| the roles of epithelial cell contact, respiratory bacterial interactions and phosphorylcholine in promoting biofilm formation by streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) often share a common niche within the nasopharynx, both associated with infections such as bronchitis and otitis media. this study investigated how the association between nthi and s. pneumoniae and the host affects their propensity to form biofilms. we investigated a selection of bacterial strain and serotype combinations on biofilm formation, and the effect of contact with respiratory epithelial cells. measurement of biofil ... | 2014 | 24998491 |
| prevalence of type b haemophilus influenzae and antibiotic resistance in 52 clinical isolates in north lebanon. | the aim of this study was to determine the capsular typing and type b prevalence of clinical haemophilus influenzae strains in north lebanon in both invasive and non-invasive disease and to determine the susceptibility pattern and the mechanism of resistance to β-lactams [β-lactamase-producing strains and β-lactamase-negative ampicillin resistant (blnar) strains]. fifty-two strains of clinical h. influenzae were isolated from 312 clinical specimens; the resistance pattern to β-lactams of these s ... | 2014 | 24995731 |
| association of serum interleukin-27 with the exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | we have previously demonstrated that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients who do not have siglec-14 are less prone to exacerbation of the disease. siglec-14 is a myeloid cell protein that recognizes bacteria and triggers inflammatory responses. therefore, soluble mediators secreted by myeloid cells responding to siglec-14 engagement could be involved in the pathogenesis of exacerbation and could potentially be utilized as biomarkers of exacerbation. to find out, we sought genes ... | 2014 | 24994897 |
| immunization status of children in foster homes: the first italian data. | the aim of this paper was to evaluate vaccination coverage among children living in forest homes. | 2016 | 24992472 |
| necrotizing fasciitis caused by haemophilus influenzae serotype f. | haemophilus influenzae is a rare cause of soft tissue infection. in this report, we present a case of multifocal necrotizing fasciitis in a healthy adult patient, secondary to haemophilus influenzae serotype f infection, and we review literature on this rare cause of necrotizing fasciitis. | 2014 | 24989609 |
| antibodies against haemophilus influenzae type b in the gambia: investigating the extent of protection across age groups. | following a landmark clinical trial, the vaccine against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) was introduced in the gambia in 1997. whilst the immunogenicity of this vaccine is well established subsequent to the doses administered under the epi schedule, little data exists assessing longevity of protection, using serology. such data are needed however to predict the susceptibility to hib at the population level. to determine antibody persistence in 5-6 year old fully vaccinated gambian children c ... | 2014 | 24975810 |
| [bacterial meningitis caused by beta-lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant nontypeable haemophilus influenzae in a 1-year-old girl: a case report]. | we present herein the case report of bacterial meningitis caused by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) in a 1-year-7-month-old girl with no medically significant history. nthi from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was the beta-lactamase non-producing ampicillin resistant strain (blnar). some beta-lactams were administrated, but fever was prolonged. finally, rifampicin seemed to be effective. in nthi, compared with h. influenzae type b (hib), the prevalence of blnar is high. hence, complicated ca ... | 2014 | 24974453 |
| impaired macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria in severe asthma. | bacteria are frequently cultured from sputum samples of severe asthma patients suggesting a defect in bacterial clearance from the airway. we measured the capacity of macrophages from patients with asthma to phagocytose bacteria. | 2014 | 24972601 |
| etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia during the 2013 hajj-part of the mers-cov surveillance program. | pneumonia is the leading cause of hospital admission during the annual islamic pilgrimage (hajj). the etiology of severe pneumonia is complex and includes the newly emerged middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). since 2012, the saudi ministry of health (moh) has required screening for mers-cov for all cases of severe pneumonia requiring hospitalization. we aimed to screen hajj pilgrims admitted to healthcare facilities in 2013 with severe community-acquired pneumonia (cap) for ... | 2014 | 24970703 |
| bacterial etiology of empyema thoracis and parapneumonic pleural effusion in thai children aged less than 16 years. | this study aimed to identify the bacterial etiology of empyema thoracis or parapneumonic pleural effusions in thai children, with a focus on pneumococcus. this hospital-based, descriptive study included children aged < or = 16 years, diagnosed with empyema thoracis or parapneumonic pleural effusion, from whom a pleural fluid (pf) sample was taken between january 2008 and november 2009. pf and blood samples were cultured and pf samples were also tested by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to assess ... | 2014 | 24968687 |
| lasting immune memory against hepatitis b following challenge 10-11 years after primary vaccination with either three doses of hexavalent dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib or monovalent hepatitis b vaccine at 3, 5 and 11-12 months of age. | the combined hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-hepatitis b-inactivated poliomyelitis - haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (infanrix hexa™; dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib: glaxosmithkline vaccines) induces robust responses to the hbv component when administered at 3, 5 and 11-12 months of age. we assessed long term hbv antibody persistence 10-11 years after primary vaccination in infancy. | 2015 | 24962750 |
| susceptibility of common bacterial respiratory pathogens to antimicrobial agents in outpatients from south backa district. | acute infections of the upper respiratory tract are the most common reasons why patients visit general practitioners. overuse of antibiotics in treatment of these conditions is extremely common practice although these infections are most frequently caused by viruses. the aim of this study was to determine the distribution and susceptibility of common pathogens to antimicrobial agents that cause infections of the upper respiratory tract in outpatients and to determine whether the results obtained ... | 2014 | 24961047 |
| impact of 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) on childhood pneumonia hospitalizations in brazil two years after introduction. | pneumococcal disease is a major public health problem worldwide. from march to september of 2010, 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) was introduced in the brazilian childhood national immunization program (nip) in all 27 brazilian states. the aim of the present study is to report national time-trends in incidence of hospital admissions for childhood pneumonia in brazil before and after two years of introduction of this new pneumococcal ... | 2014 | 24958703 |
| epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease and the susceptibility of aggregate hosts. | haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria has been responsible for recent increase in invasive disease in the adult population of the united states. this increase in h. influenzae infections is greatest in individuals above 65 years of age. a plausible explanation for this increase may be the changes observed in the epidemiology of invasive h. influenzae type b (hib) disease and the susceptibility of aggregate hosts. | 2015 | 24958314 |
| [nationwide surveillance of parenteral antibiotics containing meropenem activities against clinically isolated strains in 2012]. | the nationwide surveillance of antibacterial susceptibility to meropenem (mepm) and other parenteral antibiotics against clinical isolates during 2012 in japan was conducted. a total of 2985 strains including 955 strains of gram-positive bacteria, 1782 strains of gram-negative bacteria, and 248 strains of anaerobic bacteria obtained from 31 medical institutions were examined. the results were as follows; 1. mepm was more active than the other carbapenem antibiotics tested against gram-negative b ... | 2014 | 24956909 |
| genetic characteristics of haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children with conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. | acute conjunctivitis is the most common ocular disorders among children and frequently concomitant with acute otitis media (aom) as conjunctivitis-otitis syndrome. in this study, we evaluated prevalence of causative pathogens and pcr-based genotypes of haemophilus influenzae and streptococcus pneumoniae among children with conjunctivitis-otitis media syndrome. nontypeable h. influenzae (nthi) is identified most often at 61.8% in conjunctiva exudates followed by s. pneumoniae at 28.2% and moraxel ... | 2014 | 24953451 |
| [changes in bacterial meningitis in french children resulting from vaccination]. | for the past 20 years, three vaccines against the three main bacterial species implicated in meningitis in children have been included in the french vaccine calendar: haemophilus influenzae b in 1993, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) in 2003 (replaced by 13-valent in 2010) and neisseria meningitidis c in 2009. the french active surveillance network from the gpip/activ monitors the change in the epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of bacterial meningitis due to vaccin ... | 2014 | 24938915 |
| [bacterial meningitis in children: epidemiological data and outcome]. | the bacterial meningitis in children remains a worrisome affection both by its frequency and by its gravity. | 2014 | 24938236 |
| efficacy and safety of garenoxacin tablets on bacterial pneumonia: postmarketing surveillance in japan. | we performed a postmarketing surveillance study to determine the efficacy and safety of the oral quinolone antibacterial agent, garenoxacin (geninax(®) tablets 200 mg), against bacterial pneumonia. between october 2009 and march 2011, patients with community-acquired pneumonia visited 174 facilities in japan; we collected survey forms from 739 patients of these patients who were suspected with bacterial pneumonia on the basis of factors, e.g., the presence of purulent sputum or suspected presenc ... | 2014 | 24934887 |
| lessons learned during the development and transfer of technology related to a new hib conjugate vaccine to emerging vaccine manufacturers. | the incidence of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease in developed countries has decreased since the introduction of hib conjugate vaccines in their national immunization programs (nip). in countries where hib vaccination is not applied routinely, due to limited availability and high cost of the vaccines, invasive hib disease is still a cause of mortality. through the development of a production process for a hib conjugate vaccine and related quality control tests and the transfer of this ... | 2014 | 24923635 |
| prosthetic hip joint infection caused by non-capsulated haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae is rarely described as a causative agent of prosthetic joint infections. here, a case of prosthetic hip joint infection caused by h. influenzae is reported. treatment was successful, resulting in implant salvage, by debridement and antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin as monotherapy for 3 months. | 2014 | 24918114 |
| a role for ccl28-ccr3 in t-cell homing to the human upper airway mucosa. | lymphocyte recruitment to peripheral tissues is fundamental for immune surveillance and homeostasis, but the chemokines and chemokine receptors responsible for tissue-specific homing of t cells to the upper airway mucosa have not been determined. to address this, we analyzed the chemokines expressed in the normal human nasal mucosa and found that ccl28 is preferentially expressed at a high level on the lumenal face of vascular endothelial cells in the mucosa. analysis of the cognate chemokine re ... | 2015 | 24917456 |
| bacterial spectrum and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in acquired and connatal lacrimal duct stenosis. | (1) to determine the current bacteriological spectrum in connatal and acquired lacrimal duct obstruction (cldo and aldo, respectively) and (2) to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the recovered isolates. | 2014 | 24912091 |
| vaccination in southeast asia--reducing meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia with new and existing vaccines. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae type b and neisseria meningitidis are leading causes of vaccine-preventable diseases such as meningitis, sepsis and pneumonia. although there has been much progress in the introduction of vaccines against these pathogens, access to vaccines remains elusive in some countries. this review highlights the current s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae type b, and n. meningitidis immunization schedules in the 10 countries belonging to the association of southeas ... | 2014 | 24907487 |
| tbx21 participates in innate immune response by regulating toll-like receptor 2 expression in streptococcus pneumoniae infections. | nasopharyngeal carriage of streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) plays an important role in the development of invasive diseases, and is also critically involved in setting up respiratory bacterial and viral infections. we previously reported that pneumococcus, one of the commonly carried bacteria in the nasopharynx, regulates non-typeable haemophilus influenzae-induced inflammation by upregulating the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2). however, the underlying molecular mechanisms by w ... | 2014 | 24903905 |
