| lack of serological evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in virus exposed camel abattoir workers in nigeria, 2016. | backgroundmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic threat of global public health concern and dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov is enzootic in dromedaries in africa as well as the middle east, zoonotic disease has not been reported in africa. methods: in an abattoir in kano, nigeria, we tested nasal swabs from camels and investigated 261 humans with repeated occupational exposure to camels, many of whom also reported drinking fr ... | 2018 | 30107872 |
| reported direct and indirect contact with dromedary camels among laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases. | dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) are now known to be the vertebrate animal reservoir that intermittently transmits the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) to humans. yet, details as to the specific mechanism(s) of zoonotic transmission from dromedaries to humans remain unclear. the aim of this study was to describe direct and indirect contact with dromedaries among all cases, and then separately for primary, non-primary, and unclassified cases of laboratory-confirmed me ... | 2018 | 30104551 |
| chimeric camel/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against mers-cov infection. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. in contrast to humans, mers-cov-exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. these strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries-apart from conventional antibodies-have relatively unique, ... | 2018 | 30101189 |
| immune responses to middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus during the acute and convalescent phases of human infection. | an understanding of immune responses against the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is important for the development of treatments and preventive measures. here, we investigated the spectrum of immune responses occurring in patients with mers during the early period of infection. | 2019 | 30060038 |
| a novel nanobody targeting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) receptor-binding domain has potent cross-neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against mers-cov. | the newly emerged middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) continues to infect humans and camels, calling for efficient, cost-effective, and broad-spectrum strategies to control its spread. nanobodies (nbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from camelids and sharks and are potentially cost-effective antivirals with small size and great expression yield. in this study, we developed a novel neutralizing nb (nbms10) and its human-fc-fused version (nbms10-fc), both of which target ... | 2018 | 29950421 |
| ultrapotent human neutralizing antibody repertoires against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus from a recovered patient. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory infection with a high (~35%) mortality rate. neutralizing antibodies targeting the spike of mers-cov have been shown to be a therapeutic option for treatment of lethal disease. | 2018 | 29846635 |
| modeling the spread of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in saudi arabia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been persistent in the middle east region since 2012. abundant scientific evidence showed that dromedary camels are the primary host of the virus. majority of human cases (i.e., 75% or 88%) are due to human-to-human transmission, while the others are due to camel-to-human transmission. mathematical modeling of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus camel-to-camel transmission was lacking. using the plug-and-play likelihood-based inference fr ... | 2018 | 29846148 |
| no molecular evidence of mers-cov circulation in jeddah, saudi arabia between 2010-2012: a single-center retrospective study. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic viral pathogen and a serious public health concern. the virus was first reported in saudi arabia in 2012 and continues to be endemic in the region. most of the initial mers-cov cases in 2012 and early 2013 were sporadic, and it remains unclear whether mers-cov was circulating before 2012 or not. therefore, we tried here to find any molecular evidence of mers-cov circulation in humans before or during 2012 in the city ... | 2018 | 31865304 |
| saracatinib inhibits middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus replication in vitro. | the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), first identified in saudi arabia, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that causes severe acute respiratory illness in humans with a high fatality rate. since its emergence, mers-cov continues to spread to countries outside of the arabian peninsula and gives rise to sporadic human infections following the entry of infected individuals to other countries, which can precipitate outbreaks similar to the one that occurred in south korea in 201 ... | 2018 | 29795047 |
| effect of interferon alpha and cyclosporine treatment separately and in combination on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) replication in a human in-vitro and ex-vivo culture model. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has emerged as a coronavirus infection of humans in the past 5 years. though confined to certain geographical regions of the world, infection has been associated with a case fatality rate of 35%, and this mortality may be higher in ventilated patients. as there are few readily available animal models that accurately mimic human disease, it has been a challenge to ethically determine what optimum treatment strategies can be used for this dis ... | 2018 | 29772254 |
| heterologous prime-boost vaccination with adenoviral vector and protein nanoparticles induces both th1 and th2 responses against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a highly pathogenic and zoonotic virus with a fatality rate in humans of over 35%. although several vaccine candidates have been developed, there is still no clinically available vaccine for mers-cov. in this study, we developed two types of mers-cov vaccines: a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 encoding the mers-cov spike gene (ad5/mers) and spike protein nanoparticles formulated with aluminum (alum) adjuvant. next, we tested a hete ... | 2018 | 29739720 |
| discovery of novel bat coronaviruses in south china that use the same receptor as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has represented a human health threat since 2012. although several mers-related covs that belong to the same species as mers-cov have been identified from bats, they do not use the mers-cov receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). here, we screened 1,059 bat samples from at least 30 bat species collected in different regions in south china and identified 89 strains of lineage c betacoronaviruses, including tylonycteris pachypus coronavirus ... | 2018 | 29669833 |
