| does virus-bacteria coinfection increase the clinical severity of acute respiratory infection? | this retrospective cohort study investigated the presence of bacteria in respiratory secretions of patients hospitalized with acute respiratory infections and analyzed the impact of viral and bacterial coinfection on severity and the mortality rate. a total of 169 patients with acute respiratory infections were included, viruses and bacteria in respiratory samples were detected using molecular methods. among all samples, 73.3% and 59.7% were positive for viruses and bacteria, respectively; 45% c ... | 2015 | 25976175 |
| long-term trends in invasive haemophilus influenzae type b disease among indigenous australian children following use of prp-omp and prp-t vaccines. | among indigenous populations with high incidence and early onset of invasive haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) disease, prp-omp vaccines are used in the united states and prp-t vaccines in canada. in australia, prp-omp vaccines were exclusively used in indigenous children from 1993 until they were replaced by prp-t between late 2005 and 2009. | 2015 | 25973940 |
| effect of ph and oxygen on biofilm formation in acute otitis media associated nthi clinical isolates. | biofilms occur in animal models of acute otitis media (aom) and in children with recurrent aom (raom) and chronic otitis media with effusion (ome). we therefore studied the ability of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) strains from children to form biofilms in vitro under conditions we presumed occurred in the middle ear during aom, raom, and ome. | 2015 | 25970856 |
| endoscopically-derived bacterial cultures in chronic rhinosinusitis: a systematic review. | culture-directed antibiotic therapy represents an important component in the management paradigm of chronic rhinosinusitis (crs). the objective of this study was to systematically review the literature to assess culture yield of the most common aerobic and anaerobic pathogens. | 2015 | 25964173 |
| vaccine preventable meningitis in malaysia: epidemiology and management. | worldwide bacterial meningitis accounts for more than one million cases and 135,000 deaths annually. profound, lasting neurological complications occur in 9-25% of cases. this review confirms the greatest risk from bacterial meningitis is in early life in malaysia. much of the disease burden can be avoided by immunization, particularly against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and streptococcus pneumoniae. despite inclusion of the hib vaccine in the national immunisation programme and the lice ... | 2015 | 25962101 |
| long-term survival of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis as isolates and in nasopharyngeal specimens in frozen stgg storage medium. | we evaluated survival in who-recommended stgg storage medium of bacteria causing respiratory-tract infection. streptococcus pneumoniae and moraxella catarrhalis survived as single and mixed isolates stored at -70°c for 12.5 years, but haemophilus influenzae less than 4 years. all the bacteria survived in the nasopharyngeal specimens at -70°c for 11 years. | 2015 | 25937246 |
| identification of haemophilus influenzae type b isolates by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) is, in contrast to non-type b h. influenzae, associated with severe invasive disease, such as meningitis and epiglottitis, in small children. to date, accurate h. influenzae capsule typing requires pcr, a time-consuming and cumbersome method. matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) provides rapid bacterial diagnostics and is increasingly used in clinical microbiology laboratories. here, maldi-tof ms was evalu ... | 2015 | 25926500 |
| correlative mrna and protein expression of middle and inner ear inflammatory cytokines during mouse acute otitis media. | although the inner ear has long been reported to be susceptible to middle ear disease, little is known of the inflammatory mechanisms that might cause permanent sensorineural hearing loss. recent studies have shown inner ear tissues are capable of expressing inflammatory cytokines during otitis media. however, little quantitative information is available concerning cytokine gene expression in the inner ear and the protein products that result. therefore, this study was conducted of mouse middle ... | 2015 | 25922207 |
| recurrent, protracted and persistent lower respiratory tract infection: a neglected clinical entity. | community-acquired pneumonia is a potentially life-threatening disease affecting children worldwide. recurrent pneumonia episodes can lead to the development of chronic respiratory morbidity. chronic wet cough, a common pediatric complaint, is defined as a wet cough indicating excessive airway mucus that lasts for a minimum of 4 weeks. most children with a chronic wet cough do not suffer from underlying debilitating pulmonary disorders. rather, chronic wet cough is generally associated with neut ... | 2015 | 25917807 |
| longitudinal study on streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus nasopharyngeal colonization in hiv-infected and -uninfected infants vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and staphylococcus aureus are all potentially pathogenic, which frequently colonize the nasopharynx (np) prior to causing disease. we studied bacterial np-colonization in 321 hiv-infected and 243 hiv-uninfected children vaccinated with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age. | 2015 | 25910923 |
| association between respiratory infections in early life and later asthma is independent of virus type. | lower respiratory tract infections in the first years of life are associated with later asthma, and this observation has led to a focus on the potential causal role of specific respiratory viruses, such as rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus, in asthma development. however, many respiratory viruses and bacteria trigger similar respiratory symptoms and it is possible that the important risk factors for asthma are the underlying susceptibility to infection and the exaggerated reaction to ... | 2015 | 25910716 |
| comment on: "cost-effectiveness evaluation of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in japanese children". | | 2015 | 25908483 |
| reply to farkouh ra et al. comment on "cost-effectiveness evaluation of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in japanese children". | | 2015 | 25908482 |
| development and characterization of haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine prepared using different polysaccharide chain lengths. | capsular polysaccharide conjugates of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) are important components of several mono- or multi-valent childhood vaccines. however, their access to the most needy people is limited due to their high cost. as a step towards developing a cost effective and more immunogenic hib conjugate vaccine, we present a method for the preparation of hib capsular polysaccharide (prp)-tetanus toxoid (tt) conjugates using optimized prp chain length and conjugation conditions. reactiv ... | 2015 | 25907408 |
