| antibody response to purified chick embryo cell vaccine in equines for production of equine rabies immune globulin. | rabies is endemic in india. the post exposure treatment of class three bite cases, as recommended by the world health organization, must involve the use of rabies immunoglobulin as soon as possible and up to the seventh day of start of anti rabies vaccination. the annual requirement in india as projected by the ministry of health, government of india is about 1500 liters of purified anti rabies serum (erig). central research institute (cri), kasauli, being the sole producer of erig in india, an ... | 2003 | 14624792 |
| combined use of radioimagers and radioactive 3'oh dna nick end labelling to quantify apoptosis in cell lines and tissue sections: applications to virus-induced apoptosis. | dna fragmentation is a key feature of the degradation phase of apoptosis. in this work we have developed an assay, based on radioimager (beta-imager and micro-imager) quantification of radioactive nick end labelling (ranel), which is quantitative, rapid and sensitive to study in vitro and in vivo induced apoptosis. to establish the technique, in vitro apoptosis of t cell lines was induced by stimulation of the fas receptor; cells were labelled using tdt-mediated [alpha-33p] dctp nick end labelli ... | 1999 | 14634279 |
| macro-architecture of basal ganglia loops with the cerebral cortex: use of rabies virus to reveal multisynaptic circuits. | we have used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus to examine basal ganglia connections with the cerebral cortex. we injected rabies into the primary motor cortex (m1) or into area 46 of cebus monkeys. a 4-day survival time was long enough to allow transport of rabies from the injection site to 'third-order' neurons in the basal ganglia. after either m1 or area 46 injections, third-order neurons were found in the external segment of the globus pallidus (gpe), striatum and subthalami ... | 2004 | 14653187 |
| unusual manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy in two irish wolfhound siblings. | in hepatic encephalopathy the brain lesions are usually characterised by polymicrocavitation, preferentially in the white matter, and the occurrence of alzheimer type ii cells. this paper describes an unusual manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy in two irish wolfhound siblings in which the white matter was not involved predominantly. both puppies had developed progressive neurological disturbances and signs of blindness. histologically, there were widespread spongiform changes in the neuropil ... | 2003 | 14682542 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2002. | during 2002, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,967 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the centers for disease control and prevention, an increase of 7.2% from the 7,436 cases in non-human animals and 1 case in a human being reported in 2001. more than 92% (7,375 cases) were in wild animals, whereas 7.4% (592) were in domestic species (compared with 93.3% in wild animals and 6.7% in domestic species in 2001). compared with cases reported in 2001, the numbers of ... | 2003 | 14690203 |
| in vitro inactivation of the rabies virus by ascorbic acid. | the current recommended inactivating agent for the rabies virus, beta propiolactone (bpl) is very expensive and potentially carcinogenic. there is a need to evaluate alternative chemicals, which will inactivate the virus without affecting its antigenicity. in this study the effect of ascorbic acid on the infectivity of the rabies virus has been investigated. | 2004 | 14690777 |
| characterization of a slow-migrating component of the rabies virus matrix protein strongly associated with the viral glycoprotein. | we investigated multiple forms of rabies virus matrix (m) protein. under non-reducing electrophoretic conditions, we detected, in addition to major bands of monomer forms (23- and 24-kda) of m protein, an m antigen-positive slow-migrating minor band (about 54 kda) in both the virion and infected cells. relative contents of the 54-kda and monomer components in the virion were about 20-30% and 70-80% of the whole m protein, respectively, while the content of the 54-kda component was smaller (about ... | 2003 | 14695448 |
| prevalence of rabies virus and hantaan virus infections in commensal rodents and shrews trapped in bangkok. | five hundred rodents and shrews (rattus norvegicus: 458, rattus rattus: 28, rattus exulans: 5, mus musculus: 4 and suncus murine: 5) trapped from the fresh food markets around bangkok area were investigated for rabies virus and hantaan virus infections. no rabies viral antigens in the animals' brains were detected by direct immunofluorescence. on the other hand, antibodies to hantaan virus were demonstrated in the sera of 7 (1.53%) r. norvegicus caught in various markets using a particle aggluti ... | 2003 | 14696782 |
| effect of age on immune parameters and the immune response of dogs to vaccines: a cross-sectional study. | the evaluation of anti-aging intervention strategies in dogs would benefit from reliable quantitative biomarkers of aging. in the present study, the expression of various immune parameters was measured in young and old dogs to identify potential biomarkers of aging. the second goal of the study was to determine the effect of age on the immune response to vaccines. the immune function, including the antibody response to vaccines, was determined in 32 young adult (3.15+/-0.8 years of age) and 33 o ... | 2004 | 14700539 |
| [recombinant replication-defective adenovirus based rabies vaccine]. | to construct and characterize recombinant adenoviruses containing glycoprotein (gp) gene from rabies virus cvs-n2c strain. | 2003 | 14714304 |
| evaluation of a taqman pcr assay to detect rabies virus rna: influence of sequence variation and application to quantification of viral loads. | published assays that use taqman pcr are consistently sensitive, rapid, and readily transferable. here we describe a taqman pcr-based method for the detection of rabies virus (rv) rna in tissue samples. we show that the method has an acceptable linear range, is both sensitive and specific, and, importantly, correlates with the concentration of infectious virus. in addition, the levels of rv-specific amplification are adjustable according to the levels of an endogenous control (beta-actin mrna), ... | 2004 | 14715769 |
