| neuroinvasion, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of sars-cov-2: understanding the neurological manifestations in covid-19 patients. | respiratory viruses are opportunistic pathogens that infect the upper respiratory tract in humans and cause severe illnesses, especially in vulnerable populations. some viruses have neuroinvasive properties and activate the immune response in the brain. these immune events may be neuroprotective or they may cause long-term damage similar to what is seen in some neurodegenerative diseases. the new "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (sars-cov-2) is one of the respiratory viruses cau ... | 2020 | 32725449 |
| lessons for covid-19 immunity from other coronavirus infections. | a key goal to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is developing an effective vaccine. development of a vaccine requires knowledge of what constitutes a protective immune response and also features that might be pathogenic. protective and pathogenic aspects of the response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) are not well understood, partly because the virus has infected humans for only 6 months. however, insight into coronavirus immunity can be informed by ... | 2020 | 32717182 |
| covid-19: a new turning point for dental practice. | recent new zoonotic respiratory viruses have infected humans and led to severe acute respiratory syndrome: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), influenza a h5n1, influenza a h1n1 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first sars-cov outbreak took place in 2003, in guangdong, china. a decade later, another pathogenic coronavirus, mers-cov caused an endemic in middle eastern countries. the latest pandemic coronavirus infectious disease (covid-19) has ... | 2020 | 32696908 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): state of the science. | coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses that can cause disease outbreaks ranging from the common cold to acute respiratory syndrome. since 2003, three zoonotic members of this family evolved to cross species barriers infecting humans and resulting in relatively high case fatality rates (cfr). compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov, cfr = 10%) and pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2, cfr = 6%), the middle east respiratory syn ... | 2020 | 32630780 |
| covid-19: precautionary guidelines for ophthalmologists. | several coronaviruses can infect humans, and the globally endemic human coronaviruses, hcov-229e (human coronavirus 229e), hcov-nl63 (human coronavirus nl63), and others, tend to cause mild respiratory diseases. the zoonotic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type1 (sars-cov-1) have high fatality rates. in december 2019, the world health organization (who) was notified by chinese authorities about an outbreak of pneumonia bef ... | 2020 | 32607305 |
| covid-19 vaccines: "warp speed" needs mind melds, not warped minds. | in this review, we address issues that relate to the rapid "warp speed" development of vaccines to counter the covid-19 pandemic. we review the antibody response that is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infection of humans and how it may inform vaccine research. the isolation and properties of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from covid-19 patients provide additional information on what vaccines should try to elicit. the nature and longevity of the anti ... | 2020 | 32591466 |
| human and novel coronavirus infections in children: a review. | coronaviruses, seven of which are known to infect humans, can cause a spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe illness and death. four human coronaviruses (hcovs)-229e, hku1, nl63 and oc43-circulate globally, commonly infect children and typically cause mild upper respiratory tract infections. three novel coronaviruses of zoonotic origin have emerged during the past two decades: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov-1), middle east respir ... | 2020 | 32584199 |
| challenge infection model for mers-cov based on naturally infected camels. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that infects humans and camels with no approved antiviral therapy or vaccine. some vaccines are in development for camels as a one-health intervention where vaccinating camels is proposed to reduce human viral exposure. this intervention will require an understanding of the prior exposure of camels to the virus and appropriate vaccine efficacy studies in camels. | 2020 | 32552831 |
| genomic determinants of pathogenicity in sars-cov-2 and other human coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) poses an immediate, major threat to public health across the globe. here we report an in-depth molecular analysis to reconstruct the evolutionary origins of the enhanced pathogenicity of sars-cov-2 and other coronaviruses that are severe human pathogens. using integrated comparative genomics and machine learning techniques, we identify key genomic features that differentiate sars-cov-2 and the viruses behind the two previous deadly cor ... | 2020 | 32522874 |
| genomic sequencing and analysis of eight camel-derived middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) isolates in saudi arabia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory illness in humans; the second-largest and most deadly outbreak to date occurred in saudi arabia. the dromedary camel is considered a possible host of the virus and also to act as a reservoir, transmitting the virus to humans. here, we studied evolutionary relationships for 31 complete genomes of betacoronaviruses, including eight newly sequenced mers-cov genomes isolated from dromedary camels in saudi arabia. throu ... | 2020 | 32503352 |
| an update on novel covid-19 pandemic: a battle between humans and virus. | in the 21st century, human civilization has witnessed three major epidemics caused by coronaviruses namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars cov) in 2003, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers cov) in 2012 and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 ncov) or coronavirus disease (covid 19) in 2019. among these, covid-19 has greater transmission and mortality rate. 2019 ncov belongs to a large family of positive sense single-stranded rna viruses (+ssrna) that can be isolated in ... | 2020 | 32495921 |
| replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in human respiratory epithelium. | currently, there are four seasonal coronaviruses associated with relatively mild respiratory tract disease in humans. however, there is also a plethora of animal coronaviruses which have the potential to cross the species border. this regularly results in the emergence of new viruses in humans. in 2002, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged and rapidly disappeared in may 2003. in 2012, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified as a possible ... | 2020 | 32434888 |