| dynamic properties of tympanic membrane in a chinchilla otitis media model measured with acoustic loading. | otitis media is the most common infectious disease in young children, which results in changes in the thickness and mechanical properties of the tympanic membrane (tm) and induces hearing loss. however, there are no published data for the dynamic properties of the tm in otitis media ears, and it is unclear how the mechanical property changes are related to tm thickness variation. this paper reports a study of the measurement of the dynamic properties of the tm in a chinchilla acute otitis media ... | 2015 | 25902287 |
| pediatric orbital cellulitis in the haemophilus influenzae vaccine era. | to evaluate the microbiology of pediatric orbital cellulitis in blood cultures and abscess drainage cultures following the introduction of the haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) vaccine. | 2015 | 25900771 |
| acquired macrolide resistance genes in haemophilus influenzae? | the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of specific acquired macrolide resistance genes previously reported as present in clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae. | 2015 | 25896520 |
| detection of antibody responses against streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis proteins in children with community-acquired pneumonia: effects of combining pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness. | we evaluated the effects of combining different numbers of pneumococcal antigens, pre-existing antibody levels, sampling interval, age, and duration of illness on the detection of igg responses against eight streptococcus pneumoniae proteins, three haemophilus influenzae proteins, and five moraxella catarrhalis proteins in 690 children aged <5 years with pneumonia. serological tests were performed on acute and convalescent serum samples with a multiplexed bead-based immunoassay. the median sampl ... | 2015 | 25894988 |
| relative contribution of p5 and hap surface proteins to nontypable haemophilus influenzae interplay with the host upper and lower airways. | nontypable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a major cause of opportunistic respiratory tract disease, and initiates infection by colonizing the nasopharynx. bacterial surface proteins play determining roles in the nthi-airways interplay, but their specific and relative contribution to colonization and infection of the respiratory tract has not been addressed comprehensively. in this study, we focused on the ompp5 and hap genes, present in all h. influenzae genome sequenced isolates, and encoding ... | 2015 | 25894755 |
| cigarette smoke-promoted acquisition of bacterial pathogens in the upper respiratory tract leads to enhanced inflammation in mice. | bacterial colonization and recurrent infections of the respiratory tract contribute to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). there is evidence that exacerbations of copd are provoked by new bacterial strains acquired from the environment. using a murine model of colonization, we examined whether chronic exposure to cigarette smoke (cs) promotes nasopharyngeal colonization with typical lung pathogens and whether colonization is linked to inflammation in the respiratory ... | 2015 | 25890119 |
| the transcriptome of a complete episode of acute otitis media. | otitis media is the most common disease of childhood, and represents an important health challenge to the 10-15% of children who experience chronic/recurrent middle ear infections. the middle ear undergoes extensive modifications during otitis media, potentially involving changes in the expression of many genes. expression profiling offers an opportunity to discover novel genes and pathways involved in this common childhood disease. the middle ears of 320 wbxb6 f1 hybrid mice were inoculated wit ... | 2015 | 25888408 |
| increased disease due to haemophilus influenzae type b: population-based surveillance in eastern gambia, 2008-2013. | in 1997, the gambia became the first african country to introduce conjugate haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine with good disease control through to 2010. | 2015 | 25879650 |
| in vitro activity of cefditoren against middle ear fluid isolates from costa rican children with otitis media. | otitis media (om) is one of the most common infections in children, streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypable haemophilus influenzae being the two most common pathogens isolated in the middle ear fluid (mef) of children with om. cefditoren is a third-generation cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against those pathogens commonly causing om, with enhanced stability against common β-lactamases. the main objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro act ... | 2014 | 25871785 |
| childhood vaccination coverage rates among military dependents in the united states. | the military health system provides universal coverage of all recommended childhood vaccinations. few studies have examined the effect that being insured by the military health system has on childhood vaccination coverage. the purpose of this study was to compare the coverage of the universally recommended vaccines among military dependents versus other insured and uninsured children using a nationwide sample of children. | 2015 | 25869378 |
| cross-talk between pka-cβ and p65 mediates synergistic induction of pde4b by roflumilast and nthi. | phosphodiesterase 4b (pde4b) plays a key role in regulating inflammation. roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase (pde)4-selective inhibitor, has recently been approved for treating severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients with exacerbation. however, there is also clinical evidence suggesting the development of tachyphylaxis or tolerance on repeated dosing of roflumilast and the possible contribution of pde4b up-regulation, which could be counterproductive for suppressing inflammati ... | 2015 | 25831493 |
| immunogenicity and safety of the 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) co-administered with dtpa vaccine in japanese children: a randomized, controlled study. | this phase iii, randomized, open-label, multicenter study (nct01027845) conducted in japan assessed the immunogenicity, safety, and reactogenicity of 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv, given intramuscularly) co-administered with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dtpa, given subcutaneously). infants (n=360 ) were randomized (2:1) to receive either phid-cv and dtpa (phid-cv group) or dtpa alone (control group) as 3-dose pri ... | 2015 | 25830489 |
| small-plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance is enhanced by increases in plasmid copy number and bacterial fitness. | plasmids play a key role in the horizontal spread of antibiotic resistance determinants among bacterial pathogens. when an antibiotic resistance plasmid arrives in a new bacterial host, it produces a fitness cost, causing a competitive disadvantage for the plasmid-bearing bacterium in the absence of antibiotics. on the other hand, in the presence of antibiotics, the plasmid promotes the survival of the clone. the adaptations experienced by plasmid and bacterium in the presence of antibiotics dur ... | 2015 | 25824216 |
