| treatment of bacterial meningitis: an update. | the introduction of protein conjugate vaccines for haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), streptococcus pneumoniae (s. pneumoniae) and neisseria meningitidis (n. menigitidis) has changed the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. bacterial meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria contribute to such mortality and morbidity. an early empiric antibiotic treatment is criti ... | 2012 | 22984938 |
| haemophilus influenzae as an airborne contamination in child day care centers. | the aim of this study was to assess the exposure of children to airborne haemophilus influenzae in day care centers. | 2013 | 22980511 |
| early neurologic complications and long-term sequelae of childhood bacterial meningitis in a limited-resource country (kosovo). | since neurologic complications of childhood bacterial meningitis are encountered frequently despite antibiotic treatments, the purpose of this study was to analyze early neurologic complications and long-term sequelae of bacterial meningitis in children in a limited-resource country (kosovo) | 2013 | 22968209 |
| fluoroquinolones in the treatment of bronchopulmonary disease in cystic fibrosis. | fluoroquinolones are commonly used to treat lung infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. these patients are susceptible to lung infection with common bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus and haemophilus influenzae, but are also prone to infection by opportunistic bacteria, including pseudomonas aeruginosa. the good oral bioavailability and broad antimicrobial spectrum of activity, including antipseudomonal properties, make this class of antimicrobial attractive. we review the evidence ass ... | 2012 | 22968160 |
| prevention of gentamicin-induced apoptosis with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mitoquinone. | antioxidants have been shown to protect against aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. mitoquinone (mitoq) is a mitochondria-targeted derivative of the antioxidant ubiquinone. mitoq is attached to a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (tpp) cation, which enables its accumulation inside the mitochondria several hundred-fold over the untargeted antioxidant. the goals of this study were to determine if mitoq attenuates gentamicin-induced activation of caspase-3/7 activity as a marker of apoptosis and to ... | 2012 | 22965463 |
| qsec controls biofilm formation of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae in addition to an ai-2-dependent mechanism. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common pathogen associated with diseases such as acute otitis media or exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the biofilm-forming capability substantially contributes to the persistence of nthi. however, the regulation of biofilm formation is not completely understood. quorum sensing regulated by autoinducer-2 produced by luxs is until now the only described regulatory mechanism. in this study, we show that the two-co ... | 2012 | 22954413 |
| haemophilus influenzae: still a relevant invasive pathogen. | | 2012 | 22953620 |
| haemophilus influenzae activity in a single medical center in israel in the post-vaccine era. | the incidence of invasive disease due to haemophilus influenzae has decreased since the implementation of vaccination against serotype b. | 2012 | 22953615 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in the short period after vaccination: a reminder of the phenomenon of apparent vaccine failure. | we present two cases of bacterial meningitis caused by haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) which developed a few days after conjugate hib vaccination. this phenomenon of postimmunization provocative time period is reviewed and discussed. these cases serve as a reminder to clinicians of the risk, albeit rare, of invasive hib disease in the short period after successful immunization. | 2012 | 22953084 |
| the decision making process on new vaccines introduction in south africa. | south africa has a functional decision making process for the introduction of new vaccines; with an established national immunisation technical advisory group (nitag), referred to as national advisory group on immunisation (nagi). south africa has played a leadership role in the african continent with introduction of new vaccines, which dates back to 1995 with the introduction of hepatitis b, followed by the haemophilus influenzae type b in 1999 and recently the national roll out of the pneumoco ... | 2012 | 22939028 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines - a south african perspective. | introduction of hib vaccine is known to positively impact on reduction of both morbidity and mortality in children less than 5 years of age. incorporation of this vaccine into a national epi, however, does come at a significant cost, which is especially important in non-gavi funded countries. compounded reduction in response in certain patient populations and possible indication of booster doses further impacts on cost-benefit analyses. despite these issues, south africa has supplied hib vaccine ... | 2012 | 22939022 |
| combination vaccines in the south african setting. | the number of vaccines available and included as part of the national immunization schedules, has increased significantly over the past few decades. this impacts on patient/parent compliance and creates a challenge for health care providers for implementation of schedules necessitating training and infrastructure improvements. use of combination rather than component vaccines offers advantages for compliance by single dose administration of various antigens, reducing stock costing as well as red ... | 2012 | 22939020 |
| density interactions among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus in the nasopharynx of young peruvian children. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus are commonly carried in the nasopharynx of young children, and have been speculated to interact with each other. although earlier studies used cultures alone to assess these interactions, the addition of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) provides further insight into these interactions. we compared results of culture and qpcr for the detection of these 3 bacteria in 446 nasopharynx samples collected ... | 2013 | 22935873 |
| tympanocentesis results of a canadian pediatric myringotomy population, 2008 to 2010. | this study was completed to evaluate the middle ear microbiology of a pediatric population with chronic otitis media with effusion and to determine if there has been a change in the spectrum of microorganisms or their antibiotic susceptibility in the modern age of antibiotic therapy. | 2012 | 22935180 |
