| multi-locus sequence typing of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from wild birds in northern england suggests host-adapted strain. | recent studies have suggested that salmonella typhimurium strains associated with mortality in uk garden birds are significantly different from strains that cause disease in humans and livestock and that wild bird strains may be host adapted. however, without further genomic characterization of these strains, it is not possible to determine whether they are host adapted. the aim of this study was to characterize a representative sample of salm. typhimurium strains detected in wild garden birds u ... | 2010 | 20809923 |
| barth syndrome: an x-linked cause of fetal cardiomyopathy and stillbirth. | barth syndrome (bths) is an x-linked multisystem disorder (omim 302060) usually diagnosed in infancy and characterized by cardiac problems [dilated cardiomyopathy (dcm) ± endocardial fibroelastosis (efe) ± left ventricular non-compaction (lvnc)], proximal myopathy, feeding problems, growth retardation, neutropenia, organic aciduria and variable respiratory chain abnormalities. we wished to determine whether bths had a significant impact on fetal and perinatal health in a large cohort of family g ... | 2010 | 20812380 |
| friends of man who went to dignitas clinic wait to see if they will be prosecuted. | | 2010 | 20823025 |
| patient safety incidents involving neuromuscular blockade: analysis of the uk national reporting and learning system data from 2006 to 2008. | neuromuscular blockade is a powerful anaesthetic tool that has the potential for significant adverse outcomes. we sought to explore the national picture by analysing incidents relating to neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia from the national reporting and learning system from england and wales between 2006 and 2008. we searched the database of incidents using snomed ct search terms and reading the free text of relevant incidents. there were 231 incidents arising from the use or reversal of neu ... | 2010 | 20840604 |
| coronary artery disease-related genetic variant on chromosome 10q11 is associated with carotid intima-media thickness and atherosclerosis. | to investigate whether chromosome 10q11.21 influences common carotid intima-media thickness (imt) and atherosclerosis and whether it is associated with stromal cell-derived factor-1α (sdf-1α) plasma levels. | 2010 | 20847302 |
| fostering integrated learning and clinical professionalism using contextualized simulation in a small-group role-play. | teaching and learning in a clinical setting is important in veterinary and medical training but presents many challenges, including providing enough hands-on experience while not putting patients (animal or human) at risk. some of the issues have been addressed with the introduction of clinical skills laboratories and communication skills training using role play. however, in both instances skills are learned in isolation, whereas the real task requires the integration of many skills including t ... | 2010 | 20847333 |
| tick surveillance in great britain. | the ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main tick vector species. crucially, the status, distribution, and changing trends in tick distribution and abundance are implicit requirements of any risk assessment; however, this is contingent on the quality of tick distribution data. since 2005 the health protection agency has promoted an enhanced tick surveillance program. through engagement with a variet ... | 2011 | 20849277 |
| type 2 diabetes in younger adults: clinical characteristics, diabetes-related complications and management of risk factors. | to describe the clinical characteristics and risk factors of adults <35 years with type 2 diabetes (t2dm). | 2011 | 20851071 |
| measurement methods and accuracy in copy number variation: failure to replicate associations of beta-defensin copy number with crohn's disease. | the copy number variation in beta-defensin genes on human chromosome 8 has been proposed to underlie susceptibility to inflammatory disorders, but presents considerable challenges for accurate typing on the scale required for adequately powered case-control studies. in this work, we have used accurate methods of copy number typing based on the paralogue ratio test (prt) to assess beta-defensin copy number in more than 1500 uk dna samples including more than 1000 cases of crohn's disease. a subse ... | 2010 | 20858604 |
| mlh1 differential allelic expression in mutation carriers and controls. | germline defects in the mlh1 gene are associated with lynch syndrome. a substantial proportion of these mutations leads to premature termination codons and can induce nonsense mediated decay (nmd) of the corresponding transcript. resulting allelic expression differences represent a fast and inexpensive method to identify patients carrying mlh1 mutations. in patients and controls, we show that allelic expression imbalance (aei) can be readily detected in rna extracted from whole blood from patien ... | 2010 | 20860725 |
| the mayo brothers: an american surgical legacy. | few in the history of surgery and just as few in the history of medicine can reach the level of clinical visibility as achieved by the mayo brothers. the brothers changed the face of medicine while they were alive, and their fame and influence continued to grow after their death in 1939. the mayo american surgical legacy had incredible proportions. the brothers systematically modified the field as few others had done before. they were great surgical innovators who took the surgical techniques of ... | 2010 | 20874478 |
| association of caspase-9 and runx3 with inflammatory bowel disease. | previous linkage studies have identified a region at 1p36 as the susceptibility locus (ibd7) of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). the objective of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms of caspase-9 (casp9) gene and runx3 are associated with ibd susceptibility and clinical phenotypes. we studied 555 crohn's disease (cd) and 651 ulcerative colitis (uc) patients recruited from a single uk center. a total of 964 healthy caucasian subjects were recruited as controls from general practit ... | 2010 | 20887385 |
