| safety and vaccine efficacy of an attenuated vibrio vulnificus strain with deletions in major cytotoxin genes. | vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen causing a rapidly progressing fatal septicemia. we have previously reported that a v. vulnificus large toxin rtxa1 causes programmed necrotic cell death through calcium-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. here we developed a live attenuated vaccine strain (cmm781) having deletions in three genes encoding major virulence factors: rtx cytotoxin (rtxa1), hemolysin/cytolysin (vvha) and metalloprotease (vvpe) of a clinical isolate strain cmcp6. the cmm781 strain ... | 2015 | 26381905 |
| clinical and environmental genotypes of vibrio vulnificus display distinct, quorum-sensing-mediated, chitin detachment dynamics. | the ability for bacteria to attach to and detach from various substrata is important for colonization, survival and transitioning to new environments. an opportunistic human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after ingestion of undercooked seafood. based on genetic polymorphisms, strains of this species are subtyped into clinical (c) and environmental (e) genotypes. vibrio vulnificus readily associates with chitin, thus we investigated chitin detachment dynamics ... | 2015 | 26377182 |
| flagellin suppresses experimental asthma by generating regulatory dendritic cells and t cells. | although the hygiene hypothesis suggests that microbial infections could subvert asthma and thus a microbial product might serve as a therapeutic adjuvant for asthma, the relationship between bacterial components and asthma is complex. recently, low levels of flagellin, the toll-like receptor (tlr) 5 ligand, have been reported to promote asthma. | 2016 | 26303344 |
| correlations between clinical features and mortality in patients with vibrio vulnificus infection. | vibrio vulnificus is a common gram-negative bacterium, which might cause morbidity and mortality in patients following consumption of seafood or exposure to seawater in southeast china. we retrospectively analyzed clinical data of patients with laboratory confirmed v. vulnificus infection. twenty one patients were divided into a survival group and a non-surviving (or death) group according to their clinical outcome. clinical data and measurements were statistically analyzed. four patients (19.05 ... | 2015 | 26274504 |
| expression, purification, crystallization and x-ray crystallographic analysis of the periplasmic binding protein vatd from vibrio vulnificus m2799. | vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine microorganism which causes gastroenteritis and primary septicaemia in humans. an important factor that determines the survival of v. vulnificus in the human body is its ability to acquire iron. vatd is a periplasmic siderophore-binding protein from v. vulnificus m2799. the current study reports the expression, purification and crystallization of vatd. crystals of both apo vatd and a vatd-desferrioxamine b-fe(3+) (vatd-fob) complex were obtained. the cryst ... | 2015 | 26249703 |
| vibrio vulnificus vvpe stimulates il-1β production by the hypomethylation of the il-1β promoter and nf-κb activation via lipid raft-dependent anxa2 recruitment and reactive oxygen species signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. | an inflammatory response is a hallmark of necrosis evoked by bacterial pathogens. vibrio vulnificus, vvpe, is an elastase that is responsible for tissue necrosis and inflammation; however, the molecular mechanism by which it regulates host cell death has not been characterized. in the present study, we investigate the cellular mechanism of vvpe with regard to host cell death and the inflammatory response of human intestinal epithelial (int-407) cells. the recombinant protein (r)vvpe (50 pg/ml) c ... | 2015 | 26223656 |
| an enriched european eel transcriptome sheds light upon host-pathogen interactions with vibrio vulnificus. | infectious diseases are one of the principal bottlenecks for the european eel recovery. the aim of this study was to develop a new molecular tool to be used in host-pathogen interaction experiments in the eel. to this end, we first stimulated adult eels with different pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps), extracted rna from the immune-related tissues and sequenced the transcriptome. we obtained more than 2 x 10(6) reads that were assembled and annotated into 45,067 new descriptions wit ... | 2015 | 26207370 |
| draft genome sequence of environmental bacterium vibrio vulnificus cladea-yb158. | we report the genome sequence of the environmental vibrio vulnificus biotype 1_cladea. this draft genome of the cladea-yb158 strain, isolated in israel, represents this newly emerged clonal group that contains both clinical and environmental strains. | 2015 | 26205875 |
| the biology of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus, carrying a 50% fatality rate, is the most deadly of the foodborne pathogens. it occurs in estuarine and coastal waters and it is found in especially high numbers in oysters and other molluscan shellfish. the biology of v. vulnificus, including its ecology, pathogenesis, and molecular genetics, has been described in numerous reviews. this article provides a brief summary of some of the key aspects of this important human pathogen, including information on biotypes and genotypes ... | 2015 | 26185084 |
| the fish pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 2: epidemiology, phylogeny, and virulence factors involved in warm-water vibriosis. | vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is the etiological agent of warm-water vibriosis, a disease that affects eels and other teleosts, especially in fish farms. biotype 2 is polyphyletic and probably emerged from aquatic bacteria by acquisition of a transferable virulence plasmid that encodes resistance to innate immunity of eels and other teleosts. interestingly, biotype 2 comprises a zoonotic clonal complex designated as serovar e that has extended worldwide. one of the most interesting virulence facto ... | 2015 | 26185080 |
| development and characterization of a catalytically inactive cysteine protease domain of rtxa1/martxvv as a potential vaccine for vibrio vulnificus. | recent studies have defined several virulence factors as vaccine candidates against vibrio vulnificus. however, most of these factors have the potential to cause pathogenic effects in the vaccinees or induce incomplete protection. to overcome these drawbacks, a catalytically inactive form, cpdvv (c3725s), of the well-conserved cysteine protease domain (cpd) of v. vulnificus multifunctional autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martxvv /rtxa1) was recombinantly generated and characterized. notably, ac ... | 2015 | 26177798 |
| functional analyses of resurrected and contemporary enzymes illuminate an evolutionary path for the emergence of exolysis in polysaccharide lyase family 2. | family 2 polysaccharide lyases (pl2s) preferentially catalyze the β-elimination of homogalacturonan using transition metals as catalytic cofactors. pl2 is divided into two subfamilies that have been generally associated with secretion, mg(2+) dependence, and endolysis (subfamily 1) and with intracellular localization, mn(2+) dependence, and exolysis (subfamily 2). when present within a genome, pl2 genes are typically found as tandem copies, which suggests that they provide complementary activiti ... | 2015 | 26160170 |