| haematophagous bats in brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population. | haematophagous bats exist only in latin america, from méxico to the northern provinces of argentina. they are represented by three species, desmodus rotundus, diphylla ecaudata and diaemus youngii. while two species feed only on blood of wild birds, one species, d. rotundus, causes losses feeding on livestock and could be a vector for rabies virus. the cases in which humans were bitten by the bat have increased in brazil. bats became a target of control activities by farming communities and loca ... | 2003 | 14720182 |
| environmental and human demographic features associated with epizootic raccoon rabies in maryland, pennsylvania, and virginia. | we assessed land use and demographic data as predictors discriminating between counties experiencing large or small first epizootics of rabies among raccoons (procyon lotor). monthly county reports of raccoons testing positive for rabies were obtained from rabies surveillance databases from maryland, pennsylvania, and virginia (usa). environmental and demographic data for the three states were obtained from public sources. on the basis of total reports of raccoon rabies during the first defined ... | 2003 | 14733282 |
| clinical evaluation of rabies virus meningoencephalomyelitis in a dog. | a 6-month-old, female, mixed-breed dog presented for acute, progressive, flaccid paraplegia and bilateral pelvic-limb hyperesthesia. a lymphocytic pleocytosis with 366 mg/dl protein was found on cerebral spinal fluid (csf) evaluation. electromyography (emg) demonstrated positive sharp waves and fibrillations in the left pelvic limb; the m wave of the left sciatic nerve was not obtainable by nerve stimulation. seizures and dementia began during recovery from anesthesia. six days after onset of pa ... | 2003 | 14736720 |
| transduction patterns of pseudotyped lentiviral vectors in the nervous system. | we have developed a non-primate-based lentiviral vector based on the equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) for efficient gene transfer to the central and peripheral nervous systems. previously we have demonstrated that pseudotyping lentiviral vectors with the rabies virus glycoprotein confers retrograde axonal transport to these vectors. in the present study we have successfully produced high-titer eiav vectors pseudotyped with envelope glycoproteins from rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus ( ... | 2004 | 14741783 |
| phox2a gene, a6 neurons, and noradrenaline are essential for development of normal respiratory rhythm in mice. | although respiration is vital to the survival of all mammals from the moment of birth, little is known about the genetic factors controlling the prenatal maturation of this physiological process. here we investigated the role of the phox2a gene that encodes for a homeodomain protein involved in the generation of noradrenergic a6 neurons in the maturation of the respiratory network. first, comparisons of the respiratory activity of fetuses delivered surgically from heterozygous phox2a pregnant mi ... | 2004 | 14749437 |
| cpg methylation of a plasmid vector results in extended transgene product expression by circumventing induction of immune responses. | gene therapy has the potential to cure inherited diseases if the delivered genes achieve long-term expression at therapeutic levels in the targeted tissues. expression is commonly short-lived due to induction of cell-mediated immune responses to the gene therapy vehicle and/or the transgene product, which can be perceived as "foreign" by the host's immune system. plasmid expression vectors have been used to deliver genes. bacterial dna carries immunostimulatory sequences in the form of unmethyla ... | 2004 | 14759809 |
| rabies virus production in high vero cell density cultures on macroporous microcarriers. | the purpose of the study was to investigate the rabies virus multiplication in vero cell cultures performed on porous microcarriers, mcs (cellulose-cytopore and gelatin-cultispher g), which provide higher available surface area compared with solid (nonporous) mcs (deae-cytodex 1). in a set of experiments performed at the same mc concentration (mcs per milliliter), cell densities regularly obtained in porous mc cultures were comparable, but almost twice as high as those in solid mc cultures. in a ... | 2004 | 14760691 |
| [first reinforced rabies virus isolated at shanghai]. | | 1950 | 14771615 |
| [effect of aureomycin on rabies virus]. | | 1950 | 14775386 |
| [virulence by subcutaneous route of fixed rabies virus added to the saliva of normal dogs]. | | 1950 | 14787258 |
| [effect of several antibiotics on the rabies virus]. | | 1950 | 14808945 |
| [intracarotid inoculation of rabies virus]. | | 1951 | 14830335 |
| fixed rabies virus in blood following intracerebral inoculation in mice and rabbits. | | 1951 | 14844322 |
| transmission of a strain of rabies virus to the large brown bat (eptesicus fuscus) and to the cave bat (myotis lucifugus). | | 1951 | 14849156 |
| [action of terramycin on the rabies virus, newcastle disease and avian variola]. | | 1951 | 14857443 |
| [effect of aureomycin on rabies virus]. | | 1951 | 14857457 |
| [strengthening of rabies virus in a sewer rat]. | | 1951 | 14925481 |
| studies on chick embryo adapted rabies virus. iii. duration of immunity in vaccinated dogs. | | 1952 | 14949068 |
| european bat lyssaviruses: an emerging zoonosis. | in europe, two bat lyssaviruses referred to as european bat lyssaviruses (eblvs) types 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 and 6 respectively) which are closely related to classical rabies virus are responsible for an emerging zoonosis. eblvs are host restricted to bats, and have been known to infect not only their primary hosts but also in rare circumstances, induce spillover infections to terrestrial mammals including domestic livestock, wildlife and man. although spillover infections have occurred, there ha ... | 2003 | 14959767 |
| generation and characterization of p gene-deficient rabies virus. | rabies virus (rv) deficient in the p gene was generated by reverse genetics from cdna of hep-flury strain lacking the entire p gene. the defective virus was propagated and amplified by rescue of virus, using a cell line that complemented the functions of the deficient gene. the p gene-deficient (def-p) virus replicated its genome and produced progeny viruses in the cell lines that constitutively expressed the p protein, although it grew at a slightly retarded rate compared to the parental strain ... | 2004 | 14972555 |
