | 2006 | 17005706 |
| regulation of ca2+/calmodulin kinase ii inhibitor alpha (camkiinalpha) in virus-infected mouse brain. | the alpha and beta isoforms of rat ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase ii inhibitor (camkiinalpha/beta) expressed in brain or brain and testis, respectively, are potent inhibitors of ca(2+)/calmodulin kinase ii (camkii) in vitro. however, the regulation or function of camkiinalpha/beta in the central nervous system (cns) is not known. in this study, we demonstrate that mouse camkiinalpha gene encodes a 2.9kb brain-specific transcript whose expression is downregulated in mouse brain during japanese encephal ... | 2006 | 17010311 |
| involvement of nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein genes of rabies virus in virulence for adult mice. | rabies virus ni-ce strain causes nonlethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation, whereas the parental nishigahara strain kills mice. in this study, to identify viral gene(s) related to the difference in pathogenicity between ni-ce and nishigahara strains, we generated chimeric viruses with respective genes of the virulent nishigahara strain in the background of the avirulent ni-ce genome. since chimeric viruses, which had the n, p, or m genes of the nishigahara strain, respect ... | 2007 | 17010466 |
| emerging viral infections in transplantation. | viral infections are an important complication of transplantation. the introduction of more potent immunosuppressive agents over the past decade correlates with an increase in the rate of hospitalizations of transplant patients with infections. specifically, viral infections have emerged as a major source of morbidity and mortality in transplantation. there are several potential intervention strategies in the face of emerging infections and it is likely that the approach will differ depending on ... | 2006 | 17032433 |
| assessing the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity of human rabies vaccines. results of a meta-analysis. | a meta-analysis was done to study the relationship between antigenecity and immunogenecity of human rabies vaccines. the data of ten cell culture human rabies vaccine studies conducted at a single centre during 1993-2004 were used in the study. the vaccines studied included purified chick embryo cell vaccine (kaketsuken, japan and rabipur, india), purified vero cell rabies vaccine (verorab, france), human diploid cell vaccine (mirv, france and rabivax, adsorbed and lyophilized, india) and rhesus ... | 2005 | 17033270 |
| expression of the nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus for use as a diagnostic reagent. | the nucleoprotein (n) gene of rabies virus ctn strain, was cloned, sequenced and expressed in escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (mbp). the antigenicity of this recombinant mbp-n fusion protein was examined by western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). subsequently, an indirect elisa was developed to detect rabies specific antibody levels. using sera from naive and vaccinated animals the elisa results were compared with virus neutralizing antibodies de ... | 2006 | 17034869 |
| comparison of saftey and immunogenicity of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) and purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) using the thai red cross intradermal regimen at a dose of 0.1 ml. | intradermal (id) vaccination with modern cell culture rabies vaccines is a means to significantly reduce the cost of post-exposure prophylaxis as compared to intramuscular vaccination. in this study we evaluated the efficacy, immunogenicity and tolerability of pcecv and pvrv administered id in doses of 0.1 ml per site according to the 2-site thai red cross (trc) regimen. patients with who category iii exposure to suspect or laboratory proven rabid animals were administered either pcecv (n = 58) ... | 2006 | 17035734 |
| 5'-triphosphate rna is the ligand for rig-i. | the structural basis for the distinction of viral rna from abundant self rna in the cytoplasm of virally infected cells is largely unknown. we demonstrated that the 5'-triphosphate end of rna generated by viral polymerases is responsible for retinoic acid-inducible protein i (rig-i)-mediated detection of rna molecules. detection of 5'-triphosphate rna is abrogated by capping of the 5'-triphosphate end or by nucleoside modification of rna, both occurring during posttranscriptional rna processing ... | 2006 | 17038590 |
| three-year rabies duration of immunity in dogs following vaccination with a core combination vaccine against canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus type-1, canine parvovirus, and rabies virus. | thirty-two seronegative pups were vaccinated at 8 weeks of age with modified-live canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type-2 (cav-2), and canine parvovirus (cpv) vaccine and at 12 weeks with a modified-live cdv, cav-2, cpv, and killed rabies virus vaccine. an additional 31 seronegative pups served as age-matched, nonvaccinated controls. all test dogs were strictly isolated for 3 years after receiving the second vaccination and then were challenged with virulent rabies virus. clinical ... | 2006 | 17039445 |