| mers-cov pathogenesis and antiviral efficacy of licensed drugs in human monocyte-derived antigen-presenting cells. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) presents an emerging threat to public health worldwide by causing severe respiratory disease in humans with high virulence and case fatality rate (about 35%) since 2012. little is known about the pathogenesis and innate antiviral response in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdms) and dendritic cells (mddcs) upon mers-cov infection. in this study, we assessed mers-cov replication as well as induction of inflammatory cytokines and ... | 2018 | 29566060 |
| emerging developments on pathogenicity, molecular virulence, epidemiology and clinical symptoms of current middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a recently reported virus that is associated with severe, life threatening and rapidly spreading primarily respiratory illness called the middle east respiratory syndrome. mers-cov possesses a unique positive-sense single-stranded rna and can undergo rapid mutation in the viral genome. this results in antigenic switching and genetic variation, finally leading to the emergence of novel and new mers-cov subtypes which are uncontrollable by ... | 2017 | 32288937 |
| host resilience to emerging coronaviruses. | recently, two coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, have emerged to cause unusually severe respiratory disease in humans. currently, there is a lack of effective antiviral treatment options or vaccine available. given the severity of these outbreaks, and the possibility of additional zoonotic coronaviruses emerging in the near future, the exploration of different treatment strategies is necessary. disease resilience is the ... | 2016 | 32201496 |
| ecological traits driving the outbreaks and emergence of zoonotic pathogens. | infectious diseases that are transmitted from wildlife hosts to humans, such as the ebola virus and mers virus, can be difficult to understand because the pathogens emerge from complex multifaceted ecological interactions. we use a wildlife-pathogen system-prairie dogs (cynomys ludovicianus) and the plague bacterium (yersinia pestis)-to describe aspects of disease ecology that apply to many cases of emerging infectious disease. we show that the monitoring and surveillance of hosts and vectors du ... | 2016 | 32287347 |
| the discrepant epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly emerged infection in humans affecting the arabian peninsula, europe, and north africa. the source and persistence of the infection in humans remains unknown. the aim of this paper was to apply a risk analysis approach to the epidemiology of mers-cov and to understand the source of ongoing infections. the epidemiology of mers-cov was reviewed and compared to sars. each observed feature of mers-cov epidemiology was summarized a ... | 2014 | 32288979 |
| influenza and other emerging respiratory viruses. | acute lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) are a major worldwide health problem, particularly in childhood. about 30-50% of acute lrtis are viral in origin with influenza a infection a key cause of explosive community outbreaks. many different influenza a viruses occur naturally in animal reservoirs and present a constant threat of zoonotic infections and global pandemics. since 2009, when pandemic (h1n1) influenza a emerged from a swine origin, there have been a number of different zoonot ... | 2014 | 32288576 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals. | dromedary camels are natural host of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). however, there are limited studies of mers-cov infection of other domestic mammals exposed to infected dromedaries. we expanded our surveillance among camels in egypt, tunisia, and senegal to include other domestic mammalian species in contact with infected camels. a total of 820 sera and 823 nasal swabs from cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, buffaloes, mules, and horses were collected. swabs were test ... | 2019 | 30866764 |
| potential intermediate hosts for coronavirus transmission: no evidence of clade 2c coronaviruses in domestic livestock from ghana. | the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. there is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. the presence of coronaviruses, closely related to mers-cov in ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock s ... | 2019 | 30744201 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in bactrian and hybrid camels from dubai. | so far, dromedary camels are the only known animal reservoir for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov). previous published serological studies showed that sera of bactrian camels were all negative for mers-cov antibodies. however, a recent study revealed that direct inoculation of bactrian camels intranasally with mers-cov can lead to infection with abundant virus shedding and seroconversion. in this study, we examined the presence of mers-cov antibodies in bactrian and ... | 2020 | 31969478 |
| bactrian camels shed large quantities of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) after experimental infection. | in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged. to date, more than 2300 cases have been reported, with an approximate case fatality rate of 35%. epidemiological investigations identified dromedary camels as the source of mers-cov zoonotic transmission and evidence of mers-cov circulation has been observed throughout the original range of distribution. other new-world camelids, alpacas and llamas, are also susceptible to mers-cov infection. currently, it is unknown wheth ... | 2019 | 31119984 |
| newcastle disease virus-based mers-cov candidate vaccine elicits high-level and lasting neutralizing antibodies in bactrian camels. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), a member of the coronaviridae family, is the causative pathogen for mers that is characterized by high fever, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), as well as extrapulmonary manifestations. currently, there are no approved treatment regimens or vaccines for mers. here, we generated recombinant nonvirulent newcastle disease virus (ndv) lasota strain expressing mers-cov s protein (designated as rla-mers-s), and evaluated its ... | 2017 | 32288953 |
| t-cell responses to mers coronavirus infection in people with occupational exposure to dromedary camels in nigeria: an observational cohort study. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) remains of global public health concern. dromedary camels are the source of zoonotic infection. over 70% of mers coronavirus (mers-cov)-infected dromedaries are found in africa but no zoonotic disease has been reported in africa. we aimed to understand whether individuals with exposure to dromedaries in africa had been infected by mers-cov. | 2020 | 33035474 |
| comparative analysis of the genome structure and organization of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) 2012 to 2019 revealing evidence for virus strain barcoding, zoonotic transmission, and selection pressure. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in late 2012 in saudi arabia. for this study, we conducted a large-scale comparative genome study of mers-cov from both human and dromedary camels from 2012 to 2019 to map any genetic changes that emerged in the past 8 years. we downloaded 1309 submissions, including 308 full-length genome sequences of mers-cov available in genbank from 2012 to 2019. we used bioinformatics tools to describe the genome structure and organization ... | 2020 | 32803835 |