| budding of ppxy-containing rhabdoviruses is not dependent on host proteins tgs101 and vps4a. | viral matrix proteins of several enveloped rna viruses play important roles in virus assembly and budding and are by themselves able to bud from the cell surface in the form of lipid-enveloped, virus-like particles (vlps). three motifs (pt/sap, ppxy, and yxxl) have been identified as late budding domains (l-domains) responsible for efficient budding. l-domains can functionally interact with cellular proteins involved in vacuolar sorting (vps4a and tsg101) and endocytic pathways (nedd4), suggesti ... | 2004 | 14990685 |
| neutralising antibody titration in 25,000 sera of dogs and cats vaccinated against rabies in france, in the framework of the new regulations that offer an alternative to quarantine. | regulations governing international movements of domestic carnivores from rabies-infected to rabies-free countries have recently been loosened, with the adoption of a system that combines vaccination against rabies and serological surveillance (neutralising antibody titration test with a threshold of 0.5 ui/ml). since 1993, the research laboratory for rabies and wild animal pathology in nancy, france, has analysed over 25,000 sera from dogs and cats using a viral seroneutralisation technique. th ... | 2003 | 15005543 |
| [a case of bat rabies in a cat in the province of buenos aires, argentina]. | in the central laboratory of public health in buenos aires, rabies was detected in a cat that was brought in for diagnosis by its owners. the animal, which was displaying symptoms of the furious form of the disease, had attacked three people in the rural area of chascomús, near the rio de la plata. all three of the people who had been bitten received the necessary treatment. the diagnosis was made using the fluorescent antibody test and the inoculation of mice and the results were communicated t ... | 2003 | 15005558 |
| the phylogeography of human viruses. | viruses, especially those with rna genomes, represent ideal organisms to study the dynamics of microevolutionary change. in particular, their rapid rate of nucleotide substitution means that the epidemiological processes that shape their diversity act on the same time-scale as mutations are fixed in viral populations. consequently, the branching structure of virus phylogenies provides a unique insight into spatial and temporal dynamics. herein, i describe the key processes in virus phylogeograph ... | 2004 | 15012753 |
| development of a qualitative indirect elisa for the measurement of rabies virus-specific antibodies from vaccinated dogs and cats. | a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus-specific antibodies in serum samples from companion animals using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) is described. this method has been used successfully for the qualitative assessment of rabies virus-specific antibodies in serum samples from a cohort of vaccinated dogs and cats. in two initial field studies, a variable population of field samples from the veterinary laboratories agency (vla), united kingdom were tested. in the firs ... | 2004 | 15019254 |
| a phylogenetic reconstruction of the epidemiological history of canine rabies virus variants in colombia. | historically, canine rabies in colombia has been caused by two geographically distinct canine variants of rabies virus (rv) which between 1992 and 2002 accounted for approximately 95% of colombian rabies cases. genetic variant 1 (gv1) has been isolated up until 1997 in the central region and the department of arauca, and is now considered extinct through a successful vaccination program. genetic variant 2 (gv2) has been isolated from the northern caribbean region and continues to circulate at pr ... | 2004 | 15019589 |
| spill-over of european bat lyssavirus type 1 into a stone marten (martes foina) in germany. | european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1, genotype 5) is known to endemically circulate in insectivorous bat populations in germany. in august 2001, a rabies suspect stone marten (martes foina) was found in the city of burg (saxony-anhalt, germany) and was sent to the regional veterinary laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. whereas brain samples repeatedly tested negative in the fluorescent antibody test for classical rabies virus (genotype 1), the mouse inoculation test and the rabies tissue ... | 2004 | 15030600 |
| monoclonal antibody characterization of rabies virus isolates from russia, finland and estonia. | five different rabies virus variants were identified among rabies virus-positive samples from russia, finland and estonia, using a panel of five anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies. two rabies virus isolates showed a different reaction pattern, suggesting the presence of a new antigenic variant. the results were compared with the data obtained by other research groups. | 2004 | 15030608 |
| comparison of systemic and mucosal delivery of 2 canarypox virus vaccines expressing either hiv-1 genes or the gene for rabies virus g protein. | since the primary routes of human immunodeficiency type 1 (hiv-1) infection are across mucosal barriers, a randomized trial of canarypox virus-based vectors was conducted in 84 individuals, with delivery of vaccine by mucosal routes, and was accompanied by a detailed analysis of humoral, cellular, and mucosal immune responses. | 2004 | 15031791 |
| glycoprotein of nonpathogenic rabies viruses is a major inducer of apoptosis in human jurkat t cells. | this study sought to identify the rv protein that causes apoptosis. for this purpose, we first compared the ability of g and n proteins of a pathogenic and a nonpathogenic strain to trigger apoptosis of jurkat rtta by using an inducible tet-on expression system. then we analyzed apoptosis induced by a reverse genetic-engineered recombinant rabies virus in which the g gene from a nonpathogenic strain was replaced by its pathogenic strain counterpart. no other virus proteins than g of nonpathogeni ... | 2003 | 15033795 |
| apoptosis inversely correlates with rabies virus neurotropism. | we report that non-neurotropic rabies virus (rv) strains, currently used to immunize wildlife against rabies, induces not only a caspase-dependent apoptosis in the human lymphoblastoid jurkat t cell line (jurkat-vect), but also a caspase-independent pathway. cell redistribution of the apoptosis-inducing factor (aif) was observed in jurkat-vect infected with rv vaccine strain. bcl-2 overproduction in jurkat t cells (jurkat-bcl-2) abolished both caspase activation and aif distribution. in contrast ... | 2003 | 15033799 |
