| high prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) carrying the mecc gene in a semi-extensive red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) farm in southern spain. | the objective was to determine the prevalence of staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in red deer of a semi-extensive farm and in humans in contact with the estate animals, and to characterize obtained isolates. nasal swabs of 65 deer and 15 humans were seeded on mannitol-salt-agar and oxacillin-resistance-screening-agar-base. isolates were identified by microbiological and molecular methods. antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined for 16 antibiotics by disk-diffusion and the presenc ... | 2015 | 25912021 |
| [the importance of wildlife as reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in bavaria--first results]. | the use of antimicrobial agents is responsible for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. nevertheless, multiresistant bacteria have been found in animals that have never been exposed to antimicrobial agents. wild animals that are carriers of methicillin-resistant organisms represent a hazard since they can transmit their bacteria to other animals and to humans. in the hunting season 2009/2010 nasal swabs of 98 red deer and 109 wild boars were examined for the presence of met ... | 2014 | 24693658 |
| methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) carriage in different free-living wild animal species in spain. | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) is a life-threatening pathogen in humans and its presence in animals is a public health concern. the aim of this study was to measure the prevalence of mrsa in free-living wild animals. samples from red deer (n=273), iberian ibex (n=212), eurasian griffon vulture (n=40) and wild boar (n=817) taken from different areas in spain between june 2008 and november 2011 were analyzed. characterization of the isolates was performed by spa typing, multi-l ... | 2013 | 23846031 |
| report of theileria luwenshuni and theileria sp. rsr from cervids in gansu, china. | theileria parasites are important tick-borne pathogens of animals and cause huge economic losses worldwide. here, we undertook to assess the prevalence of theileria spp. in cervids in gansu, china, based on pcr analysis and sequencing of the 18s rrna genes. molecular survey showed that theileria luwenshuni and theileria sp. rsr were frequently found in gansu cervids, and the prevalence of t. luwenshuni was 66.7% (n = 9, 6/9) in roe deer in zhengning county, 58.3% (n = 12, 7/12) in sika deer in n ... | 2015 | 25820647 |
| factors affecting the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis in slovenia. | recognition of factors that influence the formation of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) foci is important for assessing the risk of humans acquiring the viral infection and for establishing what can be done (within reasonable boundaries) to minimize that risk. in slovenia, the dynamics of the tbe vector, i.e. ixodes ricinus, was studied over a 4-year period and the prevalence of infection in ticks was established. two groups of tick hosts were investigated: deer and small mammals. red deer have bee ... | 2015 | 25918865 |
| detection and genetic characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) derived from ticks removed from red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and isolated from spleen samples of red deer (cervus elaphus) in croatia. | tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is a growing public health concern in central and northern european countries. even though tbe is a notifiable disease in croatia, there is a significant lack of information in regard to vector tick identification, distribution as well as tbe virus prevalence in ticks or animals. the aim of our study was to identify and to investigate the viral prevalence of tbe virus in ticks removed from red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses hunted in endemic areas in northern croatia ... | 2014 | 24035586 |
| molecular phylogeography of tick-borne encephalitis virus in central europe. | in order to obtain a better understanding of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) strain movements in central europe the e gene sequences of 102 tbev strains collected from 1953 to 2011 at 38 sites in the czech republic, slovakia, austria and germany were determined. bayesian analysis suggests a 350-year history of evolution and spread in central europe of two main lineages, a and b. in contrast to the east to west spread at the eurasian continent level, local central european spreading patterns ... | 2013 | 23784447 |
| high seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii in elk (cervus canadensis) of the central appalachians, usa. | toxoplasma gondii is an important protozoan parasite of mammals that impacts animal health and behavior. although this parasite has been documented in several cervid species, including red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe, little is known about t. gondii impacts on the closely related north american counterpart, the elk (wapiti, cervus canadensis), which has increased in number and expanded in range during the past century. we assessed seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies using a modified agglu ... | 2017 | 28130658 |
| correction: toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility. | | 2015 | 26517869 |
| toxoplasma gondii infection in alpine red deer (cervus elaphus): its spread and effects on fertility [corrected]. | in contrast to the depth of knowledge on the pathological effects of parasitism in domestic animals, the impact of the vast majority of parasites on wildlife hosts is poorly understood and, besides, information from domestics is rarely usable to disclose the parasites' impact on free-ranging populations' dynamics. here we use toxoplasmosis as a study model since, until now, the infection process and the protozoan's effects in natural conditions has received little attention. we analysed 81 sera ... | 2015 | 26405785 |
| molecular characterization of trypanosoma (megatrypanum) spp. infecting cattle (bos taurus), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) in the united states. | in the united states, the generally non-pathogenic trypanosome of cattle is designated trypanosoma (megatrypanum) theileri and is distinguished morphologically from trypanosoma (m.) cervi, a trypanosome originally described in mule deer and elk. phylogenetic studies of the megatrypanum trypanosomes using various molecular markers reveal two lineages, designated tthi and tthii, with several genotypes within each. however, to date there is very limited genetic data for t. theileri, and none for th ... | 2013 | 23683651 |
| do wild ungulates allow improved monitoring of flavivirus circulation in spain? | as a response to the need for improved and cost-efficient west nile virus (wnv) and other flavivirus surveillance tools, we tested 887 juvenile free-living red deer, 742 free-living juvenile wild boar, and 327 farmed deer, to detect temporal variability in exposure to these viruses. thirty of 742 wild boar samples (4%; 95% ci 2.8,5.7) yielded a positive elisa result. antibody-positive individuals had been sampled between 2003 and 2011 in localities from central and southern spain. no wild boar f ... | 2012 | 22217171 |
| a study of single nucleotide polymorphism in the ystb gene of yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from various wild animal species. | y. enterocolitica is the causative agent of yersiniosis. the objective of the article was a study of single nucleotide polymorphism in the ystb gene of y. enterocolitica strains isolated from various wild animal species. | 2017 | 28378975 |
