| mortality and operational attributes relative to feral horse and burro capture techniques based on publicly available data from 2010-2019. | management of excessive feral horse (equus ferus caballus) and burro (equus asinus) populations in the united states and globally has been a controversial subject for decades. i reviewed all available us federal feral horse and burro daily gather reports from 2010 to 2019 to extract equine species, technique (bait trapping or helicopter gathering), reason (emergency or other), number gathered, number of mortalities, and mortality attributes (acute or chronic/pre-existing condition, specific caus ... | 2020 | 32067672 |
| evaluation of a marketed polyherbal dewormer against intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys. | the study evaluated the effectiveness of a commercially available polyherbal dewormer to control intestinal strongyles in naturally infected donkeys. the animals were allotted to two groups: treated with the herbal dewormer (n=8) according to manufacturer recommendations and untreated control group (n=6). fecal samples were taken from each animal on days 0 (day of treatment), 14, 21 (day of second additional treatment), 35, and 42. faecal egg count reduction tests showed very negligible or no re ... | 2020 | 32063744 |
| infestation rate of lice on donkeys in northeast tunisia. | the present survey was carried out during autumn 2013 (september, october and november) in five localities of jendouba district. a total number of 300 donkeys were examined and all present ectoparasites found on animals were collected and examined under stereomicroscope. the infestation rate by lice was estimated to 12.7% (38/300) there was no difference between infestation rates in males (11.5%; 22/192) and females (14.8%; 16/108). the highest infestation rate was observed in donkeys aged betwe ... | 2020 | 32057395 |
| development and validation of a rapid kit for authenticity of murine meat in meat products with a species-specific pcr assay. | adulteration of meat products with murine meat poses a huge threat to consumer health and leads to serious disruption in food markets. species authentication of murine meat is still technically challenging. we, therefore, developed a species-specific pcr kit consisting of murine meat dna extraction, pcr reaction and identifying systems. we designed novel universal primers targeting highly conserved region on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) from four murines (lab rats, lab mice, wild rat ... | 2020 | 32039648 |
| doppler evaluation of renal resistivity index in healthy conscious horses and donkeys. | the renal resistive index (rri) is used as a measurement of downstream resistance in arteries. the aim of this study was to assess the rri of the arcuate arteries by pulsed-wave doppler ultrasonography in healthy conscious horses and donkeys, and to verify any differences related to age, breed, bodyweight (bw) or body condition (bcs). thirty-three healthy conscious horses and nine donkeys had their systolic and diastolic flow velocities at the level of the arcuate arteries estimated by pulsed-wa ... | 2020 | 32027703 |
| the recycling of the expired donkey-hide gelatin pulp for n/s co-doped hollow carbon nano-spheres anode in sodium ion battery. | how to reasonably manage and reutilize the waste expired liquid medicines has always been a puzzling public concern. for this reason, the waste expired medicine of donkey-hide gelatin pulp was recycled by hydrothermal carbonization and hard template for n/s co-doped hard carbon material, and its electrochemical na-storage performances were also evaluated. the results showed that the resultant n/s co-doped hard carbon material manifested the morphology of hollow nano-spheres with the mean diamete ... | 2020 | 32026369 |
| zoonotic potential of enterocytozoon bieneusi and giardia duodenalis in horses and donkeys in northern china. | limited data are available on infection rates and genetic identity of enterocytozoon bieneusi and giardia duodenalis in horses and donkeys. in this study, 865 fecal specimens were collected from donkeys (n = 540) and horses (n = 325) in three provinces and autonomous regions in northern china during 2015-2019. enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected and genotyped by pcr and sequence analyses of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) and g. duodenalis was detected and genotyped by pcr and s ... | 2020 | 32006227 |
| superstition, misconceptions, and magical beliefs in burns patients-a cross-sectional study of 100 patients. | superstitious beliefs have been frequently encountered in our day-to-day practices among patients and caretakers. though this is a common phenomenon, there is a paucity of data pertaining to these beliefs due to various reasons. many of these beliefs are deep engraved into the culture and mindsets of the population. this is an observational study performed in tertiary burn care center in india during period october 1, 2018 to january 31, 2019. data from 100 patient units were collected through a ... | 2020 | 31996923 |
| development of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of donkey (equus asinus) meat in meat mixtures treated under different processing conditions. | in this study, a donkey-specific primer pair and probe were designed from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for the detection of raw donkey meat and different processed meat mixtures. the pcr product size for donkey dna was 99 bp, and primer specificity was verified using 20 animal species. the limit of detection (lod) was examined by serially diluting donkey dna. using real-time pcr, 0.001 ng of donkey dna could be detected. in addition, binary meat mixtures with various percentages of donkey mea ... | 2020 | 31991914 |
| serological and molecular detection of selected hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in west omdurman, khartoum state, sudan. | in sudan, donkeys are important animals, providing transportation and income possibilities. however, the prevalence of parasites in donkeys in sudan has not been thoroughly characterized. accordingly, in this study, we aimed to detect selected hemoprotozoan parasites in donkeys in west omdurman, khartoum state, sudan, wherein people depend mainly on donkeys for their daily life. in total, 198 blood samples collected from donkeys in a local market in west omdurman, were screened using serological ... | 2020 | 31969541 |