| adult non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis is characterised by airway luminal th17 pathway activation. | non-cystic fibrosis (cf) bronchiectasis is characterised by chronic airway infection and neutrophilic inflammation, which we hypothesised would be associated with th17 pathway activation. | 2015 | 25822228 |
| prediction of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of doripenem in pediatric patients. | the aim of this paper was to predict the pharmacokinetics of doripenem in pediatrics from adult pharmacokinetic data and to investigate dosing regimens in pediatrics using monte-carlo pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (pk/pd) simulations prior to the initiation of pediatric clinical trials. the pharmacokinetics in pediatrics was predicted by using a previously reported approach for β-lactam antibiotics. monte-carlo simulation was employed to assess dosing regimens in pediatrics based on the pred ... | 2015 | 25821174 |
| hypotonic hyporesponsive episode and the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. | hypotensive-hyporesponsive episodes are rare events after immunizations performed for diphtheria, tetanus, haemophilus influenzae type b and hepatitis b virus vaccines, but most of the reported episodes have been associated with pertussis-containing vaccines. we report the case of a 3-month-old girl, previously healthy otherwise, presenting with the unusual event of a hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode after vaccination with the 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine. diagnosis was established after a tho ... | 2015 | 25818964 |
| nationwide surveillance of bacterial respiratory pathogens conducted by the surveillance committee of japanese society of chemotherapy, the japanese association for infectious diseases, and the japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010: general view of the pathogens' antibacterial susceptibility. | the nationwide surveillance on antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory pathogens from patients in japan, was conducted by japanese society of chemotherapy, japanese association for infectious diseases and japanese society for clinical microbiology in 2010. the isolates were collected from clinical specimens obtained from well-diagnosed adult patients with respiratory tract infections during the period from january and april 2010 by three societies. antimicrobial susceptibility test ... | 2015 | 25817352 |
| whole-genome sequences of nonencapsulated haemophilus influenzae strains isolated in italy. | haemophilus influenzae is an important human pathogen involved in invasive disease. here, we report the whole-genome sequences of 11 nonencapsulated h. influenzae (nchi) strains isolated from both invasive disease and healthy carriers in italy. this genomic information will enrich our understanding of the molecular basis of nchi pathogenesis. | 2015 | 25814593 |
| control of middle ear inflammatory and ion homeostasis genes by transtympanic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid treatments. | transtympanic steroid treatment will induce changes in ion homeostasis and inflammatory gene expression to decrease middle ear inflammation due to bacterial inoculation. | 2015 | 25811752 |
| the capsule biosynthesis locus of haemophilus influenzae shows conspicuous similarity to the corresponding locus in haemophilus sputorum and may have been recruited from this species by horizontal gene transfer. | the newly described species haemophilus sputorum has been cultured from the upper respiratory tract of humans and appears to have little pathogenic potential. the species encodes a capsular biosynthesis locus of approximately 12 kb composed of three distinct regions. region i and iii genes, involved in export and processing of the capsular material, show high similarity to the corresponding genes in capsulate lineages of the pathogenic species haemophilus influenzae; indeed, standard bexa and b ... | 2015 | 25794502 |
| nontypeable haemophilus influenzae induces sustained lung oxidative stress and protease expression. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a prevalent bacterium found in a variety of chronic respiratory diseases. the role of this bacterium in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation is not well defined. in this study we examined the effect of nthi on two important lung inflammatory processes 1), oxidative stress and 2), protease expression. bronchoalveolar macrophages were obtained from 121 human subjects, blood neutrophils from 15 subjects, and human-lung fibroblast and epithelial cell lin ... | 2015 | 25793977 |
| [resistance surveillance of major pathogens for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections in china: a multicenter study 2012]. | to investigate antimicrobial resistance among pathogens responsible for adult community-acquired respiratory tract infections from 11 hospitals of china. | 2015 | 25791651 |
| neonatal invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in england and wales: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) frequently causes noninvasive upper respiratory tract infections in children but can cause invasive disease, mainly in older adults. an increased burden of invasive nthi disease in the perinatal period has been reported by a number of studies. here we describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and outcome of neonatal invasive h. influenzae disease in england and wales over a 5-year period. | 2015 | 25784720 |
| il-10/hmox1 signaling modulates cochlear inflammation via negative regulation of mcp-1/ccl2 expression in cochlear fibrocytes. | cochlear inflammatory diseases, such as tympanogenic labyrinthitis, are associated with acquired sensorineural hearing loss. although otitis media is extremely frequent in children, tympanogenic labyrinthitis is not commonly observed, which suggests the existence of a potent anti-inflammatory mechanism modulating cochlear inflammation. in this study, we aimed to determine the molecular mechanism involved in cochlear protection from inflammation-mediated tissue damage, focusing on il-10 and hemox ... | 2015 | 25780042 |
| trends and variations in the epidemiology of meningococcal disease in kuwait 1987-2013. | the introduction of haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccine and conjugate pneumococcal vaccine into routine childhood vaccination in kuwait has resulted in the emergence of neisseria meningitidis as the leading cause of invasive bacterial infection in children. currently, a quadrivalent acyw-135 meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine is administered as part of routine childhood vaccination in kuwait at the age of 2 years. conjugate meningococcal vaccines have been shown to be more ef ... | 2015 | 25779346 |