| manganese is an additional cation that enhances colonial phase variation of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus, an inhabitant of marine and estuarine environments around the world, is the leading cause of reported seafood-related deaths in the united states. disease is caused by opaque colony-forming strains that produce capsular polysaccharide, loss of which results in an unencapsulated translucent phenotype with diminished virulence potential. rugose is a third phenotypic variant of v. vulnificus, and produces a separate exopolysaccharide that results in a dry, wrinkled appearance and ... | 2015 | 26147440 |
| evaluation of recombinant leukocidin domain of vvha exotoxin of vibrio vulnificus as an effective toxoid in mouse model. | vibrio vulnificus hemolysin a (vvha) is a pore forming toxin and plays an important role in the pathogenesis. the hemolytic and cytotytic property of vvha toxin is associated with n-terminal leukocidin domain which triggers apoptotic signaling cascade in epithelial cells. the present study was undertaken to assess the protective efficacy of recombinant vvha leukocidin domain (rl/vvha) against vvha toxin challenge using in vitro and in vivo assays. the rl/vvha protein was found to be non-toxic wi ... | 2015 | 26141623 |
| molecular and physical factors that influence attachment of vibrio vulnificus to chitin. | the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood-related deaths in the united states. strains are genotyped on the basis of alleles that correlate with isolation source, with clinical (c)-genotype strains being more often implicated in disease and environmental (e)-genotype strains being more frequently isolated from oysters and estuarine waters. previously, we have shown that the ecologically distinct c- and e-genotype strains of v. vulnificus display different degrees of ch ... | 2015 | 26116670 |
| vibrio vulnificus vvpe inhibits mucin 2 expression by hypermethylation via lipid raft-mediated ros signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. | mucin is an important physical barrier against enteric pathogens. vvpe is an elastase encoded by gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus; however, the functional role of vvpe in intestinal mucin (muc) production is yet to be elucidated. the recombinant protein (r) vvpe significantly reduced the level of muc2 in human mucus-secreting ht29-mtx cells. the repression of muc2 induced by rvvpe was highly susceptible to the knockdown of intelectin-1b (itln) and sequestration of cholesterol by methyl- ... | 2015 | 26086960 |
| site-specific processing of ras and rap1 switch i by a martx toxin effector domain. | ras (rat sarcoma) protein is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation. mutations in the ras gene are known to occur in human cancers and have been shown to contribute to carcinogenesis. in this study, we show that the multifunctional-autoprocessing repeats-in-toxin (martx) toxin-effector domain duf5(vv) from vibrio vulnificus to be a site-specific endopeptidase that cleaves within the switch 1 region of ras and rap1. duf5(vv) processing of ras, which occurs both biochemically and in ... | 2015 | 26051945 |
| kissing loop interaction in adenine riboswitch: insights from umbrella sampling simulations. | riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory rna elements prevalently located in the leader sequences of bacterial mrna. an adenine sensing riboswitch cis-regulates adeninosine deaminase gene (add) in vibrio vulnificus. the structural mechanism regulating its conformational changes upon ligand binding mostly remains to be elucidated. in this open framework it has been suggested that the ligand stabilizes the interaction of the distal "kissing loop" complex. using accurate full-atom molecular dynamics ... | 2015 | 26051557 |
| analysis of vibrio vulnificus infection risk when consuming depurated raw oysters. | a beta poisson dose-response model for vibrio vulnificus food poisoning cases leading to septicemia was used to evaluate the effect of depuration at 15 °c on the estimated health risk associated with raw oyster consumption. statistical variability sources included v. vulnificus level at harvest, time and temperature during harvest and transportation to processing plants, decimal reductions (sv) observed during experimental circulation depuration treatments, refrigerated storage time before consu ... | 2015 | 26038900 |
| model for end-stage liver disease (meld) score as a predictor and monitor of mortality in patients with vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections. | vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (vnsstis) usually predispose patients with or without preexisting liver disease to septic shock, and then evolve to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (mods), thus resulting in high mortality in humans. however, clinicians do not have a valid prediction model to provide a reliable estimate of case-fatality rate when caring for these acutely and/or critically ill patients. | 2015 | 25923115 |
| vibrio vulnificus rtxa1 modulated calcium flux contributes reduced internalization in phagocytes. | vibrio vulnificusis an opportunistic pathogen that causes primary septicemia and wound infection with high mortality rate. this pathogen produces an rtx toxin (rtxa1) which can cause host cell rounding, cell death and interference with internalization by host phagocytes. however, the mechanism of rtxa1-induced phagocyte paralysis is not clear. | 2015 | 25916802 |
| stationary-phase induction of vvps expression by three transcription factors: repression by leuo and activation by smcr and crp. | an exoprotease of vibrio vulnificus, vvps, exhibits an autolytic function during the stationary phase. to understand how vvps expression is controlled, the regulators involved in vvps transcription and their regulatory mechanisms were investigated. leuo was isolated in a ligand-fishing experiment, and experiments using a leuo-deletion mutant revealed that leuo represses vvps transcription. leuo bound the extended region including leuo-binding site (lbs)-i and lbs-ii. further screening of additio ... | 2015 | 25869813 |
| host-pathogen interactions in vibrio vulnificus: responses of monocytes and vascular endothelial cells to live bacteria. | to demonstrate that vibrio vulnificus, a sepsis-related aquatic pathogen, can provoke a strong pro-inflammatory reaction in blood-associated target cells. | 2015 | 25865188 |
| identification of novel inflammatory cytokines and contribution of keratinocyte-derived chemokine to inflammation in response to vibrio vulnificus infection in mice. | currently, only tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α) and interleukin family cytokines have been found to be elicited in vibrio vulnificus (v. vulnificus)-infected animal models and humans. however, multiple other cytokines are also involved in the immune and inflammatory responses to foreign microorganism infection. antibody array technology, unlike traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), is able to detect multiple cytokines at one time. therefore, in this study, we examined the pr ... | 2015 | 25862020 |