| host-dependent type 1 cytokine responses driven by inactivated viruses may fail to default in the absence of il-12 or ifn-alpha/beta. | replicating viruses generally induce type 1 immune responses, with high interferon (ifn)-gamma levels and antibodies of the igg2a isotype. in the present study we demonstrate the intrinsic ability of non-replicating virions to induce comparable immune responses in the notable absence of any adjuvant. injection of inactivated pseudorabies virus, an alphaherpesvirus, by various routes into mice resulted in the generation of t helper (th) 1 type immune response. co-delivery of inactivated pseudorab ... | 2004 | 15039522 |
| recombinant rhabdoviruses as potential vaccines for hiv-1 and other diseases. | the failure to develop vaccines to protect against important infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus type i (hiv-1) or hepatitis c virus (hcv) has increased the interest in new vaccine strategies. one of these methods is immunization with an attenuated recombinant viral vector expressing a foreign antigen, which could protect individuals from later exposure to the respective pathogen. a new method to recover a non-segmented negative-stranded rna virus (nnsv) from cdna was descri ... | 2003 | 15043205 |
| t cells from elderly persons respond to neoantigenic stimulation with an unimpaired il-2 production and an enhanced differentiation into effector cells. | we analysed the capacity of t cells from young and elderly persons to produce il-2 and ifn-gamma after in vitro stimulation with two neoantigens, namely inactivated rabies virus and recombinant etr protein of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev). soluble antigens should per definition primarly stimulate cd4(+) naïve t cells. cytokine production was analysed by elispot technology. t cells from elderly and young donors produced similar amounts of il-2 after priming with both neoantigens. in contra ... | 2004 | 15050295 |
| elimination of alkaloids from plant-derived human monoclonal antibody. | a human antiviral monoclonal antibody (mab) expressed in transgenic tobacco plants was purified from the tobacco leaf by two different methods. in one method, total protein precipitated with ammonium sulfate was applied to a hi-trap protein a column (column method). in the second method, leaf supernatant obtained after liquid nitrogen leaf grinding was directly immunoprecipitated using protein a-agarose beads (immunoprecipitation method). the column and immunoprecipitation methods yielded 0.52 a ... | 2004 | 15087223 |
| genetic typing of feline rabies virus isolated in greater bangkok, thailand. | to study the molecular epidemiology of rabies virus that is prevalent among cats in greater bangkok, thailand, a total of 17 rabies virus isolates from cats were characterized and compared with 120 rabies virus isolates from dogs. analyses were performed on the genetic polymorphism in the rabies virus nucleoprotein (n) gene. rabies virus n gene of isolates was amplified by reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction. the diversity of n gene was revealed by the restriction fragment length poly ... | 2004 | 15107541 |
| simulated post-exposure rabies vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine using a modified thai red cross regimen. | currently, two intradermal regimens for the administration of cell culture rabies vaccines are approved by the who for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis: the two site thai red cross regimen (trc) and the eight site regimen. for the trc regimen the volume of vaccine recommended per dose is 0.1 ml of purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) and 0.2 ml of purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcec). the objective of the present study was to evaluate comparatively the immune response to pcec and pvrv v ... | 2004 | 15109593 |
| assessing anti-rabies baiting--what happens on the ground? | rabies is one of the most hazardous zoonoses in the world. oral mass vaccination has developed into the most effective management method to control fox rabies. the future need to control the disease in large countries (i.e. eastern europe and the americas) forces cost-benefit discussions. the 'increase bait density' option refers to the usual management assumption that more baits per km2 could compensate for high fox abundance and override the imperfect supply of bait pieces to the individual fo ... | 2004 | 15113448 |
| emerging encephalitogenic viruses: lyssaviruses and henipaviruses transmitted by frugivorous bats. | three newly recognized encephalitogenic zoonotic viruses spread from fruit bats of the genus pteropus (order chiroptera, suborder megachiroptera) have been recognised over the past decade. these are: hendra virus, formerly named equine morbillivirus, which was responsible for an outbreak of disease in horses and humans in brisbane, australia, in 1994; australian bat lyssavirus, the cause of a severe acute encephalitis, in 1996; and nipah virus, the cause of a major outbreak of encephalitis and p ... | 2004 | 15119765 |
| subversive neuroinvasive strategy of rabies virus. | rabies virus (rabv) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects the neurons. rabv is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. it enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. it then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. the virions are then excreted in the saliva of the animal and can be transmitted to another host by bite. thu ... | 2004 | 15119770 |
| factors affecting the serological response of dogs and cats to rabies vaccination. | after being vaccinated against rabies some cats and dogs fail to show an antibody titre adequate to meet the requirements of the uk pet travel scheme. to investigate this problem, the data derived from 16,073 serum samples submitted to the veterinary laboratories agency for serological testing between 1999 and 2002, 1002 samples submitted to biobest during march and april 2001, and 1264 samples associated with one make of vaccine submitted to biobest between june 2001 and january 2003, were anal ... | 2004 | 15119893 |
| [estimate of the validity of a new method for the isolation of rabies virus]. | no population-based studies have been conducted to show the potential for the use of virological diagnosis of the rabies virus. the objective of the present study was to estimate accuracy parameters for the isolation of the rabies virus in mccoy cells as an alternative method and to compare this with the use of murine neuroblastoma (n2a) cells, which is considered to be a reference method. | 2004 | 15122390 |