| [nasopharyngeal carriage of children 6 to 60 months during the implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine]. | since 2001 in france, a nasopharyngeal carriage study was set up for children six to 24 months old. any data are available for older children (25 to 60 months). the aim of this study is to compare the nasopharyngeal carriage in children with acute otitis media (aom) or healthy between both age groups (6/24 months versus 25/60 months). moreover, during the study period, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) has replaced pcv7 in june 2010. | 2012 | 22925540 |
| aware ceftaroline surveillance program (2008-2010): trends in resistance patterns among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in the united states. | ceftaroline fosamil, the prodrug form of the active metabolite ceftaroline, is a new broad-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin with antibacterial activity against the prevalent respiratory pathogens streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial resistance surveillance (5330 isolates) was conducted in the united states between 2008 and 2010 to assess the in vitro activity of ceftaroline and comparator antibacterial agents against invas ... | 2012 | 22903951 |
| extracellular dna within a nontypeable haemophilus influenzae-induced biofilm binds human beta defensin-3 and reduces its antimicrobial activity. | biofilms formed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are associated with multiple chronic infections of the airway, including otitis media. extracellular dna (edna) is part of the biofilm matrix and serves as a structural component. human β-defensin-3 (hbd-3) is a cationic antimicrobial host defense protein (amp) critical to the protection of the middle ear. we hypothesized that anionic edna could interact with and bind hbd-3 and thus shield nthi in biofilms from its antimicrobial activi ... | 2013 | 22922323 |
| sapf-mediated heme-iron utilization enhances persistence and coordinates biofilm architecture of haemophilus. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common commensal bacterium that resides in the human upper respiratory tract of healthy individuals. nthi is also a known causative agent of multiple diseases including sinusitis, otitis media, as well as exacerbates disease severity of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. we have previously shown that the sap transporter mediates resistance to host antimicrobial peptides (amps) and import of the iron-containing ... | 2012 | 22919633 |
| bacterial bronchitis caused by streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypable haemophilus influenzae in children: the impact of vaccination. | protracted bacterial bronchitis is a major cause of persistent cough in childhood. the organisms most commonly isolated are nontypable haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae . there are no studies addressing typing of these organisms when recovered from the lower airways. | 2013 | 22911476 |
| characteristics of infectious diseases in hospitalized patients during the early phase after the 2011 great east japan earthquake: pneumonia as a significant reason for hospital care. | natural catastrophes increase infectious disease morbidity rates. on march 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and associated pacific coast tsunami struck east japan. the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of patients with infectious diseases who needed hospitalization after this disaster. | 2013 | 22911275 |
| virulence factors and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae is a small gram-negative coccobacillus known as one of the major causes of meningitis, otitis media, sinusitis and epiglottitis, especially in childhood, as well as infections of the lower respiratory tract, eye infections and bacteremia. it has several virulence factors that play a crucial role in patient inflammatory response. its capsule, the adhesion proteins, pili, the outer membrane proteins, the iga1 protease and, last but not least, the lipooligosaccharide, increas ... | 2012 | 22908826 |
| invasive haemophilus influenzae in the united states, 1999-2008: epidemiology and outcomes. | introduction of the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine has resulted in a dramatic reduction of hib disease in the u.s. and an increase in the relative importance of infections caused by nontypeable strains. the current project describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of pediatric and adult patients with invasive h. influenzae (hi) and, through multivariable analysis, identifies risk factors for in-hospital mortality. | 2012 | 22902945 |
| locked-in syndrome as an unusual complication of acute otitis media. | a 32-year-old woman developed altered consciousness two days after initial symptoms of acute otitis media, with purulent discharge from the right ear. she was quadriplegic, with spontaneous eye opening, mild neck stiffness, and lacking vestibular-ocular reflexes. | 2012 | 22896933 |
| clinical features of bleb-related infection: a 5-year survey in japan. | to present clinical features and microbial data for bleb-related infections obtained by the 5-year-long japan glaucoma society survey of bleb-related infection (jgssbi). | 2013 | 22883301 |
| relatively high serum vitamin d levels do not impair the antibody response to encapsulated bacteria. | vitamin d skews the immune system towards a more tolerogenic state. therefore, a relatively high vitamin d status, i.e., within the normal physiological range, might result in a lower antibody response to infection and vaccination. we hypothesized, however, that vitamin d is primarily important in establishing immune homeostasis, implying that a relatively high vitamin d status would not hamper an adequate antibody response against pathogens. our results show that the vitamin d status did not di ... | 2013 | 22875191 |
| a phase iii, randomized controlled study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a semi-synthetic diphtheria, tetanus and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in indian infants. | reactions to dtwp vaccine are well known and are a matter of great concern, much for the development of next generation combination vaccines. to avoid such reactions which occur from foreign compounds, who suggested manufacture of dtwp vaccine using semi-synthetic medium. the phase iii trial reported here was conducted to assess the immunogenicity, tolerability and safety of a new dtwp vaccine manufactured using semi-synthetic medium for both tetanus and diphtheria toxoids in comparison with the ... | 2012 | 22874850 |
| dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine (infanrix hexa™): a guide to its use in infants. | infanrix hexa™, a diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis b, inactivated poliomyelitis, and haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine, is indicated for primary and booster vaccination of infants. available clinical data from more than a decade of experience with the vaccine indicate that primary and booster vaccination with infanrix hexa™ is a safe and useful option for providing protection against the common childhood diseases of diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, pertu ... | 2012 | 22873778 |
| antimicrobial activity of adenine-based inhibitors of nad(+)-dependent dna ligase. | the relationship between enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial potency of adenine-based nad(+)-dependent dna ligase (liga) inhibitors was investigated using a strain of the gram-negative pathogen haemophilus influenzae lacking its major acrab-tolc efflux pump and the gram-positive pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae. to this end, biochemical inhibitors not mediating their antibacterial mode of action (moa) via liga were removed from the analysis. in doing so, a significant number of compounds were i ... | 2012 | 24900527 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b disease and vaccine booster dose deferral, united states, 1998-2009. | since the introduction of effective vaccines, the incidence of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease among children <5 years of age has decreased by 99% in the united states. in response to a limited vaccine supply that began in 2007, hib booster doses were deferred for 18 months. | 2012 | 22869828 |
| changes in prevalence and load of airway bacteria using quantitative pcr in stable and exacerbated copd. | prevalence and load of airway bacteria in stable and exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) has been previously studied using microbiological culture. molecular techniques, such as quantitative pcr (qpcr), may be more informative. | 2012 | 22863758 |
| can infants be protected by means of maternal vaccination? | the administration of vaccines is not usually recommended in pregnant women because of a fear of severe adverse events for the fetus. however, contraindication to vaccination applies only to vaccines based on live attenuated viruses for the theoretical possibility that they might infect the fetus. in contrast, the use of several inactivated vaccines is useful and recommended. as a result of the transplacental passage of antibodies, maternal immunization can reduce the risk of vaccine-preventable ... | 2012 | 22862749 |
| [acute otitis media: prevalence of ear pathogens in patients at a public hospital]. | acute otitis media (aom) is one of the most common diseases in childhood and is the most common cause of antibiotic prescriptions in children. the gold standard for identifying the pathogens causing aom is tympanocentesis. this is only possible in the stage of aom when exudate is retained in the middle ear. the aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of organisms causing aom in eutrophic patients at a public paediatric hospital. | 2013 | 22858160 |
| b cell memory to a serogroup c meningococcal conjugate vaccine in childhood and response to booster: little association with serum igg antibody. | the maintenance of adequate serum ab levels following immunization has been identified as the most important mechanism for individual long-term protection against rapidly invading encapsulated bacteria. the mechanisms for maintaining adequate serum ab levels and the relationship between ag-specific memory b cells and ab at steady state are poorly understood. we measured the frequency of circulating serogroup c meningococcal (menc)-specific memory b cells in 250 healthy 6- to 12-y-old children 6 ... | 2012 | 22855707 |
| clinical characteristics of children with lower respiratory tract infections are dependent on the carriage of specific pathogens in the nasopharynx. | a prospective clinical study was performed to correlate nasopharyngeal carriage of bacteria with the type of lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in hospitalised children. to determine bacterial load in nasopharyngeal aspirates (npa) we used semiquantitative culturing and quantitative taqman-pcr for those pathogens difficult to culture. specimens and clinical data were obtained from 311 children between 0 and 16 years of age with lrti during the period of 2006-2008. the most common detected ... | 2012 | 22850740 |
| a glutathione-based system for defense against carbonyl stress in haemophilus influenzae. | adhc from haemophilus influenzae encodes a glutathione-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase that has previously been shown to be required for protection against killing by s-nitrosoglutathione (gsno). this group of enzymes is known in other systems to be able to utilize substrates that form adducts with glutathione, such as aldehydes. | 2012 | 22849540 |
| expression of hbd-2 induced by 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and split influenza virus vaccine. | human β-defensin-2 (hbd-2) is an antimicrobial peptide with high activity and broad spectrum activity. hbd-2 expression may be highly elevated by microorganisms and inflammation. we reported that the majority of common vaccines used, including 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and split influenza virus vaccine, could induce the expression of hbd-2 in epithelial cells. among them, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine was effective at ... | 2012 | 22842707 |
| vaccination against encapsulated bacteria in hereditary c2 deficiency results in antibody response and opsonization due to antibody-dependent complement activation. | hereditary c2 deficiency (c2d) is an important susceptibility factor for invasive infections caused by encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococci and haemophilus influenzae type b. the infections are mostly seen in childhood indicating that antibody-mediated acquired immunity is affected. c2d persons and healthy controls were vaccinated with acthib® and pneumo23®. analysis of specific antibodies to pneumococci serotype 6b, 7f, and 23f, and hib was performed. post-vaccination igg antibodies agains ... | 2012 | 22842196 |
| rapid detection of haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae in nasopharyngeal swabs by multiplex pcr. | to establish multiplex pcr-based assays for detecting h.influenzae and h.parainfluenzae. and the pcr-based assays were applied to detect the carriage rates of h.influenzae and h.parainfluenzae in nasopharyngeal swab specimens which were collected from healthy children. | 2012 | 22840589 |
| etiology of pneumonia in children in the absence of pneumococcal and antihaemophilus vaccines. | childhood pneumonia represents an important pathology, a cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. our study aims to determine etiology of pneumonia in hospitalized children using several laboratory methods. we performed a prospective study that enrolled 560 children age 1 up to 18 years old all diagnosed with pneumonia by clinical and radiological features. we applied various laboratory methods (serologic, bacteriologic: bronchial aspirate, sputum, pleural effusion and blood culture) in order ... | 2012 | 22838220 |