| molecular analysis of promoter and intergenic region attenuator of the vibrio vulnificus prx1ahpf operon. | prx1, an ahpf-dependent 2-cys peroxiredoxin (prx), was previously identified in vibrio vulnificus, a facultative aerobic pathogen. in the present study, transcription of the v. vulnificus prx1ahpf genes, which are adjacently located on the chromosome, was evaluated by analyzing the promoter and intergenic region of the two genes. northern blot analyses revealed that transcription of prx1ahpf results in two transcripts, the prx1 and prx1ahpf transcripts. primer extension analysis and a point muta ... | 2015 | 25824432 |
| vibrio vulnificus detected in the spleen leads to fatal outcome in a mouse oral infection model. | vibrio vulnificus causes rapid disseminating septicemia by oral infection in infected individuals who have an underlying disease, especially chronic liver diseases. although the elucidation of specific risk factors for v. vulnificus infection in patients with liver diseases is of urgent importance, no appropriate experimental animal model that mimics the liver diseases in this bacterial infection has been available so far. to discover these risk factors, we generated a liver disordered mouse by ... | 2015 | 25790509 |
| signature-tagged mutagenesis of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is the causative agent of primary septicemia, wound infection and gastroenteritis in immunocompromised people. in this study, signature-tagged mutagenesis (stm) was applied to identify the virulence genes of v. vulnificus. using stm, 6,480 mutants in total were constructed and divided into 81 sets (input pools); each mutant in a set was assigned a different tag. each input pool was intraperitoneally injected into iron-overloaded mice, and in vivo surviving mutants were collecte ... | 2015 | 25755021 |
| evaluation of the bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry system for identification of blood isolates of vibrio species. | among 56 blood isolates of vibrio species identified by sequencing analysis of 16s rrna and rpob genes, the bruker biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) system correctly identified all isolates of vibrio vulnificus (n = 20), v. parahaemolyticus (n = 2), and v. fluvialis (n = 1) but none of the isolates of serogroup non-o1/o139 (non-serogroup o1, non-o139) v. cholerae (n = 33) to the species level. all of these serogroup non-o1/o139 v ... | 2015 | 25740773 |
| vibrio vulnificus vvha induces nf-κb-dependent mitochondrial cell death via lipid raft-mediated ros production in intestinal epithelial cells. | the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus produces hemolysin (vvha), which induces cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. however, our understanding of the cytotoxic mechanism and the modes of action of vvha are still fragmentary and incomplete. the recombinant protein (r) vvha (50 pg/ml) significantly induces necrotic cell death and apoptosis in human intestinal epithelial (int-407) cells. the apoptotic cell death induced by rvvha is highly susceptible to the sequestration of cholesterol by methy ... | 2015 | 25695598 |
| genetic characterization of vibrio vulnificus strains isolated from oyster samples in mexico. | vibrio vulnificus strains were isolated from oysters that were collected at the main seafood market in mexico city. strains were characterized with regard to vvha, vcg genotype, pfge, multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and rtxa1. analyses included a comparison with rtxa1 reference sequences. environmental (vcge) and clinical (vcgc) genotypes were isolated at nearly equal percentages. pfge had high heterogeneity, but the strains clustered by vcge or vcgc genotype. select housekeeping genes for ml ... | 2015 | 25651067 |
| vvpm induces human cell death via multifarious modes including necroptosis and autophagy. | vvpm, one of the extracellular metalloproteases produced by vibrio vulnificus, induces apoptotic cell death via a pathway consisting of erk activation, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases-9 and -3. vvpm-treated cells also showed necrotic cell death as stained by propidium iodide (pi). the percentage of pi-stained cells was decreased by pretreatment with necrostatin-1, indicating that vvpm-mediated cell death occurs through necroptosis. the appearance of autophagic vesicles and lipid ... | 2015 | 25649984 |
| tetanus toxin fragment c fused to flagellin makes a potent mucosal vaccine. | recombinant subunit vaccines provide safe and targeted protection against microbial infections. however, the protective efficacy of recombinant subunit vaccines tends to be less potent than the whole cell vaccines, especially when they are administered through mucosal routes. we have reported that a bacterial flagellin has strong mucosal adjuvant activity to induce protective immune responses. in this study, we tested whether flab could be used as a fusion partner of subunit vaccine for tetanus. | 2015 | 25649002 |
| comparative genomic analysis of clinical and environmental vibrio vulnificus isolates revealed biotype 3 evolutionary relationships. | in 1996 a common-source outbreak of severe soft tissue and bloodstream infections erupted among israeli fish farmers and fish consumers due to changes in fish marketing policies. the causative pathogen was a new strain of vibrio vulnificus, named biotype 3, which displayed a unique biochemical and genotypic profile. initial observations suggested that the pathogen erupted as a result of genetic recombination between two distinct populations. we applied a whole genome shotgun sequencing approach ... | 2014 | 25642229 |
| sediment and vegetation as reservoirs of vibrio vulnificus in the tampa bay estuary and gulf of mexico. | the opportunistic pathogen vibrio vulnificus occurs naturally in estuarine habitats and is readily cultured from water and oysters under warm conditions but infrequently at ambient conditions of <15°c. the presence of v. vulnificus in other habitats, such as sediments and aquatic vegetation, has been explored much less frequently. this study investigated the ecology of v. vulnificus in water by culture and quantitative pcr (qpcr) and in sediment, oysters, and aquatic vegetation by culture. v. vu ... | 2015 | 25636843 |
| ph level as a marker for predicting death among patients with vibrio vulnificus infection, south korea, 2000-2011. | vibrio vulnificus infection can progress to necrotizing fasciitis and death. to improve the likelihood of patient survival, an early prognosis of patient outcome is clinically important for emergency/trauma department doctors. to identify an accurate and simple predictor for death among v. vulnificus-infected persons, we reviewed clinical data for 34 patients at a hospital in south korea during 2000-2011; of the patients, 16 (47%) died and 18 (53%) survived. for nonsurvivors, median time from ho ... | 2015 | 25627847 |
| role of hemf and hemn in the heme biosynthesis of vibrio vulnificus under s-adenosylmethionine-limiting conditions. | vibrio vulnificus contains two coproporphyrinogen iii oxidases (cpos): o2-dependent hemf and o2-independent hemn. the growth of the hemf mutant hf1 was similar to wild-type cells at ph 7.5 under 2% o2 conditions where hemn was active and had a half-life of 64 min. however, hf1 did not grow when the medium ph decreased to ph 5.0, where oxidative stress affects endogenous s-adenosylmethionine (sam) levels. the growth of hf1 was restored not only by elevating the expression of mnsod but also throug ... | 2015 | 25626927 |