| some pathological observations on the naturally infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia 2018-2019. | background: the natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels is understudied. recent experimental studies showed no obvious clinical signs in the infected dromedary camels.aim: to study the pathological changes associated with natural mers-cov infection in dromedary camels.methods: tissues from three mers-cov positive animals as well as two negative animals were collected and examined for the presence of pathological changes. the screening of the animals was carried out first by the rapid aggl ... | 2020 | 32543343 |
| cross-sectional prevalence study of mers-cov in local and imported dromedary camels in saudi arabia, 2016-2018. | the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) is an endemic virus in dromedaries. annually, saudi arabia imports thousands of camels from the horn of africa, yet the epidemiology of mers-cov in these animals is largely unknown. here, mers-cov prevalence was compared in imported african camels and their local counterparts. a total of 1399 paired sera and nasal swabs were collected from camels between 2016 and 2018. imported animals from sudan (n = 829) and djibouti (n = 328) were sa ... | 2020 | 32453746 |
| detection of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camel's seminal plasma in saudi arabia 2015-2017. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emergent respiratory virus. dromedary camels are currently the only known reservoir of mers-cov and are capable of transmitting the virus within a herd. the role of semen in the transmission of mers-cov has never been investigated as yet, to the best of our knowledge. our goal was to test semen collected from dromedary camels for mers-cov. a total of 67 seminal plasma samples from infertile and 13 from fertile dromedary camels wer ... | 2020 | 32374945 |
| seroprevalence of mers-cov in healthy adults in western saudi arabia, 2011-2016. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly recognized zoonotic coronavirus. current evidence confirms the role of dromedaries in primary human infections but does not explain the sporadic community cases. however, asymptomatic or subclinical cases could represent a possible source of infection in the community. | 2020 | 32005618 |
| enzootic patterns of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in imported african and local arabian dromedary camels: a prospective genomic study. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen endemic to the arabian peninsula. dromedary camels are a likely source of infection and the virus probably originated in africa. we studied the genetic diversity, geographical structure, infection prevalence, and age-associated prevalence among camels at the largest entry port of camels from africa into the arabian peninsula. | 2019 | 31843456 |
| a review of asymptomatic and subclinical middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. | the epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) since 2012 has been largely characterized by recurrent zoonotic spillover from dromedary camels followed by limited human-to-human transmission, predominantly in health-care settings. the full extent of infection of mers-cov is not clear, nor is the extent and/or role of asymptomatic infections in transmission. we conducted a review of molecular and serological investigations through pubmed and embase from september 2012 ... | 2019 | 31781765 |
| evaluation of serological assays available in a biosafety level 2 laboratory and their application for survey of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among livestock in ethiopia. | a serological survey of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was conducted among dromedary camels and herbivorous animals sharing the same pasturage in ethiopia. the pseudotyped vesicular stomatitis virus coated with the spike protein of mers-cov was used in virus neutralization (vn) tests performed in a biosafety level (bsl)-2 laboratory. the results were similar to those obtained from the vn test using live mers-cov and were more sensitive than the elisa performed using synt ... | 2019 | 31685722 |
| serological evidence of mers-cov and hku8-related cov co-infection in kenyan camels. | dromedary camels are important reservoir hosts of various coronaviruses, including middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) that cause human infections. cov genomes regularly undergo recombination during infection as observed in bat sars-related covs. here we report for the first time that only a small proportion of mers-cov receptor-binding domain positive (rbd) of spike protein positive camel sera in kenya were also seropositive to mers-cov nucleocapsid (np). in contrast, many o ... | 2019 | 31645223 |
| force of infection of middle east respiratory syndrome in dromedary camels in kenya. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess. this study estimated the force of infection (foi) of mers-cov in camel populations from age-stratified serological data. a cross-sectional study of mers-cov was conducted in kenya from july ... | 2019 | 31547888 |
| diversity of dromedary camel coronavirus hku23 in african camels revealed multiple recombination events among closely related betacoronaviruses of the subgenus embecovirus. | genetic recombination has frequently been observed in coronaviruses. here, we sequenced multiple complete genomes of dromedary camel coronavirus hku23 (dccov-hku23) from nigeria, morocco, and ethiopia and identified several genomic positions indicative of cross-species virus recombination events among other betacoronaviruses of the subgenus embecovirus (clade a beta-covs). recombinant fragments of a rabbit coronavirus (rbcov-hku14) were identified at the hemagglutinin esterase gene position. hom ... | 2019 | 31534035 |
| some one health based control strategies for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) presents an ideal example for developing one health concepts. dromedary camels are the principal reservoir for the virus. infected camels shed the virus in body secretions, particularly nasal discharges. mers-cov has the potential to remain active in the environment for some time under optimum conditions of temperature and humidity. this shedding sustains the virus in endemic communities and thus contact with camels is considered a majo ... | 2019 | 31485476 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in dromedary camels in africa and middle east. | : dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). camels are mostly bred in east african countries then exported into africa and middle east for consumption. to understand the distribution of mers-cov among camels in north africa and the middle east, we conducted surveillance in egypt, senegal, tunisia, uganda, jordan, saudi arabia, and iraq. we also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in egypt and jordan to elucidate me ... | 2019 | 31387326 |