| development and laboratory evaluation of a real-time pcr assay for detecting viruses and bacteria of relevance for community-acquired pneumonia. | community-acquired pneumonia may present with similar clinical symptoms, regardless of viral or bacterial cause. diagnostic assays are needed to rapidly discriminate between causes, because this will guide decisions on appropriate treatment. therefore, a quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr) assay with duplex reactions targeting eight bacteria and six viruses was developed. technical performance was examined with linear plasmids. upper and lower respiratory tract specimens were used to compare the q ... | 2015 | 25772704 |
| vaccination coverage of children with inflammatory bowel disease after an awareness campaign on the risk of infection. | children with inflammatory bowel disease are at risk of vaccine-preventable diseases mostly due to immunosuppressive drugs. | 2015 | 25770456 |
| vaccine introduction in the democratic people's republic of korea. | the feasibility of mass vaccination campaigns for japanese encephalitis and haemophilus influenzae type b infections was explored in the democratic people's republic of korea using pilot vaccination studies. the experiences from these initial studies were then used to support larger vaccination campaigns in children at risk of these infections. we discuss the challenges and requirements for the inclusion of additional vaccines into the existing expanded program on immunization in the country. | 2015 | 25769209 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella live vaccine (proquad ®) administered concomitantly with a booster dose of a hexavalent vaccine in 12-23-month-old infants. | concomitant administration of vaccines can facilitate vaccination uptake, provided that no clinically significant effect on either vaccine is identified. we investigated the concomitant administration, during the second year of life, of one dose of the combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (proquad(®)) with a booster dose of a hexavalent vaccine. | 2015 | 25765966 |
| acute otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes: prevalence of bacteria and viruses in the post-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. | acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is a common sequela in children with tympanostomy tubes. acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is generally a symptom of an acute middle ear infection, whereby middle ear fluid drains through the tube. the widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (pcv) has changed the bacterial prevalence in the upper respiratory tract of children, but its impact on bacterial and viral pathogens causing acute tympanostomy-tube otorrhea is yet unknown. | 2015 | 25764097 |
| trends in the epidemiology of invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in queensland, australia from 2000 to 2013: what is the impact of an increase in invasive non-typable h. influenzae (nthi)? | following the introduction of vaccination against haemophilus influenzae type b (hib), cases of invasive encapsulated hib disease have decreased markedly. this study aimed to examine subsequent epidemiological trends in invasive h. influenzae disease in queensland, australia and in particular, assess the clinical impact and public health implications of invasive non-typable h. influenzae (nthi) strains. a multicentre retrospective study was conducted from july 2000 to june 2013. databases of maj ... | 2015 | 25762194 |
| azithromycin for acute lower respiratory tract infections. | acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) range from acute bronchitis and acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis to pneumonia. approximately five million people die from acute respiratory tract infections annually. among these, pneumonia represents the most frequent cause of mortality, hospitalisation and medical consultation. azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic, structurally modified from erythromycin and noted for its activity against some gram-negative organisms associated with re ... | 2015 | 25749735 |
| novel blarob-1-bearing plasmid conferring resistance to β-lactams in haemophilus parasuis isolates from healthy weaning pigs. | haemophilus parasuis, the causative agent of glässer's disease, is one of the early colonizers of the nasal mucosa of piglets. it is prevalent in swine herds, and lesions associated with disease are fibrinous polyserositis and bronchopneumonia. antibiotics are commonly used in disease control, and resistance to several antibiotics has been described in h. parasuis. prediction of h. parasuis virulence is currently limited by our scarce understanding of its pathogenicity. some genes have been asso ... | 2015 | 25747001 |
| changing trends of acute otitis media bacteriology in central israel in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines era. | the widespread use of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has changed acute otitis media (aom) bacteriology. only scattered data with regard to this effect of pcv13 have been published so far. | 2015 | 25741972 |
| naturally occurring bactericidal antibodies specific for haemophilus influenzae lipooligosaccharide are present in healthy adult individuals. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), a typical mucosal pathogen largely responsible for respiratory infections and pediatric otitis media, has been increasingly recognized as a significant cause of invasive disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. lipooligosaccharide (los) is a conserved molecule with an important role in h. influenzae virulence and immune evasion, and it may be considered as a vaccine candidate. however, abilities of h. influenzae los to induce protective imm ... | 2015 | 25738817 |
| invasive haemophilus influenzae disease in adults ≥65 years, united states, 2011. | since the introduction of the haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccine, h influenzae epidemiology has shifted. in the united states, the largest burden of disease is now in adults aged ≥65 years. however, few data exist on risk factors for disease severity and outcome in this age group. | 2014 | 25734116 |
| paediatric nodal marginal zone b-cell lymphadenopathy of the neck: a haemophilus influenzae-driven immune disorder? | many hyperplasias and lymphomas of marginal zone b-cells are associated with infection. we identified six children and one adolescent with cervical lymphadenopathy showing prominent polyclonal nodal marginal zone hyperplasia (pnmzh) and four adolescents with monoclonal paediatric nodal marginal zone lymphoma (pnmzl). the clonality status was assessed using biomed-2-ig pcr analysis. haemophilus influenzae was identified in all six cases of pnmzh that could be tested by direct culture (n = 3) or a ... | 2015 | 25722108 |
| selection and counterselection of hia expression reveals a key role for phase-variable expression of hia in infection caused by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae. | hia is a major adhesin of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and has long been investigated as a vaccine candidate. here we show that hia phase variation is controlled by changes in the length of a polythymidine tract located in the hia promoter. studies of an invasive clinical isolate (strain r2866) show that strains expressing high hia levels are more efficiently killed by opsonophagocytosis. an opsonophagocytic assay was used to select for a subpopulation of variants that expressed a l ... | 2015 | 25712964 |
