| the disappearing lamellae: implications of new findings in the family equidae suggest the loss of nuchal ligament lamellae on c6 and c7 occurred after domestication. | conflicting data predominantly describes the equine nuchal ligament lamellae (nll) attachments as c2-c6 or c2-c7; however, preliminary evidence suggests c2-c5. this study aimed to identify morphological variations in the attachments of the nll in four species of the family equidae and determine if the variations were species or breed linked. cadaveric examination evaluated 98 equids; equusasinus (n = 2), equus ferus caballus (n = 93), equus przewalskii (n = 2), and equus quagga boehmi (n = 1). t ... | 2018 | 31256881 |
| ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions and clinicopathological findings associating the transcutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy in donkeys (equus asinus). | this study aimed to establish normal ultrasonographic reference values of kidney dimensions in donkeys (equus asinus) and to describe and evaluate the clinicopathological variations associated with ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. the ultrasonographic dimensions of the right and left kidneys were conducted on 16 donkeys, which were then divided into two groups; eight each for biopsy of the right kidney (rk) and left kidney (lk). three ultrasonographic cineloops were obtained at 17th intercostal s ... | 2018 | 31256879 |
| histrelin acetate-induced ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus asinus) with different follicle diameters. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of a gnrh analog for induction of ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus asinus) with different follicle diameters. four consecutive estrus of 10 jennies were used in a crossover study; c (control, n = 10) jennies were evaluated by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography until a spontaneous ovulation and the intervals between the predetermined follicular size (25-28 mm [c1], 29-32 mm [c2] and 33-36 mm [c3] follicle) and ovul ... | 2019 | 31254727 |
| selenium and vitamin e concentrations in a healthy donkey population in central italy. | selenium and vitamin e protect the body against oxidative stress. clinical manifestations of their deficiency in equids include neurologic and muscular symptoms. despite the importance of donkeys as working and production animals, there is a dearth of scientific data on selenium and vitamin e normal values. therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma concentrations of selenium and vitamin e in healthy donkeys belonging to different ages, sexes, and productive phases. animals w ... | 2019 | 31203973 |
| a primitive trait in two breeds of equus caballus revealed by comparative anatomy of the distal limb. | the 55-million-year history of equine phylogeny has been well-documented from the skeletal record; however, this is less true for the soft tissue structures that are now vestigial in modern horse. a recent study reported that two ligamentous structures resembling functional interosseous muscle ii and iv were evident in dutch konik horses. the current study investigates this finding and compares it to members of the genus equus to identify either a breed anomaly or functional primitive trait. dis ... | 2019 | 31197123 |
| occurrence of liver hydatid cysts in a donkey and molecular characterization of echinococcus equinus. | larval tapeworms of echinococcus granulosus have been viewed as the etiological agent for the zoonotic disease cystic echinococcosis, but the species is a complex readily divided into several species and genotypes. cystic echinococcosis is an important public health issue. here, the case of liver hydatid cyst in a donkey and molecular characterization of the cyst is presented. the fluid-filled hydatid cyst materials were obtained from the liver of a necropsied donkey. genomic dna was extracted a ... | 2019 | 31192761 |
| donkey milk can improve our health, and that's why we should increase donkey milk production. | | 2019 | 31172890 |
| a review of the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria of dairy donkeys: nutritional requirements, farm management requirements and animal-based indicators. | data are available in the scientific literature concerning the quality and usefulness of donkey milk for human consumption. however, there is a lack of studies related to the understanding of the welfare of dairy donkeys. the only attempt, at a european union level, to assess the welfare of donkeys is that of the animal welfare indicator's (awin) welfare assessment protocol for donkeys, where the appropriate nutrition welfare criteria have been assessed, but only through the evaluation of the bo ... | 2019 | 31159459 |
| ethnoveterinary therapeutic practices and conservation status of the medicinal flora of chamla valley, khyber pakhtunkhwa, pakistan. | domestic animals play a very important role in the human civilization. besides human being, plants are used as medicines for many domestic animals. the therapeutic practices are very common among the tribes of chamla, rich in ethnoveterinary medicinal plants. due to poor availability of modern healthcare facilities and poverty of indigenous people, they depend on local medicinal plants for the healthcare of their domestic animals. this study is the first attempt to document the indigenous knowle ... | 2019 | 31157243 |
| abatement of the clostridial load in the teats of lactating cows with lysozyme derived from donkey milk. | the use of a sterilized product for washing cows' udders before milking may be useful to reduce or prevent clostridium tyrobutyricum contamination, the main cause of the late-blowing defect in hard and semi-hard cheeses. the aim of this research was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of an experimental formula containing 15% condensed donkey milk (lysozyme content 825 mg/l). the antimicrobial activity of condensed milk was first evaluated in vitro, using the disk diffusion method, on the fol ... | 2019 | 31155256 |
| detection of equid herpesviruses among different arabian horse populations in egypt. | equid herpesviruses (ehvs) threaten equine health and can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. different equid herpesviruses, ehv-1, ehv-2, ehv-4 and ehv5 are regularly detected among horse populations. in egypt, monitoring is sporadic but ehv-1 or ehv-4 have been reported to circulate in the horse population. however, there is a lack of reports related to infection and health status of horses, likely due to the absence of regular diagnostic procedures. in the curr ... | 2019 | 31149784 |
| seasonal abundance of the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans in southwest england. | the stable fly stomoxys calcitrans (l.) is a cosmopolitan biting fly of both economic and welfare concern, primarily as a result of its painful bite, which can cause blood loss, discomfort and loss of productivity in livestock. between june and november in 2016 and may and december in 2017, alsynite sticky-traps were deployed at four donkey sanctuary sites in southwest england, which experience recurrent seasonal biting fly problems. the aim was to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the stable fl ... | 2019 | 31148203 |