| global status of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review - corrigendum. | | 2019 | 31364519 |
| risk factors for fatal middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in saudi arabia: analysis of the who line list, 2013-2018. | objectives. to explore complex associations among demographic factors, risk factors, health care, and fatality rates of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in the kingdom of saudi arabia.methods. we based this study on analysis of a publicly accessible line listing of 1256 mers-cov cases (2013 to october 2018) available on the world health organization's web site. for analyses of demographic factors (e.g., age, gender), access to health care, promptness of laboratory services ... | 2019 | 31318592 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedaries in ethiopia is antigenically different from the middle east isolate emc. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the mers coronavirus (mers-cov). mers has been endemic to saudi arabia since 2012. the reservoir of mers-cov is the dromedary camel, suggesting that mers is primarily a zoonotic disease. mers-cov is common in dromedaries throughout the middle east, north africa, and east africa as evidenced by neutralizing antibodies against mers-cov; however, human cases have remained limited to the middle east. to better under ... | 2019 | 31275264 |
| a systematic review of mers-cov seroprevalence and rna prevalence in dromedary camels: implications for animal vaccination. | human infection with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is driven by recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary vaccination. dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of mers-cov in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. we aim to bring together existing measures of mers-cov infection ... | 2019 | 31201040 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): a review. | as a novel coronavirus first reported by saudi arabia in 2012, the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is responsible for an acute human respiratory syndrome. the virus, of 2c beta-cov lineage, expresses the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4) receptor and is densely endemic in dromedary camels of east africa and the arabian peninsula. mers-cov is zoonotic but human-to-human transmission is also possible. surveillance and phylogenetic researches indicate mers-cov to be closely asso ... | 2019 | 31119115 |
| qatar experience on one health approach for middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, 2012-2017: a viewpoint. | the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus (mers-cov) in the middle east in 2012 was associated with an overwhelming uncertainty about its epidemiological and clinical characteristics. once dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) was found to be the natural reservoir of the virus, the public health systems across the arabian peninsula encountered an unprecedented pressure to control its transmission. this view point describes how the one health approach was used in qatar t ... | 2019 | 31011617 |
| epidemiological study of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in saudi arabia, april-may 2015. | a cross-sectional study was conducted in five regions in saudi arabia to investigate the epidemiology of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) during april and may2015. serum and nasal swab samples were tested for mers-cov antibodies andribonucleic acid (rna) using a recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (relisa) and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rrt-pcr), respectively. the overall mers-cov ... | 2018 | 30964454 |
| global status of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review. | dromedary camels have been shown to be the main reservoir for human middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) infections. this systematic review aims to compile and analyse all published data on mers-coronavirus (cov) in the global camel population to provide an overview of current knowledge on the distribution, spread and risk factors of infections in dromedary camels. we included original research articles containing laboratory evidence of mers-cov infections in dromedary camels in the field fro ... | 2019 | 30869000 |
| detection of distinct mers-coronavirus strains in dromedary camels from kenya, 2017. | | 2018 | 30482895 |
| a rapid scoping review of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in animal hosts. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen discovered in 2012. the purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the empirical evidence for mers-cov in animals in order to map knowledge gaps and to extract data for modelling disease transmission in dromedary camels. a review protocol was developed a priori, and a systematic search, data extraction and summary were conducted using the arksey and o'malley framework. ninety-nine publications were iden ... | 2019 | 30421581 |
| knowledge and practices regarding middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among camel handlers in a slaughterhouse, kenya, 2015. | dromedary camels are implicated as reservoirs for the zoonotic transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) with the respiratory route thought to be the main mode of transmission. knowledge and practices regarding mers among herders, traders and slaughterhouse workers were assessed at athi-river slaughterhouse, kenya. questionnaires were administered, and a check list was used to collect information on hygiene practices among slaughterhouse workers. of 22 persons, all ... | 2019 | 30238634 |
| experimental infection of dromedaries with middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus is accompanied by massive ciliary loss and depletion of the cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase 4. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one-third of human patients. recent data indicate that dromedaries represent an important source of infection, although information regarding viral cell tropism and pathogenesis is sparse. in the current study, tissues of eight dromedaries receiving inoculation of mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) after recombinant modified-vaccinia-virus-ankara (mva-s)-vaccination (n = 4), mva-vaccinat ... | 2018 | 29950581 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus specific antibodies in naturally exposed israeli llamas, alpacas and camels. | thus far, no human mers-cov infections have been reported from israel. evidence for the circulation of mers-cov in dromedaries has been reported from almost all the countries of the middle east, except israel. therefore, we aimed to analyze mers-cov infection in israeli camelids, sampled between 2012 and 2017. a total of 411 camels, 102 alpacas and 19 llamas' sera were tested for the presence of antibodies to mers-cov. our findings indicate a lower mers-cov seropositivity among israeli dromedari ... | 2018 | 29911167 |