| oxidative stress decreases functional airway mannose binding lectin in copd. | we have previously established that a defect in the ability of alveolar macrophages (am) to phagocytose apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) and pathogens is a potential therapeutic target in copd. we further showed that levels of mannose binding lectin (mbl; required for effective macrophage phagocytic function) were reduced in the airways but not circulation of copd patients. we hypothesized that increased oxidative stress in the airway could be a cause for such disturbances. we therefore studied t ... | 2014 | 24901869 |
| frequent carriage of resistance mechanisms to β-lactams and biofilm formation in haemophilus influenzae causing treatment failure and recurrent otitis media in young children. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae are a major cause of acute otitis media (aom), including chronic and recurrent otitis in young children. the objective of this study was to determine whether non-typeable h. influenzae isolates causing these infections produce biofilms and carry resistance mechanisms to β-lactams. | 2014 | 24891432 |
| divergent mucosal and systemic responses in children in response to acute otitis media. | acute otitis media (aom), induced by respiratory bacteria, is a significant cause of children seeking medical attention worldwide. some children are highly prone to aoms, suffering three to four recurrent infections per year (prone). we previously determined that this population of children could have diminished anti-bacterial immune responses in peripheral blood that could fail to limit bacterial colonization in the nasopharynx (np). here, we examined local np and middle ear (me) responses and ... | 2014 | 24889648 |
| polymicrobial airway bacterial communities in adult bronchiectasis patients. | chronic airway infection contributes to the underlying pathogenesis of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (ncfbr). in contrast to other chronic airway infections, associated with copd and cf bronchiectasis, where polymicrobial communities have been implicated in lung damage due to the vicious circle of recurrent bacterial infections and inflammation, there is sparse information on the composition of bacterial communities in ncfbr. seventy consecutive patients were recruited from an outpatient ad ... | 2014 | 24886473 |
| complete steady-state rate equation for dna ligase and its use for measuring product kinetic parameters of nad⁺-dependent dna ligase from haemophilus influenzae. | dna ligase seals the nicks in the phosphodiester backbone between okazaki fragments during dna replication. dna ligase has an unusual bi ter ping pong kinetic mechanism. its substrates in eubacteria are nad+ and nicked dna (ndna). its products are nicotinamide mononucleotide (nmn), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (amp), and sealed dna. investigation of the kinetic mechanism and measurement of the kinetic constants of dna ligase using steady-state kinetics would benefit from the availability of the co ... | 2014 | 24885075 |
| multilocus sequence typing and ftsi sequencing: a powerful tool for surveillance of penicillin-binding protein 3-mediated beta-lactam resistance in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | beta-lactam resistance in haemophilus influenzae due to ftsi mutations causing altered penicillin-binding protein 3 (pbp3) is increasing worldwide. low-level resistant isolates with the n526k substitution (group ii low-rpbp3) predominate in most geographical regions, while high-level resistant isolates with the additional s385t substitution (group iii high-rpbp3) are common in japan and south korea.knowledge about the molecular epidemiology of rpbp3 strains is limited. we combined multilocus seq ... | 2014 | 24884375 |
| etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in the gambia, west africa, determined by conventional and molecular microbiological analyses of lung and pleural aspirate samples. | molecular analyses of lung aspirates from gambian children with severe pneumonia detected pathogens more frequently than did culture and showed a predominance of bacteria, principally streptococcus pneumoniae, >75% being of serotypes covered by current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. multiple pathogens were detected frequently, notably haemophilus influenzae (mostly nontypeable) together with s. pneumoniae. | 2014 | 24867789 |
| frequency of streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenza in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive airway disease and their sensitivity to levofloxacin. | to determine the frequency of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their sensitivity to levofloxacin. | 2014 | 24864632 |
| nasopharyngeal wash versus swab specimens for culture of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and other respiratory bacterial pathogens. | | 2014 | 24864122 |
| therapeutic potential of adenovirus-mediated delivery of β-defensin 2 for experimental otitis media. | otitis media (om), one of the most prevalent diseases in young children, is clinically important owing to its high incidence in children and its potential impact on language development and motor coordination. om is the most common reason for the prescription of antibiotics (accounting for 25% of prescriptions) due to its extremely high incidence. a recent increase in antibiotic resistance among om pathogens is emerging as a major public health concern globally, which led us to consider non-anti ... | 2015 | 24842664 |
| necrotizing fasciitis of lower extremity caused by haemophilus influenzae in a healthy adult with a closed lisfranc injury. | necrotizing fasciitis is a rare bacterial infection with an incidence of approximately 0.4 cases per 100,000 population. although the majority of cases of necrotizing fasciitis are polymicrobial, a systematic review of the literature found only 7 reports of haemophilus influenzae as the causal agent, and only 1 incidence of h influenzae causing the infection in a healthy adult. this report documents the unusual case of necrotizing fasciitis in a healthy adult with a history of smoking as her onl ... | 2014 | 24839630 |
| challenges in vaccination of neonates, infants and young children. | all neonates, infants and young children receive multiple priming doses and booster vaccinations in the 1st and 2nd year of life to prevent infections by viral and bacterial pathogens. despite high vaccine compliance, outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infections are occurring worldwide. these data strongly argue for an improved understanding of the immune responses of neonates, infants and young children to vaccine antigens and further study of the exploitable mechanisms to achieve more robust an ... | 2014 | 24837502 |
| assessing the association of early life antibiotic prescription with asthma exacerbations, impaired antiviral immunity, and genetic variants in 17q21: a population-based birth cohort study. | the relationship between early-life antibiotic use and the development of wheeze and asthma has been reported in several studies but might arise as a consequence of bias rather than causal relationship. we investigated the association between antibiotic prescription and subsequent development of atopy, wheeze, and asthma exacerbations, and the relation of early life antibiotic prescription with anti-infective immunity and genetic variants on asthma susceptibility locus 17q21. | 2014 | 24835835 |
