| molecular typing and presence of genetic markers among strains of banana finger-tip rot pathogen, burkholderia cenocepacia, in taiwan. | abstract burkholderia cenocepacia (genomovar iii of b. cepacia complex), the causal agent of banana finger-tip rot, is a common plant-associated bacterium but also an important opportunistic pathogen of humans. to better understand the nature of b. cenocepacia from banana, the genetic variation among b. cenocepacia isolates from various banana-growing regions in southern taiwan was examined. forty-four serial isolates recovered from diseased banana stigmata from three banana-growing regions duri ... | 2007 | 18944375 |
| transformation of soil microbial community structure and rhizoctonia-suppressive potential in response to apple roots. | abstract changes in the composition of soil microbial communities and relative disease-suppressive ability of resident microflora in response to apple cultivation were assessed in orchard soils from a site possessing trees established for 1 to 5 years. the fungal community from roots of apple seedlings grown in noncultivated orchard soil was dominated by isolates from genera commonly considered saprophytic. plant-pathogenic fungi in the genera phytophthora, pythium, and rhizoctonia constituted a ... | 1999 | 18944736 |
| mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhance biological control of multiple cucumber pathogens. | abstract plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) strains inr7 (bacillus pumilus), gb03 (bacillus subtilis), and me1 (curtobacterium flaccumfaciens) were tested singly and in combinations for biological control against multiple cucumber pathogens. investigations under greenhouse conditions were conducted with three cucumber pathogens-colletotrichum orbiculare (causing anthracnose), pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (causing angular leaf spot), and erwinia tracheiphila(causing cucurbit wilt ... | 1998 | 18944848 |
| respiratory infections unique to asia. | asia is a highly heterogeneous region with vastly different cultures, social constitutions and populations affected by a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases caused by tropical pathogens. asian patients with community-acquired pneumonia differ from their western counterparts in microbiological aetiology, in particular the prominence of gram-negative organisms, mycobacterium tuberculosis, burkholderia pseudomallei and staphylococcus aureus. in addition, the differences in socioeconomic and healt ... | 2008 | 18945321 |
| myd88 dependent signaling contributes to protective host defense against burkholderia pseudomallei. | toll-like receptors (tlrs) have a central role in the recognition of pathogens and the initiation of the innate immune response. myeloid differentiation primary-response gene 88 (myd88) and tir-domain-containing adaptor protein inducing ifnbeta (trif) are regarded as the key signaling adaptor proteins for tlrs. melioidosis, which is endemic in se-asia, is a severe infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei. we here aimed to characterize the role of myd88 and trif i ... | 2008 | 18946505 |
| [nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and risk factors for mortality]. | nosocomial bacteremia is a major cause of hospital infection, associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay and higher costs. however, few prospective studies analyse the prognostic factors associated with mortality of gramnegative rods bloodstream infections in hospital wards outside of intensive care units. a prospective/descriptive study was conducted from march to december 2006. all patients with nosocomial-acquired bloodstream infection due to gramnegative ro ... | 2008 | 18949150 |
| in vivo himar1 transposon mutagenesis of burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia psedudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, and the bacterium is listed as a potential agent of bioterrorism because of its low infectious dose, multiple infectious routes, and intrinsic antibiotic resistance. to further accelerate research with this understudied bacterium, we developed a himar1-based random mutagenesis system for b. pseudomallei (himarbp). the transposons contain a flp recombinase-excisable, approved kanamycin resistance selection marker and an r6k origin ... | 2008 | 18952878 |
| human polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses to burkholderia pseudomallei in healthy and diabetic subjects. | the major predisposing factor for melioidosis is diabetes mellitus, but no immunological mechanisms have been investigated to explain this. in this study, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (pmn) responses to burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, in healthy and diabetic thai subjects were determined by flow cytometry. the results showed that b. pseudomallei displayed reduced uptake by pmns compared to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli. additionally, ... | 2009 | 18955471 |
| in vitro activities of a novel nanoemulsion against burkholderia and other multidrug-resistant cystic fibrosis-associated bacterial species. | respiratory tract infection, most often involving opportunistic bacterial species with broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance, is the primary cause of death in persons with cystic fibrosis (cf). species within the burkholderia cepacia complex are especially problematic in this patient population. we investigated a novel surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water nanoemulsion (nb-401) for activity against 150 bacterial isolates recovered primarily from cf respiratory tract specimens. these specimens includ ... | 2009 | 18955531 |
| a simple scoring system to differentiate between relapse and re-infection in patients with recurrent melioidosis. | melioidosis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in east asia. recurrent melioidosis occurs in around 10% of patients following treatment either because of relapse with the same strain or re-infection with a new strain of burkholderia pseudomallei. distinguishing between the two is important but requires bacterial genotyping. the aim of this study was to develop a simple scoring system to distinguish re-infection from relapse. | 2008 | 18958279 |
| antimicrobial drug-selection markers for burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei. | genetic research into the select agents burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei is currently hampered by a paucity of approved antimicrobial drug-selection markers. the strict regulations imposed on researchers in the united states but not in other parts of the world lead to discrepancies in practice, hinder distribution of genetically modified strains, and impede progress in the field. deliberation and decisions regarding alternative selection markers (antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial drugs) ... | 2008 | 18976550 |
| evaluation of the efficacy of disinfection procedures against burkholderia cenocepacia biofilms. | summary: in the present study we evaluated the efficacy of various procedures recommended for the disinfection of respiratory equipment and other materials in cystic fibrosis, using both planktonic and sessile burkholderia cenocepacia cells. a modified european suspension test was performed to determine the effects of the disinfection procedures on planktonic cells. the ability of the treatments to kill sessile cells and to remove biofilm biomass was evaluated using two resazurin-based viability ... | 2008 | 18977555 |