| the 12 a structure of trypsin-treated measles virus n-rna. | recombinant measles virus nucleoprotein (n) was produced in insect cells where it bound to cellular rna to form helical n-rna structures. these structures were observed by electron microscopy but were too flexible for high-resolution image analysis. removal of the c-terminal tail of n by trypsin treatment resulted in structures that were much more rigid and seemed more regular. several methods of image analysis were employed in order to make a helical reconstruction of the digested n-rna. during ... | 2004 | 15136034 |
| characterization of oita virus 296/1972 of rhabdoviridae isolated from a horseshoe bat bearing characteristics of both lyssavirus and vesiculovirus. | oita virus 296/1972 was isolated from the blood of a wild horseshoe bat, rhinolophus cornutus (temminck) in 1972. we investigated the pathogenicity of this virus in mice in relation to its histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics and the entire sequence of nucleoprotein gene. this virus caused lethal encephalitis in mice through intracerebral route. this susceptibility of mice was until 3 weeks of age. immunohistochemical analysis using the convalescent sera obtained ... | 2004 | 15168201 |
| [development of tests for assessment of efficiency of vaccination for rabies prophylaxis. ]. | | 2004 | 15174318 |
| rabies and other lyssavirus diseases. | | 2004 | 15183634 |
| immunohistochemical localization of endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase within neurons of cattle with rabies. | the expression of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (enos) and inducible nos (inos) in the brains of cattle with natural rabies was studied. increased expression of enos was detected in neurons of the brain stem and purkinje cells of cerebellum. by contrast, inos was diffusely localized in the cytoplasm of affected neurons, and some inflammatory cells were positive. enos and rabies antigen were co-localized in inclusion bodies (negri bodies) in neurons. the specific localization of ... | 2004 | 15187365 |
| [construction of human phage-displayed scfv library and selection of the scfv against rabies virus]. | to construct a human phage displayed single chain fv antibody (scfv) library and screen specific scfv against rabies virus. | 2004 | 15191736 |
| current status and potential application of iscoms in veterinary medicine. | the immune stimulating complex (iscom) is a 40 nm nanoparticle used as a delivery system for vaccine antigens, targeting the immune system both after parenteral and mucosal administration. the iscom is made up of saponin, lipids and antigen usually held together by hydrophobic interaction between these three components. the compulsory elements to form the iscom structure are cholesterol and saponin. when the antigen is omitted the iscom-matrix is formed. there are a number of saponins that can f ... | 2004 | 15191787 |
| vaccination of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) with monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine. | twenty-six captive, adult egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were tested for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rvna) using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test before and after vaccination. the bats were randomly assigned into three treatment groups: group a (n = 10) bats each received one 0.1-ml dose of monovalent inactivated rabies vaccine, group b (n = 10) bats each received two 0.1-ml doses of vaccine given 30 days apart, and group c (n = 6) bats remained un ... | 2004 | 15193074 |
| rabies virus nucleoprotein as a carrier for foreign antigens. | rabies virus (rv) nucleoprotein (n) tightly encapsidates the genomic and antigenomic rna of rv to form the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex. antigens, such as n, presented in a highly organized structure are sufficient and even desirable to activate b cells to proliferate and produce antibodies. in addition to activating b cells to proliferate, it has been shown that rv n in the rnp complex induces potent t helper cell responses resulting in long-lasting and strong humoral immune responses ... | 2004 | 15197258 |
| bat rabies, texas, 1996-2000. | bats submitted to the texas department of health (1996-2000) were speciated and tested for rabies virus antigen by direct immunofluorescence microscopy. antigenic analysis of rabies virus-positive specimens was performed with monoclonal antibodies against the nucleoprotein of the virus; atypical or unexpected results were confirmed by genetic analysis of nucleoprotein sequence. | 2004 | 15200840 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies in botswana: a comparison between antibody typing and nucleotide sequence phylogeny. | a panel of rabies virus isolates (rabv) endemic within botswana between 1988 and 1992 have been typed by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibodies (mab) into two dominant groups. the first associated with the domestic dog (canis familiaris) and the second associated with a range of wildlife species. using nucleoprotein coding sequence data, we have applied molecular phylogenetic techniques to the same panel of 35 well-characterised rabies virus isolates from throughout botswana in an attempt to co ... | 2004 | 15201031 |
| viral diseases of the ruminant nervous system. | this article presents the etiology, epidemiology, clinical features,and diagnosis of the primary viral neurologic diseases observed in ruminants. in general, these viral neurologic diseases are uncommon but often fatal. rabies virus is perhaps the most important cause of encephalitis in cattle because of the public health implications. other viral encephalitis diseases in ruminants include bovine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis, pseudorabies, malignant catarrhal fever, ovine and caprine lentiviral ... | 2004 | 15203229 |
| raccoon poxvirus as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. | in the present study, we evaluated both the immunogenicity and safety of recombinant raccoon poxvirus (rcn) as a mucosal vaccine vector for domestic cats. rcn is an orthopoxvirus that was isolated from healthy raccoons and has been used experimentally as a vaccine vector for rabies and other antigens in a variety of species, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, bobcats, rabbits, domestic cats, piglets, sheep and non-human primates. we evaluated the antibody response induced by a recombinant rcn va ... | 2003 | 15203914 |