| risk factors for carriage of aom pathogens during the first 3 years of life in children with early onset of acute otitis media. | risk factors associated with increased carriage rates are the same in children with recurrent acute otitis media (raom) as in healthy children. these are also known to be risk factors for the development of aom itself. | 2014 | 24834935 |
| emerging cystic fibrosis pathogens and the microbiome. | cystic fibrosis (cf) respiratory infection is characterised by the presence of typical human bacterial pathogens such as pseudomonas aeruginosa, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus. less typical pathogens such as burkholderia, stenotrophomonas, achromobacter, pandorea and ralstonia have emerged as problematic infections which are largely unique to people with cf. using molecular methods, two groups of anaerobic bacteria prevotella species and the streptococcus milleri group have als ... | 2014 | 24832700 |
| beware and be aware, haemophilus influenzae betalactamase-negative-ampicillin-resistant is not rare. | | 2014 | 24826882 |
| t-regulatory cells and programmed death 1+ t cells contribute to effector t-cell dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | previous studies from our laboratory have shown that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) prone to exacerbations with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae have impaired responses to lipoprotein p6. we hypothesized that an underlying immunosuppressive network could be responsible for the defective antibacterial immunity observed in these patients. we evaluated t regulatory cells (tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mdsc), a ... | 2014 | 24825462 |
| the relationship between pediatric combination vaccines and market effects. | we explored market factors that affect pediatric combination vaccine uptake in the us public-sector pediatric vaccine market. we specifically examined how pediarix and pentacel earned a place in the 2009-2012 lowest overall cost formulary. direct competition between pediarix and pentacel is driven by the indirect presence of the merck haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine and the recommended childhood immunization schedule requirement for a hepatitis b birth dose. the resulting analysis suggests ... | 2014 | 24825198 |
| characterization of nontypable haemophilus influenzae isolates recovered from adult patients with underlying chronic lung disease reveals genotypic and phenotypic traits associated with persistent infection. | nontypable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen causing infection in adults suffering obstructive lung diseases. existing evidence associates chronic infection by nthi to the progression of the chronic respiratory disease, but specific features of nthi associated with persistence have not been comprehensively addressed. to provide clues about adaptive strategies adopted by nthi during persistent infection, we compared sequential persistent isolates wit ... | 2014 | 24824990 |
| otitis media associated polymorphisms in the hemin receptor hemr of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) colonize the human pharynx asymptomatically, and are also an important cause of otitis media (om). previous studies have demonstrated that some genes are more prevalent in om-causing nthi strains than in commensal strains, suggesting a role in virulence. these studies, however, are unable to investigate the possible associations between gene polymorphisms and disease. this study examined amino acid polymorphisms and sequence diversity in a potential viru ... | 2014 | 24820341 |
| utility of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of multiple haemophilus influenzae isolates from throat swabs of children with adenoid hypertrophy. | eleven out of 40 children with adenoiditis were colonized with multiple genotypes of haemophilus influenzae. heterogeneous antibiotic susceptibility to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was observed in 6 children. a multiple-colony methodology may potentially help to find the resistant strains of h. influenzae in patients who do not respond to the antibiotic treatment. | 2014 | 24815933 |
| low incidence of children with acute epiglottis after introduction of vaccination. | the aim of this retrospective case series is to describe the epidemiology, symptoms and findings of acute epiglottitis in hospitalized patients after the introduction of the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine and to identify any symptoms or findings predictive of a prolonged hospital stay. | 2014 | 24814584 |
| trends in macrolide resistance of respiratory tract pathogens in the paediatric population in serbia from 2004 to 2009. | we report the first study of macrolide resistance in respiratory tract pathogens in a serbian paediatric population. it included 5293 streptococcus pneumoniae, 4297 streptococcus pyogenes, 2568 moraxella catarrhalis and 1998 haemophilus influenzae isolates derived from the respiratory tract and 110 invasive isolates from children aged up to 18 years during 2004-2009. over the 6-year period, a significant increase (p < 0·01) in macrolide resistance was found in both s. pneumoniae and s. pyogenes ... | 2015 | 24814418 |
| prediction of clinical bacteriological efficacy of oral antibiotics using a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics modeling. | the objective of this study was to predict the clinical bacteriological efficacy of antibiotics and to examine the pharmacodynamics (pd) characteristics of antibiotics against bacterial strains using a mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (pk-pd) modeling developed on the basis of interaction between drug concentrations and antibacterial activities. dynamic pd parameters (epsilon, gamma, ec50) and growth rate of organisms (lambda) were obtained from in vitro time-kill profile data of ... | 2014 | 24809207 |
| otitis media: an update on current pharmacotherapy and future perspectives. | acute otitis media (aom) is the most common childhood bacterial infection and also the leading cause of conductive hearing loss in children. currently, there is an urgent need for developing novel therapeutic agents for treating aom. | 2014 | 24793547 |
| major histocompatibility complex class ii deficiency complicated by mycobacterium avium complex in a boy of mixed ethnicity. | major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhcii) deficiency represents a rare form of severe immunodeficiency associated with increased susceptibility to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens and commonly leads to failure to thrive and early death. this autosomal recessive disorder is caused by mutations in mhcii transcription regulator genes, resulting in impaired expression of mhcii, and it is usually seen in consanguineous populations. our patient presented at age 15 months with a history o ... | 2014 | 24789686 |