| redox warfare between airway epithelial cells and pseudomonas: dual oxidase versus pyocyanin. | the importance of reactive oxygen species-dependent microbial killing by the phagocytic cell nadph oxidase has been appreciated for some time, although only recently has an appreciation developed for the partnership of lactoperoxidase with related dual oxidases (duox) within secretions of the airway surface layer. this system produces mild oxidants designed for extracellular killing that are effective against several airway pathogens, including staphylococcus aureus, burkholderia cepacia, and ps ... | 2009 | 18979077 |
| strategies toward vaccines against burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia mallei and burkholderia pseudomallei are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, and are the causative agents of the diseases glanders and melioidosis, respectively. these bacteria have been recognized as important pathogens for over 100 years, yet a relative dearth of available information exists regarding their virulence determinants and immunopathology. infection with either of these bacteria presents with nonspecific symptoms and can be either acute or chronic, impeding rapid diagno ... | 2008 | 18980539 |
| melioidosis of the parotid: the tip of the iceberg. | | 2008 | 18984274 |
| [evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin and its derivatives]. | unlike the mammals, some species of pathogenic microorganisms synthesize isoprenoids by the mevalonate-independent pathway known as the methyl-erythritol phosphate pathway (mep). the macromolecules of the polyprenyl compounds play an essential role in the metabolism of the microbial cell. therefore, the mep enzymes can be targets for new antibiotics. antibacterial activity of fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (dxr), the key enzyme of mep in isoprenoid ... | 2007 | 18986018 |
| ten-year series of splenic abscesses in a general hospital in singapore. | splenic abscess is an uncommon clinical problem. traditionally, the "gold standard" treatment has been splenectomy. however, there is increasing use of non-operative treatments worldwide. | 2008 | 18989490 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone. | the stereoselective acetylation of meso-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanediol by vinyl acetate in the presence of three lipases gave the (1r,3s)-monoester in high enantiomeric excess (ee > or = 98%). the hydrolysis of the corresponding meso-diacetate in the presence of candida antarctica lipase in phosphate buffer provided the opposite enantiomer. optically active monoacetates were converted to both enantiomers of 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylcyclohexanone, a versatile chiral building block. | 2008 | 18991382 |
| biodegradation of carbendazim by epiphytic and neustonic bacteria of eutrophic chełmzyńskie lake. | the paper presents a study on biodegradation of carbendazim (1 mg/l) by homogeneous cultures of epiphytic (n = 25) and neustonic (n = 25) bacteria and heterogeneous (n = 1) cultures containing a mixture of 25 bacterial strains isolated from epidermis of the common reed (phragmites australis, (cav.) trin. ex steud.) and surface microlayer (sm approximately 250 microm) of eutrophic lake chełmzyńskie. results indicate that epiphytic bacteria are characterized by higher average capacity to decompose ... | 2008 | 19004243 |
| an allelic exchange system for compliant genetic manipulation of the select agents burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei and b. mallei are gram-negative bacterial pathogens that cause melioidosis in humans and glanders in horses, respectively. both bacteria are classified as category b select agents in the united states. due to strict select-agent regulations, the number of antibiotic selection markers approved for use in these bacteria is greatly limited. approved markers for b. pseudomallei include genes encoding resistance to kanamycin (km), gentamicin (gm), and zeocin (zeo); however, ... | 2009 | 19010402 |
| cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of a gene encoding chromobacterium sp. ds-1 cholesterol oxidase. | chromobacterium sp. strain ds-1 produces an extracellular cholesterol oxidase that is very stable at high temperatures and in the presence of organic solvents and detergents. in this study, we cloned and sequenced the structural gene encoding the cholesterol oxidase. the primary translation product was predicted to be 584 amino acid residues. the mature product is composed of 540 amino acid residues. the amino acid sequence of the product showed significant similarity (53-62%) to the cholesterol ... | 2009 | 19015844 |
| identification of genes conferring arsenic resistance to escherichia coli from an effluent treatment plant sludge metagenomic library. | the majority of bacteria elude culture in the laboratory. a metagenomic approach provides culture-independent access to the gene pool of the whole bacterial community. a metagenomic library was constructed from an industrial effluent treatment plant sludge containing about 1.25 gb of microbial community dna. two arsenic-resistant clones were selected from the metagenomic library. clones mt3 and mt6 had eight- and 18-fold higher resistance to sodium arsenate in comparison with the parent strain, ... | 2009 | 19016868 |
| the plug-based nanovolume microcapillary protein crystallization system (mpcs). | the microcapillary protein crystallization system (mpcs) embodies a new semi-automated plug-based crystallization technology which enables nanolitre-volume screening of crystallization conditions in a plasticware format that allows crystals to be easily removed for traditional cryoprotection and x-ray diffraction data collection. protein crystals grown in these plastic devices can be directly subjected to in situ x-ray diffraction studies. the mpcs integrates the formulation of crystallization c ... | 2008 | 19020349 |
| a novel nucleoside kinase from burkholderia thailandensis: a member of the phosphofructokinase b-type family of enzymes. | the genome of the mesophilic gram-negative bacterium burkholderia thailandensis contains an open reading frame (i.e. the bth_i1158 gene) that has been annotated as a putative ribokinase and pfk-b family member. notably, although the deduced amino acid sequence of the gene showed only 29% similarity to the recently identified nucleoside kinase from hyperthermophilic archaea methanocaldococcus jannaschii, 15 of 17 residues reportedly involved in the catalytic activity of m. jannaschii nucleoside k ... | 2008 | 19021762 |
| genomic islands from five strains of burkholderia pseudomallei. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a significant cause of morbidity and mortality where this infection is endemic. genomic differences among strains of b. pseudomallei are predicted to be one of the major causes of the diverse clinical manifestations observed among patients with melioidosis. the purpose of this study was to examine the role of genomic islands (gis) as sources of genomic diversity in this species. | 2008 | 19038032 |