| donkey pericardium compares favorably with commercial xenopericardia used in the manufacture of transcatheter heart valves. | transcatheter aortic valve implantation (tavi) has gained considerable acceptance in the past decade due to its lower risks than conventional open-heart surgery. however, the deformation and delamination of the leaflets during the crimping procedure have raised questions about the durability and long-term serviceability of the pericardium tissue from which the leaflets are made. the collagen architecture, wall thickness and mechanical properties of donkey pericardium were investigated to assess ... | 2019 | 31140630 |
| determination of salivary cortisol in donkey stallions. | salivary cortisol provides information about free plasma cortisol concentration, and salivary sampling is a noninvasive well-tolerated procedure. the aim of this study was to validate a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the determination of salivary cortisol in donkeys. saliva samples were collected in four donkey stallions on 13 nonconsecutive days at 8:30 am to avoid circadian variation. animals were already accustomed to be handled. saliva was collected using a swab inserted at the angle of t ... | 2019 | 31133319 |
| evaluation of sevoflurane anesthesia in donkeys (equus asinus) premedicated with xylazine and induced with thiopental. | sevoflurane is a volatile anesthetic agent that has become popular in the field of large animal anesthesia. the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of sevoflurane in adult healthy donkeys. six male, adult, healthy donkeys were premedicated with xylazine (1 mg/kg iv), induced with thiopental (5 mg/kg iv), and then maintained for 90 minutes with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen at a flow rate of 6 l/min with spontaneous breathing. rectal temperature (rt), respiratory rate, heart rate (hr), oxygen ... | 2019 | 31133316 |
| insulin resistance as a result of body condition categorized as thin, moderate, and obese in domesticated u.s. donkeys (equus asinus). | donkeys are often kept, especially in industrialized countries, as companion animals. donkeys have greater digestive efficiency and tend to expend less energy than horses or ponies, which contributes to obesity in nonworking donkeys. obesity in all equine species increases risk of chronic health conditions such as laminitis and insulin resistance. previous studies in horses and ponies have documented obesity's potential effects on glucose-insulin dynamics with lower insulin sensitivity and highe ... | 2019 | 31133313 |
| a review on equine piroplasmosis: epidemiology, vector ecology, risk factors, host immunity, diagnosis and control. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a tick-borne disease caused by apicomplexan protozoan parasites, babesia caballi and theileria equi. the disease is responsible for serious economic losses to the equine industry. it principally affects donkeys, horses, mules, and zebra but dna of the parasites has also been detected in dogs and camels raising doubt about their host specificity. the disease is endemic in tropical and temperate regions of the world where the competent tick vectors are prevalent. infec ... | 2019 | 31100920 |
| when the air hits your brain: decreased arterial pulsatility after craniectomy leading to impaired glymphatic flow. | objectivecranial neurosurgical procedures can cause changes in brain function. there are many potential explanations, but the effect of simply opening the skull has not been addressed, except for research into syndrome of the trephined. the glymphatic circulation, by which csf and interstitial fluid circulate through periarterial spaces, brain parenchyma, and perivenous spaces, depends on arterial pulsations to provide the driving force for bulk flow; opening the cranial cavity could dampen this ... | 2019 | 31100725 |
| bloodmeal analysis in culicoides midges collected near horses, donkeys and zebras in the eastern cape, south africa. | an upsurge in african horse sickness (ahs) in the eastern cape, south africa, from 2006 led to an epidemiological reassessment of the disease there. light trapping surveys carried out near horses, donkeys and zebras in 2014-2016 collected 39 species of culicoides midge (diptera: ceratopogonidae) that are potential vectors of ahs. to establish if these midges fed on equids, dna sequences were obtained from the gut contents of 52 female midges (35 freshly blood-fed, 13 gravid and four parous), rep ... | 2019 | 31099060 |
| effect of larval density and substrate quality on the wing geometry of stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae). | in insects, oviposition decisions may lead to egg deposition in substrates with different larval density and nutritional levels. individuals developing in such substrates may present plasticity in their phenotype. here, we investigated the effect of two factors related to oviposition decisions, namely larval density and substrate quality, on the wing size and wing shape of the stable fly, stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae). | 2019 | 31077236 |
| text mining analysis to evaluate stakeholders' perception regarding welfare of equines, small ruminants, and turkeys. | welfare of animals significantly depends on how stakeholders perceive their needs and behave in a way to favor production systems that promote better welfare outcomes. this study aimed at investigating stakeholders' perception of the welfare of equines, small ruminants, and turkeys using text mining analysis. a survey composed by open-ended questions referring to different aspects of animal welfare was carried out. text mining analysis was performed. a total of 270 surveys were filled out (horse ... | 2019 | 31071978 |
| a novel selective medium for the isolation of burkholderia mallei from equine specimens. | burkholderia mallei is a gram-negative bacterium that causes glanders, a zoonotic disease, especially in equine populations (e.g. horses, donkeys, and mules). b. mallei usually grows slowly on most culture media, and this property makes it difficult to isolate from clinical specimens. one of the problems is that b. mallei is easily overgrown by other bacteria, especially in animal specimens collected from non-sterile sites. the aim of this study was to develop a new selective agar for the labora ... | 2019 | 31064357 |
| casein composition and differential translational efficiency of casein transcripts in donkey's milk. | the amount of the four caseins (αs1, αs2, β and κ-cn) in donkey milk was evaluated by urea-page analysis at ph 8.6, followed by immuno-detection with polyclonal antibodies, coupled to densitometric analysis. the results showed the percentage of each casein in decreasing order: β (54.28) > αs1 (35.59) > αs2 (7.19) > κ-cn (2.79). the mrna quantification of donkey casein transcripts, carried out by rt-qpcr, showed that the average percentage of corresponding gene transcripts (csn2, csn1s1, ... | 2019 | 31038088 |
| a rapid hplc method for the determination of lactoferrin in milk of various species. | this research communication describes the adaptation and testing of an rp-hplc method, previously tested for the determination of lactoferrin (lf) in whey, for its applicability to determine milk lactoferrin content. milk samples of various species, namely, ovine, caprine, bovine, donkey and human milk, were tested. the advantage of this rp-hplc method includes speed and convenience, as it does not include extensive pretreatment or separation steps. a simple pre-treatment step was added in order ... | 2019 | 31038085 |