| predicted configurations of oligosaccharide extensions in the lipooligosaccharide of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae isolates. | lipooligosaccharide configurations were predicted in nontypeable haemophilus influenzae isolates based on the presence of seven oligosaccharide extension-initiating genes (or alleles). predicted configurations with 2 to 3 oligosaccharide extensions were more prevalent among middle ear than throat strains. in addition, strains with these configurations averaged higher levels of serum resistance than strains with other configurations. | 2014 | 24789190 |
| efficacy and safety of levofloxacin in patients with bacterial pneumonia evaluated according to the new "clinical evaluation methods for new antimicrobial agents to treat respiratory infections (second version)". | the guideline for the "clinical evaluation methods for new antimicrobial agents to treat respiratory infections (second version)," published by the japanese society of chemotherapy in january 2012, was proposed to achieve consistency with fda guidelines based on the concept of clinical evaluation used in japan. we assessed the clinical efficacy of levofloxacin (lvfx) in patients with bacterial pneumonia according to this new set of guidelines for the first time. the clinical efficacy of lvfx in ... | 2014 | 24787737 |
| differential impact of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus on the frequency of acute otitis media is explained by lower adaptive and innate immune responses in otitis-prone children. | acute otitis media (aom) is a leading cause of bacterial pediatric infections associated with viral upper respiratory infections (uris). we examined the differential impact of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and parainfluenza virus uris on the frequency of aom caused by streptococcus pneumoniae (spn) and nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) in stringently defined otitis-prone (sop) and non-otitis-prone (nop) children as a potential mechanism to explain increased susceptibility to aom. | 2014 | 24785236 |
| hypogammaglobulinaemia after rituximab treatment-incidence and outcomes. | rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against cd20, is increasingly used in the treatment of b-cell lymphomas and autoimmune conditions. transient peripheral b-cell depletion is expected following rituximab therapy. although initial clinical trials did not show significant hypogammaglobulinaemia, reports of this are now appearing in the literature. | 2014 | 24778295 |
| impact of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on chronic sinusitis associated with streptococcus pneumoniae in children. | the widespread use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been associated with epidemiologic changes of mucosal and invasive pneumococcal disease. no study describes the impact of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) on chronic sinusitis in children. we describe changes in epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae chronic sinusitis after the introduction of pcv13 at texas children's hospital. | 2014 | 24776520 |
| carriage of antibiotic-resistant haemophilus influenzae strains in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. | haemophilus influenzae is one of the major pathogenic bacteria in upper respiratory tract of children. in this study, the presence of various h. influenzae genotypes were followed-up for at least 13 weeks, starting from one week before surgery. forty-one children with chronic adenoid hypertrophy were prospectively enrolled to the study. the consecutive swabs of adenoid and tonsils, two before adenotonsillectomy and two after the surgery together with homogenates of adenotonsillar tissues and lys ... | 2014 | 24767868 |
| socio-economic determinants and inequities in coverage and timeliness of early childhood immunisation in rural ghana. | to assess the extent of socio-economic inequity in coverage and timeliness of key childhood immunisations in ghana. | 2014 | 24766425 |
| how common are long-lasting, intensely itching vaccination granulomas and contact allergy to aluminium induced by currently used pediatric vaccines? a prospective cohort study. | the frequency of long-lasting, intensely itching subcutaneous nodules at the injection site for aluminium (al)-adsorbed vaccines (vaccination granulomas) was investigated in a prospective cohort study comprising 4,758 children who received either a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio-haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (infanrix®, pentavac®) alone or concomitant with a pneumococcal conjugate (prevenar). both vaccines were adsorbed to an al adjuvant. altogether 38 children (0.83 %) with itching ... | 2014 | 24752308 |
| phase variation and host immunity against high molecular weight (hmw) adhesins shape population dynamics of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae within human hosts. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a bacterium that resides within the human pharynx. because nthi is human-restricted, its long-term survival is dependent upon its ability to successfully colonize new hosts. adherence to host epithelium, mediated by bacterial adhesins, is one of the first steps in nthi colonization. nthi express several adhesins, including the high molecular weight (hmw) adhesins that mediate attachment to the respiratory epithelium where they interact with the host i ... | 2014 | 24747580 |
| haemophilus influenzae porine ompp2 gene transfer mediated by graphene oxide nanoparticles with effects on transformation process and virulence bacterial capacity. | h. influenzae is a natural competent bacterium that can uptake dna from the environment and recombine into bacterial genome. the outbreaks of brazilian purpuric fever, heavily polluted areas of a different h. influenzae biogroup - aegyptius - as well as gene transference between neisseria meningitis make the transformation process an important evolutionary factor. this work studied the horizontal transference of the ompp2 gene from a multiresistant strain of h. influenzae 07 (nthi), under the in ... | 2014 | 24739467 |
| predictors of optional immunization uptake in an urban south indian population. | in tamil nadu, india, bacille calmette-guérin, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, oral poliomyelitis, hepatitis b, and measles vaccines are part of the routine immunization schedule and are available free from government health centers. all other vaccines are optional and available in the private sector at a cost to families. this study assesses immunization rates of routine and optional vaccines and examines parental attitudes toward vaccines in pallavapuram, tamil nadu. | 2014 | 24736005 |
| factors affecting time to death from start of treatment among children succumbing to bacterial meningitis. | many risks of death in childhood bacterial meningitis are well-identified, but factors influencing survival time have received less attention. better understanding of this issue could help explain why adjuvant medications have performed unevenly in different trials. | 2014 | 24732447 |