| development of a real-time, differential rt-pcr taqman assay for lyssavirus genotypes 1, 5 and 6. | a number of rt-pcr methods have been reported for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. here, a single, closed tube, non-nested rt-pcr taqman assay to distinguish between classical rabies virus and european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 in real time is described. the taqman assay is rapid, sensitive, specific and allows for the genotyping of unknown isolates concomitant with the rt-pcr. it can be applied quantitatively and the use of an internal control enables the quality of the isolat ... | 2006 | 17058499 |
| failure of therapeutic coma and ketamine for therapy of human rabies. | the recent success in treating a human rabies patient in milwaukee prompted the use of a similar therapeutic approach in a 33-year-old male thai patient who was admitted in the early stages of furious rabies. he received therapeutic coma with intravenous diazepam and sodium thiopental to maintain an electroencephalographic burst suppression pattern, which was maintained for a period of 46 h, as well as intravenous ketamine (48 mg/kg/day) as a continuous infusion and ribavirin (48 to 128 mg/kg/da ... | 2006 | 17065135 |
| results of vaccination of asian elephants (elephas maximus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine. | to evaluate the humoral immune response of asian elephants to a primary im vaccination with either 1 or 2 doses of a commercially available inactivated rabies virus vaccine and evaluate the anamnestic response to a 1-dose booster vaccination. | 2006 | 17078758 |
| geographical distribution of vampire bat-related cattle rabies in brazil. | seventy-seven rabies virus (rv) isolates originating from brazilian cattle were genetically characterized. partial nucleoprotein gene sequences of these isolates were phylogenetically and geographically analyzed. cattle isolates, which clustered with the vampire bat-related rv group, were further subdivided into nine genetic subgroups. these subgroups were distributed widely in lowland regions, with some subgroups separated from each other by mountain ranges. in addition, separation of the group ... | 2006 | 17085890 |
| [antiviral activity of bacillus intermedius rnaase in guinea-pigs and rabbits infected with outdoor rabies virus]. | single injection of bacillus intermedius rnaase in a dose of 5 mg/kg could protect 40 and 50-70% of the outdoor rabies virus-preinfected guinea-pigs and rabbits, respectively. in the control group there were 100 and 75-100% deaths of the rnaase-untreated guinea-pigs and rabbits, respectively. animal protection was observed only when rnaase was injected into the site of viral administration. the intramuscular injection of rnaase, other than the site of viral administration failed to protect the i ... | 2006 | 17087065 |
| vaccination of small asian mongoose (herpestes javanicus) against rabies. | oral vaccination of free-ranging wildlife is a promising technique in rabies control. the small asian mongoose (herpestes javanicus) is an important reservoir of rabies on several caribbean islands, but no vaccines have been evaluated for this species. captive mongooses were used to test the safety and efficacy of the commercially licensed vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombinant vaccine and a newly developed genetically engineered oral rabies virus vaccine (spbnga-s). in one study using ... | 2006 | 17092899 |
| boosting effect of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine using the intradermal route in persons previously immunized by the intramuscular route or vice versa. | at present, in the event of re-exposure to rabies, 2 booster doses are recommended for people who have been previously vaccinated with cell culture rabies vaccines by the conventional intramuscular route. as the intradermal route of vaccination is likely to be introduced in the future, we investigated the immune response to a cell culture rabies vaccine after crossing over from the intramuscular to the intradermal route and vice versa. | 2006 | 17100105 |
| rabies antibody seroprotection rates among travelers in nepal: "rabies seroprotection in travelers". | rabies preexposure immunization is recommended for international travelers who are at risk for exposure to rabid animals, especially in areas where postexposure treatment may be limited. rabies antibody seroprotection rates among international travelers has not been previously investigated. | 2006 | 17107424 |
| failure to open the blood-brain barrier and deliver immune effectors to central nervous system tissues leads to the lethal outcome of silver-haired bat rabies virus infection. | rabies is a lethal disease caused by neurotropic viruses that are endemic in nature. when exposure to a potentially rabid animal is recognized, prompt administration of virus-neutralizing antibodies, together with active immunization, can prevent development of the disease. however, once the nonspecific clinical symptoms of rabies appear conventional postexposure treatment is unsuccessful. over the last decade, rabies viruses associated with the silver-haired bat (shbrv) have emerged as the lead ... | 2007 | 17108029 |