| increased pathogenicity and virulence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade b in vitro and in vivo. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe acute respiratory disease in humans. mers-cov strains from early epidemic clade a and contemporary epidemic clade b have not been phenotypically characterized to compare their abilities to infect cells and mice. we isolated the clade b mers-cov chinagd01 strain from a patient infected during the south korean mers outbreak in 2015 and compared the phylogenetics and pathogenicity of mers-cov emc/2012 (clade a) and chinagd01 (cla ... | 2020 | 32434886 |
| characterization and noncovalent inhibition of the deubiquitinase and deisgylase activity of sars-cov-2 papain-like protease. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), the causative agent for covid-19, is a novel human betacoronavirus that is rapidly spreading worldwide. the outbreak currently includes over 3.7 million cases and 260,000 fatalities. as a betacoronavirus, sars-cov-2 encodes for a papain-like protease (plpro) that is likely responsible for cleavage of the coronavirus (cov) viral polypeptide. the plpro is also responsible for suppression of host innate immune responses by virtue of its ... | 2020 | 32428392 |
| human coronaviruses with emphasis on the covid-19 outbreak. | human coronaviruses are known as respiratory pathogens mainly associated with a range of respiratory diseases. in the past 18 years, the beginning of severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus (sars-hcov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and now the (covid-19) have driven the hcov into the platform of the scientific community due to their high pathogenicity in humans. our study about the hcov has contributed extensively to the understanding of hcov pathogenesis i ... | 2020 | 32399479 |
| characterization of a human monoclonal antibody generated from a b-cell specific for a prefusion-stabilized spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory infection and continues to infect humans, thereby contributing to a high mortality rate (34.3% in 2019). in the absence of an available licensed vaccine and antiviral agent, therapeutic human antibodies have been suggested as candidates for treatment. in this study, human monoclonal antibodies were isolated by sorting b cells from patient's pbmc cells with prefusion stabilized spike (s) probes and a direct immunogl ... | 2020 | 32384116 |
| molecular evolution and structural mapping of n-terminal domain in spike gene of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen circulating in the arabian peninsula since 2012. there is no vaccine for mers and anti-viral treatment is generally not applicable. we investigated the evolution of the mers-cov spike gene sequences and changes in viral loads over time from patients in saudi arabia from 2105-2017. all the mers-cov strains belonged to lineage 5, and showed high sequence homology (99.9%) to 2017 strains. recombination analysi ... | 2020 | 32370153 |
| feasibility of known rna polymerase inhibitors as anti-sars-cov-2 drugs. | coronaviruses (covs) are positive-stranded rna viruses that infect humans and animals. infection by covs such as hcov-229e, -nl63, -oc43 and -hku1 leads to the common cold, short lasting rhinitis, cough, sore throat and fever. however, covs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and the newest sars-cov-2 (the causative agent of covid-19) lead to severe and deadly diseases with mortality rates ranging between ~1 t ... | 2020 | 32357471 |
| coronavirus (covid-19): a review of clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. | coronavirus (covid-19) is an enveloped rna virus that is diversely found in humans and wildlife. a total of six species have been identified to cause disease in humans. they are known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. the past few decades have seen endemic outbreaks in the form of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and severe acute respiratory syndrome related coronavirus (sars-cov). yet again, we see the emergence of another outbreak due ... | 2020 | 32328367 |
| safety and immunogenicity of a candidate middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral-vectored vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial. | cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection continue to rise in the arabian peninsula 7 years after it was first described in saudi arabia. mers-cov poses a significant risk to public health security because of an absence of currently available effective countermeasures. we aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the candidate simian adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing the full-length spike surface glycoprotein, chadox1 mers, in humans. | 2020 | 32325038 |
| coronavirus infections in children including covid-19: an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention options in children. | coronaviruses (covs) are a large family of enveloped, single-stranded, zoonotic rna viruses. four covs commonly circulate among humans: hcov2-229e, -hku1, -nl63 and -oc43. however, covs can rapidly mutate and recombine leading to novel covs that can spread from animals to humans. the novel covs severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012. the 2019 novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2) is currently causing a ... | 2020 | 32310621 |
| [replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronaviruses]. | the three known human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins and accessory proteins. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replicate in host cells ... | 2020 | 32298055 |
| ca2+ ions promote fusion of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus with host cells and increase infectivity. | fusion with, and subsequent entry into, the host cell is one of the critical steps in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), the spike (s) protein is the main determinant of viral entry. proteolytic cleavage of the s protein exposes its fusion peptide (fp), which initiates the process of membrane fusion. previous studies on the related severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) fp have shown that calcium ions (ca2+) play an ... | 2020 | 32295925 |
| coronaviruses and sars-cov-2 | coronaviruses (covs) cause a broad spectrum of diseases in domestic and wild animals, poultry, and rodents, ranging from mild to severe enteric, respiratory, and systemic disease, and also cause the common cold or pneumonia in humans. seven coronavirus species are known to cause human infection, 4 of which, hcov 229e, hcov nl63, hcov hku1 and hcov oc43, typically cause cold symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. the others namely sars-cov (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus), mers-c ... | 2020 | 32293832 |
| subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. | seven coronaviruses (covs) have been isolated from humans so far. among them, three emerging pathogenic covs, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and a newly identified cov (2019-ncov), once caused or continue to cause severe infections in humans, posing significant threats to global public health. sars-cov infection in humans (with about 10% case fatality rate) was first reported from china in 2002, while m ... | 2020 | 32265848 |