| implications of private sector hib vaccine coverage for the introduction of public sector hib-containing pentavalent vaccine in india: evidence from retrospective time series data. | haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine has been available in india's private sector market since 1997. it was not until 14 december 2011 that the government of india initiated the phased public sector introduction of a hib (and dpt, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus)-containing pentavalent vaccine. our objective was to investigate the state-specific coverage and behaviour of hib vaccine in india when it was available only in the private sector market but not in the public sector. this baseline ... | 2015 | 25712822 |
| changes in pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization among children with respiratory tract infections before and after use of the two new extended-valency pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. | the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv) and the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv13) replaced the 7-valent pcv (pcv7) in may 2010 in korea. we investigated the dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal (np) colonization in children with a respiratory illness before and after use of phid-cv and pcv13. | 2015 | 25712791 |
| relationship between azithromycin susceptibility and administration efficacy for nontypeable haemophilus influenzae respiratory infection. | nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is an opportunistic pathogen that is an important cause of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd). copd is an inflammatory disease of the airways, and exacerbations are acute inflammatory events superimposed on this background of chronic inflammation. azithromycin (azm) is a macrolide antibiotic with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties and a clinically proven potential for aecopd prevention and management. relati ... | 2015 | 25712355 |
| basal cells contribute to innate immunity of the airway epithelium through production of the antimicrobial protein rnase 7. | basal cells play a critical role in the response of the airway epithelium to injury and are recently recognized to also contribute to epithelial immunity. antimicrobial proteins and peptides are essential effector molecules in this airway epithelial innate immunity. however, little is known about the specific role of basal cells in antimicrobial protein and peptide production and about the regulation of the ubiquitous antimicrobial protein rnase 7. in this study, we report that basal cells are t ... | 2015 | 25712218 |
| vaccination status and immune response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in asplenic individuals. | overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (opsi) is immediately life-threatening and vaccination against encapsulated bacteria, in particular pneumococci, decreases its incidence. first, we investigated the adherence to vaccination guidelines in a retrospective study of the hospital records of splenectomised patients. second, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire and invited to participate in a study where 12-valent pneumococcal serotype-specific igg concentrations were determined before ... | 2015 | 25707692 |
| vaccines for patients with copd. | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is a lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow limitation. this disease is currently the fourth higher cause of death in the world, and it is predicted to be the third by the year 2020. patients with copd are frequently exposed to human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial and influenza virus, as well as to haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis. these infectious agents are responsible for exac ... | 2015 | 25706527 |
| nasopharyngeal vs. adenoid cultures in children undergoing adenoidectomy: prevalence of bacterial pathogens, their interactions and risk factors. | streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus colonization of the adenoids and nasopharynx in 103 preschool children who underwent adenoidectomy for recurrent upper respiratory tract infections was examined. bacterial interactions and risk factors for bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx and adenoids, separately, were analysed statistically. the prevalence of simultaneous isolation from both anatomical sites was 45·6% for s. pneumoniae, 29 ... | 2015 | 25703401 |
| immunogenicity and safety of 3-dose primary vaccination with combined dtpa-hbv-ipv/hib vaccine in canadian aboriginal and non-aboriginal infants. | this study compared immune responses of healthy aboriginal and non-aboriginal infants to haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) components of a dtap-hbv-ipv/hib combination vaccine, 1 month after completing dosing at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. of 112 infants enrolled in each group, 94 aboriginal and 107 non-aboriginal infants qualified for the immunogenicity analysis. anti-prp concentrations exceeded the protective minimum (≥0.15 μg/ml) in ≥97% of infants in both groups b ... | 2015 | 25701314 |
| mass gathering and globalization of respiratory pathogens during the 2013 hajj. | every year, more than 10 million pilgrims arrive in the kingdom of saudi arabia for the hajj or umrah. crowding conditions lead to high rates of respiratory infections among the pilgrims, representing a significant cause of morbidity and a major cause of hospitalization. pre- and post-hajj nasal specimens were prospectively obtained from a paired cohort (692 pilgrims) and from nonpaired cohorts (514 arriving and 470 departing pilgrims) from 13 countries. the countries of residence included afric ... | 2015 | 25700892 |
| immunogenicity and safety of a heptavalent (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis b, poliomyelitis, haemophilus influenzae b, and meningococcal serogroup c) vaccine. | | 2015 | 25691184 |
| matrix metalloproteinases vary with airway microbiota composition and lung function in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. | despite growing evidence for the roles of airway remodeling and bacterial infection in the progression of non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis, relationships between collagen-degrading proteases and chronic airway infection are poorly understood. | 2015 | 25679336 |
| immune deficiency: changing spectrum of pathogens. | current uk national standards recommend routine bacteriology surveillance in severe antibody-deficient patients, but less guidance exists on virology screening and viral infections in these patients. in this retrospective audit, we assessed the proportion of positive virology or bacteriology respiratory and stool samples from patients with severe, partial or no immune deficiency during a 2-year period. medical notes were reviewed to identify symptomatic viral infections and to describe the cours ... | 2015 | 25677249 |