| vaccine preventable disease incidence as a complement to vaccine efficacy for setting vaccine policy. | traditionally, vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials that establish vaccine efficacy (ve) against etiology-confirmed disease outcomes, a measure important for licensure. yet, ve does not reflect a vaccine's public health impact because it does not account for relative disease incidence. an additional measure that more directly establishes a vaccine's public health value is the vaccine preventable disease incidence (vpdi), which is the incidence of disease preventable by vaccine in a gi ... | 2014 | 24731817 |
| bacterial and viral etiology in hospitalized community acquired pneumonia with molecular methods and clinical evaluation. | polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method has improved the diagnosis rates for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (cap). we aimed to evaluate the bacterial and viral etiology of hospitalized cap cases and compare clinical and laboratory findings of patients with pure bacterial and bacterial and viral (mixed) infections. | 2014 | 24727518 |
| necrotizing fasciitis caused by haemophilus influenzae type b in a patient with rectal cancer treated with combined bevacizumab and chemotherapy: a case report. | recently, necrotizing fasciitis has been reported in patients treated with bevacizumab, usually secondary to wound healing complications, gastrointestinal perforations, or fistula formation. the risk of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b infection is significantly increased in immunocompromised hosts. however, necrotizing fasciitis due to haemophilus influenzae type b in a patient treated with combined bevacizumab and chemotherapy has not been previously reported. | 2014 | 24725844 |
| small substrate transport and mechanism of a molybdate atp binding cassette transporter in a lipid environment. | embedded in the plasma membrane of all bacteria, atp binding cassette (abc) importers facilitate the uptake of several vital nutrients and cofactors. the abc transporter, molbc-a, imports molybdate by passing substrate from the binding protein mola to a membrane-spanning translocation pathway of molb. to understand the mechanism of transport in the biological membrane as a whole, the effects of the lipid bilayer on transport needed to be addressed. continuous wave-electron paramagnetic resonance ... | 2014 | 24722984 |
| [background factors in the detection of drug-resistant bacteria in adult patients with acute rhinosinusitis]. | in the treatment of adult patients with acute rhinosinusitis, it has been assumed that subjects over 65 years of age or living with children attending a day nursery, are at higher risk for infection with drug-resistant bacteria. however there are few reports which have discussed the relationship between those risk factors and adult patients with acute rhinosinusitis. i investigated the association between adult patients with acute rhinosinusitis living with children attending a day nursery and g ... | 2014 | 24720161 |
| oropharyngeal colonization by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae among healthy children attending day care centers. | haemophilus influenzae colonizes the upper respiratory tract and can spread causing otitis and sinusitis. this work aimed to study the oropharyngeal carriage rate in healthy <5-year-old children attending day care centers in oviedo, spain in two consecutive years (january to march 2004-2005). the carriage rate was 42% (400/960) and highly variable among centers (range, 12% to 83%). isolates were mainly identified as nontypeable h. influenzae (nthi, 99%). epidemiologically, 127 different genotype ... | 2014 | 24716536 |
| differential susceptibility of invasive haemophilus influenzae serotype a and serotype b to ampicillin and other commonly prescribed antibiotics. | haemophilus influenzae serotype a (hia) has become an important pathogen in the post-h. influenzae serotype b (hib) vaccine era. antibiotic resistance in h. influenzae is a global phenomenon, but few studies have looked at antibiotic resistance profiles with regard to serotype. invasive hia (n = 157), noninvasive hia (n = 2) and invasive hib (n = 42) collected over the last two decades from three canadian provinces were examined for resistance to several commonly prescribed antibiotics, and sequ ... | 2014 | 24712310 |
| are airways structural abnormalities more frequent in children with recurrent lower respiratory tract infections? | we report bronchoscopic changes observed in children with recurrent lower airways infections (rlai) and findings in control children undergoing bronchoscopy for causes other than rlai. | 2014 | 24709380 |
| genome sequencing of disease and carriage isolates of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae identifies discrete population structure. | one of the main hurdles for the development of an effective and broadly protective vaccine against nonencapsulated isolates of haemophilus influenzae (nthi) lies in the genetic diversity of the species, which renders extremely difficult the identification of cross-protective candidate antigens. to assess whether a population structure of nthi could be defined, we performed genome sequencing of a collection of diverse clinical isolates representative of both carriage and disease and of the divers ... | 2014 | 24706866 |
| [ceftaroline breakpoints]. | ceftaroline is a new cephalosporin for parenteral use. notable among its microbiological properties is its ability to inhibit penicillin-binding protein 2a of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and its good in vitro activity against several microorganisms of clinical interest. the european committee of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (eucast) has defined both epidemiological breakpoints (defining wild-type populations that lack known acquired mechanisms of resistance) and clinical ... | 2014 | 24702975 |
| [antimicrobial spectrum of ceftaroline. in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant staphylococci]. | because of the increase in bacterial resistance, there is a need for new antimicrobial agents. in particular, staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of severe infections and has an extraordinary capacity to develop antibiotic multiresistance, including resistance to glycopeptides, linezolid, and daptomycin. although the incidence of methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) seems to have stabilized in the last few years, its wide dissemination in healthcare settings and in the community is a cau ... | 2014 | 24702973 |
| safety and immunogenicity of an investigational vaccine containing two common pneumococcal proteins in toddlers: a phase ii randomized clinical trial. | to provide broader protection against pneumococcal disease, new vaccines containing conserved streptococcus pneumoniae proteins are being developed. this study assessed the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of four formulations containing pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin toxoid (dply) and histidine triad protein (phtd) in toddlers. | 2014 | 24699466 |
| haemophilus influenzae: recent advances in the understanding of molecular pathogenesis and polymicrobial infections. | non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a human-specific mucosal pathogen and one of the most common causes of bacterial infections in children and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it is also frequently found in polymicrobial superinfections. great strides have recently been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying nthi pathogenesis. | 2014 | 24699388 |
| antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid against bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections. | to address the problem of limited efficacy of existing antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial biofilm, it is necessary to find alternative remedies. one candidate could be hyaluronic acid; this study therefore aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiadhesive and antibiofilm activity of hyaluronic acid toward bacterial species commonly isolated from respiratory infections. interference exerted on bacterial adhesion was evaluated by using hep-2 cells, while the antibiofilm activity was assessed by m ... | 2014 | 24698341 |
| pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing otitis media. | acute otitis media (aom) is a very common respiratory infection in early infancy and childhood. the marginal benefits of antibiotics for aom in low-risk populations in general, the increasing problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the huge estimated direct and indirect annual costs associated with otitis media (om) have prompted a search for effective vaccines to prevent aom. | 2014 | 24696098 |
| expression and purification of haemophilus influenzae rhomboid intramembrane protease glpg for structural studies. | rhomboid proteases are membrane-embedded proteases that cleave peptide bonds of transmembrane proteins. they play a variety of roles in cell signaling events. the rhomboid protease glpg from haemophilus influenzae (higlpg) is a canonical form of rhomboid protease having six transmembrane segments. in this unit, detailed protocols are presented for optimization of higlpg expression using the arabad promotor system in the pbad vector. the parameters for optimization include concentration of induci ... | 2014 | 24692018 |
| isolation, structure elucidation and antibacterial activity of a new tetramic acid, ascosetin. | the ever-increasing bacterial resistance to clinical antibiotics is making many drugs ineffective and creating significant treatment gaps. this can be only circumvented by the discovery of antibiotics with new mechanisms of action. we report here the identification of a new tetramic acid, ascosetin, from an ascomycete using the staphylococcus aureus fitness test screening method. the structure was elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2d nmr and hrms. relative stereochemistry was determi ... | 2014 | 24690911 |
| structural determinants of the interaction between the haemophilus influenzae hap autotransporter and fibronectin. | haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative cocco-bacillus that initiates infection by colonizing the upper respiratory tract. hap is an h. influenzae serine protease autotransporter protein that mediates adherence, invasion and microcolony formation in assays with human epithelial cells and is presumed to facilitate the process of colonization. additionally, hap mediates adherence to fibronectin, laminin and collagen iv, extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins that are present in the respiratory trac ... | 2014 | 24687948 |
| impaired innate immune alveolar macrophage response and the predilection for copd exacerbations. | alveolar macrophages (am) in copd have fundamentally impaired responsiveness to toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) and tlr4 ligands of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi). however, the contribution of innate immune dysfunction to exacerbations of copd is unexplored. we hypothesised that impaired innate am responses in copd extend beyond nthi to other pathogens and are linked with copd exacerbations and severity. | 2014 | 24686454 |
| in vitro selection of rna aptamers directed against protein e: a haemophilus influenzae adhesin. | protein e (pe) of haemophilus influenzae is a highly conserved ubiquitous surface protein involved in adhesion to and activation of epithelial cells. the host proteins-vitronectin, laminin, and plasminogen are major targets for pe-dependent interactions with the host. to identify novel inhibitory molecules of pe, we used an in vitro selection method based on systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment known as selex in order to select 2'f-modified rna aptamers that specifically bin ... | 2014 | 24682699 |
| pharmacokinetic modelling of serum and bronchial concentrations for clarithromycin and telithromycin, and site-specific pharmacodynamic simulation for their dosages. | clinical pharmacokinetic profiles of clarithromycin and telithromycin in bronchopulmonary sites have not been fully characterized. this study aimed to describe in more detail the pharmacokinetics of the two macrolides in epithelial lining fluid (elf) of human bronchi and to evaluate their pharmacodynamic target attainment at this site. | 2014 | 24661290 |
| the inflammasome adaptor asc contributes to multiple innate immune processes in the resolution of otitis media. | this study was designed to understand the contribution of the inflammasome and il-1β activation in otitis media (om). we examined the middle ear (me) response to non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) in wild type (wt) mice using gene microarrays and a murine model of acute om. expression of members of the nod domain-like receptor family of inflammasome genes was significantly up-regulated early in nthi infection of the me, potentially activating specific downstream regulatory cascades that ... | 2015 | 24652041 |
| [susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics (2006)]. | from october 2006 to september 2007, we collected the specimen from 356 patients with lower respiratory tract infections in 14 institutions in japan, and investigated the susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to various antibacterial agents and patients' characteristics. of 414 strains that were isolated from specimen (mainly from sputum) and assumed to be bacteria causing in infection, 407 strains were examined. the isolated bacteria were: staphylococcus aureus 64, streptococcus pneumoniae 96, ... | 2013 | 24649798 |
| risk of invasive haemophilus influenzae infection during pregnancy and association with adverse fetal outcomes. | unencapsulated haemophilus influenzae frequently causes noninvasive upper respiratory tract infections in children but can also cause invasive disease, especially in older adults. a number of studies have reported an increased incidence in neonates and suggested that pregnant women may have an increased susceptibility to invasive unencapsulated h. influenzae disease. | 2014 | 24643602 |
| recognition of riboflavin and the capsular polysaccharide of haemophilus influenzae type b by antibodies generated to the haptenic epitope d-ribitol. | d-ribitol, a five-carbon sugar alcohol, is an important metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway; it is an integral part of riboflavin (vitamin b2) and cell wall polysaccharides in most gram-positive and a few gram-negative bacteria. antibodies specific to d-ribitol were generated in new zealand white rabbits by using reductively aminated d-ribose-bsa conjugate as the immunogen. maldi-tof and amino group analyses of ribitol-bsa conjugate following 120 h reaction showed ~27-30 mol of ribitol c ... | 2014 | 24643482 |