| single-dose, intranasal immunization with recombinant parainfluenza virus 5 expressing middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) spike protein protects mice from fatal mers-cov infection. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) can cause severe and fatal acute respiratory disease in humans and remains endemic in the middle east since first being identified in 2012. there are currently no approved vaccines or therapies available for mers-cov. in this study, we evaluated parainfluenza virus 5 (piv5)-based vaccine expressing the mers-cov envelope spike protein (piv5/mers-s) in a human dpp4 knockin c57bl/6 congenic mouse model (hdpp4 ki). following a single-dose intra ... | 2020 | 32265331 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) seropositive camel handlers in kenya. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (mers-cov). camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring mers-cov infections. however, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in africa. the purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to mers-cov in high-risk groups in kenya. sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, we ... | 2020 | 32260186 |
| covid-19 infection: origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses. | the coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which emerged in wuhan, china and spread around the world. genomic analysis revealed that sars-cov-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (sars-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. the intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, t ... | 2020 | 32257431 |
| covid-19: the outbreak caused by a new coronavirus. | before the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in 2003, coronaviruses (covs) were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans. however, it was this epidemic that highlighted this group of viruses and included them among the causative agents of emerging epidemic diseases. in addition, in 2012, another new cov responsible for the middle east respiratory syndrome was identified. both infections were considered a threat to global health security. at present, the third epidemic caused by ... | 2020 | 32226003 |
| a tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses. | world health organization has declared the ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) a public health emergency of international concern. the virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. human infection with sars-cov-2 leads to a wide range of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic, mild, moderate to severe. the severe cases present with pneumonia, which can progress to acute respirator ... | 2020 | 32172672 |
| a review of coronavirus disease-2019 (covid-19). | there is a new public health crises threatening the world with the emergence and spread of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). the virus originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through yet unknown intermediary animals in wuhan, hubei province, china in december 2019. there have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (05/03/2020). the disease is transmi ... | 2020 | 32166607 |
| emergence of a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: biology and therapeutic options. | the new decade of the 21st century (2020) started with the emergence of a novel coronavirus known as sars-cov-2 that caused an epidemic of coronavirus disease (covid-19) in wuhan, china. it is the third highly pathogenic and transmissible coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in humans. the source of origin, transmission to humans, and mechanisms associated with the pathogenicity of sars-cov- ... | 2020 | 32161092 |
| zoonotic implications of camel diseases in iran. | approximately 60% of all human pathogens and 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (of animal origin). camel zoonotic diseases can be encountered in all camel-rearing countries. in this article, all studies carried out on camel zoonotic diseases in iran are reviewed to show the importance of camels for public health in this country. more than 900 published documents were systematically searched to find relevant studies from 1,890 until late 2018. the collected articles were classified ... | 2020 | 32160657 |
| seroprevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus in dromedaries and their traders in upper egypt. | camel trade in egypt depends mainly on importation. seemingly healthy imported camels are responsible for the ingress of serious diseases into egypt. a striking example of this concerning public health globally is the middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) which causes case fatalities of over 34%. here, we determined the seroepidemiological situation of the mers-cov in imported camels and their traders in upper egypt. | 2020 | 32146454 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in saudi arabia and jordan in 2012. intermittent sporadic cases, community clusters, and nosocomial outbreaks of mers-cov continue to occur. between april 2012 and december 2019, 2499 laboratory-confirmed cases of mers-cov infection, including 858 deaths (34·3% mortality) were reported from 27 countries to who, the majority of which were reported by saudi arabia (2106 cas ... | 2020 | 32145185 |
| perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19). | last decade witnessed the outbreak of many life-threatening human pathogens including nipah, ebola, chikungunya, zika, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and more recently novel coronavirus (2019-ncov or sars-cov-2). the disease condition associated with novel coronavirus, referred to as coronavirus disease (covid-19). the emergence of novel coronavirus in 2019 in wuhan, china marked the third highly pathogenic corona ... | 2020 | 32134278 |
| spatial association between primary middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and exposure to dromedary camels in saudi arabia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging zoonotic disease. exposure to dromedary camels (camelus dromedaries) has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection. although saudi arabia reports the highest rate of human mers-cov infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide, their spatial association has not yet been investigated. thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distributio ... | 2020 | 32112508 |
| composition and divergence of coronavirus spike proteins and host ace2 receptors predict potential intermediate hosts of sars-cov-2. | from the beginning of 2002 and 2012, severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) crossed the species barriers to infect humans, causing thousands of infections and hundreds of deaths, respectively. currently, a novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2), which has become the cause of the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), was discovered. until 18 february 2020, there were 72 533 confirmed covid-19 cases (including 10 644 severe ... | 2020 | 32100877 |