| presence of ail and ystb genes in yersinia enterocolitica biotype 1a isolates from game animals in poland. | the pathogenicity of yersinia enterocolitica is associated with the presence of plasmid and chromosomal virulence genes. strains belonging to biotype 1a do not possess pyv plasmids, often harbour the ystb gene and usually lack the ail gene, which is the main virulence marker for y. enterocolitica. the simultaneous presence of ail and ystb is uncommon. in this study, 21/218 (9.6%) biotype 1a y. enterocolitica isolates from rectal swabs of wild boar (sus scrofa; n = 18), red deer (cervus elaphus; ... | 2017 | 28283072 |
| detection and characterisation of yersinia enterocolitica strains in cold-stored carcasses of large game animals in poland. | yersinia enterocolitica is an important foodborne pathogen. the aim of the present study was to identify the bioserotypes and virulence markers of y.enterocolitica strains isolated from three different anatomical regions of cold-stored carcasses of large game animals intended for human consumption. y.enterocolitica strains were found in 12/20 (60%) of the roe deer carcasses examined, 7/16 (43.8%) of red deer carcasses and 11/20 (55%) of wild boar carcasses. of the 52 y.enterocolitica strains, 19 ... | 2016 | 26626093 |
| pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica o:3 isolated from a hunted wild alpine ibex. | occurrence of yersinia spp. in wild ruminants was studied and the strains were characterized to get more information on the epidemiology of enteropathogenic yersinia in the wildlife. in total, faecal samples of 77 red deer, 60 chamois, 55 roe deer and 27 alpine ibex were collected during 3 months of the hunting season in 2011. the most frequently identified species was y. enterocolitica found in 13%, 10%, 4% and 2% of roe deer, red deer, alpine ibex and chamois, respectively. interestingly, one ... | 2013 | 22697252 |
| serological testing of schmallenberg virus in swedish wild cervids from 2012 to 2016. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) first emerged in europe in 2011, and in sweden in late 2012. the virus was still circulating in parts of europe in 2015. in recent testing, the virus has not been detected in swedish domestic animals, indicating that it is no longer circulating in sweden. it is not known if the virus has circulated and is still circulating in swedish wild cervid populations and whether wildlife can act as virus reservoirs. the aim of this study was to investigate whether sbv has circula ... | 2017 | 28376790 |
| rumen microbiota for wild boreal cervids living in the same habitat. | knowledge about the factors shaping the rumen microbiota in wild animals is limited. therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the microbiota from the three cervid species moose (alces alces, n = 5), red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 4) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 12), sharing the same habitat. using deep 16s rrna gene sequencing, we found that the largest species moose had the highest number of unique operational taxonomic units. furthermore, red deer and moose shared more of the m ... | 2016 | 27737946 |
| sarcocystis entzerothi n. sp. from the european roe deer (capreolus capreolus). | in the present study, we describe sarcocystis entzerothi n. sp. from the european roe deer (capreolus capreolus) based on the microscopical and dna analysis. by light microscopy (lm), cysts of s. entzerothi were spindle-shaped with pointed tips, 950-1900 × 70-150 μm in size and had 5-6 μm long finger-like cyst wall protrusions. cyst wall of s. entzerothi by transmission electron microscopy (tem) was type 10a-like; villar protrusions were up to 1.2 μm wide, densely packed, lying about 0.1 μm betw ... | 2017 | 27752769 |
| sarcocystosis in wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in patagonia, argentina. | sarcocystis spp. are protozoan parasites with a heteroxenous life cycle, which produce cysts in the muscle of herbivorous animals. in these animal species, sarcocystosis is frequently asymptomatic, although it may occur with high prevalence. seven sarcocystis spp. have been described in red deer (cervus elephus). the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sarcocystosis, and to perform the morphological and molecular characterization of sarcocystis spp. found in wild red deer of the ... | 2016 | 26779923 |
| characteristics of spermatozoa and reproductive organs in relation to age and body weight in swedish moose (alces alces). | knowledge of the reproductive biology of game species is vital for sustainable management. in moose (alces alces), research in reproductive characteristics has focused on the female, whereas there are few studies in male moose. the aim of the present study was to investigate sperm morphology and chromatin integrity (scsa), and their relationships with testicular and epididymal features, as well as temporal aspects with respect to the hunting season. in total, 143 male moose aged 1.5-11.5 years w ... | 2015 | 25576030 |
| origin of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae) on elk in the yukon, canada. | winter ticks (dermacentor albipictus) on elk (cervus elaphus canadensis) have recently increased in numbers in the yukon, canada, potentially posing risks to other indigenous host species in the region. to evaluate the regional source of winter ticks in the yukon, we sequenced one nuclear (its-2) and two mitochondrial (16srrna and coi) genes, and genotyped 14 microsatellite loci from 483 winter tick specimens collected across north america. we analyzed genetic variation across the geographic and ... | 2014 | 24779459 |
| partial migration and transient coexistence of migrants and residents in animal populations. | partial migration, whereby a proportion of the population migrates, is common across the animal kingdom. much of the focus in the literature has been on trying to explain the underlying mechanisms for the coexistence of migrants and residents. in addition, there has been an increasing number of reports on the prevalence and frequency of partially migratory populations. one possible explanation for the occurrence of partial migration, which has received no attention in the literature, is that of ... | 2014 | 24722396 |
| seasonal foraging ecology of non-migratory cougars in a system with migrating prey. | we tested for seasonal differences in cougar (puma concolor) foraging behaviors in the southern yellowstone ecosystem, a multi-prey system in which ungulate prey migrate, and cougars do not. we recorded 411 winter prey and 239 summer prey killed by 28 female and 10 male cougars, and an additional 37 prey items by unmarked cougars. deer composed 42.4% of summer cougar diets but only 7.2% of winter diets. males and females, however, selected different proportions of different prey; male cougars se ... | 2013 | 24349498 |
| fast and efficient dna-based method for winter diet analysis from stools of three cervids: moose, red deer, and roe deer. | effects of cervid browsing on timber production, especially during winter, lead to economic losses in forest management. the aim of this study was to present an efficient dna-based method which allows qualitative assessment of the winter diet from stools of moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and red deer (cervus elaphus). the preliminary results of the diet composition of the three cervids from poland were also presented with a special emphasis on moose. the electropherograms o ... | 2013 | 24244041 |