| a randomized placebo controlled trial of the effect of preoperative statin use on matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in areas of low and peak wall stress in patients undergoing elective open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. | a double-blind, randomized controlled trial was carried out to study the effects of statins on matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (timps) in areas of peak and low abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) wall stress. | 2011 | 20889295 |
| cephalosporin resistance mechanisms in escherichia coli isolated from raw chicken imported into the uk. | we characterized mechanisms of resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins in escherichia coli isolated from raw chicken meat imported into the uk from south america, to ascertain whether this foodstuff contributes to the dissemination in the uk of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl)-producing e. coli belonging to the international uropathogenic st131 clone. | 2010 | 20889530 |
| changing patterns of sexual risk behavior among london gay men: 1998-2008. | to examine changes in the sexual behavior of london gay men between 1998 and 2008. | 2011 | 20921930 |
| faecal lactoferrin, capsule endoscopy and crohn's disease. is there a three way relationship? a pilot study. | capsule endoscopy has been shown to be useful in diagnosing small bowel crohn's disease. faecal lactoferrin has been shown to have a high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. there have been no studies on the use of faecal lactoferrin in the setting of suspected crohn's disease using capsule endoscopy. our aim was to investigate the clinical utility of lactoferrin in patients with suspected crohn's disease using capsule en ... | 2010 | 20922188 |
| open-label, randomised, parallel-group, multicentre study to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an as03(b)/oil-in-water emulsion-adjuvanted (as03(b)) split-virion versus non-adjuvanted whole-virion h1n1 influenza vaccine in uk children 6 months to 12 years of age. | to evaluate the safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of an as03(b)/oil-in-water emulsion-adjuvanted (as03(b)) split-virion versus non-adjuvanted whole-virion h1n1 influenza vaccine in uk children aged 6 months to 12 years. | 2010 | 20923610 |
| epidemiology of salmonellosis in garden birds in england and wales, 1993 to 2003. | salmonellosis has been reported as an important cause of mortality of garden birds in several countries, including norway and scotland. we investigated the frequency of the disease in garden birds submitted for postmortem examination by members of the public in england and wales between 1993 and 2003, inclusive. we found salmonellosis to be the most frequent cause of death due to infectious disease in the garden birds submitted. this disease was confirmed in 7 of the 45 bird species that were ex ... | 2010 | 20945078 |
| the human touch. | 'look, listen, feel' encourages nurses to improve the patient experience by using all their senses rather than being over-reliant on technology when assessing patients. | 2010 | 20949743 |
| sir victor horsley's 19th century operations at the national hospital for neurology and neurosurgery, queen square. | although he was not the first man to operate on the brain, sir victor horsley was the world's first surgeon appointed to a hospital post to perform brain surgery, which happened in 1886 at the national hospital for neurology and neurosurgery, queen square, london. the authors examined the patient records between 1886 and 1899 and found 151 operations performed by sir victor horsley at the national hospital, including craniotomies, laminectomies, and nerve divisions. the authors present the outco ... | 2010 | 20950084 |
| increasing reports of non-tuberculous mycobacteria in england, wales and northern ireland, 1995-2006. | non-tuberculous mycobacteria have long been identified as capable of causing human disease and the number at risk, due to immune-suppression, is rising. several reports have suggested incidence to be increasing, yet routine surveillance-based evidence is lacking. we investigated recent trends in, and the epidemiology of, non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections in england, wales and northern ireland, 1995-2006. | 2010 | 20950421 |
| hepatitis b transmission event in an english prison and the importance of immunization. | immunization against hepatitis b virus (hbv) is recommended for all sentenced prisoners and all new entrants to prison in the uk. in november 2008, acute hepatitis b was confirmed serologically in a 27-year-old man (case 1) who had been incarcerated since february 2007. the cell mate of case 1, a 26-year-old man was an established hbv carrier. a home-made tattoo gun was confiscated from their prison cell. in the absence of other clearly identifiable risk behaviours, tattooing was deemed to be a ... | 2010 | 20965882 |
| a survey of uk public interest in internet-based personal genome testing. | in view of the increasing availability of commercial internet-based personal genome testing (pgt), this study aimed to explore the reasons why people would consider taking such a test and how they would use the genetic risk information provided. | 2010 | 20976053 |
| [biobank present and future: infrastructure of research involving human subject]. | | 2010 | 20979270 |
| paediatric mortality related to h1n1 infection in england. | | 2010 | 21030070 |
| paediatric mortality related to pandemic influenza a h1n1 infection in england: an observational population-based study. | young people (aged 0-18 years) have been disproportionately affected by pandemic influenza a h1n1 infection. we aimed to analyse paediatric mortality to inform clinical and public health policies for future influenza seasons and pandemics. | 2010 | 21030071 |
| renal pparγ mrna expression increases with impairment of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease. | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ) is generally accepted as renoprotective factor in type 2 diabetes mellitus, and pparγ agonists have been reported to reduce albuminuria. however, little is known about renal pparγ expression in chronic kidney disease, and especially human data are scarce. we hypothesized that renal pparγ expression is associated with extent of proteinuria, kidney function, histological diagnosis and inflammatory mediators. therefore, we investigated pparγ ... | 2010 | 21040163 |