| region at amino acids 164 to 303 of the rabies virus glycoprotein plays an important role in pathogenicity for adult mice. | the authors have previously reported that the glycoprotein of the pathogenic nishigahara strain of rabies virus is required to lethality for adult mice. a cluster region of amino acid substitutions exists at the positions 164 to 303 on the glycoprotein between avirulent and virulent strains. in this study, the authors generated a chimeric strain having the region at the positions 164 to 303 of the glycoprotein derived from the pathogenic nishigahara strain in the genetic background of the avirul ... | 2004 | 15204932 |
| oculomotor areas of the primate frontal lobes: a transneuronal transfer of rabies virus and [14c]-2-deoxyglucose functional imaging study. | we used the [14c]-2-deoxyglucose method to study the location and extent of primate frontal lobe areas activated for saccades and fixation and the retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus to determine whether these regions are oligosynaptically connected with extraocular motoneurons. fixation-related increases of local cerebral glucose utilization (lcgu) values were found around the fundus of the inferior limb of the arcuate sulcus (as) just ventral to its genu, in the dorsomedial front ... | 2004 | 15215295 |
| association of rabies virus nominal phosphoprotein (p) with viral nucleocapsid (nc) is enhanced by phosphorylation of the viral nucleoprotein (n). | we investigated possible role(s) of n protein phosphorylation in the rabies virus replication process. a large amount of p proteins are associated with the viral nucleocapsid (nc) in the infected cell, the amount which was greatly decreased by phosphatase-treatment of the isolated nc, indicating that the phosphate group of n and/or p proteins is essential for their stable association with the nc. immunoprecipitation studies were performed on the coexpressed normal n or phosphorylation deficient ... | 2004 | 15215627 |
| the absence of anti-rabies antibody in the sera of feral raccoons (procyon lotor) captured in hokkaido, japan. | feral raccoons captured in hokkaido, japan were examined for the presence of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (vna). between 2000 to 2002, 741 serum samples were collected and then subjected to vna titer determination by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). sera showing rffit titers of > or =1:25 have been considered as positive according to previous reports. vna was detected in none of serum samples from the feral raccoons. the present study provides valuable background informatio ... | 2004 | 15218220 |
| the use of rabies immune globulin by emergency physicians. | we sought to determine the incidence of practice patterns by emergency physicians that are non-compliant with present day world health organization recommendations regarding the administration of rabies immune globulin (rig) in the prophylaxis of rabies. of the 110 patients receiving rig for rabies-prone wounds, 46 patients (41.8%; 95% ci 32-51.6%) were felt to have received the immunoglobulin in improper amounts at the bite site. in 43 of these 46 patients (92.8%; 95% ci 81.1-98.3%), there was ... | 2004 | 15219298 |
| antiviral drug discovery strategy using combinatorial libraries of structurally constrained peptides. | we have developed a new strategy for antiviral peptide discovery by using lyssaviruses (rabies virus and rabies-related viruses) as models. based on the mimicry of natural bioactive peptides, two genetically encoded combinatorial peptide libraries composed of intrinsically constrained peptides (coactamers) were designed. proteomic knowledge concerning the functional network of interactions in the lyssavirus transcription-replication complex highlights the phosphoprotein (p) as a prime target for ... | 2004 | 15220414 |
| characterization of nucleoprotein gene sequence of an indian isolate of rabies virus. | rabies occurs in all parts of indian sub-continent except andaman and nicobar and lakshadweep group of islands. the full-length nucleoprotein (n) gene sequence of a rabies virus isolate from india is reported for the first time and the same has been compared with available n gene sequences from the database. a central domain of 230 amino acids (aa) from aa 141 to aa 370 exhibited more than 95% similarity. there were 8 amino acid positions (aa 29, 32, 38, 84, 119, 379, 438, and 439) at which subs ... | 2004 | 15230475 |
| a passive haemagglutination test for rabies antibodies using rabies glycoprotein coupled erythrocytes. | the presently recommended tests for assaying rabies antibodies like mouse neutralization test (mint) and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) are either time consuming or expensive and are generally performed in reference laboratories. there is a need to develop a specific and rapid method for detection of rabies antibodies that can be used to monitor sero-conversion after pre-or post-exposure vaccination. in this study, we have developed a passive haemagglutination (pha) using purifi ... | 2003 | 15239301 |
| [effect of rabies virus infection on the expression of parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin in mouse cerebral cortex]. | some clinical features of rabies and experimental evidence from cell culture and laboratory animals suggest impairment of gabaergic neurotransmission. several types of gabaergic neurons occur in the cerebral cortex. they can be identified by three neuronal markers: the calcium binding proteins (cabps) parvalbumin (pv), calbindin (cb) and calretinin (cr). rabies virus spreads throughout the cerebral cortex; however, rabies cytopathic effects on gabaergic neurons are unknown. the expression of cal ... | 2004 | 15239603 |
| differentiation of an adult neuron cell line increases susceptibility to rabies infection. | a wide variety of in vitro models have been used for studying rabies infection, however, currently, no central nervous system (cns) adult neuron cultures are available. the current study determined the susceptibility to rabies infection in an adult cns neuron cell line (cad-r1). cultures of cad-r1 cells were held for 5 days in medium containing serum (undifferentiated cad-r1 cells) or in serum-free medium (differentiated cad-r1 cells). they were then infected with highly neurotropic rabies virus ... | 2004 | 15239606 |
| investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004. | on june 30, 2004, cdc confirmed diagnoses of rabies in three recipients of transplanted organs and in their common donor, who was found subsequently to have serologic evidence of rabies infection. the transplant recipients had encephalitis of unknown etiology after transplantation and subsequently died. specimens were sent to cdc for diagnostic evaluation. this report provides a brief summary of the ongoing investigation and information on exposure risks and postexposure measures. | 2004 | 15241303 |