| high elaeophorosis prevalence among harvested colorado moose. | infection with elaeophora schneideri, a filarial parasite, occurs commonly in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), but seemingly less so in moose (alces alces). of 109 carotid artery samples from moose harvested throughout colorado, usa, in 2007, 14 (13%; 95% binomial confidence interval [bci]=7-21%) showed gross and 91 (83%; 95% bci=75-90%) showed histologic evidence of elaeophorosis. although neither blindness nor other clinical signs associated with elaeophorosis ... | 2013 | 23778618 |
| ixodes ricinus infestation in free-ranging cervids in norway--a study based upon ear examinations of hunted animals. | prevalence, abundance and instar composition of ixodes ricinus as found on one ear collected from 1019 moose (alces alces), red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus), shot during hunting (august-december) 2001-2003, are reported. the animals originated from 15 coastal municipalities (cm), seven municipalities bordering to coastal municipalities (bcm) and four inland municipalities (im), in norway, between latitudes 58-66° n. i. ricinus occurred endemically in all cm and bcm up ... | 2013 | 23541678 |
| [reduction of plant fibers in the digestive tract of the moose and the red deer]. | a comparative study of the reduction of plant fibers moving in the digestive tract of nine red deer (cervus elaphus) and six moose (alces alces) was made. in the winter season, the character of fiber reduction in the moose and the red deer was similar. in the deer obtained in the early autumn, the relative concentration of small-sized fractions was significantly higher. a sharp decrease in the share oflarge-sized fibers was observed in the omasum as compared to the rumen and the reticulum. it wa ... | 2016 | 23136740 |
| browsed twig environmental dna: diagnostic pcr to identify ungulate species. | ungulate browsing can have a strong effect on ecological processes by affecting plant community structure and composition, with cascading effects on nutrient cycling and animal communities. however, in the absence of direct observations of foraging, species-specific foraging behaviours are difficult to quantify. we therefore know relatively little about foraging competition and species-specific browsing patterns in systems with several browsers. however, during browsing, a small amount of saliva ... | 2012 | 22813481 |
| wolf predation and snow cover as mortality factors in the ungulate community of the bialowieża national park, poland. | wolf-ungulate interactions were studied in the pristine deciduous and mixed forests of the bialowieża national park in 1985-1989. the study period included two severe and two mild winters. the community of ungulates inhabiting bialowieża national park consisted of red deer cervus elaphus, 55% of all ungulates; wild boar sus scrofa, 42%; and roe deer capreolus capreolus, moose alces alces, and european bison bison bonasus, about 1% each. the average size of red deer groups increased from 2.7 (sd ... | 1992 | 28312267 |
| dna left on browsed twigs uncovers bite-scale resource use patterns in european ungulates. | fine-scale resource use by large herbivores is often difficult to quantify directly. this is particularly true for browsing ungulates due to the challenges in observing shy subjects in forested environments of low visibility. as a consequence we know relatively little about resource use by diverse browsing ungulates. when browsing, ungulates leave behind saliva on the browsed twig that includes their dna, which can be used to identify the species that was responsible for browsing the twig. we us ... | 2015 | 25543852 |
| intra- and interspecific differences in diet quality and composition in a large herbivore community. | species diversity in large herbivore communities is often explained by niche segregation allowed by differences in body mass and digestive morphophysiological features. based on large number of gut samples in fall and winter, we analysed the temporal dynamics of diet composition, quality and interspecific overlap of 4 coexisting mountain herbivores. we tested whether the relative consumption of grass and browse differed among species of different rumen types (moose-type and intermediate-type), w ... | 2014 | 24586233 |
| diet overlap among ruminants in fennoscandia. | information on overlap in resource use is central to understanding of interspecific exploitation competition and resource partitioning. despite this, measures of diet overlap among northern ruminants in fennoscandia is limited to one earlier study (reindeer and sheep). diet overlap between sympatric moose and roe deer calculated with schoener's index was 20.7% and 33.6% during summer (data from one area) and winter (data from two areas), respectively, whereas average diet overlap between moose a ... | 2000 | 28308406 |
| concentrations of trace elements in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from florida, usa. | concentrations of 28 trace elements (li, mg, al, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, ga, as, se, rb, sr, mo, ag, cd, in, sn, sb, cs, tl, hg, pb, and bi) in the livers of juvenile and adult american alligators inhabiting two central florida lakes, lake apopka (la), and lake woodruff national wildlife refuge (lw) and one lagoon population located in merritt island national wildlife refuge (minwr; nasa), were determined. in juveniles from minwr, concentrations of nine elements (li, fe, ni, sr, in, sb, h ... | 2014 | 24698170 |
| trophic cascades from wolves to grizzly bears in yellowstone. | we explored multiple linkages among grey wolves (canis lupus), elk (cervus elaphus), berry-producing shrubs and grizzly bears (ursus arctos) in yellowstone national park. we hypothesized competition between elk and grizzly bears whereby, in the absence of wolves, increases in elk numbers would increase browsing on berry-producing shrubs and decrease fruit availability to grizzly bears. after wolves were reintroduced and with a reduced elk population, we hypothesized there would be an increase in ... | 2014 | 24033136 |
| the effect of human activities and their associated noise on ungulate behavior. | the effect of anthropogenic noise on terrestrial wildlife is a relatively new area of study with broad ranging management implications. noise has been identified as a disturbance that has the potential to induce behavioral responses in animals similar to those associated with predation risk. this study investigated potential impacts of a variety of human activities and their associated noise on the behavior of elk (cervus elaphus) and pronghorn (antilocapra americana) along a transportation corr ... | 2012 | 22808175 |
| toxic (pb, cd, hg) and essential (fe, cu, zn, mn) metal content of liver tissue of some domestic and bush animals in ghana. | accumulation of toxic metals in liver, a rich natural source of essential elements, can present health risks to regular consumers of liver. a total of 35 fresh liver samples of cow, sheep, goat, pig, grass-cutter (thryonomys swinderianus), giant rat (cricetomys gambianus), red deer (cervus elaphus), chicken and antelope (antilocapra americana) were obtained from three different markets in accra and kumasi, ghana. samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry and an automatic mercury ... | 2008 | 24784805 |
| multimedia environmental monitoring: 50 years at hanford. | environmental monitoring has been an ongoing activity on the u.s. department of energy's hanford site in southeastern washington for almost 50 years. objectives are to detect and assess potential impacts of site operations on air, surface and ground waters, foodstuffs, fish, wildlife, soil and vegetation. data from monitoring effects are used to calculate the overall radiological dose to humans working onsite or residing in nearby communities. in 1989, measured hanford site perimeter concentrati ... | 1993 | 24220840 |