| bacteremia following nasolacrimal duct probing: is there a role of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis? | to study the incidence of nasolacrimal duct probing-induced bacteremia using the metabolic colorimetric sensor technique of blood culture. | 2016 | 25675170 |
| impact of intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy with azithromycin-containing regimens on maternal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic sensitivity of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus aureus: a cross-sectional survey at delivery. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (sp) plus azithromycin (az) (spaz) has the potential for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (iptp), but its use could increase circulation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria associated with severe pediatric infections. we evaluated the effect of monthly spaz-iptp compared to a single course of sp plus chloroquine (spcq) on maternal nasopharyngeal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and staphylo ... | 2015 | 25673788 |
| preparation and testing of a haemophilus influenzae type b/hepatitis b surface antigen conjugate vaccine. | the majority of conjugate vaccines focus on inducing an antibody response to the polysaccharide antigen and the carrier protein is present primarily to induce a t-cell dependent response. in this study conjugates consisting of poly(ribosylribitolphosphate) (prp) purified from haemophilus influenzae type b bound to hepatitis b virus surface antigen (hbsag) virus like particles were prepared with the aim of inducing an antibody response to not only the prp but also the hbsag. a conjugate consistin ... | 2015 | 25659268 |
| analysis of haemophilus influenzae serotype f isolated from three japanese children with invasive h. influenzae infection. | in japan, publicly subsidized haemophilus influenzae serotype b vaccines became available in 2011; consequently, the incidence of invasive h. influenzae infection in paediatric patients of less than 5 years of age decreased dramatically. in 2013, the first case of h. influenzae serotype f (hif) meningitis in a japanese infant was reported, and another case of hif meningitis in a japanese infant was observed in 2013. we experienced a fatal paediatric case of hif bacteraemia in 2004; therefore, we ... | 2015 | 25657301 |
| development and validation of a molecular size distribution method for polysaccharide vaccines. | determination of the molecular size distribution of vaccine products by high performance size exclusion chromatography coupled to refractive index detection is important during the manufacturing process. partial elution of high molecular weight compounds in the void volume of the chromatographic column is responsible for variation in the results obtained with a reference method using a tsk g5000pwxl chromatographic column. glaxosmithkline vaccines has developed an alternative method relying on t ... | 2014 | 25655242 |
| clinical effects of clarithromycin on persistent inflammation following haemophilus influenzae-positive acute otitis media. | additional treatment with clarithromycin (cam) reduced persistent middle ear inflammation after acute otitis media (aom) caused by haemophilus influenzae in children. cam is a treatment option for persistent inflammation following aom and to prevent continuing otitis media with effusion. | 2015 | 25649881 |
| nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus influenzae among children younger than 5 years of age in beijing, china. | haemophilus influenzae is one of the main pathogens that cause community-acquired respiratory infections in children. our previous study showed that h. influenzae is the second most common pathogen causing pneumonia and accounts for 30-50% of bacterial meningitis among chinese children. h. influenzae carriage in children and its resistance to commonly used antimicrobials varies widely both geographically and over time. | 2015 | 25648185 |
| the impact of childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx: a longitudinal study. | there is increasing evidence that childhood vaccines have effects that extend beyond their target disease. the objective of this study was to assess the effects of routine childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx. | 2015 | 25642277 |
| hidden efficiencies: making completion of the pediatric vaccine schedule more efficient for physicians. | the objective of this work is to demonstrate the potential time and labor savings that may result from increased use of combination vaccinations. the study (gsk study identifier: ho-12-4735) was a model developed to evaluate the efficiency of the pediatric vaccine schedule, using time and motion studies. the model considered vaccination time and the associated labor costs, but vaccination acquisition costs were not considered. we also did not consider any efficacy or safety differences between f ... | 2015 | 25634165 |
| ndfip1 regulates itch ligase activity and airway inflammation via ubch7. | the ubiquitin-ligating enzyme (e3) itch plays a crucial role in the regulation of inflammation, and itch deficiency leads to severe airway inflammation. however, the molecular mechanisms by which itch function is regulated remain elusive. in this study, we found that nontypeable haemophilus influenzae induces the association of itch with ndfip1. both itch(-/-) and ndfip1(-/-) mice exhibited severe airway inflammation in response to nontypeable haemophilus influenza, which was associated with ele ... | 2015 | 25632008 |
| naturally acquired antibodies against haemophilus influenzae type a in aboriginal adults, canada. | in the post-haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccine era that began in the 1980's, h. influenzae type a (hia) emerged as a prominent cause of invasive disease in north american aboriginal populations. to test whether a lack of naturally acquired antibodies may underlie increased rates of invasive hia disease, we compared serum bactericidal activity against hia and hib and igg and igm against capsular polysaccharide between canadian aboriginal and non-aboriginal healthy and immunocompromised a ... | 2015 | 25626129 |
| cerebrospinal fluid pcr analysis and biochemistry in bodies with severe decomposition. | the aim of this study was to assess whether neisseria meningitidis, listeria monocytogenes, streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae can be identified using the polymerase chain reaction technique in the cerebrospinal fluid of severely decomposed bodies with known, noninfectious causes of death or whether postmortem changes can lead to false positive results and thus erroneous diagnostic information. biochemical investigations, postmortem bacteriology and real-time polymerase chain re ... | 2015 | 25623190 |
| do orally administered antibiotics reach concentrations in the middle ear sufficient to eradicate planktonic and biofilm bacteria? a review. | infectious conditions of the middle ear are a common and significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. systemic antibiotics are frequently used, but their effectiveness will depend on whether an adequate antibiotic concentration is achieved in the middle ear; this is especially important in biofilm infections such as otitis media with effusion (ome), where high antibiotic concentrations are typically required for effective treatment. | 2015 | 25623134 |