| complementary cooperation between two syntrophic bacteria in pesticide degradation. | interactions between microbial species, including competition and mutualism, influence the abundance and distribution of the related species. for example, metabolic cooperation among multiple bacteria plays a major role in the maintenance of consortia. this study aims to clarify how two bacterial species coexist in a syntrophic association involving the degradation of the pesticide fenitrothion. to elucidate essential mechanisms for maintaining a syntrophic association, we employed a mathematica ... | 2009 | 19038271 |
| associative diazotrophic bacteria in grass roots and soils from heavy metal contaminated sites. | this work aimed to evaluate density of associative diazotrophic bacteria populations in soil and grass root samples from heavy metal contaminated sites, and to characterize isolates from these populations, both, phenotypically (zinc, cadmium and nacl tolerance in vitro, and protein profiles) and genotypically (16s rdna sequencing), as compared to type strains of known diazotrophic species. densities were evaluated by using nfb, fam and jnfb media, commonly used for enrichment cultures of diazotr ... | 2008 | 19039496 |
| burkholderia spp. are the most competitive symbionts of mimosa, particularly under n-limited conditions. | bacteria isolated from mimosa nodules in taiwan, papua new guinea, mexico and puerto rico were identified as belonging to either the alpha- or beta-proteobacteria. the beta-proteobacterial burkholderia and cupriavidus strains formed effective symbioses with the common invasive species mimosa diplotricha, m. pigra and m. pudica, but the alpha-proteobacterial rhizobium etli and r. tropici strains produced a range of symbiotic phenotypes from no nodulation through ineffective to effective nodulatio ... | 2009 | 19040456 |
| changes in protein expression in burkholderia vietnamiensis pr1 301 at ph 5 and 7 with and without nickel. | burkholderia vietnamiensis pr1(301) (pr1) exhibits ph-dependent nickel (ni) tolerance, with lower ni toxicity observed at ph 5 than at ph 7. the ni tolerance mechanism in pr1 is currently unknown, and traditional mechanisms of ni resistance do not appear to be present. therefore, 2d gel electrophoresis was used to examine changes in protein expression in pr1 with and without ni (3.4 mm) at ph 5 and 7. proteins with both a statistically significant and at least a twofold difference in expression ... | 2008 | 19047749 |
| burkholderia cenocepacia-induced delay of acidification and phagolysosomal fusion in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr)-defective macrophages. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is a group of opportunistic bacteria chronically infecting the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). several laboratories have shown that bcc members, in particular b. cenocepacia, survive within a membrane-bound vacuole inside phagocytic and epithelial cells. we have previously demonstrated that intracellular b. cenocepacia causes a delay in phagosomal maturation, as revealed by impaired acidification and slow accumulation of the late phagolysosom ... | 2008 | 19047750 |
| melioidosis. | melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease in india acquired through percutaneous inoculation or contaminated water. known risk factors include diabetes mellitus, renal failure, cirrhosis, and malignancy. melioidosis presents with a febrile illness, with protean manifestations ranging from septicemia to localized abscess formation. we present the case of a 42-year-old male from a non-endemic region who presented with fever of 2 months duration, sepsis, persistent pneumonia, right hip joint pa ... | 2008 | 19051712 |
| phza/b catalyzes the formation of the tricycle in phenazine biosynthesis. | phenazines are redox-active bacterial secondary metabolites that participate in important biological processes such as the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species and the reduction of environmental iron. their biosynthesis from chorismic acid depends on enzymes encoded by the phz operon, but many details of the pathway remain unclear. it previously was shown that phenazine biosynthesis involves the symmetrical head-to-tail double condensation of two identical amino-cyclohexenone molecules to ... | 2008 | 19053436 |
| rheumatological manifestations in patients with melioidosis. | melioidosis, an infection caused by the bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, has a wide range of clinical manifestations. here, we describe rheumatological melioidosis (involving one or more of joint, bone or muscle), and compare features and outcome with patients without rheumatological involvement. a retrospective study of patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis admitted to sappasithiprasong hospital, ubon ratchathani during 2002 and 2005 identified 679 patients with melioidosis, of whom 9 ... | 2008 | 19058601 |
| purine utilization by klebsiella oxytoca m5al: genes for ring-oxidizing and -opening enzymes. | the enterobacterium klebsiella oxytoca uses a variety of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, including purines, nitrogen-rich compounds that are widespread in the biosphere. we have identified a 23-gene cluster that encodes the enzymes for utilizing purines as the sole nitrogen source. growth and complementation tests with insertion mutants, combined with sequence comparisons, reveal functions for the products of these genes. here, we report our characterization of 12 genes, one encoding gua ... | 2009 | 19060149 |
| lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis. | there have been several recent articles which have attempted to refine the appropriate timing of listing for lung transplantation and the identification of factors which increase the risk with particular emphasis on pretransplant microbiology in patients with cystic fibrosis. moreover, there are several series describing long-term outcomes and demonstrating improved long-term survival following lung transplantation for patients with cystic fibrosis. this review attempts to summarize the main poi ... | 2008 | 19060530 |
| study on the bacterial midgut microbiota associated to different brazilian populations of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) (diptera: psychodidae). | the bacterial community associated with the midgut of three brazilian lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) populations, two from endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis (jacobina, bahia state and são luís, maranhão state) and one from a non-endemic area (lapinha cave, minas gerais state), was identified. five groups, 35 females each, from each population were separated; a total of 175 females per collecting area were analyzed. the species identification was based on molecular and traditional ba ... | 2008 | 19061048 |
| a signaling protease required for melanization in drosophila affects resistance and tolerance of infections. | organisms evolve two routes to surviving infections-they can resist pathogen growth (resistance) and they can endure the pathogenesis of infection (tolerance). the sum of these two properties together defines the defensive capabilities of the host. typically, studies of animal defenses focus on either understanding resistance or, to a lesser extent, tolerance mechanisms, thus providing little understanding of the relationship between these two mechanisms. we suggest there are nine possible pairw ... | 2008 | 19071960 |