| soil microbial communities and elk foraging intensity: implications for soil biogeochemical cycling in the sagebrush steppe. | foraging intensity of large herbivores may exert an indirect top-down ecological force on soil microbial communities via changes in plant litter inputs. we investigated the responses of the soil microbial community to elk (cervus elaphus) winter range occupancy across a long-term foraging exclusion experiment in the sagebrush steppe of the north american rocky mountains, combining phylogenetic analysis of fungi and bacteria with shotgun metagenomics and extracellular enzyme assays. winter foragi ... | 2017 | 28111902 |
| rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 - a novel deltapapillomavirus inducing endemic papillomatosis in the endangered visayan spotted deer. | we describe a novel papillomavirus - rusa alfredi papillomavirus 1 (ralpv1) - which causes endemic fibropapillomatosis in the european conservation breeding population of the highly endangered visayan spotted deer (rusa alfredi). degenerated papillomavirus-specific primers were used to amplify and sequence parts of the viral dna. subsequently, the complete genomic dna was cloned and the sequence was determined. the ralpv1 genome has a length of 8029 bp, encodes the early proteins e6, e7, e1, e2 ... | 2016 | 26555294 |
| recovering aspen follow changing elk dynamics in yellowstone: evidence of a trophic cascade? | to investigate the extent and causes of recent quaking aspen (populus tremuloides) recruitment in northern yellowstone national park, we measured browsing intensity and height of young aspen in 87 randomly selected aspen stands in 2012, and compared our results to similar data collected in 1997-1998. we also examined the relationship between aspen recovery and the distribution of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) on the yellowstone northern ungulate winter range, using ... | 2015 | 26236910 |
| influence of group size on the success of wolves hunting bison. | an intriguing aspect of social foraging behaviour is that large groups are often no better at capturing prey than are small groups, a pattern that has been attributed to diminished cooperation (i.e., free riding) in large groups. although this suggests the formation of large groups is unrelated to prey capture, little is known about cooperation in large groups that hunt hard-to-catch prey. here, we used direct observations of yellowstone wolves (canis lupus) hunting their most formidable prey, b ... | 2014 | 25389760 |
| bovine brucellosis in wildlife: using adaptive management to improve understanding, technology and suppression. | eradication of brucellosis from bison (bison bison) and elk (cervus elaphus) populations in the greater yellowstone area is not possible with current technology. there are considerable uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of management techniques and unintended effects on wildlife behaviour and demography. however, adaptive management provides a framework for learning about the disease, improving suppression techniques, and lowering brucellosis transmission among wildlife and to cattle. sin ... | 2013 | 23837383 |
| disentangling herbivore impacts on populus tremuloides: a comparison of native ungulates and cattle in canada's aspen parkland. | ungulates impact woody species' growth and abundance but little is understood about the comparative impacts of different ungulate species on forest expansion in savanna environments. replacement of native herbivore guilds with livestock [i.e., beef cattle (bos taurus)] has been hypothesized as a factor facilitating trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.) encroachment into grasslands of the northern great plains. we used a controlled herbivory study in the parklands of western canada to comp ... | 2013 | 23649757 |
| evidence for the promotion of aboveground grassland production by native large herbivores in yellowstone national park. | we examined the effect of native large herbivores on aboveground primary production of nonforested habitat in yellowstone national park, wyoming. productivity of vegetation grazed by elk (cervus elaphus) and bison (bison bison) was compared with that of ungrazed (permanently fenced) vegetation at four sites. two methods were used that, we believed, would provide the most accurate measurements under the different grazing regimes encountered in the study. production of ungrazed vegetation in perma ... | 1993 | 28313410 |
| serological survey of avian influenza virus infection in non-avian wildlife in xinjiang, china. | we conducted a serological survey to detect antibodies against avian influenza virus (aiv) in gazella subgutturosa, canis lupus, capreolus pygargus, sus scrofa, cervus elaphus, capra ibex, ovis ammon, bos grunniens and pseudois nayaur in xinjiang, china. two hundred forty-six sera collected from 2009 to 2013 were assayed for antibodies against h5, h7 and h9 aivs using hemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests and a pan-influenza competitive elisa. across all tested wildlife species, 4.47 % harbored ... | 2016 | 26733295 |
| investigation of intra-herd spread of mycobacterium caprae in cattle by generation and use of a whole-genome sequence. | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) calculated from whole genome sequencing (wgs) are ideally suited to study evolutionary relationships of pathogens and their epidemiology. mycobacterium caprae infections have been documented frequently in cattle and red deer along the bavarian and austrian alps during the last decade. however, little is still known about the transmission within cattle holdings and possible alterations of the genomes of m. caprae during such events. the aim of this study was ... | 2017 | 28194548 |
| bacterial community composition and fermentation in the rumen of xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries). | the rumen microbiota plays a major role in the metabolism and absorption of indigestible food sources. xinjiang brown cattle (bos taurus), tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis), and karakul sheep (ovis aries) are important ruminant species for animal husbandry in the tarim basin. however, the microbiota and rumen fermentation of these animals are poorly understood. here, we apply high-throughput sequencing to examine the bacterial community in the rumen of cattle, red deer and sheep and m ... | 2017 | 28177790 |
| scaling methane emissions in ruminants and global estimates in wild populations. | methane (ch4) emissions by human activities have more than doubled since the 1700s, and they contribute to global warming. one of the sources of ch4 is produced by incomplete oxidation of feed in the ruminant's gut. domestic ruminants produce most of the emissions from animal sources, but emissions by wild ruminants have been poorly estimated. this study (i) scales ch4 against body mass in 503 experiments in ruminants fed herbage, and assesses the effect of different sources of variation, using ... | 2017 | 27923575 |
| complete mitochondrial genome sequence of a hungarian red deer (cervus elaphus hippelaphus) from high-throughput sequencing data and its phylogenetic position within the family cervidae. | recently, there has been considerable interest in genetic differentiation in the cervidae family. a common tool used to determine genetic variation in different species, breeds and populations is mitochondrial dna analysis, which can be used to estimate phylogenetic relationships among animal taxa and for molecular phylogenetic evolution analysis. with the development of sequencing technology, more and more mitochondrial sequences have been made available in public databases, including whole mit ... | 2016 | 27165525 |