| rp-hplc prefractionation and its application in expressional proteomics analysis of an in vitro viral infection model. | prefractionation of complex protein mixtures is an efficient method for increasing the separation power of 2-de. rp-hplc has been successfully utilized as a prefractionation method prior to 2-de. here we describe the optimization of an efficient rp-hplc method for prefractionation of baby hamster kidney cell solubilized proteins. a step gradient elution of acetonitrile was optimized and collected fractions were further examined by sds-page and 2-de. by utilizing this method an effective increase ... | 2006 | 17120811 |
| safety and allele-specific immunogenicity of a malaria vaccine in malian adults: results of a phase i randomized trial. | the objectives were to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity, and allele-specific immunogenicity of the blood-stage malaria vaccine fmp1/as02a in adults exposed to seasonal malaria and the impact of natural infection on vaccine-induced antibody levels. | 2006 | 17124530 |
| isolation and crystallization of a unique size category of recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna rings. | in order to study the packaging of rabies virus rna inside the viral nucleocapsid, rabies nucleoprotein was expressed in insect cells. in the cells, it binds to cellular rna to form long, helical or short circular complexes, depending on the length of the bound rna. the circular complexes contained from 9 up to 13 n-protomers per ring. separation of the rings into defined size classes was impossible through regular column chromatographies or gradient centrifugation. the size classes could be sep ... | 2007 | 17126031 |
| a molecular epidemiological study targeting the glycoprotein gene of rabies virus isolates from china. | a group of 31 rabies viruses (rabvs), recovered primarily from dogs, one deer and one human case, were collected from various areas in china between 1989 and 2006. complete g gene sequences determined for these isolates indicated identities of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of >or=87% and 93.8%, respectively. phylogenetic analysis of these and some additional chinese isolates clearly supported the placement of all chinese viruses in lyssavirus genotype 1 and divided all chinese isolates bet ... | 2007 | 17129631 |
| evidence for trans-border movement of rabies by wildlife reservoirs between countries in the balkan peninsular. | rabies remains endemic in a number of reservoir species throughout southeast europe. to investigate the relationship between rabies viruses within this region we have compared rabies virus nucleoprotein sequence data from a diverse panel of rabies samples from bulgaria with available data from countries in the balkan peninsula. this analysis provides a first description of rabies isolates in bulgaria and suggests that there is evidence for wildlife-mediated movement of rabies with countries to t ... | 2007 | 17129686 |
| is the anti-sarcoma and anti-viral cytokine "plasma factor" a novel chicken y-box protein? | a line of research beginning in the early 1960s with the observation that west nile virus and, later, several strains of rabies virus could inhibit the development of the rous sarcoma virus-induced tumor in the wing-web of chicken (a "sarcoma-blockade") eventually culminated in the characterization of a 14-kda circulating anti-sarcoma and anti-viral activity christened "plasma factor" (pf) which, unlike the interferons, inhibited the replication of diverse rna-containing viruses, but not of any ... | 2006 | 17131907 |
| prevalence of rabies virus infection and rabies antibody in stray dogs: a survey in bangkok, thailand. | to investigate the rabies antigen and antibody prevalences among stray dogs in bangkok, thailand, we took both a saliva and serum sample from each of 3314 stray dogs captured once each between december 2003 and june 2004. one 2-year-old female was antigen positive in the latex-agglutination test and confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the overall antibody seroprevalence from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that we used was 62% (95% ci: 54, 70%). antibody seropreva ... | 2007 | 17141896 |
| multiple circuits relaying primate parallel visual pathways to the middle temporal area. | parallel pathways in the primate visual system parse the sensory signal into magnocellular (m), parvocellular (p), and koniocellular (k) streams. these pathways remain anatomically separate and distinct from their origination in different retinal ganglion cell types, through distinct layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and into primary visual cortex (v1), with the m pathway terminating primarily in layer 4calpha, the p pathway in layer 4cbeta, and the k pathway in the cytochrome oxidase bl ... | 2006 | 17151282 |
| use of filter paper (fta) technology for sampling, recovery and molecular characterisation of rabies viruses. | this study evaluates the feasibility of the use of the fta gene guard system (a commercial product consisting of filter paper impregnated with patented chemicals supplied by the whatman company) for the shipment, storage and detection of rna rabies viruses by a simplified hemi-nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. hnrt-pcr of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene with specific primers showed that viral rna extracted from crude infected tissues remained stable after fixation on th ... | 2007 | 17157394 |