| five-year antibody persistence and safety following a booster dose of combined haemophilus influenzae type b-neisseria meningitidis serogroup c-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine. | booster vaccination with the combined haemophilus influenza type b-neisseria meningitides serogroup c-tetanus toxoid vaccine (hib-menc-tt) has been reported to induce different menc antibody responses depending on the priming vaccines, with a possible impact on long-term protection. here, the five-year persistence of immune responses induced by a booster dose of hib-menc-tt was evaluated in toddlers primed with either hib-menc-tt or menc-tt. | 2012 | 22828645 |
| impact of recent antibiotics on nasopharyngeal carriage and lower airway infection in indigenous australian children with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. | indigenous australian children have increased rates of bronchiectasis. despite a lack of high-level evidence on effectiveness and antibiotic resistance, these children often receive long-term antibiotics. in this study, we determined the impact of recent macrolide (primarily azithromycin) and β-lactam antibiotic use on nasopharyngeal colonisation, lower airway infection (>10(4) cfu/ml of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid culture) and antibiotic resistance in non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) ... | 2012 | 22819151 |
| disk diffusion and mic quality control ranges for bc-3205 and bc-3781, two novel pleuromutilin antibiotics. | mic and disk diffusion quality control (qc) ranges were established for two new pleuromutilin antimicrobials (bc-3205 and bc-3781) in an eight-laboratory study performed according to clinical and laboratory standards institute m23-a3 guidelines. staphylococcus aureus atcc 29213 and 25923, streptococcus pneumoniae atcc 49619, and haemophilus influenzae atcc 4927 strains were evaluated. the proposed qc ranges would aid clinical laboratories in testing these compounds following their development fo ... | 2012 | 22814462 |
| longitudinal surveillance of haemophilus influenzae isolates from pediatric patients with meningitis throughout japan, 2000-2011. | in japan, β-lactamase-nonproducing, ampicillin-resistant organisms have been evident among haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) isolates since 2000, when no appropriate vaccine had been approved. we therefore performed molecular analysis of agents causing h. influenzae meningitis nationwide over the following 10 years. some 285 institutions have participated in surveillance since 2000. the capsular type and resistance genes of 1,353 isolates and 23 cerebrospinal fluid samples from pediatric patie ... | 2013 | 22806445 |
| haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination in india-a reality check. | | 2013 | 22796322 |
| [urinary tract infection caused by haemophilus influenzae in 3 children with uropathies]. | urinary tract infection (uti) is one of the most common infections in children but haemophilus is rarely involved. in our institution, only 3 children below the age of 15 years presented with uti due to haemophilus influenzae between january 2010 and october 2011. these children had typical symptoms of uti: fever, abdominal pain and dysuria. in all 3 patients, standard urinalysis remained negative, but h. influenzae was found after bacterial growth in special media, i.e., blood agar (or chocolat ... | 2012 | 22795780 |
| the changing profile of pediatric meningitis at a referral centre in cape town, south africa. | pediatric meningitis remains a common cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in developing countries. knowledge of the causative organisms in a region is of importance in guiding empiric antibiotic regimes and immunization schedules assisting decisions on primary health-care interventions. | 2012 | 22791086 |
| severe soft tissue infection of the lower extremity caused by haemophilus influenzae (serotype f, biotype ii) in an adult patient. | the infection caused by non-b-type haemophilus influenzae has been increasing in this hib (h.influenzae serotype b) vaccination era. h.influenzae serotype f (hif) is considered as one of those emerging pathogens. in general, h.influenzae is a common pathogen of such as pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis, but is rare in soft tissue infection, especially at the extremity. we report a rare case of severe soft tissue infection caused by hif which occurred at the lower extremity of immunocompete ... | 2012 | 22790146 |
| should corticosteroids be used in bacterial meningitis in children? | bacterial meningitis is one of the most serious infections in infants and children, with considerable morbidity and mortality. despite the spreading of conjugated vaccines against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), the most important pneumococcal serotypes and serogroup c meningococcus has reduced the incidence of this infection in developed countries, it still remains a global public health problem and an important cause of mortality and disability. whether corticosteroids should be used as a ... | 2013 | 22789668 |
| the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of chronic adenoiditis. | to examine the utility of nasopharyngeal culture in the management of children with chronic adenoiditis to determine if it results in a change in antibiotic therapy. | 2012 | 22784508 |
| sequences of small blatem-encoding plasmids in haemophilus influenzae and description of variants falsely negative for blatem by pcr. | to characterize an unidentified β-lactamase and associated genetic background in a bla(tem) and bla(rob) pcr-negative haemophilus influenzae isolate, and characterize small bla(tem)-encoding plasmids in a collection of h. influenzae. | 2012 | 22782486 |
| nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases, and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2009: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility. | for the purpose of nationwide surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, the japanese society of chemotherapy (jsc) started a survey in 2006. from 2009, jsc continued the survey in collaboration with the japanese association for infectious diseases and the japanese society for clinical microbiology. the fourth-year survey was conducted during the period from january and april 2009 by the three societies. a total of 684 strains were col ... | 2012 | 22766652 |