| burkholderia cepacia complex: epithelial cell-pathogen confrontations and potential for therapeutic intervention. | burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is an important and virulent pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients. the interactions between this pathogen and the host lung epithelium are being widely investigated but remain to be elucidated. the complex is very versatile and its interactions with the lung epithelial cells are many and varied. the first steps in the interaction are penetration of the mucosal blanket and subsequent adherence to the epithelial cell surface. a range of epithelial receptors have ... | 2009 | 19074648 |
| naturally occurring class a ss-lactamases from the burkholderia cepacia complex. | chromosomally encoded ss-lactamases from the burkholderia cepacia complex species (formerly pseudomonas cepacia) were characterized. cloning and sequencing identified an ambler class a ss-lactamase (penb) from b. cenocepacia. it shares 82% amino acid identity with the pena ss-lactamases previously identified from b. multivorans 249. its expression was dependent upon a lysr-type regulatory protein. its narrow-spectrum hydrolysis activity mostly included penicillins but also included expanded-spec ... | 2009 | 19075063 |
| [keratitis due to burkholderia cepacia]. | | 2008 | 19080847 |
| phylogeny of chitinases and its implications for estimating horizontal gene transfer from chitinase-transgenic silver birch (betula pendula). | chitinases are hydrolytic enzymes that have been employed in biotechnology in attempts to increase plants' resistance against fungal pathogens. genetically modified plants have given rise to concerns of the spreading of transgenes into the environment through vertical or horizontal gene transfer (hgt). in this study, chitinase-like sequences from silver birch (betula pendula) est-libraries were identified and their phylogenetic relationships to other chitinases were studied. phylogenetic analyse ... | 2008 | 19081010 |
| identification and characterization of chlorpyrifos-methyl and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol degrading burkholderia sp. strain kr100. | a chlorpyrifos-methyl (cm) degrading bacterium (designated strain kr100) was isolated from a korean rice paddy soil and was further tested for its sensitivity against eight commercial antibiotics. based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics, this bacterium showed greatest similarity to members of the order burkholderiales and was shown to be most closely related to members of the burkholderia cepacia group. strain kr100 hydrolyzed cm to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (tcp) an ... | 2009 | 19082866 |
| linking sequence to function in soil bacteria: sequence-directed isolation of novel bacteria contributing to soilborne plant disease suppression. | microbial community profiling of samples differing in a specific ecological function, i.e., soilborne plant disease suppression, can be used to mark, recover, and ultimately identify the bacteria responsible for that specific function. previously, several terminal restriction fragments (trf) of 16s rrna genes were statistically associated with damping-off disease suppression. this work presents the development of sequence-based trf length polymorphism (t-rflp)-derived molecular markers to direct ... | 2009 | 19088312 |
| genomic sequence and activity of ks10, a transposable phage of the burkholderia cepacia complex. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is a versatile group of gram negative organisms that can be found throughout the environment in sources such as soil, water, and plants. while bcc bacteria can be involved in beneficial interactions with plants, they are also considered opportunistic pathogens, specifically in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. these organisms also exhibit resistance to many antibiotics, making conventional treatment often unsuccessful. ks10 wa ... | 2008 | 19094239 |
| therapeutic options for burkholderia cepacia infections beyond co-trimoxazole: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. | burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) is an important group of pathogens affecting patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease as well as immunocompromised and hospitalised patients. therapeutic options are limited owing to high levels of resistance of the organism, either intrinsic or acquired, to many antimicrobial agents. co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) has been a drug of choice. however, in some cases it cannot be administered because of allergic or hypersensi ... | 2009 | 19097867 |
| environmental isolates of burkholderia pseudomallei in ceará state, northeastern brazil. | melioidosis has been considered an emerging disease in brazil since the first cases were reported to occur in the northeast region. this study investigated two municipalities in ceará state where melioidosis cases have been confirmed to occur. burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated in 26 (4.3%) of 600 samples in the dry and rainy seasons. | 2009 | 19098219 |
| extensive antibody cross-reactivity among infectious gram-negative bacteria revealed by proteome microarray analysis. | antibodies provide a sensitive indicator of proteins displayed by bacteria during sepsis. because signals produced by infection are naturally amplified during the antibody response, host immunity can be used to identify biomarkers for proteins that are present at levels currently below detectable limits. we developed a microarray comprising approximately 70% of the 4066 proteins contained within the yersinia pestis proteome to identify antibody biomarkers distinguishing plague from infections ca ... | 2009 | 19112181 |
| immunosuppression associated with interleukin-1r-associated-kinase-m upregulation predicts mortality in gram-negative sepsis (melioidosis). | objectives: sepsis is associated with immunosuppression (characterized by a reduced capacity of circulating monocytes to release proinflammatory cytokines), which has been implicated in late mortality. melioidosis, caused by the gram-negative bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, is an important cause of community-acquired sepsis in southeast asia with a mortality of up to 40%. previous in vitro and murine studies have suggested a key role for the so-called negative regulators of the toll-like re ... | 2009 | 19114913 |
| the global distribution of burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis: an update. | while southeast asia and northern australia are well recognized as the major endemic regions for melioidosis, recent reports have expanded the endemic zone. severe weather events and environmental disasters such as the 2004 asian tsunami have unmasked locations of sporadic cases and have reconfirmed endemicity in indonesia. the endemic region now includes the majority of the indian subcontinent, southern china, hong kong and taiwan. sporadic cases have occurred in brazil and elsewhere in the ame ... | 2008 | 19121666 |