| the region of difference four is a robust genetic marker for subtyping mycobacterium caprae isolates and is linked to spatial distribution of three subtypes. | alpine mycobacterium caprae isolates found in cattle and red deer display at least three genetic variations in the region of difference four (rd4) that can be used for further differentiation of the isolates into the subtypes 'allgäu', 'karwendel' and 'lechtal'. each genomic subtype is thereby characterized by a specific nucleotide deletion pattern in the 12.7-kb rd4 region. even though m. caprae infections are frequently documented in cattle and red deer, little is known about the transmission ... | 2015 | 26518998 |
| red deer as maintenance host for bovine tuberculosis, alpine region. | to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the alpine region, we studied the epidemiology of mycobacterium caprae in wildlife during the 2009-2012 hunting seasons. free-ranging red deer (cervus elaphus) were a maintenance host in a hot-spot area, mainly located in austria. | 2015 | 25695273 |
| protein tyrosine phosphorylation during capacitation in sperm of a rare red deer, tarim wapiti (cervus elaphus yarkandensis). | high efficiency of in vitro capacitation of deer sperm has not yet been achieved as low sperm penetration rates were reported in in vitro fertilization studies. our main goal in this study was to identify the changes of frozen-thawed sperm of the rare red deer tarim wapiti (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) and detect the effect of bovine serum albumin (bsa), serum, and heparin on the protein tyrosine phosphorylation of frozen-thawed sperm. the frozen-thawed sperm of tarim wapiti was suspended in imp ... | 2015 | 25638741 |
| patch-use dynamics by a large herbivore. | an adaption of the optimal foraging theory suggests that herbivores deplete, depart, and finally return to foraging patches leaving time for regrowth [van moorter et al., oikos 118:641-652, 2009]. inter-patch movement and memory of patches then produce a periodic pattern of use that may define the bounds of a home range. the objective of this work was to evaluate the underlying movements within home ranges of elk (cervus elaphus) according to the predictions of this theory. using a spatial tempo ... | 2015 | 27408724 |
| leptospira spp. infection in wild ruminants: a survey in central italian alps. | leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease diffused worldwide, and wildlife species are commonly considered to be important epidemiological carriers. four-hundred and forty-one serological and 198 renal samples from red deer, roe deer and chamois collected in the province of sondrio were analysed using the microscopic agglutination test and histopathologic examination. positive serological findings were found only in 15 red deer and 19 positive serologic reactions were recorded. the most fre ... | 2014 | 25546066 |
| quality attributes and composition of meat from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle (bos taurus). | the consumption of venison from deer species has increased in recent years owing to presumably positive health effects. therefore a comparison was made of the physical characteristics, chemical composition and sensory attributes of meat obtained from red deer, fallow deer and aberdeen angus and holstein cattle raised under conditions typical for commercial farming practice and slaughtered at similar ages. | 2015 | 25298298 |
| what attracts elk onto cattle pasture? implications for inter-species disease transmission. | in southwest alberta, beef cattle and wild elk (cervus elaphus) have similar habitat preferences. understanding their inter-species contact structure is important for assessing the risk of pathogen transmission between them. these spatio-temporal patterns of interactions are shaped, in part, by range management and environmental factors affecting elk distribution. in this study, resource selection modeling was used to identify factors influencing elk presence on cattle pasture and elk selection ... | 2014 | 25218913 |
| spatio-temporal variability of bovine tuberculosis eradication in spain (2006-2011). | in this study we analyzed the space-time variation of the risk of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in cattle between 2006 and 2011. the results indicated that at country level, there were no significant temporal changes between years, but, at county level btb evolution was more heterogeneous. in some counties, between some years, the prevalence and the incidence of the disease was higher as compared to the global rate in the rest of the counties of spain. the analysis of potential risk factors indicate ... | 2014 | 25113586 |
| the symbiotic intestinal ciliates and the evolution of their hosts. | the evolution of sophisticated differentiations of the gastro-intestinal tract enabled herbivorous mammals to digest dietary cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of a complex anaerobic microbiota. distinctive symbiotic ciliates, which are unique to this habitat, are the largest representatives of this microbial community. analyses of a total of 484 different 18s rrna genes show that extremely complex, but related ciliate communities can occur in the rumen of cattle, sheep, goats and red deer ... | 2014 | 24703617 |
| isolation of mycobacterium caprae (lechtal genotype) from red deer (cervus elaphus) in italy. | during tuberculosis (tb) surveillance, 53 hunted red deer (cervus elaphus) were collected to determine whether tb was present in free-ranging animals from an italian alpine area. samples (lungs, liver, intestine, and lymph nodes) were cultured and analyzed by real-time pcr assay carried out directly on tissue. mycobacterium caprae was isolated from small granulomatous, tuberculosis-like lesions in the liver of a 12-yr-old female. identification of suspect colonies was done by pcr restriction fra ... | 2014 | 24499334 |
| acaricide and ivermectin resistance in a field population of rhipicephalus microplus (acari: ixodidae) collected from red deer (cervus elaphus) in the mexican tropics. | in the neotropics the control of tick infestations in red deer (cervus elaphus) is achieved primarily through the use of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. in mexico, resistance to one or multiple classes of acaricides has been reported in rhipicephalus microplus infesting cattle, but information on acaricide susceptibility in r. microplus infesting red deer is lacking. in this study we report the level of resistance to different classes of acaricides and ivermectin in r. microplus collected f ... | 2014 | 24365245 |
| identification multiplex assay of 19 terrestrial mammal species present in new zealand. | an identification assay has been developed that allows accurate detection of 19 of the most common terrestrial mammals present in new zealand (cow, red deer, goat, dog, horse, hedgehog, cat, tammar wallaby, mouse, weasel, ferret, stoat, sheep, rabbit, pacific rat, norway rat, ship rat, pig, and brushtail possum). this technique utilizes species-specific primers that, combined in a multiplex pcr, target small fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. each species, except hedgehog, produce ... | 2013 | 24310859 |
| farm-level risk factors for the occurrence, new infection or persistence of tuberculosis in cattle herds from south-central spain. | eradication of tuberculosis (tb) in cattle is a priority in the eu. however, and despite the resources invested, tb eradication is still a goal yet to be accomplished. as a consequence, the identification of risk factors contributing to tb transmission and persistence is key to a better understand and, ultimately, more cost-effectively control and eradicate this complex zoonotic disease worldwide. this study aimed to identify the factors contributing to the tb occurrence, new infection, and pers ... | 2014 | 24299905 |