| the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) antibodies in dromedary camels in israel. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, mers-cov, was identified in saudi arabia in 2012, and as of january 29, 2018, there were 2,123 laboratory-confirmed mers-cov cases reported to who (who, 2018, https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/). multiple studies suggest that dromedary camels are a source for human mers-cov infection. mers-cov-specific antibodies have been detected in the serum of dromedary camels across northern africa and across the arabian peninsula. israel's geographic ... | 2018 | 29855166 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: risk factors and determinants of primary, household, and nosocomial transmission. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonosis that causes death in 35·7% of cases. as of feb 28, 2018, 2182 cases of mers-cov infection (with 779 deaths) in 27 countries were reported to who worldwide, with most being reported in saudi arabia (1807 cases with 705 deaths). mers-cov features prominently in the who blueprint list of priority pathogens that threaten global health security. although primary transmission of mers-cov to human beings is linked to exposure ... | 2018 | 29680581 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus antibodies in dromedary camels, bangladesh, 2015. | dromedary camels are bred domestically and imported into bangladesh. in 2015, of 55 camels tested for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dhaka, 17 (31%) were seropositive, including 1 bred locally. none were pcr positive. the potential for infected camels in urban markets could have public health implications and warrants further investigation. | 2018 | 29664373 |
| sero-prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) specific antibodies in dromedary camels in tabuk, saudi arabia. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel coronavirus which was responsible of the first case of human acute respiratory syndrome in the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa), 2012. dromedary camels are considered as potential reservoirs for the virus and seem to be the only animal host which may transmit the infection to human. further studies are required to better understand the animal sources of zoonotic transmission route and the risks of this infection. a primary sero- ... | 2018 | 29663439 |
| mapping potential amplification and transmission hotspots for mers-cov, kenya. | dromedary camels have been implicated consistently as the source of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) human infections and attention to prevent and control it has focused on camels. to understanding the epidemiological role of camels in the transmission of mers-cov, we utilized an iterative empirical process in geographic information system (gis) to identify and qualify potential hotspots for maintenance and circulation of mers-cov, and produced risk-based surveillance site ... | 2018 | 29549589 |
| camel production systems in ethiopia: a review of literature with notes on mers-cov risk factors. | camels are the most adapted species to the harsh conditions of arid/semi-arid rangelands of ethiopia where pastoralism is the dominant mode of life and mobility is an inherent strategy to efficiently utilize the spatially and temporally distributed pasture and water resources. usually, large numbers of camels and other domestic animals from many different herds/flocks congregate at watering sites, and this may create a perfect condition for disease transmission and spread among animals. the same ... | 2018 | 32226597 |
| nucleocapsid gene analysis from an imported case of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, malaysia. | to describe the complete nucleocapsid (n) gene region of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) from imported case in malaysia and the relations with human- and camel-derived mers-cov. | 2015 | 32289031 |
| coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery. | the covid-19 pandemic, caused by the sars-cov-2 virus, is the most recent example of an emergent coronavirus that poses a significant threat to human health. virus-host interactions play a major role in the viral life cycle and disease pathogenesis, and cellular pathways such as macroautophagy/autophagy prove to be either detrimental or beneficial to viral replication and maturation. here, we describe the literature over the past twenty years describing autophagy-coronavirus interactions. there ... | 2020 | 32964796 |
| engineering a stable cho cell line for the expression of a mers-coronavirus vaccine antigen. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has infected at least 2040 patients and caused 712 deaths since its first appearance in 2012, yet neither pathogen-specific therapeutics nor approved vaccines are available. to address this need, we are developing a subunit recombinant protein vaccine comprising residues 377-588 of the mers-cov spike protein receptor-binding domain (rbd), which, when formulated with the addavax adjuvant, it induces a significant neutralizing antibody respon ... | 2018 | 29496347 |
| immunogenicity of a dna vaccine candidate for covid-19. | the coronavirus family member, sars-cov-2 has been identified as the causal agent for the pandemic viral pneumonia disease, covid-19. at this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease. we have previously engineered a synthetic dna vaccine targeting the mers coronavirus spike (s) protein, the major surface antigen of coronaviruses, which is currently in clinical study. here we build on this prior experience to generate a synthetic dna-based vaccine candidate ta ... | 2020 | 32433465 |
| selection of viral variants during persistent infection of insectivorous bat cells with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | coronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) and middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) are speculated to have originated in bats. the mechanisms by which these viruses are maintained in individuals or populations of reservoir bats remain an enigma. mathematical models have predicted long-term persistent infection with low levels of periodic shedding as a likely route for virus maintenance and spillover from bats. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells and m ... | 2020 | 32350357 |
| detection of mers-cov antigen on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded nasal tissue of alpacas by immunohistochemistry using human monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of the spike protein. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) represents an important respiratory disease accompanied by lethal outcome in one third of human patients. in recent years, several investigators developed protective antibodies which could be used as prophylaxis in prospective human epidemics. in the current study, eight human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) with neutralizing and non-neutralizing capabilities, directed against different epitopes of the mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) spike (mers-s) protein, were ... | 2019 | 31526954 |