| the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating pregnant women against seasonal influenza in england and wales. | we assessed the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating pregnant women against seasonal influenza in england and wales, taking into account the timing of vaccination relative to both the influenza season and trimester of pregnancy. women were assumed to be vaccinated in their second or third trimester. vaccination between september and december was found to have an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £23,000 per quality adjusted life year (qaly) (95% ci £10,000-£140,000) if it is assumed that infa ... | 2010 | 21055501 |
| trial protocol: using genotype to tailor prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy: a randomised controlled trial assessing impact of communication upon adherence. | the behavioural impact of pharmacogenomics is untested; informing smokers of genetic test results for responsiveness to smoking cessation medication may increase adherence to this medication. the objective of this trial is to estimate the impact upon adherence to nicotine replacement therapy (nrt) of informing smokers that their oral dose of nrt has been tailored to a dna analysis. hypotheses to be tested are as follows: i adherence to nrt is greater among smokers informed that their oral dose o ... | 2010 | 21062464 |
| experimenting with fire: giving malaria. | | 2010 | 21067993 |
| smad7 and mgmt genotype variants and cancer incidence in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (epic)-norfolk study. | purpose: the smad7 gene was recently identified to be associated with colorectal cancer risk. smad7 protein is a known inhibitor of tgf-β signalling pathway which has a prominent role in tumorigenesis. mgmt gene regulates the direct damage reversal repair pathway, preventing dna damage and potential cancer development. this exploratory study aims to investigate the association between smad7 (rs4464148, rs4939827) and mgmt (rs12917, rs2308321) genotype variants, and all-cancer incidence. methods: ... | 2010 | 21075068 |
| safety of sapropterin dihydrochloride (6r-bh4) in patients with pulmonary hypertension. | the authors investigated the safety of oral tetrahydrobiopterin (bh4), a cofactor for nitric oxide synthesis, as a novel treatment for pulmonary hypertension (ph). eighteen patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or inoperable chronic thromboembolic ph received sapropterin dihydrochloride (6r-bh4), the optically active form of bh4, in addition to treatment with sildenafil and/or endothelin receptor antagonists in an open-label, dose-escalation study. 6r-bh4 was administered starting at a d ... | 2010 | 21077779 |
| henry cuthbert bazett (1885-1950)--the man behind the qt interval correction formula. | the "bazett formula" is used for correcting the observed qt interval and is named after henry cuthbert bazett who was born in england in 1885. he studied medicine and worked in oxford and served in the british medical corps during world war i. in 1920, bazett published his seminal paper on the different intervals length of the electrocardiogram recordings in a small group of healthy individuals, and proposed a formula for correcting the qt length for heart rate. later, he moved to the university ... | 2010 | 21091739 |
| hospitalization in two waves of pandemic influenza a(h1n1) in england. | summaryuncertainties exist regarding the population risks of hospitalization due to pandemic influenza a(h1n1). understanding these risks is important for patients, clinicians and policy makers. this study aimed to clarify these uncertainties. a national surveillance system was established for patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza a(h1n1) in england. information was captured on demographics, pre-existing conditions, treatment and outcomes. the relative risks of hospi ... | 2010 | 21108872 |
| the ethics of screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm in men. | approximately 6000 men die every year from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm in england and wales. randomised clinical trials and a large pilot study have shown that ultrasound screening of men aged 65 years can prevent about half of these deaths. however, there is a significant perioperative morbidity and mortality from interventions to repair the detected aneurysm. this paper explores the ethical issues of screening men for abdominal aortic aneurysm. it is concluded that a population s ... | 2010 | 21112941 |
| evaluation of inter-pandemic influenza vaccine effectiveness during eight consecutive winter seasons in england and wales in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. | we evaluated the effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in persons aged ≥45 years with co-morbidities (including essential hypertension) likely to have prompted consideration of prophylactic statin therapy. using case-control analyses, we measured the impact of vaccination on general practitioner (gp) reported new episodes of illness for clinically diagnosed influenza-like illness (ili) and total acute respiratory infection (tari) during eight consecutive winters, adjusting for potential ... | 2010 | 21126720 |
| molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of campylobacter jejuni in ruminants. | summarymulti-locus sequence typing was performed on 1003 campylobacter jejuni isolates collected in a 2-year longitudinal study of 15 dairy farms and four sheep farms in lancashire, uk. there was considerable farm-level variation in occurrence and prevalence of clonal complexes (cc). clonal complexes st61, st21, st403 and st45 were most prevalent in cattle while in sheep cc st42, st21, st48 and st52 were most prevalent. cc st45, a complex previously shown to be more common in summer months in hu ... | 2010 | 21134320 |
| missed opportunities for hiv testing--a costly oversight. | in the uk, one-third of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected individuals are unaware of their diagnosis, and of those diagnosed a similar proportion have late stage disease. to address this national guidelines have been introduced promoting hiv testing across all medical specialities. we investigated hiv testing patterns in an inner london area with high local hiv prevalence, to identify missed opportunities for hiv testing and its consequences. | 2010 | 21134902 |