| sarcocystis bertrami in skeletal muscles of donkeys (equus africanus asinus) from southern italy. | among the protozoa of the genus sarcocystis (apicomplexa; sarcocystidae), sarcocystis bertrami (syn. sarcocystis fayeri) is an obligate intracellular parasite of donkeys and horses with worldwide distribution. here, we report the detection of s. bertrami in naturally infected donkeys from southern italy and describe their structure by light microscopy (lm) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). protozoal cysts were detected both morphologically and molecularly in skeletal muscles of 28.57% ... | 2019 | 31027592 |
| analysis of heparan sulfate/heparin from colla corii asini by liquid chromatography-electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. | colla corii asini (cca) made from donkey-hide has been widely used as a health-care food and an ingredient of traditional chinese medicine. heparan sulfate (hs)/heparin is a structurally complex class of glycosaminoglycans (gags) that have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities. however, their presence within cca, and their possible structural characteristics, were previously unknown. in this study, gag fractions containing hs/heparin were isolated from cca and their disacchari ... | 2019 | 31016560 |
| infectivity and virulence of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum venezuelan strains from three different host species. | the infectivity and virulence of seven trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum venezuelan strains isolated from horses, donkeys and capybaras were compared in a mouse model up to 41 days, for parasitemia, animal weight, survival rates, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. two t. equiperdum strains and three of the t. evansi strains resulted in 100% mice mortality, while the two t. evansi donkey strains exhibited lower infectivity and mortality. t. equiperdum strains had s ... | 2018 | 31014875 |
| sero-prevalence and risk factor analysis of theileria equi infection in equids from different agro-climatic zones of punjab (india) by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. | in the indian sub-continent, equine piroplasmosis (ep) is an imperative tick-borne disease of equids predominately caused by obligatory intra-erythrocytic protozoa theileria equi. present exploration is the first epidemiological survey report based on indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat). a total of 120 equines (98 horses and 22 donkeys/mules) from five districts of two main agro-climatic zones of punjab were screened. the overall prevalence was 58.33%, with western plane zone at hig ... | 2018 | 31014870 |
| risk factor analysis associated with theileria equi infected equines in semi-arid and sub-humid ecological enzootic zones of india. | equine piroplasmosis is a haemoprtozoan disease of equines and enzootic in tropical and subtropical countries. a cross-sectional study on sero-prevalence of theileria equi, the causative agent of ep, was performed in semi-arid and sub-humid ecological endemic zones of india including rajasthan, haryana and gujarat states, in order to evaluate the enzootic status/level of exposure to equine population due to this infection and addressed associated risk factors. serum samples were collected from a ... | 2018 | 31014801 |
| equine welfare in practice: a collaborative outreach and education program with michigan state university, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, and universidad veracruzana. | there is great need for veterinary care for working equids worldwide. addressing this need provides an opportunity for veterinary students to gain primary care experience. an annual two week collaborative outreach and educational program with michigan state university (msu), the universidad nacional autónoma de méxico (unam) and the universidad veracruzana (uv) was developed to provide care for working equids in rural mexican communities. from 2017 to 2019 24 us veterinary students and 25 mexica ... | 2019 | 31013919 |
| the role and welfare of cart donkeys used in waste management in karachi, pakistan. | equine ownership is a common income-generating strategy in pakistan. in karachi, donkey carts are used to transport building materials, commercial produce and garbage. this study aimed to articulate the role and welfare of donkeys used in waste management. we conducted interviews with donkey owners (n = 200), households which use donkey carts for waste collection (n = 50) and key informants (n = 14). to assess the welfare of donkeys, the standardised equine-based welfare assessment tool (sebwat) ... | 2019 | 31013717 |
| the identification of novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms of equine beta-lactoglobulin and lactotransferrin genes. | lactoferrin (ltf), also called lactotransferrin, is an iron-binding protein and member of transferrin family, whereas β-lg is an important milk protein and belongs to the ligand-binding protein family of lipocalins and binds retinol. beta-lactoglobulin (β-lg) is a major whey protein and it is a member of lipocalins family. β-lg is also known as a major allergen reason of cow milk protein allergy. yet, no information has been reported about β-lg and ltf genes in donkeys. in this study, the geneti ... | 2019 | 31002094 |
| post-thaw addition of caffeine and/or pentoxifylline affect differently motility of horse and donkey-cryopreserved spermatozoa. | to increase sperm motility, several molecules have been tested in mammals. methylxanthines have shown effects on sperm motility, capacitation, and on in vitro fertilization processes. the aim of the study was to evaluate if the post-thaw addition of caffeine and/or pentoxifylline changes motility parameters of cryopreserved stallion and donkey spermatozoa. straws derived from 14 horses and 7 donkeys were thawed and diluted in a milk-based extender to obtain the following final concentrations: ct ... | 2019 | 31002091 |
| in vitro digestibility measurement of feedstuffs in donkeys using the daisyii incubator. | successful studies on in vitro digestibility measurement of feedstuffs with fecal inoculum have been reported for horses, whereas data on donkeys are currently lacking. in this study, we evaluated the use of the daisyii incubator for in vitro digestibility measurement of feedstuffs using donkey feces as source of microbial inoculum. the method was tested using seven feedstuffs commonly used in donkey diets (alfalfa, bromegrass, ryegrass, and timothy hays; wheat bran and wheat straw; barley grain ... | 2019 | 31002085 |
| saving donkeys from the skin trade. | georgina mills explains how uk vets have been helping donkeys caught up in the skin trade in brazil. | 2019 | 31000610 |