| distinct roles for sialoside and protein receptors in coronavirus infection. | coronaviruses (covs) are common human and animal pathogens that can transmit zoonotically and cause severe respiratory disease syndromes. cov infection requires spike proteins, which bind viruses to host cell receptors and catalyze virus-cell membrane fusion. several cov strains have spike proteins with two receptor-binding domains, an s1a that engages host sialic acids and an s1b that recognizes host transmembrane proteins. as this bivalent binding may enable broad zoonotic cov infection, we ai ... | 2020 | 32047128 |
| polymorphisms in dipeptidyl peptidase 4 reduce host cell entry of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a severe respiratory disease in humans. the mers-cov spike (s) glycoprotein mediates viral entry into target cells. for this, mers-cov s engages the host cell protein dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4, cd26) and the interface between mers-cov s and dpp4 has been resolved on the atomic level. here, we asked whether naturally-occurring polymorphisms in dpp4, that alter amino acid residues required for mers-cov s binding, influence ce ... | 2020 | 31964246 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection causes a spectrum of respiratory illness, from asymptomatic to mild to fatal. mers-cov is transmitted sporadically from dromedary camels to humans and occasionally through human-to-human contact. current epidemiologic evidence supports a major role in transmission for direct contact with live camels or humans with symptomatic mers, but little evidence suggests the possibility of transmission from camel products or asymptomatic mer ... | 2020 | 31961300 |
| the characteristics of hdpp4 transgenic mice subjected to aerosol mers coronavirus infection via an animal nose-only exposure device. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), which is not fully understood in regard to certain transmission routes and pathogenesis and lacks specific therapeutics and vaccines, poses a global threat to public health. | 2019 | 31942559 |
| comparative therapeutic efficacy of remdesivir and combination lopinavir, ritonavir, and interferon beta against mers-cov. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is the causative agent of a severe respiratory disease associated with more than 2468 human infections and over 851 deaths in 27 countries since 2012. there are no approved treatments for mers-cov infection although a combination of lopinavir, ritonavir and interferon beta (lpv/rtv-ifnb) is currently being evaluated in humans in the kingdom of saudi arabia. here, we show that remdesivir (rdv) and ifnb have superior antiviral activity to lpv ... | 2020 | 31924756 |
| quantification of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus rna in tissues by quantitative real-time rt-pcr. | since the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, more than 2280 confirmed human infections and 800 associated deaths had been reported to the world health organization. mers-cov is a single-stranded rna virus that belongs to the coronaviridae family. mers-cov infection leads to a variety of clinical outcomes in humans ranging from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe acute lung injury and multi-organ failure and death. to study the pathogenesis of ... | 2020 | 31883090 |
| antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in humans. | the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is the second novel zoonotic disease infecting humans caused by coronavirus (cov) in this century. to date, more than 2200 laboratory-confirmed human cases have been identified in 27 countries, and more than 800 mers-cov associated deaths have been reported since its outbreak in 2012. rapid laboratory diagnosis of mers-cov is the key to successful containment and prevention of the spread of infection. though the gold standard for diagnosing mers-cov in ... | 2020 | 31883089 |
| recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has rapidly spread throughout the middle east since its discovery in 2012. the virus poses a significant global public health threat with potentially devastating effects. in this study, a recombinant adenoviral-based vaccine encoding the spike 1 (s1) subunit of the mers-cov genome was constructed, and its humoral, and cellular immune responses were evaluated in mice. | 2019 | 31849416 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus infection into established hdpp4-transgenic mice accelerates lung damage via activation of the pro-inflammatory response and pulmonary fibrosis. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infects the lower respiratory airway of humans, leading to severe acute respiratory failure. unlike human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hdpp4), a receptor for mers-cov, mouse dpp4 (mdpp4) failed to support mers-cov infection. consequently, diverse transgenic mouse models expressing hdpp4 have been developed using diverse methods, although some models show no mortality and/or only transient and mild-to-moderate clinical signs following mers-cov in ... | 2020 | 31838832 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus-encoded orf8b inhibits rig-i-like receptors in a differential mechanism. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) belongs to the beta coronavirus subfamily and causes severe morbidity and mortality in humans especially when infected patients have underlying diseases such chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). previously, we demonstrated that mers-cov-encoded orf8b strongly inhibits mda5- and rig-i-mediated induction of the interferon beta (ifn-β) promoter activities. here, we report that orf8b seem to regulate mda5 or rig-i differentially as pro ... | 2019 | 31838791 |
| a database of geopositioned middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus occurrences. | as a world health organization research and development blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. this database documents cases of mers-cov globally, with specific attention paid to zoonotic transmission. an initial literature search was conducted in pubmed, web of science, and scopus; after screening articles according to the inclusion/ex ... | 2019 | 31836720 |
| a recombinant influenza a/h1n1 carrying a short immunogenic peptide of mers-cov as bivalent vaccine in balb/c mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) became a global human health threat since its first documentation in humans in 2012. an efficient vaccine for the prophylaxis of humans in hotspots of the infection (e.g., saudi arabia) is necessary but no commercial vaccines are yet approved. in this study, a chimeric dna construct was designed to encode an influenza a/h1n1 na protein which is flanking immunogenic amino acids (aa) 736-761 of mers-cov spike protein. using the generated chim ... | 2019 | 31810359 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) neutralising antibodies in a high-risk human population, morocco, november 2017 to january 2018. | backgroundmiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) remains a major concern for global public health. dromedaries are the source of human zoonotic infection. mers-cov is enzootic among dromedaries on the arabian peninsula, the middle east and in africa. over 70% of infected dromedaries are found in africa. however, all known zoonotic cases of mers have occurred in the arabian peninsula with none being reported in africa.aimwe aimed to investigate serological evidence of mers-cov in ... | 2019 | 31796154 |