| what a white shame: race, gender, and white shame in the relational economy of primary health care organizations in england. | this paper considers the relationship between white shame in contemporary uk health care contexts and historically idealized forms of white pride derived from nineteenth-century british colonialism. it uses excerpts from qualitative interview material to highlight the contemporary figures of the “white worried man” and the “white women savior” and the relationship between them. through this, it explores how shifts from white pride to white shame reflect shifts in the focus of whiteness away from ... | 2010 | 21140587 |
| brainmodes: the role of neuronal oscillations in health and disease. | the core idea of complexity science--namely how macroscopic phenomena emerge from the interactions between microscopic quantities--is particularly relevant to the study of the human brain. it is in this context that the term "brainmodes" was adopted to explore how cooperative phenomena (or 'modes' of activity) occurring at one spatial or temporal scale give rise to coherent structures at other scales. this special issue reports the 2009 brainmodes workshop, held in bristol (december 2009) which ... | 2010 | 21145909 |
| age-specific effectiveness of an oil-in-water adjuvanted pandemic (h1n1) 2009 vaccine against confirmed infection in high risk groups in england. | the use of a squalene-containing (as03) pandemic vaccine for high-risk groups in england allowed vaccine effectiveness (ve) of such novel oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine to be evaluated. | 2011 | 21148494 |
| expanding our nightingale horizon: seven recommendations for 21st-century nursing practice. | today's global health problems may seem insurmountable. antibiotic-resistant microbes are increasing, and more economic, environmental, and social factors are affecting health. health care costs keep rising. hot politics and the chronic global nursing shortages all threaten the future of health care delivery. also, diseases in many war-torn regions clearly place all humanity's health at risk. how can nurses possibly address these larger "global" challenges? to consider this question--and what nu ... | 2010 | 21149558 |
| "knights" or "knaves"? public policy, professional power, and reforming maternity services. | recent quality and safety discourse stresses locating "human errors and mistakes" within an institutional framework. i go further to contend that, in spite of well-meaning individual practitioners, aspects of a powerful, self-interested obstetric professional culture pose a major barrier to quality childbirth care. using my analysis, i contrast the profession's "knightly" self-image with critical scholarship, and it examine evidence given to public inquiries into obstetric misdemeanors and mista ... | 2011 | 21154071 |
| predicting national exposure to a point source chemical: japan and endocrine disruption as an example. | the predicted aquatic estrogen concentrations for the whole of england and japan were determined and compared using population and flow data. the overall value for english surface waters was 0.9 ng/l estradiol equivalents (eeq) compared to 0.1 ng/l overall for japan. available dilution of sewage effluent was considered to be more important than contraceptive pill usage in this relative risk. a national survey of japanese rivers using the yeast estrogen assay (yes) gave a median value of 0.27 ng/ ... | 2010 | 21166455 |
| tetrabromobisphenol-a, hexabromocyclododecane and its degradation products in uk human milk: relationship to external exposure. | tetrabromobisphenol-a (tbbp-a), hexabromocyclododecane (hbcd) and its degradation products were determined in 34 human milk samples from birmingham, uk. tbbp-a was detected in 36% of samples (average=0.06 ng g(-1) lw), with hbcds detected in all samples (average σhbcds=5.95 ng g(-1) lw). α-hbcd comprised 62-95% σhbcds while β- and γ-hbcd constituted 2-18% and 3-33% respectively. enantioselective enrichment of (-)-α-hbcd (average enantiomer fraction=0.29) was observed indicating potential enantio ... | 2010 | 21167604 |
| a uk neqas ish multicenter ring study using the ventana her2 dual-color ish assay. | we performed a multicenter assessment of a new her2 dual-color chromogenic in situ hybridization (cish) test and herein report on concordance of cish data with fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) data and intraobserver and interlaboratory scoring consistency. her2 results were evaluated using duplicate cores from 30 breast cancers in 5 laboratories using the ventana her2 dual-color ish assay (ventana medical systems, cambridgeshire, england) and in 1 central laboratory using a standard fis ... | 2011 | 21173138 |
| transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) from seroconverting donors is rare in england and wales: results from hiv lookback, october 1995 through december 2008. | background: lookback is considered when human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is detected in a repeat blood donor in case the immediately previous negative donation was donated in the infectious window period (iwp) or the assay(s) produced a false-negative result. hiv lookback investigations undertaken by nhs blood and transplant and the welsh blood service between october 1995 and december 2008 are described. study design and methods: investigations were undertaken into the previous negative donat ... | 2010 | 21175648 |
| risk of human exposure to arsenic and other toxic elements from geophagy: trace element analysis of baked clay using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. | geophagy or earth-eating is common amongst some bangladeshi women, especially those who are pregnant, both in bangladesh and in the united kingdom. a large proportion of the population in bangladesh is already exposed to high concentrations of arsenic (as) and other toxic elements from drinking contaminated groundwater. additional exposure to as and other toxic elements from non-food sources has not been adequately addressed and here we present the first study to monitor as levels in baked clay ... | 2010 | 21182763 |