| a quantitative indirect elisa to monitor the effectiveness of rabies vaccination in domestic and wild carnivores. | this paper reports a new elisa to measure the level of rabies anti-glycoprotein g antibodies after vaccination. the platelia rabies ii kit was evaluated on different populations of dogs, cats and foxes. for each target species, sera from naive, unvaccinated and vaccinated animals were tested. platelia rabies ii results were compared to the reference fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation test (for dogs and cats) and to a published in house elisa test (for foxes). the platelia rabies ii test w ... | 2007 | 17166510 |
| bat rabies in the north-northwestern regions of the state of são paulo, brazil: 1997-2002. | reports on bat rabies in brazil are sporadic and isolated. this study aimed at describing the detection of rabies virus in bats in the state of são paulo. | 2006 | 17173166 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2005. | during 2005, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,417 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 1 case in a human being to the cdc, representing a 6.2% decrease from the 6,836 cases in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings reported in 2004. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals. relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%), 269 cats (4.2%), 93 cat ... | 2006 | 17173527 |
| phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from chennai, india. | | 2006 | 17177615 |
| screening of upregulated genes in suckling mouse central nervous system during the disease stage of rabies virus infection. | the pathogenesis of hydrophobia remains unclear. the aim of this study was to identify the differentially upregulated genes that correlated with disease development in an experimental mouse model to provide better understanding of pathological mechanisms in rabies. the present work employed clontech mouse array 1.2 ii containing 1,176 gene transcripts. suckling mice were intracerebrally infected with canine rabies virus. the gene expression profiles on day 2, 4 and 6 post inoculation were follow ... | 2006 | 17179662 |
| sensitivity of rabies virus to type i interferon is determined by the phosphoprotein gene. | the growth of a virulent strain of fixed rabies virus, nishigahara, in mouse neuroblastoma na cells treated with type i interferon (ifn) was compared with that of a derivative avirulent strain, ni-ce. nishigahara strain was slightly sensitive to ifn treatment but still grew more efficiently than did ni-ce strain in ifn-treated na cells. furthermore, a virulent chimeric virus with the phosphoprotein gene from nishigahara strain in the ni-ce genome was less sensitive to ifn treatment than was ni-c ... | 2006 | 17179666 |
| retrograde neuronal tracing with a deletion-mutant rabies virus. | we have constructed a deletion-mutant rabies virus encoding egfp and find it to be an excellent tool for studying detailed morphology and physiology of neurons projecting to injection sites within the mammalian brain. the virus cannot spread beyond initially infected cells yet, unlike other viral vectors, replicates its core within them. the cells therefore fluoresce intensely, revealing fine dendritic and axonal structure with no background from partially or faintly labeled cells. | 2007 | 17179932 |
| integrative models of bat rabies immunology, epizootiology and disease demography. | bats are natural reservoirs of rabies. we address the maintenance of the disease in bat colonies by developing individual and population models that generate indicators of risk of rabies to bats, that provide dynamic estimates of effects of rabies on population densities, and that suggest consequences of viral exposures and infections in bats relative to physiological and ecological characteristics of bats in different habitats. we present individual models (within host) for the immune responses ... | 2007 | 17184793 |
| public health awareness of emerging zoonotic viruses of bats: a european perspective. | bats classified in the order chiroptera are the most abundant and widely distributed non-human mammalian species in the world. several bat species are reservoir hosts of zoonotic viruses and therefore can be a public health hazard. lyssaviruses of different genotypes have emerged from bats in america (genotype 1 rabies virus; rabv), europe (european bat lyssavirus; eblv), and australia (australian bat lyssavirus; ablv), whereas nipah virus is the most important recent zoonosis of bat origin in a ... | 2006 | 17187565 |
| indirect flight of an african bat to israel: an example of the potential for zoonotic pathogens to move between continents. | the transmission of harmful pathogens during commercial air flights is an increasing health concern. a potential, yet relatively overlooked source of zoonotic infectious diseases involves collisions of birds and bats with aircraft and long distance transport of their carcasses. we report a case of aerial transportation of the remains of an african fruit bat over three continents, following a collision with an aircraft, and demonstrate the relative ease with which zoonotic pathogens, such as rabi ... | 2006 | 17187568 |