| early steps in the european eel (anguilla anguilla)-vibrio vulnificus interaction in the gills: role of the rtxa13 toxin. | vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic gram-negative bacterium that causes a systemic disease in eels called warm-water vibriosis. natural disease occurs via water born infection; bacteria attach to the gills (the main portal of entry) and spread to the internal organs through the bloodstream, provoking host death by haemorrhagic septicaemia. v. vulnificus produces a toxin called rtxa13 that hypothetically interferes with the eel immune system facilitating bacterial invasion and subsequent death by sep ... | 2015 | 25613341 |
| multiplex pcr for detection of virulence markers of vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative pathogen found in coastal and estuarine waters worldwide that can cause life threatening diseases. characterization of the vcg (virulence correlated gene) or 16s rrna alleles is used to distinguish virulent (clinical (c)-type) from presumably avirulent (environmental (e)-type) strains. however, some studies reported a significant number of clinical strains belonging to the e-type. in recent years more potential virulence markers have been identified, that are ... | 2015 | 25604517 |
| draft genome sequences of four closely linked vibrio vulnificus isolates from the biotype 1 environmental genotype. | biotype 1 of vibrio vulnificus, which causes severe invasive intestinal and wound infections, is split into two genotypes with all previously sequenced clinical isolates from the c genotypes. we report here the whole-genome sequencing of two clinical isolates and two closely linked oyster isolates from the e genotype for comparative studies. | 2015 | 25593245 |
| hepcidin-induced hypoferremia is a critical host defense mechanism against the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus. | hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disease caused by a deficiency in the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, is associated with lethal infections by siderophilic bacteria. to elucidate the mechanisms of this susceptibility, we infected wild-type and hepcidin-deficient mice with the siderophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus and found that hepcidin deficiency results in increased bacteremia and decreased survival of infected mice, which can be partially ameliorated by dietary iron depletion ... | 2015 | 25590758 |
| cyclo(phe-pro) produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus inhibits host innate immune responses through the nf-κb pathway. | cyclo(phe-pro) (cfp) is a secondary metabolite produced by certain bacteria and fungi. although recent studies highlight the role of cfp in cell-to-cell communication by bacteria, its role in the context of the host immune response is poorly understood. in this study, we investigated the role of cfp produced by the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus in the modulation of innate immune responses toward the pathogen. cfp suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, and reacti ... | 2015 | 25561711 |
| danger on a half shell: vibrio vulnificus septicemia. | | 2015 | 25555549 |
| genome-wide snp-genotyping array to study the evolution of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus biotype 3. | vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. strains of v. vulnificus are classified into three different biotypes. the newly emerged biotype 3 has been found to be clonal and restricted to israel. in the family vibrionaceae, horizontal gene transfer is the main mechanism responsible for the emergence of new pathogen groups. to better understand the evolution of the bacterium, and in particular to trace the evolution of biotype 3, we performed genome-wide snp genoty ... | 2014 | 25526263 |
| transcriptome sequencing reveals the virulence and environmental genetic programs of vibrio vulnificus exposed to host and estuarine conditions. | vibrio vulnificus is a natural inhabitant of estuarine waters worldwide and is of medical relevance due to its ability to cause grievous wound infections and/or fatal septicemia. genetic polymorphisms within the virulence-correlated gene (vcg) serve as a primary feature to distinguish clinical (c-) genotypes from environmental (e-) genotypes. c-genotypes demonstrate superior survival in human serum relative to e-genotypes, and genome comparisons have allowed for the identification of several put ... | 2014 | 25489854 |
| serum survival of vibrio vulnificus: role of genotype, capsule, complement, clinical origin, and in situ incubation. | virulence of the human pathogen, v. vulnificus, is associated with encapsulation, serum complement resistance, and genotype. the c-genotype of this bacterium is correlated (>90%) with virulence and with isolation source (clinical settings). e-genotype strains are highly correlated with environmental isolation (93%) but appear less virulent. in this study, we characterized the importance of genotype, encapsulation, serum complement, and in situ exposure to estuarine water on the survival of the t ... | 2014 | 25436506 |
| impact of analytic provenance in genome analysis. | many computational methods are available for assembly and annotation of newly sequenced microbial genomes. however, when new genomes are reported in the literature, there is frequently very little critical analysis of choices made during the sequence assembly and gene annotation stages. these choices have a direct impact on the biologically relevant products of a genomic analysis--for instance identification of common and differentiating regions among genomes in a comparison, or identification o ... | 2014 | 25435180 |
| draft genome sequence of fish pathogenic vibrio vulnificus biotype 2. | vibrio vulnificus is a marine pathogen capable of causing severe soft tissue infections and septicemia in humans. v. vulnificus biotype 2 is the etiological agent of fish vibriosis. we describe here the first draft genome sequence of v. vulnificus biotype 2, strain es-7601, isolated from an infected eel in japan. | 2014 | 25428972 |
| role of anaerobiosis in capsule production and biofilm formation in vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus, a pervasive human pathogen, can cause potentially fatal septicemia after consumption of undercooked seafood. biotype 1 strains of v. vulnificus are most commonly associated with human infection and are separated into two genotypes, clinical (c) and environmental (e), based on the virulence-correlated gene. for ingestion-based vibriosis to occur, this bacterium must be able to withstand multiple conditions as it traverses the gastrointestinal tract and ultimately gains entry in ... | 2015 | 25404024 |
| [the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell on lung injury induced by vibrio vulnificus sepsis]. | to discuss the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (bmsc) on lung injury induced by vibrio vulnificus sepsis and its mechanism. | 2014 | 25399898 |
| vvpm, an extracellular metalloprotease of vibrio vulnificus, induces apoptotic death of human cells. | a pathogenic bacterium, vibrio vulnificus produces various extracellular proteases including the elastolytic metalloprotease, vvpe. in silico analysis of its genome revealed a vvpe-homologous protease, vvpm whose proteolytic activity was abolished by specific inhibitors against metalloproteases. to investigate whether this newly identified protease has pathogenic role in host interaction in addition to proteolytic role, human cell lines were incubated with recombinant vvpm (rvvpm). rvvpm-challen ... | 2014 | 25363631 |