| cluster analysis for identifying sub-groups and selecting potential discriminatory variables in human encephalitis. | encephalitis is an acute clinical syndrome of the central nervous system (cns), often associated with fatal outcome or permanent damage, including cognitive and behavioural impairment, affective disorders and epileptic seizures. infection of the central nervous system is considered to be a major cause of encephalitis and more than 100 different pathogens have been recognized as causative agents. however, a large proportion of cases have unknown disease etiology. | 2010 | 21192831 |
| concurrent conditions and human listeriosis, england, 1999-2009. | the epidemiology of listeriosis in england and wales changed during 2001-2008; more patients ≥60 years of age had bacteremia than in previous years. to investigate these changes, we calculated risk for listeriosis by concurrent condition for non-pregnancy-associated listeriosis cases reported to the national surveillance system in england during 1999-2009. conditions occurring with l. monocytogenes infection were coded according to the international classification of diseases, 10th revision, and ... | 2011 | 21192852 |
| zoonotic linkage and variation in cryptosporidium parvum from patients in the united kingdom. | relationships between patient exposure risks and variation within the cryptosporidium parvum 60 kda glycoprotein (gp60) gene were explored in samples isolated from human cases of cryptosporidiosis (n=69) in england and wales. gp60 family iia predominated (n=56), followed by iid (n=9). one case was iic, a newly named genotype iica5g3j, and isolates from three cases did not amplify with the gp60 primers. cases with gp60 family iia were more likely than iid to have visited a farm, or had contact wi ... | 2010 | 21193928 |
| no right to roam england's coast, yet. | | 2010 | 21194713 |
| a survey of the management of needlestick injuries from incapacitated patients in intensive care units. | the human tissue act 2004 and mental capacity act 2005 resulted in a change in the management of needlestick injuries sustained from incapacitated patients. it appears unlawful to test for blood-borne viruses without a patient's consent for the sole benefit of the healthcare worker. this survey of intensive care units within england, wales and northern ireland investigated how needlestick injuries from incapacitated patients had been managed within the previous year. of the 225 intensive care un ... | 2010 | 21198483 |
| flexibility in reproductive timing in human females: integrating ultimate and proximate explanations. | from an ultimate perspective, the age of onset of female reproduction should be sensitive to variation in mortality rates, and variation in the productivity of non-reproductive activities. in accordance with this prediction, most of the cross-national variation in women's age at first birth can be explained by differences in female life expectancies and incomes. the within-country variation in england shows a similar pattern: women have children younger in neighbourhoods where the expectation of ... | 2011 | 21199840 |
| observational study to investigate vertically acquired passive immunity in babies of mothers vaccinated against h1n1v during pregnancy. | the primary objective was to determine the proportion of babies who acquired passive immunity to a/h1n1v, born to mothers who accepted vaccination as part of the national vaccination programme while pregnant (during the second and/or third trimesters) against the novel a/h1n1v influenza virus (exposed group) compared with unvaccinated (unexposed) mothers. | 2010 | 21208547 |
| predictive clinicopathological features derived from systematic autopsy examination of patients who died with a/h1n1 influenza infection in the uk 2009-10 pandemic. | from april 2009 to january 2010, the pandemic of a/h1n1 influenza affected the uk. there were > 30,000 infections and 457 deaths (all ages). reports from other countries had indicated that certain comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of death from h1n1 infection, and there was a need to identify these factors in the uk population as knowledge of them could lead to improved treatment in the current epidemic and reduced mortality in future epidemics. | 2010 | 21208548 |
| assessment of baseline age-specific antibody prevalence and incidence of infection to novel influenza a/h1n1 2009. | the objectives of the h1n1 2009 serological surveillance project were twofold: to document (1) the prevalence of cross-reactive antibodies to h1n1 2009 by age group in the population of england prior to arrival of the pandemic strain virus in the uk and (2) the age-specific incidence of infection by month as the pandemic progressed by measuring increases in the proportion of individuals with antibodies to h1n1 2009 by age. | 2010 | 21208549 |
| a randomised, partially observer blind, multicentre, head-to-head comparison of a two-dose regimen of baxter and glaxosmithkline h1n1 pandemic vaccines, administered 21 days apart. | to evaluate the immunogenicity of a two-dose schedule of baxter cell-cultured, non-adjuvanted, whole-virion h1n1 vaccine, and glaxosmithkline as03(a)-adjuvanted split-virion h1n1 vaccine with respect to the eu committee for medicinal products for human use (chmp) and the us food and drug administration (fda) licensing criteria. | 2010 | 21208550 |
| h1n1 vaccine is released in uk to meet demand for protection against flu. | | 2011 | 21216822 |
| identifying and managing deprivation of liberty in adults in england and wales. | | 2011 | 21220387 |
| the cxcl16 a181v mutation selectively inhibits monocyte adhesion to cxcr6 but is not associated with human coronary heart disease. | the chemokine cxcl16 serves as a scavenger receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein and as an adhesion molecule and chemoattractant for cells expressing the receptor cxcr6. a commonly occurring cxcl16 allele has been described containing 2 nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms in complete linkage disequilibrium, although the effects on cxcl16 function are unknown. here, we examined the effect of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms on cxcl16 function and assessed the association of t ... | 2011 | 21233446 |
| [the evasion of anglo-american gentlemen: john locke's exclusion of slaves from human rights.]. | | 1999 | 21235088 |