| replication of mers and sars coronaviruses in bat cells offers insights to their ancestral origins. | previous findings of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-related viruses in bats, and the ability of tylonycteris-batcov hku4 spike protein to utilize mers-cov receptor, human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 hdpp4, suggest a bat ancestral origin of mers-cov. we developed 12 primary bat cell lines from seven bat species, including tylonycteris pachypus, pipistrellus abramus and rhinolophus sinicus (hosts of tylonycteris-batcov hku4, pipistrellus-batcov hku5, and sars-related-cov respec ... | 2018 | 30531999 |
| discovery and characterization of novel bat coronavirus lineages from kazakhstan. | coronaviruses are positive-stranded rna viruses that infect a variety of hosts, resulting in a range of symptoms from gastrointestinal illness to respiratory distress. bats are reservoirs for a high diversity of coronaviruses, and focused surveillance detected several strains genetically similar to mers-coronavirus, sars-coronavirus, and the human coronaviruses 229e and nl63. the bat fauna of central asia, which link china to eastern europe, are relatively less studied than other regions of the ... | 2019 | 30999711 |
| impact of covid-19 on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | previous outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (sars-cov-1) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have been associated with unfavourable pregnancy outcomes. sars-cov-2 belongs to the human coronavirus family, and since this infection shows a pandemic trend it will involve many pregnant women. | 2020 | 33148440 |
| serpentoviruses: more than respiratory pathogens. | in recent years, nidoviruses have emerged as important respiratory pathogens of reptiles, affecting captive python populations. in pythons, nidovirus (recently reclassified as serpentovirus) infection induces an inflammation of the upper respiratory and alimentary tract which can develop into a severe, often fatal proliferative pneumonia. we observed pyogranulomatous and fibrinonecrotic lesions in organ systems other than the respiratory tract during full postmortem examinations on 30 serpentovi ... | 2020 | 32641481 |
| sars-cov-2 in environmental perspective: occurrence, persistence, surveillance, inactivation and challenges. | the unprecedented global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) caused by sars-cov-2 is depicting the distressing pandemic consequence on human health, economy as well as ecosystem services. so far novel coronavirus (cov) outbreaks were associated with sars-cov-2 (2019), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov, 2012), and sars-cov-1 (2003) events. cov relates to the enveloped family of betacoronavirus (βcov) with positive-sense single-stranded rna (+ssrna). knowing ... | 2021 | 32901196 |
| covid-19 pandemic: epidemiology, etiology, conventional and non-conventional therapies. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which reported in an outbreak in 2019 in wuhan, hubei province, china, is caused by the sars-cov-2 virus. the virus belongs to the beta-coronavirus class, along with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. interestingly, the virus binds with angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 found in host cells, through the spike (s) protein that exists on its surface. this binding causes the entry of the virus into ce ... | 2020 | 33158234 |
| highlights in the fight against covid-19: does autophagy play a role in sars-cov-2 infection? | in the preceding months, the novel sars-cov-2 pandemic has devastated global communities. the need for safe and effective prophylactic and therapeutic treatments to combat covid-19 - the human disease resulting from sars-cov-2 infection - is clear. here, we present recent developments in the effort to combat covid-19 and consider whether sars-cov-2 may potentially interact with the host autophagy pathway. abbreviations: ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme ii; βcov, betacoronavirus; covid-19, cor ... | 2020 | 33153403 |
| hospital visitors' awareness and adaptation of preventive measures for middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. | this study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness, and to identify the practice reflection of knowledge concerning mers on hospital visitor's daily life. | 2020 | 33148369 |
| long-term sequelae following previous coronavirus epidemics. | before the current pandemic, there had been two global epidemics from major coronavirus outbreaks since the turn of the century: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). both epidemics left survivors with fatigue, persistent shortness of breath, reduced quality of life and a significant burden of mental health problems.it is likely that some of the chronic problems encountered by survivors of sars and mers may be releva ... | 2020 | 33144403 |
| the decision to publish gutierrez-alvarez et al., "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice". | the paper "middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice" by gutierrez-alvarez et al., in this issue of the journal of virology (1), demonstrates that the mers-cov accessory protein, gene 5, also known as orf5, plays a major role in mers-cov pathogenesis.…. | 2020 | 33144320 |
| conjugation of human β-defensin 2 to spike protein receptor-binding domain induces antigen-specific protective immunity against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 transgenic mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe acute respiratory symptoms. due to the lack of medical countermeasures, effective and safe vaccines against mers-cov infection are urgently required. although different types of candidate vaccines have been developed, their immunogenicity is limited, and the dose and administration route need optimization to achieve optimal protection. we here investigated the potential use of human β-defensin 2 (hbd 2) as an adjuvant to enhan ... | 2020 | 33139653 |
| covid-19: look to the future, learn from the past. | there is a current pandemic of a new type of coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the number of confirmed infected cases has been rapidly increasing. this paper analyzes the characteristics of sars-cov-2 in comparison with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and influenza. covid-19 is similar to the diseases caused by sars-cov and mers-cov virologically and etiologically, but c ... | 2020 | 33138262 |
| covid-19: the epidemiology and treatment. | after initially emerging in late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), has spread rapidly to cause a global pandemic. sars-cov-2 is a betacoronavirus that is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, all of which can cause severe lung injury, respiratory distress and cytokine storm. while mortality rates associated with sars-cov-2 are lower tha ... | 2020 | 33135928 |
| gordian knot: gastrointestinal lesions caused by three highly pathogenic coronaviruses from sars-cov and mers-cov to sars-cov-2. | the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the pathogen of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (covid-19), is currently spreading around the world. the who declared on january 31 that the outbreak of sars-cov-2 was a public health emergency. sars-cov-2 is a member of highly pathogenic coronavirus group that also consists of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). although respiratory tract lesions wer ... | 2020 | 33131637 |