| gastrointestinal tract development in red deer (cervus elaphus) calves from 1 to 12 months of age. | this study provides a detailed description of the development of the gastrointestinal tract (git) of farmed red deer (cervus elaphus) calves over the first 12 months of age. git development was measured using a combination of computerised tomography (ct) scanning and traditional slaughter plus dissection techniques. red deer calves of a known birth date were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. a group of five animals were repeatedly ct scanned at 31, 63, 92, 135, 207, 275 and 351 days of ... | 2013 | 23867068 |
| cloning and characterization of new transcript variants of insulin-like growth factor-i in sika deer (cervus elaphus). | insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) is a multi-promoter gene that has complex biological functions and plays an important role in cell differentiation and proliferation, animal growth and metabolism. igf-i function is of particular importance in embryonic development. in this study, 5' and 3' race techniques were used to clone full-length cdna of the igf-i gene from the deer liver for the first time. six transcript variants were identified: class-1-ea, class-1-eb, class-1-ec, class-2-ea, class- ... | 2013 | 23665126 |
| effectiveness of cattle operated bump gates and exclusion fences in preventing ungulate multi-host sanitary interaction. | tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in eurasian wild boar (sus scrofa) and red deer (cervus elaphus) in south central spain, where evidence suggests transmission to domestic cattle. known risk factors for tb at the interface between livestock and wild ungulate species include density and spatial overlap, particularly around waterholes during summer. we evaluated the effectiveness of selective exclusion measures for reducing direct and indirect interaction between extensive beef cattle and wild ungulate ... | 2013 | 23602337 |
| comparison of ranging behaviour in a multi-species complex of free-ranging hosts of bovine tuberculosis in relation to their use as disease sentinels. | sentinel species are increasingly used by disease managers to detect and monitor the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations. characterizing home-range movements of sentinel hosts is thus important for developing improved disease surveillance methods, especially in systems where multiple host species co-exist. we studied ranging activity of major hosts of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in an upland habitat of new zealand: we compared home-range coverage by ferrets (mustela furo), wild ... | 2013 | 23433406 |
| bluetongue dynamics in french wildlife: exploring the driving forces. | bluetongue (bt) was monitored in wildlife in france during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. the disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (cervus elaphus) was explored using elisa test on serum and real-time rt-pcr test on blood or spleen. a large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to rt-pcr in 2008, but also in 2009 (sero ... | 2014 | 23414427 |
| epizootic spread of schmallenberg virus among wild cervids, belgium, fall 2011. | schmallenberg virus was detected in cattle and sheep in northwestern europe in 2011. to determine whether wild ruminants are also susceptible, we measured antibody seroprevalence in cervids (roe deer and red deer) in belgium in 2010 and 2011. findings indicated rapid spread among these deer since virus emergence ≈250 km away. | 2012 | 23171763 |
| matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with multidimensional scaling, binary hierarchical cluster tree and selected diagnostic masses improves species identification of neolithic keratin sequences from furs of the tyrolean iceman oetzi. | the identification of fur origins from the 5300-year-old tyrolean iceman's accoutrement is not yet complete, although definite identification is essential for the socio-cultural context of his epoch. neither have all potential samples been identified so far, nor there has a consensus been reached on the species identified using the classical methods. archaeological hair often lacks analyzable hair scale patterns in microscopic analyses and polymer chain reaction (pcr)-based techniques are often ... | 2012 | 22777774 |
| amino acid sequence of myoglobin from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | our objective was to determine the primary structure of white-tailed deer myoglobin (mb). white-tailed deer mb was isolated from cardiac muscles employing ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel-filtration chromatography. the amino acid sequence was determined by edman degradation. sequence analyses of intact mb as well as tryptic- and cyanogen bromide-peptides yielded the complete primary structure of white-tailed deer mb, which shared 100% similarity with red deer mb. white-tailed deer mb consi ... | 2012 | 22608832 |
| herbivorous mammals as seed dispersers in a mediterranean dehesa. | endozoochrous seed dispersal by herbivorous mammals has been verified repeatedly and its possible influence on the structure and function of herbaceous communities has been suggested. quantitative studies, however, are lacking in the field of seed dispersal via the dung of herbivore guilds in little-altered environments. the present paper analyses seed dispersal via rabbit, fallow deer, red deer and cow dung in a mediterranean dehesa (open woodland used for hunting and ranching) during the seedi ... | 1995 | 28307361 |
| resource partitioning by ungulates on the isle of rhum. | this paper describes the seasonal changes in vegetation community use by red deer, cattle, goats and ponies on the isle of rhum, scotland. during the winter, when food resources were of low abundance and digestibility, the ungulates showed extensive resource partitioning. during the summer, when resource availability and digestibility was high, the grazing species, red deer, cattle and ponies congregated on the vegetation communities which contained high biomasses of a high quality resource, mes ... | 1989 | 23921404 |
| zygomycetes from herbivore dung in the ecological reserve of dois irmãos, northeast brazil. | thirty-eight taxa of zygomycetes distributed in 15 genera were recorded from tapir (tapirus terrestris), camel (camelus bactrianus), horse (equus caballus), deer (cervus elaphus), agouti (dasyprocta aguti), donkey (equus asinus), llama (llama glama) and waterbuck (kobus ellipsiprymnus) dung collected at the reserva ecológica de dois irmãos located in recife, state of pernambuco, northeast brazil. the samples were collected on a monthly basis from june 2005 to may 2006, taken to the laboratory an ... | 2011 | 24031609 |
| ecosystem scale declines in elk recruitment and population growth with wolf colonization: a before-after-control-impact approach. | the reintroduction of wolves (canis lupus) to yellowstone provided the unusual opportunity for a quasi-experimental test of the effects of wolf predation on their primary prey (elk--cervus elaphus) in a system where top-down, bottom-up, and abiotic forces on prey population dynamics were closely and consistently monitored before and after reintroduction. here, we examined data from 33 years for 12 elk population segments spread across southwestern montana and northwestern wyoming in a large scal ... | 2014 | 25028933 |