| examining overweight and obesity as risk factors for common mental disorders using fat mass and obesity-associated (fto) genotype-instrumented analysis: the whitehall ii study, 1985-2004. | the mendelian randomization approach exploits genetic variants to improve causal inference when using observational data. the authors examined the relation between long-term obesity and common mental disorders (cmd) by utilizing the known relation between fat mass and obesity-associated (fto) genotype and body mass index (bmi; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)). data collection in 2,981 men and 1,164 women (mean age at baseline = 44 years) from the whitehall ii study (london, united kingdom) included 4 ... | 2011 | 21248310 |
| effectiveness of pandemic and seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing pandemic influenza a(h1n1)2009 infection in england and scotland 2009-2010. | following the global spread of pandemic influenza a(h1n1)2009, several pandemic vaccines have been rapidly developed. the united kingdom and many other countries in the northern hemisphere implemented seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccine programmes in october 2009. we present the results of a case–control study to estimate effectiveness of such vaccines in preventing confirmed pandemic influenza infection. some 5,982 individuals with influenza-like illness seen in general practices between no ... | 2011 | 21251487 |
| clinical and laboratory features distinguishing pandemic h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia from interpandemic community-acquired pneumonia in adults. | early identification of patients with h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia is desirable for the early instigation of antiviral agents. a study was undertaken to investigate whether adults admitted to hospital with h1n1 influenza-related pneumonia could be distinguished clinically from patients with non-h1n1 community-acquired pneumonia (cap). | 2011 | 21252388 |
| early spread of the 2009 influenza a(h1n1) pandemic in the united kingdom--use of local syndromic data, may-august 2009. | following the confirmation of the first two cases of pandemic influenza on 27 april 2009 in the united kingdom (uk), syndromic surveillance data from the health protection agency (hpa)/qsurveillance and hpa/nhs direct systems were used to monitor the possible spread of pandemic influenza at local level during the first phase of the outbreak. during the early weeks, syndromic indicators sensitive to influenza activity monitored through the two schemes remained low and the majority of cases were t ... | 2011 | 21262185 |
| manhood, the male body, courtship and the household in early modern england. | | 1999 | 21265229 |
| mavaric - a comparison of automation-assisted and manual cervical screening: a randomised controlled trial. | the principal objective was to compare automation-assisted reading of cervical cytology with manual reading using the histological end point of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ii (cin2) or worse (cin2+). secondary objectives included (i) an assessment of the slide ranking facility of the becton dickinson (bd) focalpoint™ slide profiler (becton dickinson, franklin lakes, nj, usa), especially 'no further review', (ii) a comparison of the two approved automated systems, the thinprep® imagi ... | 2011 | 21266159 |
| using electronic patient records to assess the impact of swine flu (influenza h1n1) on mental health patients. | electronic patient records are increasingly used in primary care research, but rarely in psychiatric research. little is known about how people with pre-existing mental illness respond to public health threats. | 2011 | 21271827 |
| mapping of sexual health promotion in north west england, 2008. | to map sexual health promotion activity and resources across north west england. | 2011 | 21276994 |
| influenza b is now predominant strain, as flu cases continue to fall. | | 2011 | 21278205 |
| changing times: preparing to meet palliative needs in the 21st century. | globally, 56 million people die each year and for many, in resource-rich as well as resource-poor countries, the process of dying is associated with significant but preventable suffering (sepulveda et al, 2002; seymour at al, 2010). since the introduction of the modern hospice movement in the 1960s, marked by the opening of st christopher's hospice in sydenham, london by the late dame cicely saunders, the principles and practice of palliative care have been disseminated round the world, to the e ... | 2011 | 21278644 |
| flu questions and answers. flu's impact on intensive care. | | 2011 | 21285220 |
| human resources. the art of persuasion. | | 2010 | 21287839 |
| from containment to community: trigger points from the london pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza incident response. | in the uk, during the first wave of pandemic (h1n1) 2009 influenza, a national 'containment' strategy was employed from 25 april to 2 july 2009, with case finding, treatment of cases, contact tracing and prophylaxis of close contacts. the aim of the strategy was to delay the introduction and spread of pandemic flu in the uk, provide a better understanding of the course of the novel disease, and thereby allow more time for the development of treatment and vaccination options. | 2011 | 21288544 |
| modelling the impact of local reactive school closures on critical care provision during an influenza pandemic. | despite the fact that the 2009 h1n1 pandemic influenza strain was less severe than had been feared, both seasonal epidemics of influenza-like-illness and future influenza pandemics have the potential to place a serious burden on health services. the closure of schools has been postulated as a means of reducing transmission between children and hence reducing the number of cases at the peak of an epidemic; this is supported by the marked reduction in cases during school holidays observed across t ... | 2011 | 21288945 |
| no effect of 2008/09 seasonal influenza vaccination on the risk of pandemic h1n1 2009 influenza infection in england. | this study reports effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine (tiv) against confirmed pandemic influenza infection in england using a retrospective test-negative case-control study. cases and controls were frequency matched by age, swabbing-week and region. on univariable and multivariable analysis adjusted for underlying clinical risk factors, cases were no more or less likely than controls to be vaccinated with 2008-09 or 2007-08 season tiv. adjusted vaccine effectiveness for the former was ... | 2011 | 21292008 |