| animal models for sars-cov-2 research: a comprehensive literature review. | emerging and reemerging viral diseases can create devastating effects on human lives and may also lead to economic crises. the ongoing covid-19 pandemic due to the novel coronavirus (ncov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which originated in wuhan, china, has caused a global public health emergency. to date, the molecular mechanism of transmission of sars-cov-2, its clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis are not completely understood. the global scientific commun ... | 2020 | 33128861 |
| the prevalence of mers-cov among military personnel and their families: a single center study. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a betacoronavirus that results in a severe fatal respiratory disease; however, it is also associated with mild inapparent infections. the western part of the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) contains the holy places where millions of muslims gathered from all over the world, all year round, with a high probability of mass disease transmission. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of mers-cov among military personnel and thei ... | 2020 | 33128396 |
| changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy and coronavirus infection: a review. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is the 3rd epidemic coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). since december 2019, the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by sars-cov-2 has aroused great attention around the world. pregnant women and their fetuses have been concerned as a high-risk population. we explained why pregnant women are susceptible to coronavi ... | 2020 | 33125977 |
| available compounds with therapeutic potential against covid-19: antimicrobial therapies, supportive care, and probable vaccines. | the recent outbreak of the covid-2019 (coronavirus disease 2019) due to the infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has realized the requirement of alternative therapeutics to mitigate and alleviate this lethal infection. these alternative therapies are effective when they are started at the initial stage of the infection. some drugs that were used in previous other related infections sars-cov-2003 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov)-2012 c ... | 2020 | 33123014 |
| alteration, reduction and taste loss: main causes and potential implications on dietary habits. | our sense of taste arises from the sensory information generated after compounds in the oral cavity and oropharynx activate taste receptor cells situated on taste buds. this produces the perception of sweet, bitter, salty, sour, or umami stimuli, depending on the chemical nature of the tastant. taste impairments (dysgeusia) are alterations of this normal gustatory functioning that may result in complete taste losses (ageusia), partial reductions (hypogeusia), or over-acuteness of the sense of ta ... | 2020 | 33120898 |
| severe acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). | the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and has created a worldwide pandemic. many patients with this infection have an asymptomatic or mild illness, but a small percentage of patients require hospitalization and intensive care. patients with respiratory tract involvement have a spectrum of presentations that range from scattered ground-glass infiltrates to diffuse infiltrates with consolidation. patients with the latter r ... | 2020 | 33098401 |
| detailed molecular interactions of favipiravir with sars-cov-2, sars-cov, mers-cov, and influenza virus polymerases in silico. | favipiravir was initially developed as an antiviral drug against influenza and is currently used in clinical trials against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) infection (covid-19). this agent is presumably involved in rna chain termination during influenza virus replication, although the molecular interactions underlying its potential impact on the coronaviruses including sars-cov-2, sars-cov, and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) remain unclear. w ... | 2020 | 33092045 |
| neurological complications of sars-cov, mers-cov, and covid-19. | this review provides an overview of studies and case reports of neurological and neuromuscular complications associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) and describes the possible mechanisms of viral transmission to the central nervous system (cns). coronavirus family has shown central and peripheral nervous system tropism in multiple retrospective studies and case repor ... | 2020 | 33083695 |
| impact of lockdown on air quality over major cities across the globe during covid-19 pandemic. | in present study, the variation in concentration of key air pollutants such as pm2.5, pm10, no2, so2 and o3 during the pre-lockdown and post-lockdown phase has been investigated. in addition, the monthly concentration of air pollutants in march, april and may of 2020 is also compared with that of 2019 to unfold the effect of restricted emissions under similar meteorological conditions. to evaluate the global impact of covid-19 on the air quality, ground-based data from 162 monitoring stations fr ... | 2020 | 33083215 |
| rapid differential diagnosis of seven human respiratory coronaviruses based on centrifugal microfluidic nucleic acid assay. | with the global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), the highly infective, highly pathogenic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has attracted great attention. currently, a method to simultaneously diagnose the seven known types human coronaviruses remains lacking and is urgently needed. in this work, we successfully developed a portable microfluidic system for the rapid, accurate, and simultaneous detection of sars-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome ... | 2020 | 33073982 |
| small non-coding rnas: do they encode answers for controlling sars-cov-2 in the future? | sars-cov-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a novel coronavirus responsible for the current covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic, which has hit the world since december 2019. it has spread to about 216 countries worldwide, affecting more than 21.7 million people so far. although clinical trials of a number of promising antiviral drugs and vaccines against covid-19 are underway, it is hard to predict how successful these drug- or vaccine-based therapeutics are eventual ... | 2020 | 33072032 |
| learning from the past: development of safe and effective covid-19 vaccines. | the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) has elicited an equally rapid response aiming to develop a covid-19 vaccine. these efforts are encouraging; however, comprehensive efficacy and safety evaluations are essential in the development of a vaccine, and we can learn from previous vaccine development campaigns. in this perspective, we summarize examples of vaccine-associated disease enhancement in the history of developing vaccines against respiratory sync ... | 2020 | 33067570 |