| complete genome sequence of vibrio vulnificus 93u204, a bacterium isolated from diseased tilapia in taiwan. | vibrio vulnificus 93u204 is a bacterium isolated from a moribund tilapia collected in kaohsiung, taiwan. here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its pathogenicity and for comparative analyses with human-pathogenic strains within the same species. | 2014 | 25278541 |
| factors affecting the uptake and retention of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. | vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium ubiquitous in oysters and coastal water, is capable of causing ailments ranging from gastroenteritis to grievous wound infections or septicemia. the uptake of these bacteria into oysters is often examined in vitro by placing oysters in seawater amended with v. vulnificus. multiple teams have obtained similar results in studies where laboratory-grown bacteria were observed to be rapidly taken up by oysters but quickly eliminated. this technique, along with suggested ... | 2014 | 25261513 |
| the rnd protein is involved in the vulnibactin export system in vibrio vulnificus m2799. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in humans, requires iron for its pathogenesis. this bacterium exports vulnibactin for iron acquisition from the environment. the mechanisms of vulnibactin biosynthesis and ferric-vulnibactin uptake systems have recently been reported, while the vulnibactin export system has not been reported. mutant growth under low-iron concentration conditions and a bioassay of the culture supernatant indicate th ... | 2014 | 25205089 |
| modeling and forecasting the distribution of vibrio vulnificus in chesapeake bay. | to construct statistical models to predict the presence, abundance and potential virulence of vibrio vulnificus in surface waters of chesapeake bay for implementation in ecological forecasting systems. | 2014 | 25139334 |
| comparison of skin and soft tissue infections caused by vibrio and aeromonas species. | the aim of this study was to compare skin and soft tissue infections (sstis) caused by vibrio and aeromonas spp. | 2014 | 25126885 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of pvv01, a p1-like plasmid prophage of vibrio vulnificus. | we report here the 79,263-bp plasmid pvv01 isolated from vibrio vulnificus. pvv01 is closely related to the vibrio plasmid p0908 and shows some similarities to phage p1. unlike p0908, pvv01 represents an intact prophage inducible by mitomycin c. pvv01 phage particles revealed a myoviridal morphology and lytic activity. | 2014 | 25125637 |
| isolation of vibrio vulnificus from seawater and emerging vibrio vulnificus septicemia on jeju island. | vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen, transmitted from seawater, raw oyster, and shellfish and responsible for severe septicemia. we studied v. vulnificus from surface seawater around jeju island between 2010 and 2011. in 2010, v. vulnificus was isolated and v. vulnificus septicemia was reported. surface seawater temperature is an important factor for growth of v. vulnificus, and here we showed that high surface seawater temperature may influence growth of v. vulnificus and occur ... | 2014 | 25024873 |
| flagellin from marinobacter algicola and vibrio vulnificus activates the innate immune response of gilthead seabream. | adjuvants have emerged as the best tools to enhance the efficacy of vaccination. however, the traditional adjuvants used in aquaculture may cause adverse alterations in fish making necessary the development of new adjuvants able to stimulate the immune system and offer strong protection against infectious pathogens with minimal undesirable effects. in this respect, flagellin seems an attractive candidate due to its ability to strongly stimulate the immune response of fish. in the present study, ... | 2014 | 25020195 |
| genetic analysis and prevalence studies of the brp exopolysaccharide locus of vibrio vulnificus. | phase variation in the gram-negative human pathogen vibrio vulnificus involves three colonial morphotypes- smooth opaque colonies due to production of capsular polysaccharide (cps), smooth translucent colonies as the result of little or no cps expression, and rugose colonies due to production of a separate extracellular polysaccharide (eps), which greatly enhances biofilm formation. previously, it was shown that the brp locus, which consists of nine genes arranged as an operon, is up-regulated i ... | 2014 | 25013926 |
| pleiotropic effects of a vibrio extracellular protease on the activation of contact system. | many proteases secreted by pathogenic bacteria can affect seriously on hemostatic system. we have reported that an extracellular zinc metalloprotease (named vep-45) from vibrio vulnificus atcc29307 activates prothrombin to active thrombin, leading the formation of fibrin clot. in this study, the effects of vep-45 on the intrinsic pathway of coagulation and the kallikrein/kinin system were examined. the protease could activate proteolytically clotting factor zymogens, including fxii, fxi, fx, and ... | 2014 | 24996182 |
| in vivo efficacy of the combination of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime against vibrio vulnificus sepsis. | the in vivo efficacy of a cefotaxime-ciprofloxacin combination against vibrio vulnificus and the effects on rtxa1 expression of commonly used antibiotics are unknown. | 2014 | 24978586 |
| molecular analysis of vibrio vulnificus isolated from cockles and patients in thailand. | vibrio vulnificus can cause septicemia, wound infection and gastroenteritis. the most severe infections are related to consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. virulence genes, biomarkers, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic relationships among v vulnificus isolated from clinical and environmental sources in thailand have not hitherto been investigated. viub encoding vulnibactin siderophore was detected in 33% and 50% of clinical and environmental (cockle) v. vulnificus isolates, respectivel ... | 2014 | 24964659 |
| high pressure processing of bivalve shellfish and hpp's use as a virus intervention. | bivalve shellfish readily bioconcentrate pathogenic microbes and substance, such as algal and dinoflagulate toxins, fecal viruses and bacteria, and naturally present vibrio bacteria. high pressure processing (hpp) is currently used as an intervention for vibrio vulnificus bacteria within molluscan shellfish and its potential to inactivate food-borne viruses and bacteria are discussed. mechanisms of action of high pressure against bacteria and viruses, as well as how time of pressure application, ... | 2014 | 28234323 |
| uncertainty in model predictions of vibrio vulnificus response to climate variability and change: a chesapeake bay case study. | the effect that climate change and variability will have on waterborne bacteria is a topic of increasing concern for coastal ecosystems, including the chesapeake bay. surface water temperature trends in the bay indicate a warming pattern of roughly 0.3-0.4°c per decade over the past 30 years. it is unclear what impact future warming will have on pathogens currently found in the bay, including vibrio spp. using historical environmental data, combined with three different statistical models of vib ... | 2014 | 24874082 |