| what could they have been thinking? how sociotechnical system design influences cognition: a case study of the stockwell shooting. | understanding why an individual acted in a certain way is of fundamental importance to the human factors community, especially when the choice of action results in an undesirable outcome. this challenge is typically tackled by applying retrospective interview techniques to generate models of what happened, recording deviations from a 'correct procedure'. while such approaches may have great utility in tightly constrained procedural environments, they are less applicable in complex sociotechnical ... | 2011 | 21294009 |
| brief communication: developmental dysplasia of the hip in medieval london. | developmental dysplasia of the hip (ddh) is a spectrum of disease starting in childhood and in many cases persisting into adulthood. the spectrum ranges from acetabular dysplasia, through hip subluxation to dislocation. the aim of this research was to determine the prevalence and pathoanatomy of acetabular dysplasia and subluxation in excavated human skeletal remains, to complement past research on dislocation in ddh. the material under study was the medieval cemetery of st. mary spital in londo ... | 2010 | 21302274 |
| ectopic pregnancy: using the hcg ratio to select women for expectant or medical management. | objective. to identify variables that can be used to select women with an ectopic pregnancy for expectant or medical management with systemic methotrexate. design. cohort study. setting. early pregnancy unit of a london teaching hospital. population. women with a tubal ectopic pregnancy managed non-surgically. methods. the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy was made using transvaginal sonography. human chorionic gonadotrophin (hcg) levels had to be taken at 0 hour and 48 hours pre-treatment. o ... | 2010 | 21306315 |
| understanding mortality in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic in england and wales. | the causes of recurrent waves in the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic are not fully understood. | 2010 | 21306572 |
| increase in invasive streptococcus pyogenes and streptococcus pneumoniae infections in england, december 2010 to january 2011. | increases in invasive streptococcus pyogenes and s. pneumoniae above the seasonally expected levels are currently being seen in england. preliminary analyses suggest that the high level of influenza activity seen this winter may be contributing to an increased risk of concurrent invasive bacterial and influenza infections in children and young adults. | 2011 | 21315057 |
| group a streptococcal infections during the seasonal influenza outbreak 2010/11 in south east england. | we present a series of 19 cases of invasive group a streptococcal (igas) infection reported to the thames valley health protection unit from 1 december 2010 to 15 january 2011. ten patients died and a prodrome of influenza-like illness was reported in 14 cases.influenza b co-infection was confirmed in four cases,three of which were fatal. our report provides further evidence that influenza b co-infection with igas has the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. | 2011 | 21315058 |
| prevalence of human papillomavirus antibodies in males and females in england. | most studies of human papillomavirus (hpv) epidemiology have employed dna testing, which measures current infections. serum antibodies offer a longer-term marker of infection in individuals who seroconvert and can therefore provide additional information about the exposure of populations to hpv. | 2011 | 21317688 |
| out of our heads! four perspectives on the curation of an on-line exhibition of medically themed artwork by uk medical undergraduates. | the medical school at bristol university is noted for offering, and in some instances requiring, its students to work creatively with medical themes. students, artists, educationalists and a web designer have worked to create an on-line exhibition of the resulting creative output. this can be viewed at www.outofourheads.net. this site is a themed repository of poetry, prose, drawings, paintings, cartoons, films, music, dance and rap. most works come with commentaries that can be as illuminating ... | 2010 | 21321667 |
| integrated analysis of water quality parameters for cost-effective faecal pollution management in river catchments. | in many parts of the world, microbial contamination of surface waters used for drinking, recreation, and shellfishery remains a pervasive risk to human health, especially in less economically developed countries (ledc). however, the capacity to provide effective management strategies to break the waterborne route to human infection is often thwarted by our inability to identify the source of microbial contamination. microbial source tracking (mst) has potential to improve water quality managemen ... | 2011 | 21324505 |
| climate change: human influence on rainfall. | | 2011 | 21331034 |
| anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in england and wales in autumn 2000. | interest in attributing the risk of damaging weather-related events to anthropogenic climate change is increasing. yet climate models used to study the attribution problem typically do not resolve the weather systems associated with damaging events such as the uk floods of october and november 2000. occurring during the wettest autumn in england and wales since records began in 1766, these floods damaged nearly 10,000 properties across that region, disrupted services severely, and caused insured ... | 2011 | 21331040 |
| heterogeneous topographic profiles of kinetic and cell cycle regulator microsatellites in atypical (dysplastic) melanocytic nevi. | atypical (dysplastic) melanocytic nevi are clinically heterogeneous malignant melanoma precursors, for which no topographic analysis of cell kinetic, cell cycle regulators and microsatellite profile is available. we selected low-grade atypical melanocytic nevi (92), high-grade atypical melanocytic nevi (41), melanocytic nevi (18 junctional, 25 compound) and malignant melanomas (16 radial growth phase and 27 vertical growth phase). tp53, cdkn2a, cdkn1a, and cdkn1b microsatellite patterns were top ... | 2011 | 21336261 |