| efficacy of a ml336 derivative against venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis viruses. | currently, there are no licensed human vaccines or antivirals for treatment of or prevention from infection with encephalitic alphaviruses. because epidemics are sporadic and unpredictable, and endemic disease is common but rarely diagnosed, it is difficult to identify all populations requiring vaccination; thus, an effective post-exposure treatment method is needed to interrupt ongoing outbreaks. to address this public health need, we have continued development of ml336 to deliver a molecule wi ... | 2019 | 30970271 |
| epidemiological survey of vector-borne infections in equids from northern tunisia. | leishmaniosis (leishmania infantum infection) and piroplasmoses (theileria equi and babesia caballi infections) are vector-borne diseases with significant economic and public health impacts. despite their importance, there is a lack of data concerning these infections in equids from tunisia. the present study was carried out to estimate the prevalence of l. infantum, t. equi and b. caballi in 104 equids from northern tunisia. the authors reported for the first time on the seroprevalence of anti- ... | 2018 | 30964451 |
| in vitro anthelmintic activity of saponins derived from medicago spp. plants against donkey gastrointestinal nematodes. | with the aim to find new effective natural compounds for the control of nematodes, the in vitro anthelminthic properties of purified 1% saponins showing different chemical compositions and derived from medicago sativa (ms), medicago arborea (ma), medicago polymorpha cultivar 'santiago' (mps), m. polymorpha cultivar 'anglona' (mpa), and 1% prosapogenins from m. sativa (msp), were evaluated and compared. as a source of nematode eggs, pooled fresh fecal samples taken from dairy donkeys naturally in ... | 2019 | 30934808 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of trypanosoma evansi from northern india based on 18s ribosomal gene. | six trypanosoma evansi isolates were collected from ponies (ph1 and pk6), camel (cb2), donkeys (dj3 and dh4) and cattle (ck5) from different states of northern india (haryana, rajasthan, uttar pradesh and gujarat) for molecular characterization based on 18s rrna gene. the 18s rrna gene (2251 bp) of different isolates was amplified, cloned and custom sequenced separately. based on sequence and phylogenetic analysis of all six isolates, collected from different hosts as well as geographical areas, ... | 2019 | 30929936 |
| an optimized taqman real-time pcr method for authentication of asini corii colla (donkey-hide gelatin). | in this study, probe/primers of high specificity and sensitivity were selected to analyze donkey-hide gelatin for donkey dna and to look for horse, ox, and pig dna as possible adulterants. the mitochondrial co i genes in donkey, horse, and ox were selected as target sequences for design and synthesis of three pairs of specific probes and primers. in addition, eight pairs of probe/primers were obtained via literature search. out of these eleven groups of probe/primers, those with the highest spec ... | 2019 | 30928895 |
| in vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant. | stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. however, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. the aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (mda) levels, reduced glutathione ... | 2019 | 32546917 |
| validation of a gold standard method for iodine quantification in raw and processed milk, and its variation in different dairy species. | adequate milk consumption significantly contributes to meeting the human iodine recommended daily intake, which ranges from 70 µg/d for infants to 200 µg/d for lactating women. the fulfilment of iodine recommended daily intake is fundamental to prevent serious clinical diseases such as cretinism in infants and goiter in adults. in the present study iodine content was measured in raw and processed commercial cow milk, as well as in raw buffalo, goat, sheep, and donkey milk. iodine extraction was ... | 2019 | 30904296 |
| optimization of donkey sperm vitrification: effect of sucrose, sperm concentration, volume and package (0.25 and 0.5 ml straws). | the aim of this study was to assess the effect of different factors affecting vitrification success of donkey sperm: extender, sperm concentration, volume and storage vessel type. in experiment 1, sucrose supplementations at 0.25 and 0.1 m were compared using two base extenders (containing or not egg-yolk); in experiment 2, three sperm concentrations were assessed: 100, 200 or 300 million sperm/ml; and in experiment 3, three different sperm volumes (100, 160 and 200 μl) and two different storage ... | 2019 | 30902454 |
| safety and efficacy of three trypanocides in confirmed field cases of trypanosomiasis in working equines in the gambia: a prospective, randomised, non-inferiority trial. | globally, working equines have a continued and growing socioeconomic role in supporting the livelihoods of between 300-600 million people in low income countries which is rarely recognised at a national or international level. infectious diseases have significant impact on welfare and productivity in this population and equine trypanosomiasis is a priority disease due to its severity and prevalence. strategies are required to improve the prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of trypano ... | 2019 | 30901321 |
| an outbreak of strangles associated with a novel genotype of streptococcus equi subspecies equi in donkeys in china during 2018. | strangles is a highly contagious respiratory disease of equids caused by the bacterium streptococcus equi subspecies equi. | 2019 | 30900775 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii and leishmania spp. in domestic donkeys from portugal. | toxoplasma gondii and leishmania infantum are zoonotic protozoal parasites. serum samples were obtained from 186 donkeys (equus africanus asinus) from portugal and assessed for antibodies to t. gondii by the modified agglutination test (mat). for titration of antibodies to leishmania spp. the direct agglutination test was used (dat). eleven donkeys were seropositive for t. gondii with titres of 20 (n = 7), 80 (n = 2), 640 (n = 1) and ≥ 2560 (n = 1). one donkey was seropositive for leishmania spp ... | 2019 | 30892383 |
| thermal instability and characteristics of donkey casein micelles. | the thermal stability of donkey milk, which largely depends on the stability of casein and whey proteins, plays a critical role in the manufacture of donkey dairy products. however, the thermal stability of donkey casein micelles is poorly understood. our study first found that donkey milk exhibited poor thermal stability, with sedimentation observed after heating at 75 °c for 10 min. moreover, electrophoresis results indicated that donkey casein micelles were more sensitive to heat treatment th ... | 2019 | 30884674 |
| abortion in donkeys associated with salmonella abortus equi infection. | salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortus equi (s. abortus equi) is well known as the aetiological agent of equine abortion. however, abortion caused by s. abortus equi has not been previously described in donkeys. | 2019 | 30868638 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in non-camelid domestic mammals. | dromedary camels are natural host of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). however, there are limited studies of mers-cov infection of other domestic mammals exposed to infected dromedaries. we expanded our surveillance among camels in egypt, tunisia, and senegal to include other domestic mammalian species in contact with infected camels. a total of 820 sera and 823 nasal swabs from cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, buffaloes, mules, and horses were collected. swabs were test ... | 2019 | 30866764 |