| post-exposure anti-rabies prophylaxis in lublin province (eastern poland) in 2004-2005. | rabies is considered a disease of the highest mortality rate and all humans are vulnerable to infection. specific anti-rabies immunoprophylaxis is the only efficient method of protection. the analysis of indications for active alone and active and passive immunization among patients reported to the dispensary of rabies prophylaxis in the department of infectious diseases of medical university of lublin (eastern poland) in 2004-2005 is presented. prophylactic procedures were applied in 120 person ... | 2006 | 17196010 |
| response of feral cats to vaccination at the time of neutering. | to determine whether administration of inactivated virus or modified-live virus (mlv) vaccines to feral cats at the time of neutering induces protective serum antiviral antibody titers. | 2007 | 17199493 |
| role of gpi-anchored ncam-120 in rabies virus infection. | although the neural cell adhesion molecule (ncam) -140 and -180 have been shown to serve as a receptor for rabies virus (rv), it was not known whether the other major isoform of ncam, gpi-anchored ncam-120 functions as rv receptor. in this study, we have established hep-2 cells stably expressing ncam-120 or ncam-140, and their susceptibilities to rv infection were compared. the results demonstrated that ncam-120 served as virus attachment protein; however, the cells expressing ncam-120 did not s ... | 2007 | 17208489 |
| potential rabies exposure after a bat bite, denmark, june 2006. | | 2006 | 17213543 |
| multicenter comparative study of a new elisa, platelia rabies ii, for the detection and titration of anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies and comparison with the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) on human samples from vaccinated and non-vaccinated people. | the envelope glycoprotein g of rabies virus induces the production of neutralising antibodies, which are important in protection against rabies. therefore, titration of anti-envelope glycoprotein antibodies is a good indicator of the degree of immunity in people during anti-rabies treatment or after vaccination. according to the world health organization (who) guidelines, a booster vaccine dose should be given if the rabies antibody titre falls below 0.5 iu/ml. titration of anti-rabies antibodie ... | 2007 | 17224214 |
| the safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in indian stray dogs. | india is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of human rabies throughout the world. dogs are primarily responsible for rabies transmission. among them, stray dogs play a major role in that country. parenteral vaccination programmes are insufficient to eliminate rabies partly due to difficulties in establishing satisfactory immunisation coverage in the dog population in view of the high proportion of stray dogs. oral vaccination may be a useful adjunct to parenteral vaccination by inc ... | 2007 | 17224221 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein expression in drosophila s2 cells. i. functional recombinant protein in stable co-transfected cell line. | recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein (rrvgp) was expressed in drosophila melanogaster schneider 2 (s2) cells. the cdna encoding the entire rvgp gene was cloned in an expression plasmid under the control of the constitutive actin promoter (ac), which was co-transfected into s2 cells together with a hygromycin selection plasmid. selected s2 cell populations (s2acrvgp) had a decreased ability to grow and consume substrates, when compared to the non-transfected cells (s2). they were shown, by pcr, ... | 2007 | 17225257 |
| identification and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody that potently neutralizes a broad panel of rabies virus isolates. | rabies is a zoonosis that results in millions of human exposures worldwide each year. human monoclonal antibodies (humabs) that neutralize rabies virus may represent one viable strategy for post-exposure prophylaxis in humans, and have many advantages over current human or equine rabies immune globulin. transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes were used to isolate human monoclonal antibodies that neutralized rabies virus. several humabs were identified that neutralized rabies virus va ... | 2007 | 17240489 |
| duration of immunity: an anamnestic response 14 years after rabies vaccination with purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine. | | 2007 | 17241256 |
| rabies in hooded and striped skunks in arizona. | arizona is home to four species of skunks, and rabies is enzootic in the region in which their ranges overlap. examination of state health data from 1985 to 2004 revealed an irregular 4-10 yr periodicity in the number of cases annually, which may be related to past precipitation patterns. the number of rabid skunks peaked during springtime. locations of rabies epizootics changed over time, but there was no evidence of a large-scale geographic spread. skunks live-trapped during 1996-2002 had a lo ... | 2006 | 17255450 |