| structures of staphylococcus aureus peptide deformylase in complex with two classes of new inhibitors. | peptide deformylase (pdf) catalyzes the removal of the formyl group from the n-terminal methionine residue in newly synthesized polypeptides, which is an essential process in bacteria. four new inhibitors of pdf that belong to two different classes, hydroxamate/pseudopeptide compounds [pmt387 (7a) and pmt497] and reverse-hydroxamate/nonpeptide compounds [pmt1039 (15e) and pmt1067], have been developed. these compounds inhibited the growth of several pathogens involved in respiratory-tract infect ... | 2012 | 22751663 |
| reduced use of occult bacteremia blood screens by emergency medicine physicians using immunization registry for children presenting with fever without a source. | this study examined whether utilization of the florida state health online tracking system (shots) immunization registry to determine haemophilus influenzae type b and heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate (pcv7) vaccine status impacts the protocolized decision to perform a screening blood draw for occult bacteremia (ob) in young children. | 2012 | 22743750 |
| chemical composition of 8 eucalyptus species' essential oils and the evaluation of their antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities. | in 1957, tunisia introduced 117 species of eucalyptus; they have been used as fire wood, for the production of mine wood and to fight erosion. actually, eucalyptus essential oil is traditionally used to treat respiratory tract disorders such as pharyngitis, bronchitis, and sinusitis. a few investigations were reported on the biological activities of eucalyptus oils worldwide. in tunisia, our previous works conducted in 2010 and 2011 had been the first reports to study the antibacterial activitie ... | 2012 | 22742534 |
| association of conjunctival bacterial infection and female sex in cicatricial trachoma. | conjunctival infection with non-chlamydial bacteria may play an important role in the progression of trachoma, especially with regard to the development of corneal opacity and blindness. to further characterize the microbiological profile of bacterial conjunctival infections in cicatricial trachoma, a conjunctival swabbing of adults in rural ethiopia was performed. | 2012 | 22736616 |
| molecular organization of small plasmids bearing blatem-1 and conferring resistance to β-lactams in haemophilus influenzae. | tem-1 is the dominant β-lactamase of haemophilus influenzae and can be located on small plasmids. three distinct plasmids with sizes from 4,304 to 5,646 nucleotides (nt) were characterized: pa1606, pa1209, and ppn223. in addition to tem-1 and a replication enzyme of the rep 3 superfamily, pa1606 carries a tn3 resolvase gene and pa1606 and pa1209 carry an open reading frame (orf) similar to a plasmid recombination enzyme gene described in gram-positive bacteria. the plasmids transformed strain rd ... | 2012 | 22733069 |
| early vaccinations are not risk factors for celiac disease. | to investigate if changes in the national swedish vaccination program coincided with changes in the celiac disease (cd) incidence rate in infants (ie, the swedish cd epidemic), and to assess the potential association between these vaccinations and cd risk. | 2012 | 22732174 |
| a functional tonb gene is required for both virulence and competitive fitness in a chinchilla model of haemophilus influenzae otitis media. | haemophilus influenzae requires heme for aerobic growth and possesses multiple mechanisms to obtain this essential nutrient. | 2012 | 22731867 |
| immunization of newborns with bacterial conjugate vaccines. | bacterial conjugate vaccines are based on the principle of coupling immunogenic bacterial capsular polysaccharides to a carrier protein to facilitate the induction of memory t-cell responses. following the success of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines in the 1980s, conjugate vaccines for streptococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis infections were developed and proven to be effective in protecting children against invasive disease. in this review, the use of conjugate vaccin ... | 2013 | 22728221 |
| host cell kinases, α5 and β1 integrins, and rac1 signalling on the microtubule cytoskeleton are important for non-typable haemophilus influenzae invasion of respiratory epithelial cells. | non-typable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common commensal of the human nasopharynx, but causes opportunistic infection when the respiratory tract is compromised by infection or disease. the ability of nthi to invade epithelial cells has been described, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. we previously determined that nthi promotes phosphorylation of the serine-threonine kinase akt in a549 human lung epithelial cells, and that akt phosphorylation and nthi cell ... | 2012 | 22723286 |
| an aminoquinazoline inhibitor of the essential bacterial cell wall synthetic enzyme glmu has a unique non-protein-kinase-like binding mode. | glmu is a bifunctional enzyme with acetyltransferase and uridyltransferase activities, and is essential for the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. inhibition results in a loss of cell viability. glmu is therefore considered a potential target for novel antibacterial agents. a hts (high-throughput screen) identified a series of aminoquinazolines with submicromolar potency against the uridyltransferase reaction. biochemical and biophysical characterization showed competition with utp binding ... | 2012 | 22721802 |
| non-typeable haemophilus influenzae decreases cilia beating via protein kinase cε. | haemophilus influenzae infection of the nasal epithelium has long been associated with observations of decreased nasal ciliary beat frequency (cbf) and injury to the ciliated epithelium. previously, we have reported that several agents that slow cbf also have the effect of activating protein kinase c epsilon (pkcε) activity in bronchial epithelial cells. the subsequent auto-downregulation of pkcε or the direct inhibition of pkcε leads to the specific detachment of the ciliated cells. | 2012 | 22712879 |
| frequency of alternative immunization schedule use in a metropolitan area. | recent studies have described an increase in parental hesitancy regarding vaccines as well as increases in parental adoption of vaccine schedules that delay or limit receipt of recommended vaccines. this study quantifies potential prevalence and trends in alternative schedule compliance by measuring consistent shot-limiting in a metropolitan area of oregon. | 2012 | 22711719 |
| immunization against haemophilus influenzae type b in iran; cost-utility and cost-benefit analyses. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. although its burden is considerably preventable by vaccine, routine vaccination against hib has not been defined in the national immunization program of iran. this study was performed to assess the cost-benefit and cost-utility of running an hib vaccination program in iran. | 2012 | 22708030 |