| emergency treatment of 16 patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus infection complicated with septic shock. | | 2014 | 24824268 |
| quorum sensing-dependent metalloprotease vvpe is important in the virulence of vibrio vulnificus to invertebrates. | vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for fatal septicemia caused by contaminated sea foods in eastern asia. quorum sensing (qs) is a cell-density dependent gene regulation mechanism that controls the expression of many virulence genes in various bacteria and v. vulnificus has been also suggested to express their virulence genes through the qs system. in this study, we investigated the role of qs system and qs-regulated exoproteases in the v ... | 2014 | 24769338 |
| induction, resuscitation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses of viable but nonculturable vibrio vulnificus in artificial sea water. | vibrio vulnificus, an important food-borne pathogen, is known to enter viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state under low temperature and low nutrition stress conditions. present study examined the time required for induction of vbnc state and temperature which induces resuscitation of v. vulnificus yj016. the change in cell morphology and gene expression during vbnc state and in resuscitated cells was also examined. v. vulnificus incubated in artificial sea water at 4 °c entered vbnc state after c ... | 2014 | 24696138 |
| vibrio vulnificus outbreaks in dutch eel farms since 1996: strain diversity and impact. | vibrio vulnificus is a potentially zoonotic bacterial pathogen of fish, which can infect humans (causing necrotic fasciitis). we analysed 24 v. vulnificus isolates (from 23 severe eel disease outbreaks in 8 dutch eel farms during 1996 to 2009, and 1 clinical strain from an eel farmer) for genetic correlation and zoonotic potential. strains were typed using biotyping and molecular typing by high-throughput multilocus sequence typing (himlst) and rep-pcr (diversilab®). we identified 19 strains of ... | 2014 | 24695233 |
| draft genome sequence of israeli outbreak-associated vibrio vulnificus biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87. | vibrio vulnificus is a seafood-associated pathogen that causes severe wound and intestinal infections. biotype 3 of v. vulnificus emerged in 1996 as the cause of an israeli outbreak associated with the handling of infected tilapia. here, we describe the whole-genome sequence of the atcc biotype 3 clinical isolate baa87 (cdc9530-96). | 2014 | 24652973 |
| low cell density regulator apha upregulates the expression of vibrio vulnificus iscr gene encoding the fe-s cluster regulator iscr. | iscr is a global transcriptional regulator that contributes to the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen. in the present study, the regulatory mechanism for the iscr expression of v. vulnificus was evaluated. the expression of iscr was found to be upregulated by a transcriptional regulator apha, a homologue of the low cell density regulator apha of the vibrio species, in the exponential phase of growth. the promoter activity of iscr appeared to be activated and repressed by ap ... | 2014 | 24535746 |
| tlr2 and tlr4 mediate the tnfα response to vibrio vulnificus biotype 1. | vibrio vulnificus (vv) is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause life-threatening infections in humans. most fatal cases are due to septic shock that results from dysregulation of cytokines, particularly tnfα, which plays a critical role in the outcome of vv infection. the goal of this study was to investigate the toll-like receptor (tlr)-mediated tnfα response to four vv biotype 1 strains using mice deficient for tlr2, tlr4, and tlr2/tlr4. ex vivo assays were performed with blood, splenocytes, a ... | 2014 | 24532589 |
| interspecific quorum sensing mediates the resuscitation of viable but nonculturable vibrios. | entry and exit from dormancy are essential survival mechanisms utilized by microorganisms to cope with harsh environments. many bacteria, including the opportunistic human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, enter a form of dormancy known as the viable but nonculturable (vbnc) state. vbnc cells can resuscitate when suitable conditions arise, yet the molecular mechanisms facilitating resuscitation in most bacteria are not well understood. we discovered that bacterial cell-free supernatants (cfs) can awak ... | 2014 | 24509922 |
| prognostic factor of mortality and its clinical implications in patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus. | in taiwan, the aquatic environment and endemic hepatitis contribute to the high susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus infection. a multidisciplinary treatment protocol for necrotizing fasciitis caused by v. vulnificus was developed in our institute, namely, ceftriaxone or ceftazidime combined with doxycycline or minocycline followed by an emergency fasciotomy and intensive care unit admission. we retrospectively reviewed 100 cases to evaluate the effectiveness of our treatment protocol and identif ... | 2014 | 24419406 |
| molecular typing of environmental and clinical strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated in the northeastern usa. | vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium that is responsible for infections and some seafood-related illnesses and deaths in the united states, mainly in individuals with compromised health status in the gulf of mexico region. most phylogenetic studies focus on v. vulnificus strains isolated in the southern united states, but almost no genetic data are available on northeastern bacterial isolates of clinical or environmental origin. our goal in this study was to examine the genetic div ... | 2013 | 24386187 |
| implications of chitin attachment for the environmental persistence and clinical nature of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. | vibrio vulnificus naturally inhabits a variety of aquatic organisms, including oysters, and is the leading cause of seafood-related death in the united states. strains of this bacterium are genetically classified into environmental (e) and clinical (c) genotypes, which correlate with source of isolation. e-genotype strains integrate into marine aggregates more efficiently than do c-genotype strains, leading to a greater uptake of strains of this genotype by oysters feeding on these aggregates. t ... | 2014 | 24362430 |
| the evaluation of four recent culture-based methods for the isolation and enumeration of vibrio vulnificus bacteria from oyster meat. | the most common cause of seafood-borne death in the united states is the bacterium vibrio vulnificus which can be concentrated into high numbers in the tissues of oysters or other shellfish. the ability to quickly, accurately, and inexpensively isolate living strains of this organism from oyster tissues is crucial for effective research on this pathogen. in this report, we evaluate four methods for isolating and quantifying v. vulnificus from oyster tissues, the solid media cpc+ (a refined versi ... | 2014 | 24355773 |