| structures of mers-cov spike glycoprotein in complex with sialoside attachment receptors. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe and often lethal respiratory illness in humans, and no vaccines or specific treatments are available. infections are initiated via binding of the mers-cov spike (s) glycoprotein to sialosides and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (the attachment and entry receptors, respectively). to understand mers-cov engagement of sialylated receptors, we determined the cryo-em structures of s in complex with 5-n-acetyl neuraminic acid, 5-n-glycol ... | 2019 | 31792450 |
| molecular basis of binding between middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and cd26 from seven bat species. | continued reports of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infecting humans have occurred since the identification of this virus in 2012. mers-cov is prone to cause endemic disease in the middle east, with several dozen spillover infections to other continents. it is hypothesized that mers-cov originated from bat coronaviruses and that dromedary camels are its natural reservoir. although gene segments identical to mers-cov were sequenced from certain species of bats and one spe ... | 2020 | 31776269 |
| mers-cov in camels but not camel handlers, sudan, 2015 and 2017. | we tested samples collected from camels, camel workers, and other animals in sudan and qatar in 2015 and 2017 for evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection. mers-cov antibodies were abundant in sudan camels, but we found no evidence of mers-cov infection in camel workers, other livestock, or bats. | 2019 | 31742534 |
| focus on middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | since the first case of human infection by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia in june 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed mers-cov infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of october 2018. the vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in saudi arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike sars-cov that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. due to the hi ... | 2020 | 31727466 |
| blocking transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in llamas by vaccination with a recombinant spike protein. | the ongoing middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) outbreaks pose a worldwide public health threat. blocking mers-cov zoonotic transmission from dromedary camels, the animal reservoir, could potentially reduce the number of primary human cases. here we report mers-cov transmission from experimentally infected llamas to naïve animals. directly inoculated llamas shed virus for at least 6 days and could infect all in-contact naïve animals 4-5 days after exposure. with the aim to bl ... | 2019 | 31711379 |
| cepi: driving progress toward epidemic preparedness and response. | the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations (cepi) was formed in the aftermath of the 2014-2015 ebola outbreak in west africa to support the development of vaccines that could improve the world's preparedness against outbreaks of epidemic infectious diseases. since its launch in 2017, cepi has mobilized more than us$750 million to support its mission to develop vaccines against agents such as lassa virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and nipah virus, as well as several r ... | 2019 | 31673694 |
| the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). | the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a novel lethal zoonotic disease of humans caused by the mers coronavirus (mers-cov). although mers is endemic to the middle east, travelers have exported mers-cov on return to their home countries. clinical manifestations range from mild to severe acute respiratory disease and death. the elderly, immunocompromised, and those with chronic comorbid liver, lung, and hepatic conditions have a high mortality rate. there is no specific treatment. person-t ... | 2019 | 31668197 |
| from four-way linking to a one health platform in egypt: institutionalisation of a multidisciplinary and multisectoral one health system. | the convergence of humans, animals and our shared environment results in a dynamic in which the health of each group is inextricably linked. taking into account the fact that the majority of emerging pathogens (e.g. highly pathogenic avian influenza [hpai], severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, nipah virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus) are zoonotic diseases, egypt has established a national one health coordination mechanism. the primary purpose of this mechanism is to p ... | 2019 | 31564724 |
| structural insights into coronavirus entry. | coronaviruses (covs) have caused outbreaks of deadly pneumonia in humans since the beginning of the 21st century. the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged in 2002 and was responsible for an epidemic that spread to five continents with a fatality rate of 10% before being contained in 2003 (with additional cases reported in 2004). the middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in the arabian peninsula in 2012 and has caused recurrent outbreaks in hu ... | 2019 | 31522710 |
| peptide presentation by bat mhc class i provides new insight into the antiviral immunity of bats. | bats harbor many zoonotic viruses, including highly pathogenic viruses of humans and other mammals, but they are typically asymptomatic in bats. to further understand the antiviral immunity of bats, we screened and identified a series of bat major histocompatibility complex (mhc) i ptal-n*01:01-binding peptides derived from four different bat-borne viruses, i.e., hendra virus (hev), ebola virus (ebov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and h17n10 influenza-like virus. the ... | 2019 | 31498797 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus and the one health concept. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is one of the major threats to the healthcare systems in some countries, especially in the arabian peninsula. mers-cov is considered an ideal example of the one health concept. this is due to the animals, especially dromedary camels, play important roles in the transmission and sustainability of the virus, and the virus can be transmitted through aerosols of infected patients into the environment. however, there is some debate regarding the ... | 2019 | 31497405 |
| zoonotic diseases in oman: successes, challenges, and future directions. | objective: this article describes the situation analysis of endemic and emerging zoonoses, and includes prevention and control of zoonoses in oman. it also suggests possible recommendations toward elimination and risk reduction of emerging zoonoses. methods: epidemiologic information has been drawn from official to assess the situation. there has been significant progress in reducing the risk of brucellosis, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, and cutan ... | 2020 | 31486732 |