| nationwide survey of the development of drug resistance in the pediatric field in 2007, 2010, and 2012: drug sensitivity of haemophilus influenzae serotype b strain in japan. | based on the results of surveillance in the pediatric field conducted in 2007, 2010, and 2012, we examined the frequency of haemophilus influenzae serotype b (hib) strains, the susceptibility for hib strains to various types of antimicrobial agent, and the relations to patients' background factors. among all of haemophilus influenzae, the frequency of hib strains was 3.6% (14/386 strains) in 2007, 4.8% (23/484 strains) in 2010, 1.2% (5/411 strains) in 2012, and decreasing in 2012. hib strains we ... | 2015 | 25618776 |
| [haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis in a vaccinated, immunocompetent infant with reactive arthritis]. | due to the excellent immunogenicity of the haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) conjugate vaccines, vaccine failures are rarely seen in patients following the recommended national immunization programmes. we present an infant with hib meningitis despite relevant prophylaxis, without known risk factors such as medical co-morbidity, immunosuppression, immunoglobulin deficiency or prematurity. later, a reactive arthritis developed. in conclusion, hib-meningitis can occur in vaccinated, immunocompete ... | 2015 | 25612943 |
| combined exposure to bacteria and cigarette smoke resembles characteristic phenotypes of human copd in a murine disease model. | abundant microbial colonization is a hallmark of copd and smoke exposure likely increases the susceptibility to colonization and infection. the aim of the present study was to characterize the pulmonary changes of a combined exposure to cigarette smoke (cs) and microbial challenge in a preclinical murine copd model. animals were exposed to cs for 2 weeks, 3, and 6 months. low and high doses of heat inactivated nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) were administered by inhalation during the w ... | 2015 | 25601416 |
| adverse events following haemophilus influenzae type b vaccines in the vaccine adverse event reporting system, 1990-2013. | to characterize adverse events (aes) after haemophilus influenzae type b (hib) vaccines reported to the us vaccine adverse event reporting system (vaers), a spontaneous reporting surveillance system. | 2015 | 25598306 |
| antibodies against the majority subunit of type iv pili disperse nontypeable haemophilus influenzae biofilms in a luxs-dependent manner and confer therapeutic resolution of experimental otitis media. | despite resulting in a similar overall outcome, unlike antibodies directed against the dnabii protein, integration host factor (ihf), which induce catastrophic structural collapse of biofilms formed by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi), those directed against a recombinant soluble form of pila [the majority subunit of type iv pili (tfp) produced by nthi], mediated gradual 'top-down' dispersal of nthi from biofilms. this dispersal occurred via a mechanism that was dependent upon expressio ... | 2015 | 25597921 |
| nationwide survey of the development of drug resistance in the pediatric field in 2000-2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, and 2012: evaluation of the changes in drug sensitivity of haemophilus influenzae and patients' background factors. | the drug-resistant pathogen surveillance group in pediatric infectious disease has conducted surveillance of pediatric patients with respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and sepsis five times (in 2000-2001 [period 1], 2004 [period 2], 2007 [period 3], 2010 [period 4], and 2012 [period 5]). with respect to the clinically isolated haemophilus influenzae, the drug susceptibility, the frequency of drug-resistant strains, and patients' background factors in each period have already been reported ... | 2015 | 25596977 |
| pneumococcal conjugate vaccines prevenar13 and synflorix in sequence or alone in high-risk indigenous infants (prev-ix_combo): protocol of a randomised controlled trial. | otitis media (om) starts within weeks of birth in almost all indigenous infants living in remote areas of the northern territory (nt). om and associated hearing loss persist from infancy throughout childhood and often into adulthood. educational and social opportunities are greatly compromised. pneumococcus and non-typeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) are major om pathogens that densely colonise the nasopharynx and infect the middle ear from very early in life. our hypothesis is that compared ... | 2015 | 25596202 |
| a basis for vaccine development: comparative characterization of haemophilus influenzae outer membrane vesicles. | outer membrane vesicles (omvs) are spherical and bilayered particles that are naturally released from the outer membrane (om) of gram-negative bacteria. they have been proposed to possess several biological roles in pathogenesis and interbacterial interactions. additionally, omvs have been suggested as potential vaccine candidates against infections caused by pathogenic bacteria like haemophilus influenzae, a human pathogen of the respiratory tract. unfortunately, there is still a lack of fundam ... | 2015 | 25592265 |
| effect of antenatal parasitic infections on anti-vaccine igg levels in children: a prospective birth cohort study in kenya. | parasitic infections are prevalent among pregnant women in sub-saharan africa. we investigated whether prenatal exposure to malaria and/or helminths affects the pattern of infant immune responses to standard vaccinations against haemophilus influenzae (hib), diphtheria (dt), hepatitis b (hep b) and tetanus toxoid (tt). | 2015 | 25590337 |
| glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via the upregulation of negative regulator irak-m. | glucocorticoids are among the most commonly used anti-inflammatory agents. despite the enormous efforts in elucidating the glucocorticoid-mediated anti-inflammatory actions, how glucocorticoids tightly control overactive inflammatory response is not fully understood. here we show that glucocorticoids suppress bacteria-induced inflammation by enhancing irak-m, a central negative regulator of toll-like receptor signalling. the ability of glucocorticoids to suppress pulmonary inflammation induced b ... | 2015 | 25585690 |
| immunological effect of administration of sequential doses of haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in the same versus alternating limbs in the routine infant immunisation schedule: an open-label randomised controlled trial. | the use of different limbs for the administration of sequential doses of an intradermal rabies vaccine was shown to result in reduced vaccine immunogenicity. we aimed to assess whether this phenomenon also occurs with routine infant vaccines. | 2015 | 25577661 |