| the structural diversity of lipopolysaccharide expressed by non-typeable haemophilus influenzae strains 1158 and 1159. | a heterogeneous population of glycoforms expressed by nthi strains 1158 and 1159 has been elucidated using nmr spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ce-esi-ms) on o-deacylated lps (lps-oh) and core oligosaccharide (os) materials, as well as hplc-esi-ms(n) on dephosphorylated and methylated os samples. the most abundant glycoform contained a disaccharide chain: pcho→7)-d-α-d-hepp-(1→6)-β-d-glcp linked to hepi from the common structural el ... | 2012 | 22705099 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of betula aetnensis rafin. (betulaceae) leaves extract. | this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects, the radical scavenging activity (by dpph and abts tests) and the antioxidant capacity (by β-carotene bleaching test) of betula aetnensis leaves extract. the antimicrobial activity was tested against 14 gram-positive clinical strains, 2 atcc gram-positive strains, 10 gram-negative clinical strains and 4 gram-negative atcc strains. streptococcus pyogenes ery-s and ery-r1 were the most sensitive. betula aetnensis was considerably active agains ... | 2013 | 22703292 |
| discovery of a compound that acts as a bacterial pyrg (ctp synthase) inhibitor. | pyrg (ctp synthase) catalyses the conversion of utp to ctp, an essential step in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway in a variety of bacteria, including those causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections (rtis). in this study, a luminescence-based atpase assay of pyrg was developed and used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of 2-(3-[3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazol-2(3h)-yl]phenylsulfonylamino) benzoic acid (compound g1). compound g1 inhibited pyrg derived from streptococcus pneumoniae with a ... | 2012 | 22700553 |
| increase of β-lactam-resistant invasive haemophilus influenzae in sweden, 1997 to 2010. | the proportions of haemophilus influenzae resistant to ampicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics have been low in sweden compared to other countries in the western world. however, a near-doubled proportion of nasopharyngeal swedish h. influenzae isolates with resistance to β-lactams has been observed in the last decade. in the present study, the epidemiology and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of h. influenzae isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in southern sweden from 1997 to 201 ... | 2012 | 22687505 |
| clear and present danger: in childhood meningitis. the importance of hib immunisation in infancy and high-risk groups. | the incidence of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) invasive disease has declined significantly in the united kingdom since the introduction of routine hib immunisation. however life-threatening hib infections such as meningitis and epiglottitis may still occur, especially in the unimmunised and immigrant children. a case of hib meningitis is a reminder that the threat of invasive hib disease has not been totally eliminated. early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis (including hib m ... | 2016 | 22685975 |
| development and technology transfer of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines for developing countries. | this paper describes the development of a haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine at the national institute for public health and the environment/netherlands vaccine institute (rivm/nvi, bilthoven, the netherlands), and the subsequent transfer of its production process to manufacturers in developing countries. in 1998, at the outset of the project, the majority of the world's children were not immunized against hib because of the high price and limited supply of the conjugate vacci ... | 2012 | 22683521 |
| the role of lipooligosaccharide phosphorylcholine in colonization and pathogenesis of histophilus somni in cattle. | histophilus somni is a gram-negative bacterium and member of the pasteurellaceae that is responsible for respiratory disease and other systemic infections in cattle. one of the bacterium's virulence factors is antigenic phase variation of its lipooligosaccharide (los). los antigenic variation may occur through variation in composition or structure of glycoses or their substitutions, such as phosphorylcholine (chop). however, the role of chop in the pathogenesis of h. somni disease has not been e ... | 2012 | 22676226 |
| inflammation in the middle ear of children with recurrent or chronic otitis media is associated with bacterial load. | viral upper respiratory tract infections have been described as an important factor in the development of otitis media (om), although it is unclear whether they facilitate bacterial om or can directly cause om. to clarify the role of viral infections in om, we compared the relative contribution of viruses and bacteria with the induction of inflammatory cytokine responses in the middle ear of children suffering from om. | 2012 | 22668804 |
| [bacterial meningitis]. | bacterial meningitis is a severe disease which affects 35.000 europeans each year and has a mortality rate of about 20%. during the past 25 years the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis has changed significantly due to the implementation of vaccination against haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningtidis group c and streptococcus pneumoniae. due to these vaccines, meningitis is now predominantly a disease occurring in adults, caused especially by streptococcus pneumoniae, while it was formerly ... | 2012 | 22667193 |
| low immune response to hepatitis b vaccine among children in dakar, senegal. | hbv vaccine was introduced into the expanded programme on immunization (epi) in senegal and cameroon in 2005. we conducted a cross-sectional study in both countries to assess the hbv immune protection among children. all consecutive children under 4 years old, hospitalized for any reason between may 2009 and may 2010, with an immunisation card and a complete hbv vaccination, were tested for anti-hbs and anti-hbc. a total of 242 anti-hbc-negative children (128 in cameroon and 114 in senegal) were ... | 2012 | 22666468 |
| naturally acquired and conjugate vaccine-induced antibody to haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) polysaccharide in malian children: serological assessment of the hib immunization program in mali. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine for infants (6, 10, and 14 weeks of age) was introduced into the malian expanded program on immunization in july 2005, to diminish invasive hib disease in young children. antibodies to hib capsular polysaccharide (prp) were measured in infants and toddlers from an area already served by the hib immunization program (bamako) and in unimmunized children of the same age in a district (kangaba) where hib immunization had not yet begun. among vacc ... | 2012 | 22665612 |