| a bacterial flagellin in combination with proinflammatory cytokines activates human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to generate cytotoxic t lymphocytes having increased homing signals to cancer. | flagellin, the cognate ligand for toll-like receptor 5, has potent adjuvant activity in various vaccines. however, its efficacy in generating dendritic cells (dcs) remains contentious. this study assessed how efficaciously vibrio vulnificus flab (v-flab) could be used in generating a potent dc to induce antigen-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls). mature dcs (mdcs) induced by the combination of v-flab/tnfα/ifnα were significantly more potent in inducing specific anticancer immune responses c ... | 2014 | 24316552 |
| antibacterial activity of biosecur(®) citrus extract surface cleaner against vibrio vulnificus. | this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of biosecur(®) citrus extract surface cleaner against vibrio vulnificus using plate count method. two concentrations, 0.5% and 2% of biosecur(®) surface cleaner were plated on vibrio vulnificus agar (vva) and tested for reduction of vibrio vulnificus. in order to investigate the lasting residual activity of biosecur(®), antibacterial activity tests were also performed at time intervals up to 2.5 h after biosecur(®) was plated on vva. biosecur(®) sh ... | 2013 | 24302976 |
| molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of vibrio vulnificus in retail shrimps in hangzhou, people's republic of china. | vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacterium that occurs naturally in estuarine and marine water and is associated with wound infections or septicemia related to the consumption of raw shellfish in humans. the molecular characteristics and antibiotic susceptibilities of v. vulnificus strains in shrimps from retail markets in hangzhou, people's republic of china, were investigated in this study. thirty-three samples were positive for v. vulnificus in 78 shrimp samples which were collected from ... | 2013 | 24290683 |
| protection against vibrio vulnificus infection by active and passive immunization with the c-terminal region of the rtxa1/martxvv protein. | vibrio vulnificus is a foodborne pathogen that is prevalent in coastal waters worldwide. infection with v. vulnificus causes septicemia with fatality rates exceeding 50% even with aggressive antibiotic therapy. several vaccine studies to prevent v. vulnificus infection have been performed but have had limited success. in this study, we identified the c-terminal region (amino acids 3491 to 4701) of the v. vulnificus multifunctional autoprocessing rtx (martxvv or rtxa1) protein, rtxa1-c, as a prom ... | 2014 | 24252692 |
| comparison of plating media for recovery of total and virulent genotypes of vibrio vulnificus in u.s. market oysters. | vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood associated mortality in the united states and is generally associated with consumption of raw oysters. two genetic markers have emerged as indicators of strain virulence, 16s rdna type b (rrnb) and virulence correlated gene type c (vcgc). while much is known about the distribution of v. vulnificus in oysters, a limited number of studies have addressed the more virulent subtypes. therefore, the goals of this study were to (1) determine the suitabi ... | 2013 | 24184610 |
| a fish-stunning wound infection with acute cardiac injury. | vibrio vulnificus typically causes septicemia and necrotic wound infection. among v vulnificus–related complications, acute nonthrombotic myocardial damage has not been reported. the most effective antibiotic treatment of v vulnificus infection includes combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and a tetracycline or its analogue. however, recommendations of a fourth-generation cephalosporinbased regimen for treating the disease are not established. a 67-year-old diabetic man acquired v vul ... | 2014 | 24176592 |
| survival of vibrio vulnificus genotypes in male and female serum, and production of siderophores in human serum and seawater. | vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium responsible for 95% of all seafood-related deaths in the united states. several studies have demonstrated that v. vulnificus infections are enhanced when host iron availability is increased, such as occurs with chronic liver disease. because of the gender difference seen in these infections, we examined whether there was a difference in the survival in both male and female serum by both the c (clinical) and e (environmental) genotypes of v. vulnificus. ... | 2014 | 24161025 |
| differential expression of a sodium-phosphate cotransporter among vibrio vulnificus strains. | vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium with pathogenic potential. its three known biotypes differ in host distribution. we have found the npta gene for a sodium-phosphate cotransporter, which is rare in bacteria, in each biotype. npta transcript abundance differed significantly among biotypes, leading to the hypothesis that transcript levels differ under environmental conditions associated with estuarine and host environments. npta transcript abundance was assessed in v. vulnificus biotypes ... | 2014 | 24141939 |
| role of periplasmic binding proteins, fatb and vatd, in the vulnibactin utilization system of vibrio vulnificus m2799. | vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine bacterium that causes a serious, often fatal, infection in humans, requires iron for its pathogenesis. this bacterium uses iron from the environment via the vulnibactin-mediated-iron-uptake system. in this study, we constructed the deletion mutants of the genes encoding the proteins involved in the vulnibactin-mediated-iron-uptake system, isochorismate synthase (ics), vulnibactin utilization protein (vuub), periplasmic ferric-vulnibactin binding protein ... | 2013 | 24135791 |
| prevalence and genetic characterization of vibrio vulnificus in raw seafood and seawater in malaysia. | vibrio vulnificus is a highly invasive human pathogen that exists naturally in estuarine environment and coastal waters. in this study, we used different pcr assays to detect v. vulnificus in 260 seafood and 80 seawater samples. v. vulnificus was present in about 34 (13%) of the 260 seafood samples and 18 (23%) of the 80 seawater samples. repetitive extragenic palindromic pcr (rep-pcr) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr) were applied to subtype the v. vulnificus is ... | 2013 | 24112583 |
| [preparation of monoclonal antibodies against flagellin core protein of vibrio vulnificus and its application in testing vibrio vulnificus from food products]. | to prepare the monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against flagellin core protein of vibrio (v.) vulnificus and establish the double-antibody sandwich elisa for testing v. vulnificus from food products. | 2013 | 24103267 |
| role of capsular polysaccharide (cps) in biofilm formation and regulation of cps production by quorum-sensing in vibrio vulnificus. | extracellular polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharide and loosely associated exopolysaccharides, are essential for vibrio vulnificus to form biofilms. the role of another major component of the v. vulnificus extracellular matrix, capsular polysaccharide (cps), which contributes to colony opacity, has been characterized in biofilm formation. a cps-deficient mutant, whose wbpp gene encoding udp-glcnac c4-epimerase was knocked out, formed significantly more biofilm than wild type, due to increa ... | 2013 | 24102883 |