| re-emergence of melioidosis in myanmar. | after the discovery of melioidosis and its causative organism, burkholderia pseudomallei, in burma (myanmar) in 1912 and further reports in 1915 and 1917, no further reports of melioidosis emerged from the country in the international medical literature. the present study aimed to determine whether the occurrence of melioidosis among hospital patients with abscess in yangon, myanmar is sufficiently frequent to indicate further studies to determine its clinical and public health significance in t ... | 2008 | 19121667 |
| melioidosis: antibiogram of cases in singapore 1987-2007. | the antimicrobial susceptibility of burkholderia pseudomallei isolates identified by the bacteriology laboratory at singapore general hospital was reviewed. laboratory data were found to be available since 1987 and showed that ceftazidime, amoxicillin-clavulanate, chloramphenicol and tetracycline had remained effective through the years. imipenem was added to the list of antimicrobials tested after 1989, and the isolates showed high susceptibility rates. co-trimoxazole was found to be useful bas ... | 2008 | 19121668 |
| high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species. | the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of a high level of resistance to a wide range of antimicrobials in burkholderia pseudomallei and closely related species have not been sufficiently investigated. in the present study, the properties of b. pseudomallei, b. mallei and b. thailandensis mutants with increased resistance to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins were analysed. resistance to pefloxacin, ofloxacin and ceftazidime in b. pseudomallei and b. thailandensis was accompanied b ... | 2008 | 19121669 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei: animal models of infection. | a range of animal models of burkholderia pseudomallei infection have been reported, and the host species differ widely both in their susceptibility to infection and in the pathogenesis of disease. in mice, and depending on the route of infection, dose, and mouse strain, the disease can range from a chronic, and in some cases, an apparently latent infection to an acute fulminant disease. alternative small animal models of infection include diabetic rats or hamsters. larger animal models of diseas ... | 2008 | 19121670 |
| melioidosis masquerading as enteric fever. | melioidosis is endemic in southeast asia and northern australia, but it has been rarely reported from india. recent reports have shown that melioidosis is an emerging infection in this part of the world, but enteric fever is more commonly seen in india. we present a 50-year-old male with diabetes who presented with acute onset of febrile illness. preliminary investigations were suggestive of enteric fever, and he showed a partial response to parenteral ceftriaxone; however, it later turned out t ... | 2008 | 19121671 |
| inhalation of burkholderia thailandensis results in lethal necrotizing pneumonia in mice: a surrogate model for pneumonic melioidosis. | burkholderia thailandensis is closely related to b. pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, a lethal tropical disease. burkholderia thailandensis is largely avirulent in humans and, unlike b. pseudomallei, does not require strict biocontainment conditions for study. because it may be a useful research surrogate for b. pseudomallei, we developed a murine model of airborne b. thailandensis infection. in both c57bl/6 and balb/c mice, deposition of 103 colony-forming units (cfu)/lung or le ... | 2008 | 19121672 |
| emergence of burkholderia pseudomallei and pandrug-resistant non-fermenters from southern karnataka, india. | melioidosis has recently gained the status of an emerging disease in india. multidrug-resistant (mdr) gram-negative bacteria, however, are already responsible for treatment failure and mortality. in addition, pandrug-resistant (pdr) gram-negative bacteria have emerged as a new threat to modern medicine. the treatment, clinical follow up, and outcome of 25 patients with melioidosis and 46 patients with mdr non-fermenters (pseudomonas aeruginosa and acinetobacter spp.) infection were documented du ... | 2008 | 19121673 |
| construction of a reporter system to study burkholderia mallei type iii secretion and identification of the bopa effector protein function in intracellular survival. | burkholderia mallei, the aetiological agent of glanders disease, is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium. despite numerous studies, the detailed mechanism of its pathogenesis is almost unknown. the presence of a type iii secretion system (ttss) is one of the known mechanisms associated with virulence. an intact ttss indicates that b. mallei is able to secrete proteins in response to different environmental conditions, which could play an important role in pathogenesis. therefore, ... | 2008 | 19121674 |
| molecular identification and typing of burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei: when is enough enough? | burkholderia mallei and b. pseudomallei are highly pathogenic microorganisms for both humans and animals. moreover, they are regarded as potential agents of bioterrorism. thus, rapid and unequivocal detection and identification of these dangerous pathogens is critical. in the present study, we describe the use of an optimized protocol for the early diagnosis of experimental glanders and melioidosis and for the rapid differentiation and typing of burkholderia strains. this experience with pcr-bas ... | 2008 | 19121675 |
| a role of burkholderia pseudomallei flagella as a virulent factor. | burkholderia pseudomallei is an agent of melioidosis and is closely related to avirulent b. thailandensis. burkholderia thailandensis has a 15-bp deletion within the variable region of the flagellin gene flic compared with b. pseudomallei. the difference in the flic gene might be related to virulence. in the present study, the invasion, internalization and intracellular replication of both phagocytic (mouse macrophage cell line raw264.7) and non-phagocytic cells (human lung epithelial cell line ... | 2008 | 19121676 |
| expression of resistance-nodulation-cell-division efflux pumps in commonly used burkholderia pseudomallei strains and clinical isolates from northern australia. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the aetiological agent of melioidosis. therapy for this disease is lengthy and limited to only a few antibiotics because of this bacterium's intrinsic antibiotic resistance to many clinically useful antibiotics. these properties of b. pseudomallei may partially be due to expression of efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-cell-division (rnd) family. the patterns and magnitude of rnd efflux pump expression in commonly used strains and clinical isolates of b. pseud ... | 2008 | 19121677 |
| cellular reporter screens for inhibitors of burkholderia pseudomallei targets in pseudomonas aeruginosa. | to facilitate the discovery of new therapeutics for burkholderia pseudomallei infections, we have developed cellular reporter screens for inhibitors of b. pseudomallei targets in the surrogate host pseudomonas aeruginosa. pseudomonas aeruginosa strains carrying deletions of essential genes were engineered to be dependent on the isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside (iptg)-regulated expression of their b. pseudomallei orthologues on a broad-host-range plasmid. pseudomonas aeruginosa genes which ... | 2008 | 19121678 |