| a novel bacterium-like particle vaccine displaying the mers-cov receptor-binding domain induces specific mucosal and systemic immune responses in mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), a new coronavirus that has been causing severe and fatal acute respiratory illnesses in humans since its outbreak in 2012, has raised public fear worldwide. the development of prophylactics and therapeutics is urgently needed to prevent and control mers-cov infections. in this study, a bacterium (lactococcus lactis)-like particle (blp) vaccine displaying the mers-cov receptor-binding domain (rbd) was developed, and gram-positive enhancer m ... | 2019 | 31470645 |
| [coronaviruses as the cause of respiratory infections]. | there are six human pathogenic coronaviruses (cov), which mainly cause infections of the respiratory system. in everyday clinical practice, it is helpful to know the relevance and characteristics of these pathogens. | 2019 | 31455974 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus-encoded accessory proteins impair mda5-and tbk1-mediated activation of nf-κb. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a newly emerging coronavirus which is zoonotic from bats and camels. its infection in humans can be fatal especially in patients with preexisting conditions due to smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). among the 25 proteins encoded by mers-cov, 5 accessory proteins seem to be involved in viral evasion of the host immune responses. here we report that orf4a, orf4b, and orf8b proteins, alone or in combination, effective ... | 2019 | 31434175 |
| sensitive and specific detection of low-level antibody responses in mild middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections in humans can cause asymptomatic to fatal lower respiratory lung disease. despite posing a probable risk for virus transmission, asymptomatic to mild infections can go unnoticed; a lack of seroconversion among some pcr-confirmed cases has been reported. we found that a mers-cov spike s1 protein-based elisa, routinely used in surveillance studies, showed low sensitivity in detecting infections among pcr-confirmed patients with mil ... | 2019 | 31423970 |
| comparison of serologic assays for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was detected in humans in 2012. since then, sporadic outbreaks with primary transmission through dromedary camels to humans and outbreaks in healthcare settings have shown that mers-cov continues to pose a threat to human health. several serologic assays for mers-cov have been developed globally. we describe a collaborative study to investigate the comparability of serologic assays for mers-cov and assess any benefit associated with the int ... | 2019 | 31423969 |
| spike proteins of novel mers-coronavirus isolates from north- and west-african dromedary camels mediate robust viral entry into human target cells. | the highly pathogenic middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)-related coronavirus (cov) is transmitted from dromedary camels, the natural reservoir, to humans. for at present unclear reasons, mers cases have so far only been observed in the arabian peninsula, although mers-cov also circulates in african dromedary camels. a recent study showed that mers-cov found in north/west- (morocco) and west-african (burkina faso and nigeria) dromedary camels are genetically distinct from arabian viruses and ... | 2019 | 31357164 |
| mers coronavirus: an emerging zoonotic virus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus that was first reported in humans in june 2012 [...]. | 2019 | 31331035 |
| overview of current therapeutics and novel candidates against influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. | emergence and re-emergence of respiratory virus infections represent a significant threat to global public health, as they occur seasonally and less frequently (such as in the case of influenza virus) as pandemic infections. some of these viruses have been in the human population for centuries and others had recently emerged as a public health problem. influenza viruses have been affecting the human population for a long time now; however, their ability to rapidly evolve through antigenic drift ... | 2019 | 31275265 |
| species-specific colocalization of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus attachment and entry receptors. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) uses the s1b domain of its spike protein to bind to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4), its functional receptor, and its s1a domain to bind to sialic acids. the tissue localization of dpp4 in humans, bats, camelids, pigs, and rabbits generally correlates with mers-cov tropism, highlighting the role of dpp4 in virus pathogenesis and transmission. however, mers-cov s1a does not indiscriminately bind to all α2,3-sialic acids, and the species-specif ... | 2019 | 31167913 |
| single intranasal immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus-based vaccine induces sustained and protective immunity against mers-cov infection. | the recently identified middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe and fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. however, no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available. the mers-cov envelope spike protein serves as a crucial target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine development, as it plays a critical role in mediating viral entry through interactions with the cellular receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4). here, we constructed ... | 2019 | 31130102 |
| immunogenicity of different forms of middle east respiratory syndrome s glycoprotein. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 during the first middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreaks. mers-cov causes an acute lower-respiratory infection in humans, with a fatality rate of ~35.5%. currently, there are no registered vaccines or means of therapeutic protection against mers in the world. the mers-cov s glycoprotein plays the most important role in the viral life cycle (virus internalization). the s protein is an immunodominant antig ... | 2020 | 31024747 |
| lack of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission in rabbits. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) transmission from dromedaries to humans has resulted in major outbreaks in the middle east. although some other livestock animal species have been shown to be susceptible to mers-cov, it is not fully understood why the spread of the virus in these animal species has not been observed in the field. in this study, we used rabbits to further characterize the transmission potential of mers-cov. in line with the presence of mers-cov receptor in ... | 2019 | 31022948 |
| effect of fc fusion on folding and immunogenicity of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) induces severe respiratory impairment with a reported mortality rate of ~36% in humans. the absence of clinically available mers-cov vaccines and treatments to date has resulted in uncontrolled incidence and propagation of the virus. in vaccine design, fusion with the igg fc domain is reported to increase the immunogenicity of various vaccine antigens. however, limited reports have documented the potential negative effects of fc fusion on v ... | 2019 | 30982320 |