| consequences of a refuge for the predator-prey dynamics of a wolf-elk system in banff national park, alberta, canada. | refugia can affect predator-prey dynamics via movements between refuge and non-refuge areas. we examine the influence of a refuge on population dynamics in a large mammal predator-prey system. wolves (canis lupus) have recolonized much of their former range in north america, and as a result, ungulate prey have exploited refugia to reduce predation risk with unknown impacts on wolf-prey dynamics. we examined the influence of a refuge on elk (cervus elaphus) and wolf population dynamics in banff n ... | 2014 | 24670632 |
| animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a yellowstone elk herd. | migration is a striking behavioral strategy by which many animals enhance resource acquisition while reducing predation risk. historically, the demographic benefits of such movements made migration common, but in many taxa the phenomenon is considered globally threatened. here we describe a long-term decline in the productivity of elk (cervus elaphus) that migrate through intact wilderness areas to protected summer ranges inside yellowstone national park, usa. we attribute this decline to a long ... | 2013 | 23923485 |
| linking anti-predator behaviour to prey demography reveals limited risk effects of an actively hunting large carnivore. | ecological theory predicts that the diffuse risk cues generated by wide-ranging, active predators should induce prey behavioural responses but not major, population- or community-level consequences. we evaluated the non-consumptive effects (nces) of an active predator, the grey wolf (canis lupus), by simultaneously tracking wolves and the behaviour, body fat, and pregnancy of elk (cervus elaphus), their primary prey in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. when wolves approached within 1 km, elk in ... | 2013 | 23750905 |
| genetic epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei in the iberian wolf in asturias, spain. | during the last decades, attempts have been made to understand the molecular epidemiology of sarcoptes scabiei, and to detect and clarify the differences between isolates from different hosts and geographic regions. two main phenomena have been described: (i) host-taxon derived-sarcoptes mite infection in european wild animals (revealing the presence of three separate clusters, namely herbivore-, carnivore- and omnivore-derived sarcoptes populations in europe) and (ii) prey-to-predator sarcoptes ... | 2013 | 23664709 |
| elk migration patterns and human activity influence wolf habitat use in the greater yellowstone ecosystem. | identifying the ecological dynamics underlying human-wildlife conflicts is important for the management and conservation of wildlife populations. in landscapes still occupied by large carnivores, many ungulate prey species migrate seasonally, yet little empirical research has explored the relationship between carnivore distribution and ungulate migration strategy. in this study, we evaluate the influence of elk (cervus elaphus) distribution and other landscape features on wolf (canis lupus) habi ... | 2012 | 23387126 |
| seasonal patterns of predation for gray wolves in the multi-prey system of yellowstone national park. | 1. for large predators living in seasonal environments, patterns of predation are likely to vary among seasons because of related changes in prey vulnerability. variation in prey vulnerability underlies the influence of predators on prey populations and the response of predators to seasonal variation in rates of biomass acquisition. despite its importance, seasonal variation in predation is poorly understood. 2. we assessed seasonal variation in prey composition and kill rate for wolves canis lu ... | 2012 | 22260633 |
| the bioaccumulation of lead in the organs of roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), red deer (cervus elaphus l.), and wild boar (sus scrofa l.) from poland. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the level of lead (pb) in the livers and kidneys of free-living animals from poland, with regard to the differences in tissue pb content between the species. the research material consisted of liver and kidney samples collected from roe deer (capreolus capreolus), red deer (cervus elaphus), and wild boar (sus scrofa) that had been hunted in 16 voivodeships of poland. the concentration of lead had been measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emissio ... | 2016 | 27068893 |
| simulation of potential habitat overlap between red deer (cervus elaphus) and roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in northeastern china. | background. understanding species distribution, especially areas of overlapping habitat between sympatric species, is essential for informing conservation through natural habitat protection. new protection strategies should simultaneously consider conservation efforts for multiple species that exist within the same landscape, which requires studies that include habitat overlap analysis. methods. we estimated the potential habitat of cervids, which are typical ungulates in northern china, using t ... | 2016 | 27019775 |
| identification of host blood-meal sources and borrelia in field-collected ixodes ricinus ticks in north-western poland. | forest animals play fundamental roles in the maintenance of ixodes ricinus and borrelia species in the forest biotope. to identify the forest vertebrate species that are host for i. ricinus and for the recognition of the reservoirs of borrelia species, the blood-meal of 325 i. ricinus ticks collected at two forest sites in north-western poland were analysed. nested pcr was used to detect polymorphisms in a fragment of the mitochondrial 12s rrna gene for the identification of the hosts species. t ... | 2016 | 27007518 |
| elemental composition of game meat from austria. | concentrations of 26 elements (b, na, mg, p, s, k, ca, v, cr, mn, fe, co, ni, cu, zn, as, se, rb, sr, mo, cd, sb, ba, hg, pb, u) in wild game meat from austria were analysed using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. all investigated animals were culled during the hunting season 2012/2013, including 10 chamois (rupicapra rupicapra), 9 hare (lepus europaeus), 10 pheasant (phasianus colchicus), 10 red deer (cervus elaphus), 12 roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and 10 wild boar (sus scrofa ... | 2016 | 26886253 |
| time-dependence of ¹³⁷cs activity concentration in wild game meat in knyszyn primeval forest (poland). | wild game meat samples were analysed from the region of the podlasie province (knyszyn primeval forest). (137)cs content in meat was determined by gamma spectrometry in 2003 (33 samples), 2009 (22 samples) and 2012 (26 samples). the samples were collected in the autumn of 2003, 2009 and 2012 and were compared with data from 1996. mean concentrations of (137)cs in the respective years were as follow: 42.2 bq kg(-1), 33.7 bq kg(-1) and 30.5 bq kg(-1), respectively. on the basis of mean values of ( ... | 2015 | 25559242 |
| bioserotypes and virulence markers of y. enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). | free-living animals are an important environmental reservoir of pathogens dangerous for other animal species and humans. one of those is yersinia (y.) enterocolitica, the causative agent of yersiniosis--foodborne, enzootic disease, significant for public health. the purpose of the study was to identify bioserotypes and virulence markers of y enterocolitica strains isolated from roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) obtained during the 2010/2011 hunting season in north-east ... | 2014 | 24988858 |