| genetic diversity and maternal origin of northeast african and south american donkey populations. | to investigate the mtdna variation and origin of maternal lineages in south american donkeys and to reassess the domestication of donkeys in northeast africa, we analyzed sequences (489 bp of the d-loop) from 323 domestic donkeys sampled from peru, brazil, ethiopia and egypt. altogether, the 323 sequences displayed 53 different haplotypes (45 in ethiopia, 14 in egypt, eight in peru and six in brazil). among the four populations, egyptian donkeys possessed the highest haplotype diversity (0.910 ± ... | 2019 | 30854699 |
| egg-laying decisions based on olfactory cues enhance offspring fitness in stomoxys calcitrans l. (diptera: muscidae). | selection of oviposition substrate is critical in holometabolous insects. female stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans, locate and select vertebrate herbivore dung in which they lay their eggs. however, the preference for vertebrate herbivore dung by s. calcitrans females, its fitness consequences for offspring, and the semiochemicals used to locate and select oviposition substrates remain unclear. using oviposition choice tests and life table bioassays we found that gravid female s. calcitrans pref ... | 2019 | 30846772 |
| skin disease in donkeys (equus asinus): a retrospective study from four veterinary schools. | donkeys are important throughout the world as work animals and occasionally as pets or a meat source. most descriptions of skin disease in donkeys are reported in small case series, textbooks or review articles. | 2019 | 30828915 |
| identification of a non-host semiochemical from tick-resistant donkeys (equus asinus) against amblyomma sculptum ticks. | amblyomma sculptum is a tick affecting animal and human health across argentina, bolivia, paraguay and brazil. donkeys, equus asinus, are known to be resistant to a. sculptum, suggesting that they can produce non-host tick semiochemicals (allomones), as already demonstrated for some other vertebrate host/pest interactions, whereas horses, equus caballus, are considered as susceptible hosts. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that donkeys produce natural repellents against a. sculptum, by co ... | 2019 | 30799282 |
| frequency and factors associated with theileria equi, babesia caballi and trypanosoma evansi in equids from bahia (northeast brazil). | the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated to babesia caballi, theileria equi and trypanosoma evansi in naturally infected equids from the northeast brazil. blood samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules, and 33 donkeys) were collected and tested for the presence of dna of each of these protozoan parasites by pcr. generalized linear models were used to evaluate risk factors associated with the infection. the frequency of t. equi infection was 83.5% (475/569) ... | 2019 | 30785553 |
| potential intermediate hosts for coronavirus transmission: no evidence of clade 2c coronaviruses in domestic livestock from ghana. | the emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. there is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. the presence of coronaviruses, closely related to mers-cov in ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock s ... | 2019 | 30744201 |
| effect of lipid fraction of digested milk from different sources in mature 3t3-l1 adipocyte. | we evaluated the effect of in vitro digested milk on mature adipocytes 3t3-l1, paying particular attention to its fatty acid composition, and comparing human (hm), donkey (dm), bovine (bm), ovine (om), caprine (cm) and formula (fm) milk. cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative response and gene expression levels of nf-κb p65, hmgb1, srebp-1c and fas were evaluated. digested milk treatments significantly reduced 3t3-l1 mature adipocytes viability and caspase activity compared with control group, ... | 2019 | 30729901 |
| test of four hypotheses to explain the function of overmarking in foals of four equid species. | overmarking occurs when one individual places its scent mark directly on top of the scent mark of another individual. although it is almost ubiquitous among terrestrial mammals, we know little about the function of overmarking. in addition, almost all studies on mammalian overmarking behaviour dealt with adult individuals. reports on this behaviour in juveniles are extremely rare, yet may elucidate the function of this behaviour. we tested four mutually non-exclusive hypotheses which might expla ... | 2019 | 30701350 |
| a preliminary study on the use of jenny colostrum to improve quality in extenders for freezing donkey semen. | sperm quality in donkeys (equus asinus) after freezing thawing is still considered lower than that from other animals, including horses. the aim of this study was to test a new freezing extender supplemented with jenny colostrum on donkey sperm. after thawing, we evaluated sperm motility by means of computer-assisted analysis, viability by sybr-14 and propidium iodide (pi), membrane functional integrity by hos-test and acrosome integrity by isothiocyanate conjugated with peanut agglutinin (fitc- ... | 2019 | 30685406 |
| validation of an immunoblot assay employing an objective reading system and used as a confirmatory test in equine infectious anaemia surveillance programs. | equine infectious anaemia (eia) is a blood borne disease that is listed among the notifiable diseases of the world organisation for animal health (oie). eia is also regulated by the oie for the international trading provisions and is generally subject to control programmes. since 2011, italy has been conducting a surveillance plan based on a three-tier diagnostic system, using a serological elisa as screening test, an agar gel immunodiffusion test (agidt) as a confirmatory method, and an immunob ... | 2019 | 30684508 |
| inflammatory cell expression of toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2) within refractory periapical granuloma. | background: toll-like receptor-2 (tlr2) is highly important within the immune system. characterization of the expression of tlr2 within inflammatory cells in periapical lesions could help in diagnosis and management of refractory cases. the aim of the study is identification of toll-like receptor (tlr2) through immunohistochemical and immunofluroscence expression in inflammatory cells within refractory periapical granuloma cases. methods: eight cases of refractory periapical granuloma were selec ... | 2018 | 30631444 |
| zearalenone: a mycotoxin with different toxic effect in domestic and laboratory animals' granulosa cells. | zearalenone (zea), one of the most prevalent estrogenic mycotoxins, is mainly produced by fusarium fungi and has been proven to affect the reproductive capacity of animals. exposure of farm animals to zea is a global public health concern because of its toxicity and wide distribution in animal feeds. in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that zea possesses estrogenic activity in mice, swine, equus asinus and cattle. the precise mechanism of the reproductive toxicity of zea has not been estab ... | 2018 | 30619484 |