| hospital admission rates for meningitis and septicaemia caused by haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, and streptococcus pneumoniae in children in england over five decades: a population-based observational study. | infection with haemophilus influenzae, neisseria meningitidis, and streptococcus pneumoniae causes substantial mortality and long-term morbidity in children. we know of no study to assess the long-term trends in hospital admission rates for meningitis and septicaemia caused by these pathogens in children in england. we aimed to do such a study using routinely reported data in england. | 2014 | 24631222 |
| impact of immunization with protein f on pulmonary clearance of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is one of the main aetiologies of childhood bacterial infections as well as exacerbations in copd patients. currently, no licensed nthi vaccine exists. in the present study, we evaluated the potential of the conserved and ubiquitous surface protein haemophilus protein f (pf) as a vaccine candidate. our results show that incubation of nthi with anti-pf antibodies significantly increased the opsonophygocytosis of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line-deri ... | 2014 | 24631068 |
| a case of pneumonia caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 and treated successfully with imipenem. | the patient was an 83-year-old man hospitalized for haemophilus influenzae pneumonia, who developed recurrent pneumonia after improvement of the initial episode. legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 was isolated from the sputum, accompanied by increased serum antibody titers to l. pneumophila serogroup 12. therefore, the patient was diagnosed as having legionella pneumonia caused by l. pneumophila serogroup 12. case reports of pneumonia caused by l. pneumophila serogroup 12 are rare, and the case ... | 2014 | 24629522 |
| zinc oxide nanoparticles impair bacterial clearance by macrophages. | the extensive development of nanoparticles (nps) and their widespread employment in daily life have led to an increase in environmental concentrations of substances that may pose a biohazard to humans. the aim of this work was to examine the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (zno-nps) on the host's pulmonary immune system response to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) infection. | 2014 | 24628689 |
| human rhinovirus infection during naturally occurring copd exacerbations. | human rhinovirus (hrv) infection is an important trigger of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) but its role in determining exacerbation frequency phenotype or the time-course of hrv infection in naturally occurring exacerbations is unknown. sputum samples from 77 patients were analysed by real-time quantitative pcr for both hrv (388 samples), and streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis (89 samples). patients recorded worsening of resp ... | 2014 | 24627537 |
| nod2/rick-dependent β-defensin 2 regulation is protective for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae-induced middle ear infection. | middle ear infection, otitis media (om), is clinically important due to the high incidence in children and its impact on the development of language and motor coordination. previously, we have demonstrated that the human middle ear epithelial cells up-regulate β-defensin 2, a model innate immune molecule, in response to nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), the most common om pathogen, via tlr2 signaling. nthi does internalize into the epithelial cells, but its intracellular trafficking and ... | 2014 | 24625812 |
| the toxavapa toxin-antitoxin locus contributes to the survival of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae during infection. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of acute and recurrent mucosal infections. one uncharacterized nthi toxin-antitoxin (ta) module, nthi1912-1913, is a host inhibition of growth (higba) homologue. we hypothesized that this locus, which we designated toxavapa, contributed to nthi survival during infection. we deleted toxavapa and determined that growth of the mutant in defined media was not different from the parent strain. we tested the ... | 2014 | 24621787 |
| staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen in severe acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and microbiology of severe acute bacterial rhinosinusitis in patients admitted to a danish tertiary hospital. | 2014 | 24618628 |
| children with asthma by school age display aberrant immune responses to pathogenic airway bacteria as infants. | asthma is a highly prevalent chronic lung disease that commonly originates in early childhood. colonization of neonatal airways with the pathogenic bacterial strains haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, and streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with increased risk of later childhood asthma. we hypothesized that children with asthma have an abnormal immune response to pathogenic bacteria in infancy. | 2014 | 24612682 |
| development and validation of high-performance size exclusion chromatography methods to determine molecular size parameters of haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharides and conjugates. | current vaccines against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) consist of the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (prp) capsular polysaccharide chemically conjugated to a carrier protein. among the various biological and physical analyses to be performed on these vaccines, the determination of the molecular size of the polysaccharide preparations throughout the conjugation process is particularly relevant. comparison of results from high-performance size exclusion chromatography (hpsec) with those routi ... | 2014 | 24608090 |
| safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a novel pneumococcal protein-based vaccine in adults: a phase i/ii randomized clinical study. | new vaccines containing highly conserved streptococcus pneumoniae proteins such as pneumolysin toxoid (dply) and histidine-triad protein d (phtd) are being developed to provide broader protection against pneumococcal disease. this study evaluated the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of different pneumococcal protein-containing formulations in adults. | 2014 | 24607003 |
| [antibiotic resistant genes]. | genes encoding antibiotic-resistant factors may be exogenous or endogenous. most exogenous genes originate from antibiotic-producing organisms. bacteria can transfer antibiotic-resistant genes among themselves using gene-exchanging systems, such as plasmids, bacteriophages or integrative and conjugative elements. one of the resistance mechanisms is inactivation of antibiotics by modification or decomposition. methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumon ... | 2013 | 24605547 |