| a descriptive study of urban rabies during the civil war in sierra leone: 1995-2001. | a study was conducted to assess the effects of the breakdown in internal infrastructure on the incidence of canine-transmitted human rabies in urban areas of sierra leone during the course of the civil war between 1995 and 2001. data from provincial hospitals in the western area and southern province indicated that there was a significant increase in the incidence of canine-transmitted urban human rabies chi2 = 39.63, p < 0.0001, particularly among children chi2 = 23.73, p < 0.0001, over the cou ... | 2004 | 15241966 |
| molecular epidemiology of canid rabies in sudan: evidence for a common origin of rabies with ethiopia. | rabies is an endemic zoonosis in sudan with the principal reservoir species being the domestic dog. a panel of rabies virus isolates from dogs in sudan have been used to establish a molecular phylogeny based on a partial sequence of the viral nucleoprotein. these isolates were then compared to those from countries bordering sudan in north-east africa. the sudanese viruses form a tight cluster of isolates with a single outlier. when compared to other african viruses, the sudanese isolates cluster ... | 2004 | 15246657 |
| update: investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004. | on july 1, 2004, cdc reported laboratory confirmation of rabies as the cause of encephalitis in an organ donor and three organ recipients at baylor university medical center (bumc) in dallas, texas. hospital and public health officials in alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas initiated public health investigations to identify donor and recipient contacts, assess exposure risks, and provide rabies postexposure prophylaxis (pep). as of july 9, pep had been initiated in approximately 174 (19%) of ... | 2004 | 15254455 |
| evidence that rabies virus forms different kinds of fusion machines with different ph thresholds for fusion. | fusion of rabies virus with membranes is triggered at a low ph and is mediated by a viral glycoprotein (g). fusion of rabies virus with liposomes was monitored by using a lipid mixing assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer. fusion was detected below ph 6.4, and its extent increased with h(+) concentrations to be maximal around ph 6.15. the origin of the partial fusion activity of rabies virus under suboptimal ph conditions (i.e., between ph 6.15 and 6.4) was investigated. we demon ... | 2004 | 15280482 |
| prevalence of rabies and lpm paramyxovirus antibody in non-hematophagous bats captured in the central pacific coast of mexico. | to investigate if non-hematophagous bats play a role in outbreaks of rabies and blue eye disease (lpmv), we studied the seroprevalence against both agents in several species of non-hematophagous bats on the sub-tropical pacific coast of the state of colima, mexico. the survey covered a predominantly agricultural area (disturbed), and an area dominated by semideciduous dry forest (undisturbed). a total of 151 non-hematophagous bats of 16 species were captured from the two areas. fifty-six (37%) h ... | 2004 | 15289094 |
| selection of genetic inhibitors of rabies virus. | a cdna library of short random fragments derived from four of the five genes of the rabies virus genome has been used to isolate genetic suppressor elements (gses) expressed intracellularly that inhibit rabies virus replication. two nucleotide fragments, one from the rabies virus nucleocapsid protein (n) gene and the other from the phosphoprotein (p) gene, have been identified as inhibitors of rabies virus replication in cell culture. the n cdna fragment is expressed in sense-orientation and cou ... | 2004 | 15290388 |
| cervical spinal cord delivery of a rabies g protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector in the sod-1 transgenic mouse. invited submission from the joint section meeting on disorders of the spine and peripheral nerves, march 2004. | lentiviral vectors may constitute a vehicle for long-term therapeutic gene expression in the spinal cord. in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spinal cord sclerosis and altered axonal transport pose barriers to therapeutic gene distribution. in the present study the authors characterize gene expression distribution and the behavioral impact of the rabies g (rabg) protein pseudotyped lentiviral vector eiav.lacz through cervical spinal cord injection in control and cu/zn superoxide dismutase-1 (sod-1 ... | 2004 | 15291033 |
| genetic and phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein of rabies virus isolated from several species in brazil. | genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the region containing the glycoprotein (g) gene, which is related to pathogenicity and antigenicity, and the g-l intergenic region were carried out in 14 brazilian rabies virus isolates. the isolates were classified as dog-related rabies virus (drrv) or vampire bat-related rabies virus (vrrv), by nucleoprotein (n) analysis. the nucleotide and amino acid (aa) homologies of the area containing the g protein gene and g-l intergenic region were generally lower th ... | 2004 | 15297743 |
| preservation of rabies virus rna from brain tissue using glycerine. | the challenge virus standard (cvs) strain and a wild isolate from a mexican child who died of hematophagous bat (desmodus rotundus)-transmitted rabies were injected intracerebrally into balb/c mice. brains obtained from infected mice were immersed in 80%, 50%, and 40% glycerine/phosphate-buffered saline (pbs). rna was extracted from brains on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 21, and 60, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (rt-pcr-rflp) tests were performe ... | 2003 | 15307422 |
| rabies cell culture vaccines reconstituted and stored at 4 degrees c for 1 year prior to use protect mice against rabies virus. | human exposure to rabid dogs in developing countries is an ongoing problem that continues to demand effective, safe, and affordable post-exposure rabies vaccinations. sheep and suckling mouse brain rabies vaccines used in developing countries are being replaced by expensive inactivated-virus cell culture vaccines. human studies using cell culture vaccines have determined that cost is reduced and protection is maintained by injecting the unused portion of vaccines that have been reconstituted and ... | 2004 | 15308344 |