| rabies outbreak among livestock in a pastoralist community, southern ethiopia. | rabies still poses a significant health problem in most of african countries, where the majority of the cases result from dog bites. the situations in the marginalized pastoral areas were not well documented. | 2018 | 30607098 |
| a new molecular screening tool for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in donkeys. | chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of infertility and reproductive problems in equids. nowadays, their detection is rising due to the use of new diagnostic tools based on molecular markers instead of karyotyping. reports of this kind of genetic aberrations in domestic donkeys (equus asinus) are extremely scarce, despite their importance in human activities. in the present study, we analysed the implementation of a short-tandem-repeat (str)-based molecular method initially developed for ... | 2019 | 30597663 |
| political preferences of oral and maxillofacial surgeons: the elephant (and donkey) in the room. | | 2019 | 30594670 |
| first attempts for vitrification of immature oocytes in donkey (equus asinus): comparison of two vitrification methods. | most wild donkey breeds are severely threatened by poaching for meat, habitat loss, and competition with livestock for food resources. moreover, due to the mechanization in agriculture and in transport, most domestic donkey breeds are at risk of extinction. considering the importance of biodiversity and preservation of genetic resources, the creation of genetic banks for endangered donkey breeds is urgently needed. cryopreservation of immature jennies oocytes would be an efficient tool to allow ... | 2019 | 30590248 |
| serological diagnosis of equine infectious anemia in horses, donkeys and mules using an elisa with a gp45 synthetic peptide as antigen. | equine infectious anemia (eia) is a disease caused by a lentivirus that is currently controlled exclusively by identification of seropositive animals. in most countries, including brazil, the official diagnostic test for eia is the agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid). although this assay has a high specificity it can produce false negative reactions or equivocal results due to weak precipitation lines, especially in samples from donkeys, mules or newly infected equids. in this pioneering study, ... | 2019 | 30576724 |
| ultrasonography guidance for total splenectomy in donkeys. | there are varieties of surgical approaches reported for equine splenectomy and all of them were dealing with the most reachable situation of splenic hilus and easy handling of the spleen. the aim of this work was to establish the normal ultrasound parameters of spleen in donkeys (normal echogenicity, hilus situation, topographic location and correlation with neighboring organs) as a guide to select the best approach for total splenectomy in donkeys. splenic ultrasound was carried out on six norm ... | 2018 | 30564601 |
| field ultrasound evaluation of some gestational parameters in jennies. | the aim of this study was to collect and analyze ultrasound measurements of fetal-maternal structures during normal and pathological pregnancies in jennies, a livestock species of growing interest. for two breeding seasons, 38 jennies of different breeds and crossbreeds aged between 3 and 18 years were monitored weekly by transrectal examination using a portable esaote ultrasound (mylab™ 30 gold vet) with a 5-7.5 mhz probe. the jennies were divided into two groups, < 250 kg and >250 kg body weig ... | 2019 | 30544000 |
| [mothers’ responses to teething in children in ferlo, senegal]. | tooth eruption is a process that begins in infancy and continues throughout childhood and adolescence. this complex phenomenon induces systemic disorders requiring specific management. the objective of this study was to identify the therapeutic responses to teething in children in ferlo, senegal. | 2019 | 30541270 |
| the prevalence of gasterophilus intestinalis (diptera: oestridae) in donkeys (equus asinus) in egypt with special reference to larvicidal effects of neem seed oil extract (azadirachta indica) on third stage larvae. | gasterophiline larvae are of veterinary and medical importance caused specific equine intestinal myiasis. gasterophilus intestinalis (botfly larvae) had a wide geographical distribution. the present study explores the prevalence rate of g. intestinalis 3rd stage larvae in egypt from january- december 2017; besides, in vitro trials to control of this larvae and evaluation of this trial using scanning electron microscope (sem) and histopathology of treated larvae. in the present study, the 3rd lar ... | 2018 | 30538934 |
| sequence and functional variability of toll-like receptor 9 gene in equines. | significant structural differences in the extracellular domain of toll-like receptor 9 (tlr9) account for species-specific recognition of its ligand cpg-odn sequences. tlr9 is extensively studied in human, mice and some domestic animals. the recognition ability appears to be utilized differently by various species and breeds, but so far no comprehensive study exists about the equine tlr9 gene. we characterized tlr9 sequences of marwari and zanskari breeds of horses and poitu donkey. we sequenced ... | 2019 | 30503611 |
| evaluating the efficacy of knowledge-transfer interventions on animal health knowledge of rural working equid owners in central ethiopia: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. | the objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of several knowledge-transfer interventions about donkey health, utilizing a cluster-randomized controlled trial (c-rct), on the long-term knowledge change (~6 months post intervention) of ethiopian rural working equid owners. knowledge transfer interventions included: an audio programme, a village meeting and a diagrammatic hand-out, which were also compared to a control group, which received no intervention. all interventions addressed ... | 2018 | 30515382 |
| intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional recovery in a rat model of chronic cerebral infarction. | objective:intravenous infusion of mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) derived from adult bone marrow improves behavioral function in rat models of cerebral infarction. although clinical studies are ongoing, most studies have focused on the acute or subacute phase of stroke. in the present study, mscs derived from bone marrow of rats were intravenously infused 8 weeks after the induction of a middle cerebral artery occlusion (mcao) to investigate whether delayed systemic injection of mscs improves func ... | 2018 | 30485210 |
| label-free based comparative proteomic analysis of whey proteins between different milk yields of dezhou donkey. | donkey milk, similar to human milk in compositions, has been suggested as the best potential hypoallergenic replacement diet for babies suffering from cow milk protein allergens and a promising nutraceutical for aged people. in this study, label-free mass spectrometry analysis was conducted to quantitatively identify the whey proteins differentially expressed in high-milk-yield samples compared with low-milk-yield samples. a total of 216 whey proteins were identified, and 19 of them showed signi ... | 2019 | 30482389 |