| detection of rabies virus genes by in-situ polymerase chain reaction. | rabies is diagnosed by fat in the impression smears of brain tissues. in this study, an attempt was made to diagnose rabies using in situ polymerase chain reaction (ispcr). a digoxigenin-labelled double-stranded probe specific for a portion of the 'n' gene of rabies virus was used. positive signals were identified as blue dots in the intraneuronal and neuropil areas. | 2007 | 17260182 |
| gene transfer in human skin with different pseudotyped hiv-based vectors. | pseudotyping lentiviral vector with other viral surface proteins could be applied for treating genetic anomalies in human skin. in this study, the modification of hiv vector tropism by pseudotyping with the envelope glycoprotein from vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), the zaire ebola (eboz) virus, murine leukemia virus (mulv), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv), rabies or the rabies-related mokola virus encoding lacz as a reporter gene was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively in huma ... | 2007 | 17268532 |
| a simple sandwich elisa (welyssa) for the detection of lyssavirus nucleocapsid in rabies suspected specimens using mouse monoclonal antibodies. | monoclonal antibody (mab)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were developed for the diagnosis of rabies-suspect specimens. a combination of four mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the rabies virus nucleocapsid was selected and used for the detection. the test was optimized and standardized so that maximum concordance could be maintained with the standard procedures of rabies diagnosis recommended by the who expert committee. using prototype viruses from the differ ... | 2007 | 17276082 |
| the nucleocytoplasmic rabies virus p protein counteracts interferon signaling by inhibiting both nuclear accumulation and dna binding of stat1. | rabies virus p protein inhibits alpha interferon (ifn-alpha)- and ifn-gamma-stimulated jak-stat signaling by retaining phosphorylated stat1 in the cytoplasm. here, we show that p also blocks an intranuclear step that is the stat1 binding to the dna promoter of ifn-responsive genes. as p is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein, we first investigated the effect of the cellular distribution of p on the localization of stat1 and consequently on ifn signaling. we show that the localization of stat1 ... | 2007 | 17287281 |
| rabies virus matrix protein interplay with eif3, new insights into rabies virus pathogenesis. | viral proteins are frequently multifunctional to accommodate the high density of information encoded in viral genomes. matrix (m) protein of negative-stranded rna viruses such as rhabdoviridae is one such example. its primary function is virus assembly/budding but it is also involved in the switch from viral transcription to replication and the concomitant down regulation of host gene expression. in this study we undertook a search for potential rabies virus (rv) m protein's cellular partners. i ... | 2007 | 17287294 |
| diagnosis of human rabies cases by polymerase chain reaction of neck-skin samples. | rapid diagnosis of rabies in suspected human cases influences post-exposure prophylaxis for potential contacts of the patient and ensures appropriate patient management. apart from the central nervous system (cns), rabies virus (rabv) is usually present in small sensory nerves adjacent to hair follicles of infected humans. we used an rt-pcr, with primers targeted to the 3' terminal portion of the nucleoprotein gene (n), to test neck-skin samples of nine patients who had rabies in order to valida ... | 2006 | 17293923 |
| a microcarrier cell culture process for propagating rabies virus in vero cells grown in a stirred bioreactor under fully animal component free conditions. | rabies virus strain production in vero cells grown on cytodex 1 in a 2 l stirred tank bioreactor and in a medium free of components of human or animal origin (vp-sfm) is described. cell banking procedure in vp-sfm supplemented with an animal components free mixture (10%dmso+0.1%methylcellulose) was reported and cell growth after revitalization was assessed. vero cells exhibited growth performances (specific growth rate and cell division number) similar to that obtained in serum containing medium ... | 2007 | 17307281 |
| [rabies virus antibody titers in dogs in campo grande, mato grosso do sul state, during the anti-rabies campaign, 2003]. | to assess the immune response in dogs attended during the 2003 anti-rabies animal vaccination campaign, 333 serum samples collected at different vaccination posts were analyzed. it was found that 51.1% of the animals did not have protective titers. no correlation was found between vaccine application or multiple vaccinations and higher immune titers. | 2006 | 17308701 |