| transcriptomic analysis of genes modulated by cyclo(l-phenylalanine-l-proline) in vibrio vulnificus. | diketopiperazine is produced by various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and animals, and has been suggested as a novel signal molecule involved in the modulation of genes with various biological functions. vibrio vulnificus, which causes septicemia in humans, produces cyclo(l-phenylalanine-l-proline) (cfp). to understand the biological roles of cfp, the effect of the compound on the expression of the total mrna in v. vulnificus was assessed by nextgeneration sequencing. based on the transc ... | 2013 | 24100622 |
| zernike phase contrast cryo-electron tomography of whole bacterial cells. | cryo-electron tomography (cryo-et) provides three-dimensional (3d) structural information of bacteria preserved in a native, frozen-hydrated state. the typical low contrast of tilt-series images, a result of both the need for a low electron dose and the use of conventional defocus phase-contrast imaging, is a challenge for high-quality tomograms. we show that zernike phase-contrast imaging allows the electron dose to be reduced. this limits movement of gold fiducials during the tilt series, whic ... | 2014 | 24075950 |
| effects of temperature, growth phase and luxo-disruption on regulation systems of toxin production in vibrio vulnificus strain l-180, a human clinical isolate. | vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic estuarine bacterium while it causes fatal septicemia or necrotizing wound infections in humans. this pathogen secretes the metalloprotease (v. vulnificus protease: vvp) and the cytolysin (v. vulnificus hemolysin: vvh) as protein toxins; however, their production was coordinated in response to the bacterial cell density. this regulation is termed quorum sensing (qs) and is mediated by the small diffusible molecule called autoinducer 2 (ai-2). in the present study ... | 2014 | 24068537 |
| controlling vibrio vulnificus and spoilage bacteria in fresh shucked oysters using natural antimicrobials. | this study evaluated the efficacy of grape seed extract (ge), citric acid (ca) and lactic acid (la) on the inactivation of vibrio vulnificus and inherent microflora in fresh shucked oysters. the minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) of ge, ca or la against v. vulnificus was determined. furthermore, the shucked oysters were artificially inoculated with v. vulnificus. the inoculated shucked oysters (25 g) were then dipped in 250 ml ge, ca or la solutions for 10 min. the population of v. vulnificu ... | 2014 | 24001001 |
| electrotransfer of the epinecidin-1 gene into skeletal muscle enhances the antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions of a marine fish, grouper (epinephelus coioides). | electrotransfer of plasmid dna into skeletal muscle is a common non-viral delivery system for the study of gene function and for gene therapy. however, the effects of epinecidin-1 (epi) on bacterial growth and immune system modulation following its electrotransfer into the muscle of grouper (epinephelus coioides), a marine fish species, have not been addressed. in this study, pcmv-gfp-epi plasmid was electroporated into grouper muscle, and its effect on subsequent infection with vibrio vulnificu ... | 2013 | 23973381 |
| an improved method for quantification of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. | chromogenic agar was compared with the fda recommended cellobiose-colistin agar for assessment of vibrio vulnificus in oysters. a two-step culture confirmation method was also evaluated. the inclusion of ca gave a 33% increase in the detection rate and the two-step culture confirmation eliminated 62.5% of false positives. | 2013 | 23933605 |
| luxr homologue smcr is essential for vibrio vulnificus pathogenesis and biofilm detachment, and its expression is induced by host cells. | quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication system known to control many bacterial processes. in the present study, the functions of quorum sensing in the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus, a food-borne pathogen, were assessed by evaluating the virulence of a mutant deficient in smcr, a quorum-sensing regulator and homologue of luxr. when biofilms were used as an inoculum, the smcr mutant was impaired in virulence and colonization capacity in the infection of mice. the lack of smcr also resul ... | 2013 | 23897607 |
| retrospective analysis of epidemiological aspects of vibrio vulnificus infections in korea in 2001-2010. | in this study, we performed a retrospective, quantitative analysis of the epidemiological aspects and risk factors of vibrio vulnificus infections in korea from 2001 to 2010. in a total of 588 v. vulnificus infection cases (prevalence rate, 0.12 cases/100,000 persons), 285 were fatal (case-fatality rate [cfr], 48.5%). males were more significantly infected by v. vulnificus than females (86.1% versus 13.9%; p < 0.01), and a higher incidence of v. vulnificus infections was observed in people aged ... | 2013 | 23883847 |
| impact of 2003 state regulation on raw oyster-associated vibrio vulnificus illnesses and deaths, california, usa. | us vibriosis rates have increased since 1996, and many vibrio vulnificus infections are fatal. in april 2003, california implemented a regulation restricting the sale of raw oysters harvested from the gulf of mexico during april 1-october 31, unless they were processed to reduce v. vulnificus to nondetectable levels. we analyzed california cases of v. vulnificus infection before and after the regulation's implementation and compared case data with data from other states. the annual number of rep ... | 2013 | 23876744 |
| seasonality, clinical types and prognostic factors of vibrio vulnificus infection. | vibrio vulnificus infection, an uncommon but life-threatening illness, manifests as two main types, primary septicemia and primary wound infections. little information regarding the seasonality of v. vulnificus infections in tropical areas and prognostic factors of primary v. vulnificus wound infections is available. | 2013 | 23857388 |
| three-state mechanism couples ligand and temperature sensing in riboswitches. | riboswitches are cis-acting gene-regulatory rna elements that can function at the level of transcription, translation and rna cleavage. the commonly accepted molecular mechanism for riboswitch function proposes a ligand-dependent conformational switch between two mutually exclusive states. according to this mechanism, ligand binding to an aptamer domain induces an allosteric conformational switch of an expression platform, leading to activation or repression of ligand-related gene expression. ho ... | 2013 | 23842498 |
| pre-existing medical conditions associated with vibrio vulnificus septicaemia. | vibrio vulnificus (vv) can result in severe disease. although pre-existing liver disease is a recognized risk factor for serious infection, the relative importance of other comorbidities has not been fully assessed. we analysed reports of vv infections submitted to cdc from january 1988 to september 2006 in order to assess the role of pre-existing conditions contributing to severe outcomes. a total of 1212 patients with vv infection were reported. only patients with liver disease [adjusted odds ... | 2014 | 23842472 |