| incidence of human rabies virus exposure in northwestern amhara, ethiopia. | clinical rabies is a widely distributed almost 100% fatal viral zoonotic disease. most human rabies cases occur in developing countries, especially in asia and africa. it can be prevented by immunization, post exposure prophylaxis. ethiopia is assumed to be among african countries with high incidence of human rabies exposure cases. however, there is limited documented data on the incidence of human rabies exposure in the study area in particular and in ethiopia in general. thus, this study aimed ... | 2018 | 30477422 |
| cryopreservation of donkey embryos by the cryotop method: effect of developmental stage, embryo quality, diameter and age of embryos. | cryopreservation of embryos has the potential to become a valuable tool for the conservation of endangered donkey breeds. however, there are several factors that can affect cryosurvival of embryos. this study evaluates the effectiveness of the cryotop method to vitrify donkey embryos and factors affecting the survival of vitrified-warmed embryos. day 6-8 embryos were measured and morphologically evaluated. embryos were then vitrified-warmed using the cryotop technique. after 24 h post-warming, t ... | 2019 | 30476757 |
| can donkey behavior and cognition be used to trace back, explain, or forecast moon cycle and weather events? | donkeys have been reported to be highly sensitive to environmental changes. their 8900⁻8400-year-old evolution process made them interact with diverse environmental situations that were very distant from their harsh origins. these changing situations not only affect donkeys' short-term behavior but may also determine their long-term cognitive skills from birth. thus, animal behavior becomes a useful tool to obtain past, present or predict information from the environmental situation of a particu ... | 2018 | 30463193 |
| the prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (equus asinus) in egypt. | this study aims to record and update the prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (equus asinus) in egypt during the period from january to december 2017. | 2018 | 30410237 |
| hydrolysis of untreated lignocellulosic feedstock is independent of s-lignin composition in newly classified anaerobic fungal isolate, piromyces sp. uh3-1. | plant biomass is an abundant but underused feedstock for bioenergy production due to its complex and variable composition, which resists breakdown into fermentable sugars. these feedstocks, however, are routinely degraded by many uncommercialized microbes such as anaerobic gut fungi. these gut fungi express a broad range of carbohydrate active enzymes and are native to the digestive tracts of ruminants and hindgut fermenters. in this study, we examine gut fungal performance on these substrates a ... | 2018 | 30386430 |
| establishment of widely applicable dna extraction methods to identify the origins of crude drugs derived from animals using molecular techniques. | we established widely applicable dna extraction methods to identify the origins of crude drugs derived from animals. twenty-one samples including 17 kinds of crude drug derived from animals were examined. dna was extracted from most of the crude drugs by adjustment of the qiaamp® dna mini kit. dna extraction was performed successfully using phenol to remove impurities after applying a proteinase treatment. dna extraction was performed successfully by decalcification treatment using ethylenediami ... | 2019 | 30374697 |
| daily rhythms of rectal and body surface temperatures in donkeys during the cold-dry (harmattan) and hot-dry seasons in a tropical savannah. | the aim of the study was to evaluate daily rhythms of rectal temperature (rt) and body surface temperature (bst) of adult, yearling and foal donkeys during the cold-dry (harmattan) and hot-dry seasons in a tropical savanna. the rts and bsts of 30 clinically healthy, free-ranging donkeys were recorded using digital and infrared thermometers. the rt and bst of each donkey and thermal environmental parameters inside the pen were measured bi-hourly from 0600 to 0600 hours (gm + 1) on each experiment ... | 2018 | 30374600 |
| complications associated with closed castration using the henderson equine castration instrument in 300 standing equids. | to describe a closed castration technique in standing equids, report associated complications, and identify potential risk factors. | 2019 | 30367692 |
| cross-sectional study on gastro-intestinal parasites of equids in south-western ethiopia. | a cross sectional study was conducted in jimma town from october 2010 to march 2011 with the objective of determining the status of intestinal nematode parasites of equids, and the association of different variables with infection rate. to address this, a total of 400 equids; donkeys (n = 29), horses (n = 317) and mules (n = 54) were used in this study and based on the coprological examination to identify parasite eggs, three species of nematodes were identified with an overall prevalence of 72. ... | 2018 | 30364581 |
| evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys. | endocrine disorders are common in donkeys. pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (ppid) is thought to be a frequent disturbance in donkeys due to their longevity. however, information on ppid dynamic testing in donkeys is lacking. | 2019 | 30362589 |
| molecular identification and characterization of nonprimate hepaciviruses in equines. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a positive-sense rna virus belonging to the genus hepacivirus, family flaviviridae. its genome has a length of 9.6 kb and encodes a single polyprotein flanked by two untranslated regions. hcv can cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and approximately 2% of the world's population is chronically infected. the investigation of pathogenesis is complicated due to the lack of an animal model. the origin of this virus remains unclear, but in the last few years, ... | 2019 | 30361815 |
| immunochemical detection of mycotoxins in donkey milk. | the applicability of enzyme immunoassays (eia) for aflatoxin m1 (afm1), ochratoxin a (ota) and zearalenone (zen) to analyse these toxins in donkey milk (equus asinus) was studied. for afm1 and ota analysis, milk could be analysed by eia without sample pretreatment. for zen, heat treatment at 78 °c for 30 min prior eia analysis was required to avoid false positives. to include detection of phase ii metabolites of zen, samples were additionally treated with glucuronidase/sulfatase for this eia. de ... | 2019 | 30343381 |
| a novel donkey milk-derived human milk fortifier in feeding preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial. | the purpose of the present randomized controlled clinical trial was to compare the use of donkey milk-derived fortifier (df) with commercial bovine milk-derived fortifier (bf) in very preterm or very-low-birth-weight newborns, in terms of feeding tolerance. | 2019 | 30320665 |