| melioidosis--a case series from south india. | melioidosis is sporadically reported from various parts of india. we present a case series from south india, highlighting the varied manifestations of the disease. seven cases of culture-proven melioidosis are presented in whom burkholderia pseudomallei were isolated from aspirate or blood. melioidosis had a varied presentation involving multiple abscesses in the soft tissues, liver, spleen, mediastinum and the subdural space. it presented as either acute fulminant sepsis or followed a chronic i ... | 2008 | 19121679 |
| a first report of pulmonary melioidosis in cambodia. | melioidosis has never been officially reported from cambodia. here we report two cases, a 58-year-old male (case 1) and a 49-year-old female (case 2) who presented with respiratory illnesses featuring multiple lung abscesses. the sputum culture of both patients, taken in the framework of a laboratory-based study on aetiologies of (sub-)acute respiratory infections among hospitalized patients in southern cambodia, grew burkholderia pseudomallei. the most striking aspect of these case stories was ... | 2008 | 19121680 |
| melioidosis and aboriginal seasons in northern australia. | melioidosis, an infection due to the environmental bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic to southeast asia and northern australia, with cases strongly correlated with the monsoonal wet season. we hypothesized that seasonal variation in the mode of acquisition, informed by traditional knowledge, would result in variations in disease characteristics as well as disease incidence. we explored the seasonal variation in acute, culture-confirmed melioidosis using local aboriginal definitions ... | 2008 | 19121681 |
| clinical and microbiological features of melioidosis in northern vietnam. | sporadic cases of melioidosis have been reported from vietnam for decades, but clinical and epidemiological data for the indigenous population are still scarce. in this study, we reviewed clinical and demographic data of patients with culture-proven melioidosis diagnosed at a single large referral hospital in hanoi between november 1997 and december 2005. we found that the clinical manifestations of melioidosis (with fatal septicaemia as the most common presentation), a high rate of underlying d ... | 2008 | 19121682 |
| intensity of exposure and incidence of melioidosis in thai children. | there is a high background seroprevalence of antibodies to burkholderia pseudomallei in thailand that limits its use as a diagnostic tool. it is believed that this results from childhood exposure to the bacterium in mud and surface water. the increasing prevalence of antibodies with age is a marker of the intensity of exposure. a susceptible-infected-susceptible (sis) model was calibrated with data on seroprevalence in children (<15 years) in udon thani and ubon ratchathani (n=2214). in this mat ... | 2008 | 19121683 |
| 'imported' melioidosis in germany: relapse after 10 years. | a 62-year-old german patient with insulin-dependent diabetes and diverticulitis was hospitalized for abdominal pain of the left lower quadrant. further examination revealed an abdominal abscess, which was punctured. presumptively a pseudomonas species was identified, but further examination revealed burkholderia pseudomallei as the causative agent. most probably this infection was acquired in 1996 during a trip to thailand, where the patient had been hospitalized. after combined chemotherapy and ... | 2008 | 19121684 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei identification: a comparison between the api 20ne and vitek2gn systems. | sixty unique clinical isolates previously reported as burkholderia pseudomallei were run in parallel through the api 20ne and vitek2gn identification systems after 24h growth on columbia agar with 5% sheep blood. the identifications and confidence levels determined by each test modality were compared. the vitek2gn identified 47 (78.3%) and the api20ne identified 52 (86.7%) of the isolates as b. pseudomallei. the modal octal profile for the latter was 1156577. the alternative identification most ... | 2008 | 19121685 |
| validation and comparison of an extrapolysaccharide (eps)-based in-house elisa and the panbio melioidosis rapid cassette test-kits for serodiagnosis of melioidosis in a non-endemic area. | detection of anti-burkholderia pseudomallei antibodies in sera from melioidosis patients still represents a keystone in the confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, especially in non-endemic areas. an in-house assay was compared to lateral flow assays for the rapid detection of melioidosis-specific igg or igm. employing 50 positive sera from patients and 200 negative sera from blood donors, sensitivity of the elisa, the igg and igm assay were 84.0%, 90.0% and 84.0%, respectively. specificity rang ... | 2008 | 19121686 |
| mimotope identification from monoclonal antibodies of burkholderia pseudomallei using random peptide phage libraries. | this study used random peptide libraries, displayed by bacteriophage t7 and m13, to identify mimotopes from four monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to burkholderia pseudomallei. bound phages, selected from fourth-round panning with each mab, were tested for binding specificity with each mab using elisa, before being further amplified and checked for phage peptide sequence using pcr and dna sequencing. overall, 75 of 90 phages (83.3%) were elisa-positive with each mab. mimotopes from all 75 ph ... | 2008 | 19121687 |
| soil physicochemical properties related to the presence of burkholderia pseudomallei. | the incidence of burkholderia pseudomallei in the soil from north-east thailand is estimated to be 20-fold higher than that from central thailand, and is associated with a 10-fold higher incidence of melioidosis in the region than in central thailand. this study investigated the presence of b. pseudomallei in relation to the physicochemical properties of soil from khon kaen province, north-east thailand. thirteen districts (54.2%) were positive for b. pseudomallei. from a selected district, b. p ... | 2008 | 19121688 |
| development of aptamers specific for potential diagnostic targets in burkholderia pseudomallei. | improved diagnostic reagents would be of considerable benefit in enhancing the specificity and sensitivity of rapid assays for burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis. the purpose of this work is to develop aptamers, high affinity rna-based molecular recognition molecules, which could be used as reagents for identification of the whole organism in assays of biological samples. data are presented demonstrating the purification of recombinant b. pseudomallei secreted or surfa ... | 2008 | 19121689 |
| sero-characterization of lipopolysaccharide from burkholderia thailandensis. | we report the successful purification of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from burkholderia thailandensis, a gram-negative bacterium, closely related to the highly pathogenic organisms b. pseudomallei and b. mallei. burkholderia thailandensis lps is shown to cross-react with rabbit and mouse sera obtained from inoculation with b. pseudomallei or b. mallei, respectively. these data suggest that b. thailandensis lps shares similar structural features with lps molecules from highly pathogenic burkholderia ... | 2008 | 19121690 |