| use of infrared thermography to detect signs of rabies infection in raccoons (procyon lotor). | infrared thermography was evaluated as a technique to determine if raccoons (procyon lotor) experimentally infected with rabies virus could be differentiated from noninfected raccoons. following a 10-day adjustment period, raccoons (n = 6) were infected with a virulent rabies street strain raccoon variant by injection into the masseter muscle at a dose of 2 x 10(4) tissue-culture infectious dose (tcid50) in 0.2 ml (n = 4) or 10(5) tcid50 in 1 ml (n = 2). five of the six raccoons developed prodro ... | 2006 | 17315437 |
| exposure of free-ranging maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) to infectious and parasitic disease agents in the noël kempff mercado national park, bolivia. | maned wolves (chrysocyon brachyurus) are neotropic mammals, listed as a cites appendix ii species, with a distribution south of the amazon forest from bolivia, through northern argentina and paraguay and into eastern brazil and northern uruguay. primary threats to the survival of free-ranging maned wolves include habitat loss, road kills, and shooting by farmers. an additional threat to the conservation of maned wolves is the risk of morbidity and mortality due to infectious and parasitic diseas ... | 2005 | 17323558 |
| identification of novel canine rabies virus clades in the middle east and north africa. | four novel phylogenetic clades of canine rabies virus (rabv) variants have been identified in the middle east and north africa. the three novel middle eastern clades comprise rabv isolates from the borders between israel and neighbouring countries. the north african clade (africa 4) comprises four rabv isolates from egypt and one from israel. we characterized various rabv lineages antigenically by using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to the nucleoprotein (n) and phylogenetically by analysis of ... | 2007 | 17325371 |
| rabies virus maintained by dogs in humans and terrestrial wildlife, ceará state, brazil. | rabies viruses circulating in ceará, brazil, were identified by molecular analysis to be related to variants maintained by dogs, bats, and other wildlife. most of these viruses are associated with human rabies cases. we document the emergence of a rabies virus variant responsible for an independent epidemic cycle in the crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous). | 2006 | 17326958 |
| monosynaptic restriction of transsynaptic tracing from single, genetically targeted neurons. | there has never been a wholesale way of identifying neurons that are monosynaptically connected either to some other cell group or, especially, to a single cell. the best available tools, transsynaptic tracers, are unable to distinguish weak direct connections from strong indirect ones. furthermore, no tracer has proven potent enough to label any connected neurons whatsoever when starting from a single cell. here we present a transsynaptic tracer that crosses only one synaptic step, unambiguousl ... | 2007 | 17329205 |
| highly attenuated rabies virus-based vaccine vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus89.6p env and simian immunodeficiency virusmac239 gag are safe in rhesus macaques and protect from an aids-like disease. | we analyzed the safety and immunogenicity of attenuated rabies virus vectors expressing simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv)-1(89.6p) env or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)(mac239) gag in rhesus macaques. four test macaques were immunized with both vaccine constructs, and 2 control macaques received an empty rabies vector. seroconversion against rabies virus glycoprotein (g) and shiv(89.6p) env was detected after the initial immunization, but no cellular responses against shiv antigens ... | 2007 | 17330788 |
| rabies in an israeli zoological garden. | | 2007 | 17337608 |
| [establishment of taqman pcr detection method for rabies virus]. | to establish a molecular diagnostic method for rabies virus(rv) based on taqman pcr. | 2006 | 17343185 |
| [progress on the study of biological characteristic of rabies virus]. | | 2006 | 17343189 |
| rabies challenge of captive striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) following oral administration of a live vaccinia-vectored rabies vaccine. | twenty-four adult striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were administered the raccoon product formulation of rabies vaccine, live vaccinia-vectored (raboral v-rg, merial limited, athens, georgia, usa), either by oral instillation or in vaccine-filled coated sachets either as single or multiple doses. a control group remained unvaccinated. twenty-three of the skunks were challenged 116 days postvaccination with rabies virus (skunk isolate). six of six naive skunks succumbed to challenge. four of six ... | 2007 | 17347402 |
| effects of aerosolized rabies virus exposure on bats and mice. | between 1956 and 1977, 4 human cases of rabies virus infection were attributed to aerosolized rabies virus; however, little work has been done to address this topic since the late 1960s. employing modern nebulization equipment coupled with serologic, cell culture, and molecular technology, we have continued the investigation into aerosolized rabies virus as a potential route of transmission. laboratory mice and 2 species of bats were exposed, through aerosol, to 3 variants of rabies virus. all b ... | 2007 | 17357050 |