| towards a solution to mers: protective human monoclonal antibodies targeting different domains and functions of the mers-coronavirus spike glycoprotein. | the middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic virus that causes severe and often fatal respiratory disease in humans. efforts to develop antibody-based therapies have focused on neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein thereby blocking receptor binding. here, we developed a set of human monoclonal antibodies that target functionally distinct domains of the mers-cov spike protein. these antibodies belong to six distinct ... | 2019 | 30938227 |
| antagonism of dsrna-induced innate immune pathways by ns4a and ns4b accessory proteins during mers coronavirus infection. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first identified in 2012 as a novel etiological agent of severe respiratory disease in humans. as during infection by other viruses, host sensing of viral double-stranded rna (dsrna) induces several antiviral pathways. these include interferon (ifn), oligoadenylate synthetase (oas)-rnase l, and protein kinase r (pkr). coronaviruses, including mers-cov, potently suppress the activation of these pathways, inducing only modest host respons ... | 2019 | 30914508 |
| host determinants of mers-cov transmission and pathogenesis. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic pathogen that causes respiratory infection in humans, ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. in dromedary camels, the virus only causes a mild infection but it spreads efficiently between animals. differences in the behavior of the virus observed between individuals, as well as between humans and dromedary camels, highlight the role of host factors in mers-cov pathogenesis and transmission. one of these host factors, t ... | 2019 | 30893947 |
| the battle against sars and mers coronaviruses: reservoirs and animal models. | in humans, infection with the coronavirus, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the emerging middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), induces acute respiratory failure, resulting in high mortality. irregular coronavirus related epidemics indicate that the evolutionary origins of these two pathogens need to be identified urgently and there are still questions related to suitable laboratory animal models. thus, in this review we aim to highlig ... | 2018 | 30891557 |
| efficacy of an adjuvanted middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein vaccine in dromedary camels and alpacas. | mers-cov is present in dromedary camels throughout the middle east and africa. dromedary camels are the primary zoonotic reservoir for human infections. interruption of the zoonotic transmission chain from camels to humans, therefore, may be an effective strategy to control the ongoing mers-cov outbreak. here we show that vaccination with an adjuvanted mers-cov spike protein subunit vaccine confers complete protection from mers-cov disease in alpaca and results in reduced and delayed viral shedd ... | 2019 | 30832356 |
| an updated roadmap for mers-cov research and product development: focus on diagnostics. | diagnostics play a central role in the early detection and control of outbreaks and can enable a more nuanced understanding of the disease kinetics and risk factors for the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), one of the high-priority pathogens identified by the who. in this review we identified sources for molecular and serological diagnostic tests used in mers-cov detection, case management and outbreak investigations, as well as surveillance for humans and animals (camels) ... | 2019 | 30815285 |
| interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated signaling limits middle-east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus propagation in cells from an insectivorous bat. | insectivorous bats are speculated to be ancestral hosts of middle-east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus (cov). mers-cov causes disease in humans with thirty-five percent fatality, and has evolved proteins that counteract human antiviral responses. since bats experimentally infected with mers-cov do not develop signs of disease, we tested the hypothesis that mers-cov would replicate less efficiently in bat cells than in human cells because of its inability to subvert antiviral responses in ... | 2019 | 30781790 |
| a case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of middle east respiratory syndrome. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is endemic in dromedary camels in the arabian peninsula, and zoonotic transmission to people is a sporadic event. in the absence of epidemiological data on the reservoir species, patterns of zoonotic transmission have largely been approximated from primary human cases. this study aimed to identify meteorological factors that may increase the risk of primary mers infections in humans. | 2019 | 30717685 |
| what have we learned about middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus emergence in humans? a systematic literature review. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first identified in humans in 2012. a systematic literature review was conducted to synthesize current knowledge and identify critical knowledge gaps. | 2019 | 30676269 |
| from sars to mers, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. | coronaviruses (covs) have formerly been regarded as relatively harmless respiratory pathogens to humans. however, two outbreaks of severe respiratory tract infection, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), as a result of zoonotic covs crossing the species barrier, caused high pathogenicity and mortality rates in human populations. this brought covs global attention and highlighted the importance of c ... | 2019 | 30646565 |
| molecular pathogenesis of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012 and is listed in the world health organization's blueprint of priority diseases that need immediate research. camels are reservoirs of this virus, and the virus spills over into humans through direct contact with camels. human-to-human transmission and travel-associated cases have been identified as well. limited studies have characterized the molecular pathogenesis of mers-cov. most studies have used ectopic expression of v ... | 2019 | 32226718 |
| genetic evidence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and widespread seroprevalence among camels in kenya. | we describe the first genome isolation of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in kenya. this fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the kingdom of saudi arabia in 2012. epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. currently, mers-cov is classified by the who as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. previous studies of mers-cov in kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archiv ... | 2018 | 30570714 |