| live vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants, but not an inactivated rabies virus cell culture vaccine, protect b-lymphocyte-deficient a/wysnj mice against rabies: considerations of recombinant defective poxviruses for rabies immunization of immunocompromised individuals. | presently, commercially available cell culture rabies vaccines for humans and animals consist of the five inactivated rabies virus proteins. the vaccines elicit a cd4+ helper t-cell response and a humoral b-cell response against the viral glycoprotein (g) resulting in the production of virus neutralizing antibody. antibody against the viral nucleoprotein (n) is also present, but the mechanism(s) of its protection is unclear. hiv-infected individuals with low cd4+ t-lymphocyte counts and individu ... | 2004 | 15308356 |
| rabies virus stimulates nitric oxide production and cxc chemokine ligand 10 expression in macrophages through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. | macrophages represent an essential part of innate immunity, and the viral infection of macrophages results in the release of multiple proinflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (no), cytokines, and chemokines. this study was undertaken to define the molecular mechanism of macrophage activation in response to rabies virus (rv) infection. in raw264 murine macrophage cells, a well-characterized macrophage model, rv replication was strictly restricted, whereas cell proliferation was significant ... | 2004 | 15308732 |
| increased interleukin-10 associated with low il-6 concentration correlated with greater survival rates in mice infected by rabies virus vaccinated against it and immunomodulated with p. acnes. | macrophage activity, cytokines serum concentration, serum neutralizing antibodies and lethality by rabies were evaluated in swiss mice experimentally infected with street rabies virus and submitted or not to antirabies vaccination and immunomodulation with p. acnes. animals were killed at different times and serum was collected in order to evaluate cytokines concentration; peritonial and splenic macrophages were collected for macrophage activity evaluation. greater survival rates higher il-10 an ... | 2004 | 15325513 |
| rabies transmission from organ transplants in the usa. | | 2004 | 15325815 |
| the role of vitamin a in enhancing humoral immunity produced by antirabies vaccine. | we tested the effects of vitamin a supplementation on the antibody titre of 40 healthy volunteers (age range: 10-35 years), who had received a complete course of antirabies vaccine (5 injections over 30 days). after determining the baseline serum vitamin a status of 80 volunteers, 20 pairs were matched for serum vitamin a level, body mass index, age, sex and socioeconomic status. one person from each pair was randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. the experimental group received ... | 2001 | 15332782 |
| antibodies to selected pathogens in free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mammals in canada. | antibody titres to selected pathogens (canine adenovirus [cav-2], feline herpesvirus [fhv], phocine herpesvirus [phv-1], canine distemper virus, dolphin morbillivirus [dmv], phocine distemper virus [pdv], parainfluenza virus type 3 [pi3], rabies virus, dolphin rhabdovirus [drv], canine coronavirus, feline coronavirus, feline leukaemia virus, borrelia burgdorferi and toxoplasma gondii) were determined in whole blood or serum samples from selected free-ranging terrestrial carnivores and marine mam ... | 2004 | 15338705 |
| cdc: rabies transmitted through organ donation. veterinarians urged to remain vigilant. | | 2004 | 15344348 |
| ecogeographic patterns of rabies in southern ontario based on time series analysis. | we describe a method based on time series analysis that divided the rabies enzootic area of southern ontario into 13 regions using data collected at the township level, the smallest available geographical unit for ontario (canada). the intent was to discover ecogeographic patterns if such existed. for the period 1957-89, the quarterly time series of fox rabies cases for each of the 423 townships in the study area was correlated with the time series of its adjacent neighbors. townships were then ... | 2004 | 15362820 |
| oral vaccination of captive arctic foxes with lyophilized sag2 rabies vaccine. | arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) were immunized with lyophilized sag2 oral rabies vaccine. the effectiveness of this vaccine was determined by serologic response and survival to challenge by rabies virus isolated from a red fox from alaska (usa). no vaccine virus was found in saliva 1-72 hr after ingestion. at 2 wk after vaccination, all foxes had seroconverted, with rabies virus neutralizing antibody levels of 0.2-3.1 iu ml(-1). all vaccinated foxes survived to week 17 after challenge, and hippoca ... | 2004 | 15362836 |
| [cloning and immunological characteristics of canine il-18 cdna]. | to clone the canine il-18 cdna and to explore the immunological effectiveness of canine il-18 as an adjuvant of genetic vaccine. | 2004 | 15367339 |
| detection and strain differentiation of european bat lyssaviruses using in situ hybridisation. | a protocol suitable for the detection of rabies virus and the related european bat lyssaviruses type 1 and 2 is described. in situ hybridisation, employing digoxigenin labelled riboprobes was used for the detection of lyssavirus rna in mouse-infected brain tissue. the principal advantage of this technique, compared to routine methods used for histopathology, is that this method is robust, highly sensitive, and specific for assessing the presence of rna in different tissues. an additional advanta ... | 2004 | 15381360 |
| molecular detection of rabies encephalitis and correlation with cytokine expression. | the purposes of this study were to elucidate the role of cytokine upregulation in the pathogenesis of rabies encephalitis and to compare the detection of negri bodies with that of rabies protein by immunohistochemistry and rabies rna by reverse transcriptase (rt) in situ pcr for its diagnosis. negri bodies were evident in 4/7 of the documented rabies cases; viral protein and viral rna were detected in each case. the average number of rabies-infected cells, determined by counting 150 neurons in s ... | 2005 | 15389258 |
| studies on chick-embryo adapted rabies virus. ii. pathogenicity for dogs and use of egg-adapted strains for vaccination purposes. | | 1950 | 15412249 |