| sars-cov-2: previous coronaviruses, immune response, and development of vaccines. | since the emergence of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) in china at the end of 2019, when its characteristics were practically unknown, one aspect was evident: its high contagion rate. this high infection rate resulted in the spread of the virus in china, europe, and, eventually, the rest of the world, including mexico. at present, around 9 million people are infected, and around 470,000 have died worldwide. in this context, the need to generate protective imm ... | 2020 | 33064679 |
| dipeptidyl peptidase-4: a potential therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease with sars-cov-2 infection. | dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp-4) is expressed ubiquitously in many tissues, including kidney, respiratory tract, and immune cells. human dpp-4 has been identified as a functional receptor for the spike glycoprotein of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. a large interface has been predicted in the docking of dpp-4/sars-cov-2 spike protein. globally, 40% of diabetic patients develop diabetic kidney disease (dkd), a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. dpp-4 inhibitors possess anti ... | 2020 | 33062955 |
| remdesivir against covid-19 and other viral diseases. | patients and physicians worldwide are facing tremendous health care hazards that are caused by the ongoing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic. remdesivir (gs-5734) is the first approved treatment for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). it is a novel nucleoside analog with a broad antiviral activity spectrum among rna viruses, including ebolavirus (ebov) and the respiratory pathogens middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), sars- ... | 2020 | 33055231 |
| neurological manifestations and comorbidity associated with covid-19: an overview. | first in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), second in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and now the third in the december 2019, emergence of tremendously pathogenic and large-scale epidemic novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) has brought the worst conditions into the human inhabitants of the twenty-first century. the sars-cov-2 uses the resembling receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) as that for sars-cov, and mainly feasts through ... | 2020 | 33052573 |
| a systematic review of sars-cov-2 vaccine candidates. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) is an emerging virus that is highly pathogenic and has caused the recent worldwide pandemic officially named coronavirus disease (covid-19). currently, considerable efforts have been put into developing effective and safe drugs and vaccines against sars-cov-2. vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based vaccines, and vector vaccines, have already entered clinical trials. in this review, we provide an overview of the expe ... | 2020 | 33051445 |
| emergency management at the health and security interface. | the world has recently witnessed the global impact of natural disease outbreaks, such as those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), ebola virus and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the lasting impact of the accidental spread of foot and mouth disease in the united kingdom. natural outbreaks, of both emerging and re-emerging diseases, can have significant impacts on local, national and regional communities. an effective response to these outbrea ... | 2020 | 33046925 |
| mecas12a, a highly sensitive and specific system for covid-19 detection. | cas12a-based systems, which detect specific nucleic acids via collateral cleavage of reporter dna, display huge potentials for rapid diagnosis of infectious diseases. here, the manganese-enhanced cas12a (mecas12a) system is described, where manganese is used to increase the detection sensitivity up to 13-fold, enabling the detection of target rnas as low as five copies. mecas12a is also highly specific, and is able to distinguish between single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) differing by a sing ... | 2020 | 33042732 |
| potential roles of medicinal plants for the treatment of viral diseases focusing on covid-19: a review. | the whole world is entangled by the coronavirus disease (covid-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), people are dying in thousands each day, and without an actual medication, it seems not possible for the bringing this global health crisis to a stop. natural products have been in constant use since ancient times and are proven by time to be effective. crude extract or pure compounds isolated from medicinal plants and/or herbs such as artemisia annua ... | 2020 | 33037698 |
| the sequence at spike s1/s2 site enables cleavage by furin and phospho-regulation in sars-cov2 but not in sars-cov1 or mers-cov. | the spike protein of the novel coronavirus sars-cov2 contains an insertion 680sprrar↓sv687 forming a cleavage motif rxxr for furin-like enzymes at the boundary of s1/s2 subunits. cleavage at s1/s2 is important for efficient viral entry into target cells. the insertion is absent in other cov-s of the same clade, including sars-cov1 that caused the 2003 outbreak. however, an analogous cleavage motif was present at s1/s2 of the spike protein of the more distant middle east respiratory syndrome coro ... | 2020 | 33037310 |
| an assessment on impact of covid-19 infection in a gender specific manner. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). it was first time reported in december 2019 in wuhan, china and thereafter quickly spread across the globe. till september 19, 2020, covid-19 has spread to 216 countries and territories. severe infection of sars-cov-2 cause extreme increase in inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that may lead to multi-organ damage and respiratory failure. currently, no specific treat ... | 2020 | 33029768 |
| understanding the community perceptions and knowledge of bats and transmission of nipah virus in bangladesh. | bats are known reservoirs of nipah virus (niv) and some filoviruses and also appear likely to harbor the evolutionary progenitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). while bats are considered a reservoir of deadly viruses, little is known about people's knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of bat conservation and ecology. the current study aimed to ... | 2020 | 33028047 |
| systemic medications of dermatological importance in covid-19. | early december 2019 witnessed an international outbreak of a novel coronavirus (covid 19) designated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). since then, a number of therapeutic molecules have been explored to have potential efficacy against the sars-cov-2 per se or its sequelae. there are no food and drug administration specific therapies approved so far; however, numerous drugs based on varying levels of evidence, in vitro studies and compassionate drug trials are being es ... | 2020 | 33026746 |