| improvement in the purification process of the capsular polysaccharide from haemophilus influenzae type b by using tangential ultrafiltration and diafiltration. | capsular polysaccharide produced by haemophilus influenzae b (hib) is the main virulent agent and used as the antigen in the vaccine formulation. in this study, an improved process of polysaccharide purification was established based on tangential flow ultrafiltration using detergents (cocamidopropyl betaine and sodium deoxycholate), two selective ethanol precipitations steps, and extensive enzymatic hydrolysis as strategy. the relative purity (rp) related to protein and nucleic acids were 122~2 ... | 2012 | 22665219 |
| co-infection subverts mucosal immunity in the upper respiratory tract. | polymicrobial interactions on mucosal surfaces can influence inflammation, immunity, and disease outcome. here, we review how host responses to colonization in the upper respiratory tract with the bacterial pathogen streptococcus pneumoniae can be altered by co-infection. recent advances provide a mechanistic understanding of how mucosal immunity can be subverted at distinct immunological time-points during pneumococcal colonization by other pathogens such as haemophilus influenzae, influenza ty ... | 2012 | 22658762 |
| peptides complementary to the active loop of porin p2 from haemophilus influenzae modulate its activity. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is one of the leading causes of invasive bacterial infection in young children. it is characterized by inflammation that is mainly mediated by cytokines and chemokines. one of the most abundant components of the hib outer membrane is the p2 porin, which has been shown to induce the release of several inflammatory cytokines. a synthetic peptide corresponding to loop l7 of the porin activates jnk and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. we repor ... | 2012 | 22654515 |
| high prevalence of nasal carriage of β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant haemophilus influenzae in healthy children in korea. | this study investigated the carriage of antimicrobial resistant haemophilus influenzae in 582 healthy children attending kindergarten or elementary school at four intervals over a 9-month period in seoul, korea. diverse colonization patterns and a lower level of long-term persistent carriage by h. influenzae status were evident in this study. colonizing h. influenzae isolates showed a high rate of resistance to β-lactams including ampicillin (51·9%), cefaclor (52·1%), and amoxicillin/clavulanate ... | 2013 | 22647593 |
| nationwide, multicenter survey on the efficacy and safety of piperacillin for adult community-acquired pneumonia in japan. | a survey on adult community-acquired pneumonia was conducted jointly by multiple centers nationwide to verify the japanese respiratory society guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults (jrs2005). the efficacy and safety of piperacillin (pipc) were investigated at the same time. pipc is recommended as the initial treatment for patients with suspected bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia in jrs2005. overall, 552 and 333 patients were registered for safety an ... | 2012 | 22618270 |
| [colonization and transmission of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib)]. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) remains the leading cause of invasive bacterial infection in japanese children. more than 110 countries that have included hib conjugate vaccines in their routine vaccination programs have seen dramatical decrease in the incidence of hib infections. in japan, the vaccine has been introduced for voluntary immunization since december 2008 and has been provided free of charge only since january 2011. this review reports the prevalence of hib and its clones among ... | 2012 | 22606876 |
| the further and future evolution of the new zealand immunisation schedule. | menzb was introduced to control meningococcal disease in new zealand in 2004 and routine use ceased in 2008. in that year, two new vaccines were added to the new zealand childhood immunisation schedule, pneumococcal and human papilloma virus, and two more, varicella and rotavirus, have been recommended but not funded. by comparison, in the 16 years prior to 2006 only one new vaccine was introduced, haemophilus influenzae type b. coverage is improving and is now around 90%, making timeliness an i ... | 2012 | 22595928 |
| ceftaroline fosamil for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. | bacterial resistance is increasing on a global basis, making treatment options more limited. the development of new agents to meet this threat is a matter of urgency. ceftaroline fosamil , a member of an advanced cephalosporin class of antimicrobials, is currently approved by the us food and drug administration for use in for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection (absssi) and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. ceftaroline displays activity against gram-positive and gram-negative ... | 2012 | 22594846 |
| picornaviruses in cerebrospinal fluid of children with meningitis in luanda, angola. | human enteroviruses are the most common cause of viral meningitis. viral-bacterial interaction may affect the clinical course and outcome of bacterial meningitis. in africa, viruses might be responsible for 14-25% of all meningitis cases. however, only few studies from africa have reported detection of viruses in the cerebrospinal fluid (csf) or mixed viral-bacterial infections of the central nervous system (cns). the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of picornaviruses in ... | 2012 | 22585725 |
| dose-specific efficacy of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. | global coverage of infant haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccination has increased considerably during the past decade, partly due to gavi alliance donations of the vaccine to low-income countries. in settings where large numbers of children receive only one or two vaccine doses rather than the recommended three doses, dose-specific efficacy estimates are needed to predict impact. the objective of this meta-analysis is to determine hib vaccine efficacy against different clinical outcomes af ... | 2012 | 22583474 |
| proficiency of pcr in hospital settings for nonculture diagnosis of invasive meningococcal infections. | meningococcal meningitis requires rapid diagnosis and immediate management which is enhanced by the use of pcr for the ascertainment of these infections. however, its use is still restricted to reference laboratories. | 2012 | 22582511 |