| modelling borderline and mild dysplasia associated with hpv 6 and 11 infection. | low risk hpv types 6/11 are responsible for some low-grade cytological abnormalities. most economic analyses of hpv vaccination have estimated the additional benefit of hpv 6/11 protection by the quadrivalent vaccine, over the bivalent, based on reduction of genital warts but have not included reduction in repeat smears and colposcopies due to low-grade abnormalities. we investigate the contribution of hpv types 6/11 to abnormal smears and associated costs in england. | 2011 | 21338682 |
| fine-scale population genetic structure and sex-biased dispersal in the smooth snake (coronella austriaca) in southern england. | human-induced alteration of natural habitats has the potential to impact on the genetic structuring of remnant populations at multiple spatial scales. species from higher trophic levels, such as snakes, are expected to be particularly susceptible to land-use changes. we examined fine-scale population structure and looked for evidence of sex-biased dispersal in smooth snakes (coronella austriaca), sampled from 10 heathland localities situated within a managed coniferous forest in dorset, united k ... | 2011 | 21343947 |
| can a mind have two time lines? exploring space-time mapping in mandarin and english speakers. | spatial representations of time are a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. nevertheless, interesting sociolinguistic variations exist with respect to where in space people locate temporal constructs. for instance, while in english time metaphorically flows horizontally, in mandarin an additional vertical dimension is employed. noting that the bilingual mind can flexibly accommodate multiple representations, the present work explored whether mandarin-english bilinguals possess two mental time l ... | 2011 | 21347879 |
| earliest directly-dated human skull-cups. | the use of human braincases as drinking cups and containers has extensive historic and ethnographic documentation, but archaeological examples are extremely rare. in the upper palaeolithic of western europe, cut-marked and broken human bones are widespread in the magdalenian (~15 to 12,000 years bp) and skull-cup preparation is an element of this tradition. | 2011 | 21359211 |
| the impact of new national hiv testing guidelines at a district general hospital in an area of high hiv seroprevalence. | the latest uk national human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing guidelines, released in september 2008, state that hiv testing should be offered to all patients with indicator conditions and considered in all general medical admissions in high-prevalence areas. we audited testing rates at blackpool victoria hospital, a high-prevalence area, one year before and one year after the publication of the new guidelines. in the year after publication the rate of hiv testing in patients with indicator ... | 2011 | 21365059 |
| attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination: a qualitative study of vaccinated and unvaccinated girls aged 17-18 years. | background and methodology this study explored knowledge about human papillomavirus (hpv) and attitudes towards hpv vaccination among girls who were part of the 'catch-up' vaccination programme. interviews were carried out between march and may 2009 with girls (aged 17-18 years) who had received hpv vaccine (n=5) and girls who had opted not to receive hpv vaccine (n=5). interviews lasted approximately 25 minutes, were recorded and transcribed verbatim. the data were analysed qualitatively using ... | 2011 | 21367699 |
| age-specific incidence of a/h1n1 2009 influenza infection in england from sequential antibody prevalence data using likelihood-based estimation. | estimating the age-specific incidence of an emerging pathogen is essential for understanding its severity and transmission dynamics. this paper describes a statistical method that uses likelihoods to estimate incidence from sequential serological data. the method requires information on seroconversion intervals and allows integration of information on the temporal distribution of cases from clinical surveillance. among a family of candidate incidences, a likelihood function is derived by reconst ... | 2011 | 21373639 |
| exploring the psychological factors involved in the ladbroke grove rail accident. | ten years after the event and the question as to exactly why a driver passed a signal at danger to cause the ladbroke grove rail disaster is still an open one. this paper uses the literature on human error and cognition, combined with critical path analysis, to provide further insight. five aspects of train operation are drawn out of the known facts surrounding the incident: custom and practice in the use of the driver's reminder appliance, operation and use of the automatic warning system, the ... | 2011 | 21376909 |
| value of mismatch repair, kras, and braf mutations in predicting recurrence and benefits from chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. | it is uncertain whether modest benefits from adjuvant chemotherapy in stage ii colorectal cancer justify the toxicity, cost, and inconvenience. we investigated the usefulness of defective mismatch repair (dmmr), braf, and kras mutations in predicting tumor recurrence and sensitivity to chemotherapy. | 2011 | 21383284 |
| phase i trial of a selective c-met inhibitor arq 197 incorporating proof of mechanism pharmacodynamic studies. | the hepatocyte growth factor/c-met axis is implicated in tumor cell proliferation, survival, and angiogenesis. arq 197 is an oral, selective, non-adenosine triphosphate competitive c-met inhibitor. a phase i trial of arq 197 was conducted to assess safety, tolerability, and target inhibition, including intratumoral c-met signaling, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. | 2011 | 21383285 |
| one size fits all: or horses for courses? recovery-based care in specialist mental health services. | the ôçÿrecovery approachôçö to the management of severe mental health problems has become a guiding vision of service provision amongst many practitioners, researchers, and policy makers as well as service users. | 2011 | 21391337 |