| in silico analysis of potential diagnostic targets from burkholderia pseudomallei. | administration of appropriate therapeutic regimes for infections arising from pathogenic species of burkholderia is critically dependent upon rapid and accurate diagnoses. the purpose of this work is to establish a bioinformatic pipeline to assess protein sequences for their potential as diagnostic targets for the detection of burkholderia species. data are presented showing both a bioinformatic methodology for prediction of surface-associated and secreted proteins and its application to a test ... | 2008 | 19121691 |
| seropositivity to burkholderia pseudomallei does not reflect the development of cell-mediated immunity. | cell-mediated immunity to burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, provides protection from disease progression. an indirect haemagglutination assay was used to detect antibodies to b. pseudomallei in 1500 healthy donors in an endemic region of australia. lymphocyte proliferation, activation and cytokine expression to b. pseudomallei antigen were determined in eight donors who were seropositive and in eight age- and sex-matched controls. in north queensland, 2.5% of the pop ... | 2008 | 19121692 |
| burkholderia pseudomallei enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. | t-cell activation is essential for protection against burkholderia pseudomallei infection. using bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (bmdc) isolated from partially resistant c57bl/6 and susceptible balb/c mice, the degree of bmdc activation in the presence of b. pseudomallei was investigated. maturation, cytokine production and internalization of b. pseudomallei by bmdc was assessed in response to infection with a highly virulent and a low-virulent clinical isolate. maturation was determined by ... | 2008 | 19121693 |
| activation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by burkholderia pseudomallei does not require binding to the c-type lectin dc-sign. | dendritic cells (dcs) are essential in regulating adaptive immunity. dc-sign (dc-specific icam-grabbing nonintegrin) is a c-type lectin receptor that is expressed mainly by dcs. accumulating evidence supports that certain pathogens target dc-sign to escape host immunity. to investigate a possible role of dc-sign in burkholderia pseudomallei infection, we initially screened its dc-sign binding activity by an elisa method utilizing a dc-sign-fc chimeric protein and found that all of the b. pseudom ... | 2008 | 19121694 |
| the effect of different burkholderia pseudomallei isolates of varying levels of virulence on toll-like-receptor expression. | the purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the degree of toll-like-receptor (tlr) activation by burkholderia pseudomallei isolates with varying levels of virulence 2 h post infection. standard antibiotic protection assays were performed on raw 264.7 macrophages and peritoneal exudate cells (pec) challenged with b. pseudomallei. real-time pcr (rt-pcr) was performed to determine tlr2, tlr4, tlr5 and tlr9 expression. internalization and killing of bacteria were determined 2h post infection. ... | 2008 | 19121695 |
| induction of protective immunity against burkholderia pseudomallei using attenuated mutants with defects in the intracellular life cycle. | melioidosis is a severe infectious disease caused by the gram-negative rod burkholderia pseudomallei. there is currently no vaccine available. we recently generated and characterized several highly attenuated transposon mutants with defects in the intracellular life cycle of b. pseudomallei. in the present study we examined the protective effects of six of these mutants: four harbouring knockouts in genes involved in several biosynthetic pathways (purn(-), purm(-), hisf(-), pabb(-)); a putative ... | 2008 | 19121696 |
| tbk1 does not play a role in the control of in vitro burkholderia pseudomallei growth. | burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is an important intracellular pathogen in tropical regions. tank-binding kinase (tbk1), part of the pathway that induces transcription of type i interferon genes, has been demonstrated to play an important role in controlling intracellular bacterial infections. to investigate the role of tbk1 in protecting against b. pseudomallei we developed tbk1-deficient cell lines by using shrna for transient knockdown of the tbk1 gene in hela an ... | 2008 | 19121697 |
| taxon k, a complex within the burkholderia cepacia complex, comprises at least two novel species, burkholderia contaminans sp. nov. and burkholderia lata sp. nov. | the aim of the present study was to re-examine the taxonomic position and structure of taxon k (also known as group k) within the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc). for this purpose, a representative set of strains was examined by a traditional polyphasic taxonomic approach, by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) analysis and by analysis of available whole-genome sequences. analysis of the reca gene sequence revealed three different lineages, designated reca-i, reca-ii and reca-iii. dna-dna hybri ... | 2009 | 19126732 |
| generation of murine bone marrow derived macrophages in a standardised serum-free cell culture system. | murine bone marrow derived macrophages (bmm) are valuable tools to investigate macrophage functions such as cytokine production and bactericidal activities from different strains of mice. in most studies bmm are generated and characterised using cell culture systems with fetal calf serum (fcs) as an essential supplement. since serum contains varying amounts of undefined components influencing the maturation and polarisation process of bmm there is a need for a more standardised methodology. the ... | 2009 | 19133267 |
| structural elucidation of the novel core oligosaccharide from lps of burkholderia cepacia serogroup o4. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) is an important virulence factor of burkholderia cepacia, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes life-threatening disease in cystic fibrosis patients and immunocompromised individuals. b. cepacia lps comprises an o-specific polysaccharide covalently linked to a core oligosaccharide (os) which in turn is attached to a lipid a moiety. the complete structure of the lps core oligosaccharide from b. cepacia serotype o4 was investigated by detailed nmr and mass spectr ... | 2009 | 19141607 |
| melioidosis risk in a tropical industrial environment. | an investigation into the risk of occupationally acquired melioidosis at a mine site in northern australia found that 45 (13%) of 345 staff had serologic evidence of exposure and 14 (4%) had recent exposure to burkholderia pseudomallei or closely related bacteria. there was only one culture-confirmed case of melioidosis in mine staff during the study period. the lack of overt infection directly attributable to work activities despite detectable b. pseudomallei on site, the absence of an associat ... | 2009 | 19141844 |