| cd8+ t cells responding to the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein delivered by vaccinia virus mva in mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), a novel infectious agent causing severe respiratory disease and death in humans, was first described in 2012. antibodies directed against the mers-cov spike (s) protein are thought to play a major role in controlling mers-cov infection and in mediating vaccine-induced protective immunity. in contrast, relatively little is known about the role of t cell responses and the antigenic targets of mers-cov that are recognized by cd8+ t cells. in ... | 2018 | 30558354 |
| the human sodium iodide symporter as a reporter gene for studying middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis. | single photon emission computed tomography (spect) is frequently used in oncology and cardiology to evaluate disease progression and/or treatment efficacy. such technology allows for real-time evaluation of disease progression and when applied to studying infectious diseases may provide insight into pathogenesis. insertion of a spect-compatible reporter gene into a virus may provide insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis and viral tropism. the human sodium iodide symporter (hnis), a spect and p ... | 2018 | 30541777 |
| origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) are two highly transmissible and pathogenic viruses that emerged in humans at the beginning of the 21st century. both viruses likely originated in bats, and genetically diverse coronaviruses that are related to sars-cov and mers-cov were discovered in bats worldwide. in this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the origin and evolution of these two pathogenic coronaviruse ... | 2019 | 30531947 |
| molecular identification of betacoronavirus in bats from sardinia (italy): first detection and phylogeny. | bats may be natural reservoirs for a large variety of emerging viruses, including mammalian coronaviruses (cov). the recent emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in humans, with evidence that these viruses may have their ancestry in bats, highlights the importance of virus surveillance in bat populations. here, we report the identification and molecular characterization of a bat β-coronavirus, ... | 2019 | 30426315 |
| mers coronavirus outbreak: implications for emerging viral infections. | in september 2012, a novel coronavirus was isolated from a patient who died in saudi arabia after presenting with acute respiratory distress and acute kidney injury. analysis revealed the disease to be due to a novel virus which was named middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov). there have been several mers-cov hospital outbreaks in ksa, continuing to the present day, and the disease has a mortality rate in excess of 35%. since 2012, the world health organization has been informed of 2220 ... | 2019 | 30413355 |
| countrywide survey for mers-coronavirus antibodies in dromedaries and humans in pakistan. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a zoonotic pathogen capable of causing severe respiratory disease in humans. although dromedary camels are considered as a major reservoir host, the mers-cov infection dynamics in camels are not fully understood. through surveillance in pakistan, nasal (n = 776) and serum (n = 1050) samples were collected from camels between november 2015 and february 2018. samples were collected from animal markets, free-roaming herds and abattoirs. an ... | 2018 | 30311100 |
| overexpression of the nucleocapsid protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus up-regulates cxcl10. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes respiratory diseases in humans and has a high mortality rate. during infection, mers-cov regulates several host cellular processes including antiviral response genes. in order to determine if the nucleocapsid protein of mers-cov (mers-n) plays a role in viral-host interactions, a murine monoclonal antibody was generated so as to allow detection of the protein in infected cells as well as in overexpression system. then, mers-n was sta ... | 2018 | 30242057 |
| biosafety and biosecurity in veterinary laboratories. | with recent outbreaks of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), anthrax, nipah and the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, much emphasis has been placed on the rapid identification of infectious agents globally. as a result, laboratories are building capacity, conducting more advanced and sophisticated research, increasing their staff, and establishing reference collections of dangerous pathogens in an attempt to reduce the impact of infectious disease outbreaks and to cha ... | 2017 | 30152450 |
| modulation of the immune response by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | coronavirus (cov) infections are commonly associated with respiratory and enteric disease in humans and animals. in 2012, a new human disease called middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) emerged in the middle east. mers was caused by a virus that was originally called human coronavirus-erasmus medical center/2012 but was later renamed as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). mers-cov causes high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection, and multiorgan dysfunction that ... | 2019 | 30146782 |
| structural and biochemical characterization of endoribonuclease nsp15 encoded by middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) encoded by coronavirus (cov) is a nidoviral uridylate-specific endoribonuclease (nendou) that plays an essential role in the life cycle of the virus. structural information on this crucial protein from the middle east respiratory syndrome cov (mers-cov), which is lethally pathogenic and has caused severe respiratory diseases worldwide, is lacking. here, we determined the crystal structure of mers-cov nsp15 at a 2.7-å resolution and performed the relevant biochemi ... | 2018 | 30135128 |
| development of a diagnostic system for detection of specific antibodies and antigens against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a single-stranded rna virus that causes severe respiratory disease in humans with a high fatality rate. binding of the receptor binding domain (rbd) of the spike (s) glycoprotein to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is the critical step in mers-cov infection of a host cell. no vaccines or clinically applicable treatments are currently available for mers-cov. therefore, rapid diagnosis is important for improving patient outcomes through prompt treat ... | 2018 | 30117617 |
| current understanding of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in human and animal models. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a highly lethal respiratory disease caused by a novel betacoronavirus (mers coronavirus, mers-cov). since its first emergence in 2012, multiple transmission events of mers-cov (dromedary to human and human to human) have been reported, indicating that mers-cov has the potential to cause widespread outbreak. however, the epidemiology of mers as well as immune responses against the virus in animal models and patients are still not well understood, hinderi ... | 2018 | 30116605 |