| determination of the parameters of the parasitic stage in ixodes ricinus females. | ixodes ricinus is a tick commonly found on human and animals and of great medical and veterinary importance. the aim of the study was to determine the parameters of different stages of feeding in ixodes ricinus females. | 2013 | 24069846 |
| population density and small-scale variation in habitat quality affect phenotypic quality in roe deer. | we tested for fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in habitat quality in a roe deer (capreolus capreolus) population in the chizé reserve located in western france by measuring spatial variation in the availability and plant nitrogen content of principal and preferred plant species. there were significant differences in habitat quality within the reserve: the principal food plants in spring and summer occurred more frequently in the oak woodland in the north than in the beech woodland in the south o ... | 2001 | 24549909 |
| effects of attitudes and demography on public support for endangered species conservation. | it is critical for managers to understand how attitudes and demography affect public's preferences for species protection for designing successful conservation projects. 1080 adults in greece were asked to rate pictures of 12 endangered species on aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and intention to support their conservation. factor analysis identified a group of animals for which respondents indicated high levels of support for their conservation (red deer, loggerhead sea turtle, brown bear, ... | 2017 | 28376425 |
| benefits for dominant red deer hinds under a competitive feeding system: food access behavior, diet and nutrient selection. | social dominance is widely known to facilitate access to food resources in many animal species such as deer. however, research has paid little attention to dominance in ad libitum access to food because it was thought not to result in any benefit for dominant individuals. in this study we assessed if, even under ad libitum conditions, social rank may allow dominant hinds to consume the preferred components of food. forty-four red deer hinds (cervus elaphus) were allowed to consume ad libitum mea ... | 2012 | 22403707 |
| identification of velvet antler by random amplified polymorphism dna combined with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis. | mitochondrial dna of velvet antler was amplified with random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) technique and the pcr products were detected with non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis to establish a rapd-hpce method used for identifying the authenticity of velvet antler or it counterfeits. factors that could affect the pcr amplification and capillary electrophoresis were optimized. under the optimized conditions, namely, 20 mmol l(-1) nah2po4-na2hpo4-2 mmol l(-1) edta buffer solution [0.8% (w/ ... | 2016 | 25103424 |
| pigmented chin papillomas in red (cervus elaphus) x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags associated with a novel papillomavirus. | lesions were observed on the chins of two 2- to 3-year-old red (cervus elaphus) x wapiti (cervus canadensis) stags from the lower north island of new zealand during velvet removal. | 2014 | 24224490 |
| the anatomy of vocal divergence in north american elk and european red deer. | loud and frequent vocalizations play an important role in courtship behavior in cervus species. european red deer (cervus elaphus) produce low-pitched calls, whereas north american elk (cervus canadensis) produce high-pitched calls, which is remarkable for one of the biggest land mammals. both species engage their vocal organs in elaborate maneuvers but the precise mechanism is unknown. vocal organs were compared by macroscopic and microscopic dissection. the larynx is sexually dimorphic in red ... | 2013 | 23225193 |
| sarcocystosis in cervus elaphus: comparison of diagnostic methods. | red deer (cervus elaphus) from a national wildlife reserve near toledo in central spain were surveyed for sarcocystis infection. a total of 61 deer were examined. tissue compression and histology were used to examine samples from diaphragm and heart from each animal included in the study, and results from the two techniques and the two tissues were compared to determine the tissue and technique that provide the most accurate measure of prevalence and intensity. prevalence and intensity were then ... | 2015 | 26767167 |
| genetic differentiation between red deer from different sample sites on the tianshan mountains (cervus elaphus), china. | about 273 individuals were identified from 471 fecal samples from six different red deer populations in china. the genetic structure showed that the red deer from the western and eastern tianshan mountains was different. a total number of 12 haplotypes were defined by 97 variable sites by the control region (cr), and 10 haplotypes were defined by 34 variable sites by cytochrome b. there was no haplotype sharing between red deer populations from western and eastern tianshan mountains by the cr an ... | 2015 | 25431826 |
| complete mitochondrial genome of cervus elaphus songaricus (cetartiodactyla: cervinae) and a phylogenetic analysis with related species. | complete mitochondrial genome of tianshan wapiti, cervus elaphus songaricus, is 16,419 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rrna genes, 22 trna genes and 1 control region. the phylogenetic trees were reconstructed with the concatenated nucleotide sequences of the 13 protein-coding genes using maximum parsimony (mp) and bayesian inference (bi) methods. mp and bi phylogenetic trees here showed an identical tree topology. the monopoly of red deer, wapiti and sika deer was well suppo ... | 2016 | 24725059 |
| observations on the phenotypic relationships between anti-carla salivary iga antibody response, nematode infection levels and growth rates in farmed red (cervus elaphus) and wapiti hybrid deer (cervus elaphus canadensis). | nematode parasites are one of the most significant production limiting factors in farmed deer in new zealand. one long term strategy to reduce reliance on anthelmintics is to select deer that develop resistance to parasites. it has been shown in sheep that secretory antibody (iga) in the saliva against a carbohydrate larval antigen (carla) on infective larvae (l3) of a wide range of gastro-intestinal nematodes protects against reinfection. this paper describes a longitudinal slaughter study unde ... | 2014 | 24582525 |
| faunal record identifies bering isthmus conditions as constraint to end-pleistocene migration to the new world. | human colonization of the new world is generally believed to have entailed migrations from siberia across the bering isthmus. however, the limited archaeological record of these migrations means that details of the timing, cause and rate remain cryptic. here, we have used a combination of ancient dna, 14c dating, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, and collagen sequencing to explore the colonization history of one of the few other large mammals to have successfully migrated into the americas at this t ... | 2014 | 24335981 |
| superovulation in waptiti (cervus elaphus) during the anovulatory season. | the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three previously unreported ovarian superovulatory treatment protocols in wapiti. protocols were initiated specifically at the time of ovarian follicular wave emergence, and intended to enable determination of the effects of frequency of treatment (i.e., animal handling) and lh supplementation on ovarian response. thirteen parous wapiti hinds, 2 to 4 y of age, were used late in the anovulatory season (july). the ovaries were examined daily by transre ... | 2013 | 23102845 |