| a survey of dictyocaulus arnfieldi (nematoda) infections in equids in urmia region, iran | dictyocaulus arnfieldi is a lungworm commonly found in equids; however, relatively little is known about it. the aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of equine lungworms in naturally-infected working and sporting horses, donkeys and mules in rural areas of urmia, northwest iran. the fecal samples were collected from 299 working horses, 57 sporting horses, 66 donkeys and 37 mules during the period march 2014 to june 2016. thecollected fecal samples were processed within 48 hou ... | 2019 | 30316220 |
| detection of zoonotic agents and a new rickettsia strain in ticks from donkeys from south africa: implications for travel medicine. | in rural south africa, people are in close contact with tick-infested donkeys. this study aimed to investigate the presence of spotted fever group rickettsia, anaplasma, ehrlichia and coxiella species in these arthropods. | 2019 | 30312734 |
| a comparison among β-caseins purified from milk of different species: self-assembling behaviour and immunogenicity potential. | caseins are a family of proteins constituted by α-caseins (αs-1 and αs-2 caseins), β-caseins and κ-caseins. β-caseins, in particular, show a temperature and concentration-dependent self-assembling behaviour. recently, β-casein micelles have been proposed as natural nanocarriers for the delivery of hydrophobic compounds, promoting their bioavailability. until now, all studies regarding both chemical-physical characterization and applications of β-caseins have employed the protein of bovine origin ... | 2019 | 30296645 |
| genetic diversity and prevalence of piroplasm species in equids from turkey. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a protozoon disease caused by babesia caballi and theileria equi transmitted by ticks from the ixodidae family. this study investigated the genetic heterogeneity and diversity of piroplasm genotypes using the reverse line blotting (rlb) technique for piroplasm species in equids in turkey. a total of 233 blood samples from 142 horses and 91 donkeys were collected in şanlıurfa, tunceli, and iğdır. the rlb assay was performed for simultaneous detection of piroplasm spec ... | 2018 | 30290887 |
| chronic iron overload causing haemochromatosis and hepatopathy in 21 horses and one donkey. | iron toxicosis is rarely reported in horses and chronic excessive oral iron intake has not been reported to cause clinical symptoms in equids. | 2019 | 30269378 |
| effect of intravenous glucose and combined glucose-insulin challenges on energy-regulating hormones concentrations in donkeys. | metabolic disorders are highly prevalent in donkeys. differences in energy regulatory hormones and glucose dynamic testing, including the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivgtt) and combined glucose-insulin test (cgit), have been documented between donkeys and horses. the aims of this study were to characterise the insulin:glucagon (igr) and glucagon:insulin (gir) molar ratios, at baseline and in response to the ivgtt and cgit in healthy donkeys, and to determine their correlation with endocr ... | 2018 | 30268332 |
| prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. in equids of western pará, brazil. | the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. in equids raised for distinct purposes in the western state of pará, brazil, and to identify potential risk factors associated with parasite infection. a cross-sectional study was conducted with cluster sampling in 101 farms from 18 municipalities (farm horses). in visited municipalities, samples from sport and cart horses were included. serum was obtained for detecting antibodies agains ... | 2019 | 30267659 |
| the nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and donkey milk powder. | the aim of this work was to shed light on the nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and powder. it indicated that basic components of donkey milk were closed to human milk, especially lactose. the fat content of donkey milk was lower than that of cow milk and human milk. the essential amino acids, fatty acids and taurine in donkey milk and powder were richer. the whey protein content of donkey milk was 49.08 g/100 g. the ratio of casein to whey protein in donkey milk an ... | 2018 | 30263762 |
| physiological responses in horses, donkeys and mules sold at livestock markets. | the horse welfare at markets includes fatigue, fear, fasting, dehydration and injuries. however, the scientific literature contains no readily-available information on the physiology responses of equids sold in livestock markets. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of holding in livestock markets on gas exchange, the acid-base balance, energy metabolism, and the mineral and water balance in 4 types of horses (equus caballus), donkeys (equus asinus) and mules ((equus asi ... | 2018 | 30255085 |
| anthelmintic drugs used in equine species. | internal parasites of horses comprise an intractable problem conferring disease, production and performance losses. parasitism can rarely be controlled in grazing horses by management alone and anthelmintic drugs have formed the basis of therapy and prophylaxis for the last sixty years. the pharmacology of the anthelmintic drugs available dictate their spectrum of activity and degree of efficacy, their optimal routes of administration and characteristics which prevent some routes of administrati ... | 2018 | 30253849 |
| distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) in the whole blood of typical meat animals. | the concentrations and distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) in the whole blood of eight typical terrestrial meat animals (chicken, duck, rabbit, pig, cattle, sheep, horse and donkey) consumed daily in our life were investigated. the total concentrations (on a liquid volume basis) of pcns were in a range from 305 to 987pg/l. donkey blood contained the highest pcn concentrations. mono-cns were the dominant homolog group, accounting for 38%-71% pcns. apart from the mono-cns and tri-c ... | 2018 | 30244747 |
| apparently high leptospira antibody seropositivity in donkeys for slaughter in three municipalities in durango, mexico. | we determined the seropositive percentage and the determinants of leptospira exposure in domestic donkeys presented for slaughter in the state of durango, mexico. we examined 194 donkeys in 4 gathering premises. sera of donkeys were analyzed for anti- leptospira igg antibodies using a microscopic agglutination assay with a panel of 7 leptospira antigens. the association between leptospira seropositivity and general characteristics of donkeys was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. a ... | 2018 | 30239293 |
| vitrification in straws conserves motility features better than spheres in donkey sperm. | sperm vitrification as alternative to conventional freezing is increasing in popularity in many species. it has been achieved by direct exposure of diluted semen to liquid nitrogen in spheres or straws. both techniques have been successfully developed, but they had not been compared yet in donkeys. the aim of this study was to compare these two methods of vitrification for donkey semen. ejaculates from six andalusian donkeys were collected and extended in gent without glycerol supplemented with ... | 2018 | 30238658 |