| [brain abscess caused by haemophilus influenzae type e in a pediatric patient suffering from apert syndrome]. | we report a case of a brain abscess caused by haemophilus influenzae type e in a 12 year-old patient suffering from apert syndrome. apert syndrome is characterized by the premature closure of cranial sutures. in 2010 the patient suffered head trauma in the frontal area with cranial fracture and a cerebrospinal fluid fistula. in february 2013 he was admitted to hospital with fever, vomiting and generalized tonic-clonic seizure with deteriorating mental status/progressive sensory impairment. the c ... | 2015 | 25576411 |
| [microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia]. | pneumonia is an importance cause of mortality and morbidity in adults. two types of pneumonia are defined: community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia with their corresponding etiology such as pneumococci or haemophilus influenzae and pseudomonas or enterobacteriaceae, respectively. however, the reality is more complex with aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunocompromised patient, and pneumonia in ventilated patients. culture in the case of nosocomial pneumonia is especially important to obt ... | 2014 | 25549372 |
| structure-based function analysis of putative conserved proteins with isomerase activity from haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae, a gram-negative bacterium and a member of the family pasteurellaceae, causes chronic bronchitis, bacteremia, meningitis, etc. the h. influenzae is the first organism whose genome was completely sequenced and annotated. here, we have extensively analyzed the genome of h. influenzae using available proteins structure and function analysis tools. the objective of this analysis is to assign a precise function to hypothetical proteins (hps) whose functions are not determined s ... | 2015 | 28324524 |
| structure-based functional annotation of putative conserved proteins having lyase activity from haemophilus influenzae. | haemophilus influenzae is a small pleomorphic gram-negative bacteria which causes several chronic diseases, including bacteremia, meningitis, cellulitis, epiglottitis, septic arthritis, pneumonia, and empyema. here we extensively analyzed the sequenced genome of h. influenzae strain rd kw20 using protein family databases, protein structure prediction, pathways and genome context methods to assign a precise function to proteins whose functions are unknown. these proteins are termed as hypothetica ... | 2015 | 28324295 |
| regulatory elements involved in the expression of competence genes in naturally transformable vibrio cholerae. | the human pathogen vibrio cholerae normally enters the developmental program of natural competence for transformation after colonizing chitinous surfaces. natural competence is regulated by at least three pathways in this organism: chitin sensing/degradation, quorum sensing and carbon catabolite repression (ccr). the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) receptor protein crp, which is the global regulator of ccr, binds to regulatory dna elements called crp sites when in complex with camp. previo ... | 2014 | 25539806 |
| efficacy and safety of intravenous sulbactam/ampicillin 3 g 4 times daily in japanese adults with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled study. | although sulbactam/ampicillin (sbt/abpc) 3 g 4 times daily (qid) is widely used worldwide for patients with moderate to severe community-acquired pneumonia (cap), the 3 g qid regimen was not available in japan. in fact, there has been no evidence from a formal clinical study regarding the efficacy and safety of sbt/abpc 3 g qid in these patients. we report the first results of a multicenter, unblinded, non-comparative, phase 3 study of sbt/abpc 3 g qid in japanese adults with moderate to severe ... | 2015 | 25533886 |
| cost-effectiveness evaluation of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine in japanese children. | diseases caused by streptococcus pneumoniae represent a major public health problem. the purpose of this study was to compare, in the japanese context, the projected health benefits, costs and cost-effectiveness of the latest generation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines which may provide important insight into the potential public health impact of interventions in the context of local disease-specific epidemiology. | 2014 | 25527448 |
| emergence of clonally related multidrug resistant haemophilus influenzae with penicillin-binding protein 3-mediated resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, norway, 2006 to 2013. | resistance to cephalosporins in haemophilus influenzae is usually caused by characteristic alterations in penicillin-binding protein 3 (pbp3), encoded by the ftsi gene. resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is associated with high-level pbp3-mediated resistance (high-rpbp3), defined by the second stage s385t substitution in addition to a first stage substitution (r517h or n526k). the third stage l389f substitution is present in some high-rpbp3 strains. high-rpbp3 h. influenzae are consi ... | 2014 | 25523969 |
| effect of haemophilus influenzae exposure on staphylococcus aureus tympanostomy tube attachment and biofilm formation. | tympanostomy tube (tt) biofilm formation may lead to sequelae. | 2015 | 25522126 |
| interchangeability of meningococcal group c conjugate vaccines with different carrier proteins in the united kingdom infant immunisation schedule. | an open, non-randomised study was undertaken in england during 2011-12 to evaluate vaccine antibody responses in infants after completion of the routine primary infant immunisation schedule, which included two doses of meningococcal group c (menc) conjugate (mcc) vaccine at 3 and 4 months. any of the three licensed mcc vaccines could be used for either dose, depending on local availability. healthy term infants registered at participating general practices (gps) in hertfordshire and gloucestersh ... | 2015 | 25510388 |
| antibody and plasmablast response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients--preliminary report. | chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) leads to significant immune system dysfunction. the predominant clinical presentation in 50% of patients involves recurrent, often severe, infections. infections are also the most common (60-80%) cause of deaths in cll patients. the scope of infections varies with the clinical stage of the disease. treatment-naive patients typically present with respiratory tract infections caused by encapsulated bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. sin ... | 2014 | 25506837 |
| allosteric reversion of haemophilus influenzae β-carbonic anhydrase via a proline shift. | haemophilus influenzae β-carbonic anhydrase (hica) has been reverse-engineered in the allosteric site region to resemble the nonallosteric pisum sativum enzyme in order to identify critical features of allostery and intersusbunit communication. three variants (w39v/g41a, p48s/a49p, and w39v/g41a/p48s/a49p) were identified, through a comparison with a crystal structure of nonallosteric p. sativum β-carbonic anhydrase (psca, pdb 1ekj ), to potentially revert hica to a nonallosteric enzyme. the w39 ... | 2015 | 25506786 |