| evi1 acts as an inducible negative-feedback regulator of nf-κb by inhibiting p65 acetylation. | inflammation is a hallmark of many important human diseases. appropriate inflammation is critical for host defense; however, an overactive response is detrimental to the host. thus, inflammation must be tightly regulated. the molecular mechanisms underlying the tight regulation of inflammation remain largely unknown. ecotropic viral integration site 1 (evi1), a proto-oncogene and zinc finger transcription factor, plays important roles in normal development and leukemogenesis. however, its role i ... | 2012 | 22581859 |
| mastoiditis diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging studies in children: disease spectrum and evolving diagnostic challenges. | acute mastoiditis has been increasingly reported. we reviewed our experience of mastoiditis in children in the era of expanding application of imaging tools and endless emerging antimicrobial resistance. | 2012 | 22578647 |
| respiratory syncytial virus persistence in macrophages downregulates intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression and reduces adhesion of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae. | persistence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been associated with episodes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd); furthermore, co-infection of rsv with non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is increasingly recognized as a cause of exacerbations of copd. | 2012 | 22572178 |
| characterization of extended co-culture of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae with primary human respiratory tissues. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are human-adapted gram-negative bacteria that comprise part of the normal flora of the human upper airway, but are also responsible for a number of mucosal infections such as otitis media and bronchitis. these infections often recur and can become chronic. to characterize the effect of long-term co-culture of nthi with human tissues, we infected primary respiratory epithelial cells grown at the air-liquid interface with three nthi strains over a range o ... | 2012 | 22569032 |
| shortened hospital stay for childhood bone and joint infections: analysis of 265 prospectively collected culture-positive cases in 1983-2005. | in recent decades the treatment of childhood acute bone and joint infections has shifted towards shorter antibiotic courses and rapid transition to oral therapy. | 2012 | 22568753 |
| methodology optimization and diversification for the investigation of virulence potential in haemophilus influenzae clinical strains. | ten haemophilus influenzae strains were isolated from patients aged between 1.6 - 24 years, with various diagnoses (acute meningitis, acute upper respiratory infection, otitis media and acute sinusitis). identification was based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics; antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by diffusion method according to clsi standards 2011 for seven antibiotics. the results of molecular testing showed that all the studied strains produced an amplicon of 1000 bp w ... | 2012 | 22568263 |
| the burden of nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae in children and potential for prevention. | in countries with established haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) immunization programmes, nonencapsulated h. influenzae (nchi) is responsible for most invasive h. influenzae infections across all age groups and is associated with higher case fatality. a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has recently been licensed, which may potentially also protect against invasive h. influenzae infections. | 2012 | 22561999 |
| vaccination and herd immunity: what more do we know? | this review summarizes herd immunity, focusing on conceptual developments with application to vaccination programs. | 2012 | 22561998 |
| molecular detection of haemophilus influenzae in copd sputum is superior to conventional culturing methods. | | 2012 | 22558805 |
| prevalence of cystic fibrosis pathogens in the oropharynx of healthy children and implications for cystic fibrosis care. | to describe the prevalence of the cf pathogens pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus and haemophilus influenzae in op cultures from healthy children. | 2012 | 22551927 |
| measurement of haemophilus influenzae type a capsular polysaccharide antibodies in cord blood sera. | we measured anti-haemophilus influenzae type a capsular polysaccharide serum immunoglobulin g antibodies in cord blood sera from mexican (n = 68) and chilean mothers (n = 72) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. measurable antibodies were found in 79.3% of samples. immunoglobulin g antibodies correlated with serum bactericidal activity (r = 0.66). this enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay can be used for the evaluation of adaptive immune responses to haemophilus influenzae type a and serosurveilla ... | 2012 | 22549435 |
| profile: the kilifi health and demographic surveillance system (khdss). | the kilifi health and demographic surveillance system (khdss), located on the indian ocean coast of kenya, was established in 2000 as a record of births, pregnancies, migration events and deaths and is maintained by 4-monthly household visits. the study area was selected to capture the majority of patients admitted to kilifi district hospital. the khdss has 260 000 residents and the hospital admits 4400 paediatric patients and 3400 adult patients per year. at the hospital, morbidity events are l ... | 2012 | 22544844 |
| nasopharyngeal swabs of school children, useful in rapid assessment of community antimicrobial resistance patterns in streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. | the present study evaluates the feasibility of rapid surveillance of community antimicrobial resistance (amr) patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in india using nasopharyngeal swabs (npss) of school children. it compares the amr data obtained with that of invasive and nasopharyngeal (np) isolates studied previously. no one has done such surveillance since our study so we decided to publish and more clearly demonstrate the feasibility of the methodology we did. | 2013 | 22542022 |
| bacterial interactions in the nasopharynx - effects of host factors in children attending day-care centers. | the nasopharynges of preschool children are often colonized by potentially pathogenic bacteria. the interactions between these common pathogens and certain host factors were investigated in healthy preschool children 1-6 years of age. nasopharynx samples were collected from all 63 children attending a day-care center that experienced an outbreak of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. the samples were analyzed for s. pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and group ... | 2012 | 22541259 |