| use of quorum sensing inhibitors to interfere with biofilm formation and development in burkholderia multivorans and burkholderia cenocepacia. | burkholderia cepacia complex strains are opportunistic pathogens causing life-threatening infections in cystic fibrosis patients. b. cepacia complex strains are resistant to many antimicrobial agents and commonly produce biofilms in vitro and in vivo. this contributes to their virulence and makes burkholderia infections difficult to treat. recently, the quorum sensing (qs) system of burkholderia spp. has been found to affect their biofilm-forming ability, making it an attractive target for antim ... | 2009 | 19146953 |
| [identification of the burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars and their virulence in an alfalfa infection model]. | to confirm burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) genomovars from agricultural niches and clinical samples, and to evaluate their possible virulence to human body on alfalfa infection model in china. | 2008 | 19149158 |
| facile construction of unmarked deletion mutants in burkholderia pseudomallei using sacb counter-selection in sucrose-resistant and sucrose-sensitive isolates. | burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease endemic or emerging world-wide. here we report unmarked allele-replacement mutagenesis using efficient sacb counter-selection. despite being genotypically sacb(+), most commonly used b. pseudomallei strains are sucrose-resistant and efficient sacb counter-selection is demonstrated in both resistant and sensitive strains. | 2009 | 19150470 |
| biocide susceptibility of the burkholderia cepacia complex. | the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) species are important opportunistic pathogens with intrinsic antibiotic resistance. they are also well known as contaminants of disinfectants, yet their biocide susceptibility has not been studied in detail. we investigated bcc biocide susceptibility and correlated it to their taxonomy, antibiotic susceptibility and ability to form biofilms. | 2009 | 19153076 |
| on the trail of disease in southeast asia. | | 2009 | 19153251 |
| melioidosis and tuberculosis: dual pathogens in a neck abscess. | melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by a saprophytic bacterium, burkholderia pseudomallei. it is endemic to southeast asia and northern australia. it may manifest as a pulmonary lesion, osteomyelitis, abscesses in soft tissue and various organs, or as septicaemia. | 2009 | 19154649 |
| recent advances in the microbiology of respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis. | introduction: infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). research on cf infection has highlighted differences from other respiratory infections--both in the range and the nature of the organisms--especially in chronic infection. this is a rapidly advancing field of microbiology and is bringing insights into the complexity and adaptations of bacteria causing chronic infection in the respiratory tract. areas of agreement and controversy: the epidem ... | 2009 | 19155262 |
| landscape changes influence the occurrence of the melioidosis bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in northern australia. | the soil-dwelling saprophyte bacterium burkholderia pseudomallei is the cause of melioidosis, a severe disease of humans and animals in southeast asia and northern australia. despite the detection of b. pseudomallei in various soil and water samples from endemic areas, the environmental habitat of b. pseudomallei remains unclear. | 2009 | 19156200 |
| incidence of deep vein thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in adults with cystic fibrosis. | peripherally inserted central catheters (piccs) are commonly used in patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) to administer intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations. the aim of this study was to determine the incidence of picc-related deep vein thrombosis (dvt) in a large group of adults with cf with and without burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) infection, and to investigate the association between picc-related dvt and preinsertion serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate (esr). | 2009 | 19157904 |
| death after lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis patients infected with burkholderia cepacia. | | 2009 | 19158331 |
| expanded bed adsorption of an alkaline lipase from pseudomona cepacia. | an extracellular lipase was isolated from pseudomona cepacia by expanded bed adsorption on an amberlite 410 ion-exchange resin. enzyme characterization and hydrodynamic study of a chromatography column were done. enzyme purification was done at three condition of expanded bed height (h): at one and half (6cm), at two (8cm) and at three (12cm) times the fixed bed height (h(0)=4cm). the results showed that the experimental data was fitted to the richardson and zaki equation, and the comparison bet ... | 2009 | 19162572 |
| biosynthesis of an antifungal oligopeptide in burkholderia contaminans strain ms14. | strain ms14, exhibiting antifungal activity, was classified to belong to burkholderia contaminans. when compared with the wild type strain, antifungal activities of mutants ms14mt13 and ms14mt18 against geotrichum candidum were eliminated, and the activity of mutant ms14mt15 was reduced by approximately 80%. sequence analysis of a 22.7-kb dna segment revealed the presence of six open-reading frames (orfs), including the genes disrupted in the mutants. the wild type level of antifungal activity w ... | 2009 | 19167363 |
| burkholderia mallei tssm encodes a putative deubiquitinase that is secreted and expressed inside infected raw 264.7 murine macrophages. | burkholderia mallei, a category b biothreat agent, is a facultative intracellular pathogen that causes the zoonotic disease glanders. the b. mallei virag two-component regulatory system activates the transcription of approximately 60 genes, including a large virulence gene cluster encoding a type vi secretion system (t6ss). the b. mallei tssm gene encodes a putative ubiquitin-specific protease that is physically linked to, and transcriptionally coregulated with, the t6ss gene cluster. mass spect ... | 2009 | 19168747 |
| in vitro interactions between cotrimoxazole and doxycycline in burkholderia pseudomallei: how important is this combination in maintenance therapy of melioidosis? | | 2009 | 19172079 |
| protection from pneumonic infection with burkholderia species by inhalational immunotherapy. | burkholderia mallei and b. pseudomallei are important human pathogens and cause the diseases glanders and melioidosis, respectively. both organisms are highly infectious when inhaled and are inherently resistant to many antimicrobials, thus making it difficult to treat pneumonic burkholderia infections. we investigated whether it was possible to achieve rapid protection against inhaled burkholderia infection by using inhaled immunotherapy. for this purpose, cationic liposome dna complexes (cldc) ... | 2009 | 19179415 |
| caspase-1 mediates resistance in murine melioidosis. | the gram-negative rod burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a potentially fatal disease which is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas. the bacterium multiplies intracellularly within the cytosol, induces the formation of actin tails, and can spread directly from cell to cell. recently, it has been shown that b. pseudomallei can induce caspase-1-dependent cell death in macrophages. the aim of the present study was to further elucidate the role of caspase-1 during b ... | 2009 | 19179418 |