| elimination of arctic variant rabies in red foxes, metropolitan toronto. | to control the arctic variant of rabies virus in red foxes, 332,257 bait doses containing live, attenuated evelyn-rokitnicki-abelseth rabies vaccine were distributed in greater metropolitan toronto during 1989-1999. human and pet contact with bait was minimal, and no adverse reactions to the vaccine were noted. significantly fewer rabid foxes were found during the 17 years after fox baiting (5 cases during 1990-2006) than in the 17 years before (96 cases during 1973-1989). the last report of a r ... | 2007 | 17370512 |
| emergence of arctic-like rabies lineage in india. | a collection of 37 rabies-infected samples, 10 human saliva and 27 animal brain, were recovered during 2001-2004 from the cities of bangalore and hyderabad in southern india and from kasauli, a mountainous region in himachal pradesh, northern india. phylogenetic analysis of partial n gene nucleotide sequences of these 37 specimens and 1 archival specimen identified 2 groups, divided according to their geographic (north or south) origins. comparison of selected indian viruses with representative ... | 2007 | 17370523 |
| assessing the safety of post-exposure rabies immunization in pregnancy. | fourteen pregnant women who received rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) at the anti-rabies clinic (arc) of kempegowda institute of medical sciences (kims) were followed up for assessing the safety of modern rabies vaccines and equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) in pregnancy. the women were in the age range of 18-28 years, mostly from urban area (64%) and exposed to suspect rabid dogs (86%). they had received purified vero cell rabies vaccine (verorab = 8 and abhayrab = 4), purified chick em ... | 2007 | 17375003 |
| virus neutralizing antibody response in mice and dogs with a bicistronic dna vaccine encoding rabies virus glycoprotein and canine parvovirus vp2. | a bicistronic dna vaccine against rabies and parvovirus infection of dogs was developed by subcloning rabies glycoprotein and canine parvovirus (cpv) vp2 genes into a bicistronic vector. after characterizing the expression of both the proteins in vitro, the bicistronic dna vaccine was injected in mice and induced immune response was compared with monocistronic dna vaccines. there was no significant difference in elisa and virus neutralizing (vn) antibody responses against rabies and cpv in mice ... | 2007 | 17391817 |
| modulation of hla-g and hla-e expression in human neuronal cells after rabies virus or herpes virus simplex type 1 infections. | human leukocyte antigen (hla)-g and e are nonclassical human mhc class i molecules. they may promote tolerance leading to virus and tumor immune escape. we recently described that the herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a neurotropic virus inducing chronic infection and neuron latency, and rabies virus (rabv), a neuronotropic virus triggering acute neuron infection, up-regulate hla-g expression in human neurons (nt2-n). surface expression was only detected after rabv infection. we investigated ... | 2007 | 17400066 |
| the evolutionary dynamics of canid and mongoose rabies virus in southern africa. | two variants of rabies virus (rabv) currently circulate in southern africa: canid rabv, mainly associated with dogs, jackals, and bat-eared foxes, and mongoose rabv. to investigate the evolutionary dynamics of these variants, we performed coalescent-based analyses of the g-l inter-genic region, allowing for rate variation among viral lineages through the use of a relaxed molecular clock. this revealed that mongoose rabv is evolving more slowly than canid rabv, with mean evolutionary rates of 0.8 ... | 2007 | 17401615 |
| [analysis on the factors related to rabies epidemic in china, in 2005]. | to analyse the related epidemic factors of rabies and to provide basic evidence for developing rabies control and prevention programs in china. | 2006 | 17402197 |
| therapy with minocycline aggravates experimental rabies in mice. | minocycline is a tetracycline derivative with antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and the drug has been shown to have beneficial effects in a variety of models of neurological disorders. the potentially neuroprotective role of minocycline was assessed in experimental in vitro and in vivo models of rabies virus infection. in this study, 5 nm minocycline did not improve the viability of embryonic mouse cortical and hippocampal neurons infected in vitro with the attenuated sad-d29 strai ... | 2007 | 17409147 |
| rabies-update on a global disease. | | 2007 | 17414401 |
| propagation of rabies virus in pig kidney cell culture. | | 1964 | 17421687 |
| rabies antibody titres in vaccinated dogs. | in a field study, rabies virus neutralizing antibody titres were determined by the microtest modification of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test before and after primary vaccination in 30 puppies, and before and after booster vaccination in 59 previously vaccinated dogs. a commercial modified live virus vaccine was used. three weeks after primary vaccination the mean antibody titre was 102 +/- 90, but only 24 dogs presented for booster vaccination had detectable antibody levels (mean tit ... | 1984 | 17422460 |