| seminal plasma has limited counteracting effects following induction of oxidative stress in donkey spermatozoa. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the response of donkey spermatozoa to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, and to determine whether the presence of seminal plasma modulates the sperm response to that stress. nine ejaculates were collected, extended in skim milk extender and split into two aliquots. seminal plasma was removed from the first but not second aliquot. samples were subsequently split into four aliquots supplemented with different concentrations of commercial hydrogen p ... | 2020 | 31962061 |
| comparative effect of epidural administration of xylazine or dexmedetomidine on echocardiographic dimensions and cardiac indices in clinically healthy donkeys (equus asinus). | the aim of the present study was to assess and compare the changes of the echocardiographic dimensions and cardiac function indices after epidural injection of xylazine or dexmedetomidine in clinically healthy donkeys. in an experimental prospective randomized cross-over study, 10 healthy adult donkeys were injected with saline solution, xylazine (0.20 mg kg-1), and dexmedetomidine (0.005 mg kg-1) into the epidural space between the second and third coccygeal vertebrae. echocardiographic dimensi ... | 2020 | 31952632 |
| prevalence of trypanosoma evansi in livestock in palestine. | trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of surra, a disease that occurs in many animal species. the disease is responsible for substantial losses in global production and can be fatal if not diagnosed early. this study aims to determine the prevalence of t. evansi in livestock, equids and dromedary camels in palestine. | 2020 | 31931864 |
| molecular and genomic characterization of a novel equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus. | cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family poxviridae. these include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (vacv), horsepoxvirus (hpxv) and cowpoxvirus (cpxv), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (mocv). however, with the exception of vacv, hpxv and cpxv, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments avai ... | 2020 | 31922947 |
| the continental atlas of tsetse and african animal trypanosomosis in nigeria. | tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis remains a major animal health problem in nigeria, in a context where changes in land cover, climate and control interventions are modifying its epidemiological patterns. evidence-based decision making for the progressive control of the disease requires spatially-explicit information on its occurrence and prevalence, as well as on the distribution and abundance of the tsetse vector. in the framework of the continental atlas of tsetse and african animal trypanosom ... | 2020 | 31904345 |
| diagnostic orientation values for acth and other parameters for clinically healthy donkeys and mules (insulin, triglycerides, glucose, fructosamines, and ɣ-gt). | pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is the most prevalent endocrine disease in horses. although donkeys and mules may also be affected, only a few data have been published. reference values for diagnostic parameters, such as adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth), are especially scarce or even lacking. therefore, in the present study, available data from the literature have been verified and completed to facilitate a reliable diagnosis. clinical inspections and haematological and biochemical exami ... | 2020 | 31900994 |
| structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans from colla corii asini by liquid chromatography-electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. | colla corii asini (cca) made from donkey-hide has been widely used as a traditional animal-based chinese medicine. chondroitin sulfate (cs), dermatan sulfate (ds) and hyaluronic acid (ha) are structurally complex classes of glycosaminoglycans (gags) that have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities. however, their possible structural characteristics in cca are not clear. in this study, gag fractions containing cs/ds and ha were isolated from cca and their disaccharide compositio ... | 2020 | 31900724 |
| comparative analysis of whey proteins in donkey colostrum and mature milk using quantitative proteomics. | donkey milk is attracting increasing attention as a nutritional milk source similar to human milk. in this study, we carried out qualitative and quantitative analysis of the donkey whey proteome using a label-free proteomic approach, combined with parallel reaction monitoring (prm) as a validation method. a total of 300 whey proteins were identified in donkey colostrum (dc) and donkey mature (dm) milk, of which 18 were differentially expressed (p < 0.05) between the two types of milk. gene ontol ... | 2020 | 31882075 |
| chemical-sensory traits of fresh cheese made by enzymatic coagulation of donkey milk. | making cheese from donkey milk is considered unfeasible, due to difficulties in coagulation and curd forming. two recent studies have reported the protocols for making fresh cheese by using camel chymosin or calf rennet, but the chemical and sensory characteristics of the products were not thoroughly investigated. the present paper aims to give a further contribution to the field, by investigating cheesemaking with microbial rennet and evaluating the chemical composition, total fatty acid, volat ... | 2019 | 31877945 |
| laparoscopic ovariectomy in standing mule mares. | mules are hybrids bred from the mating of a jack donkey and a horse mare, known for their strength and resistance and still used to work in agriculture. although they have been for long considered sterile, evidence of estrus cycle has been demonstrated together with abnormal behavior related to ovarian activity. in this study, a bilateral standing laparoscopic ovariectomy technique using the ligasure technology was applied in 10 mare mules for treating unwanted behavioral patterns. the technique ... | 2020 | 31864467 |
| leptin receptor gene polymorphisms in some turkish donkey populations. | leptin receptor is a fundamental regulator in physiological functions of the regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, immune function, and reproduction as well as on ovarian follicular cells on the placenta and lactating mammary glands. the aim of this study was to investigate the lepr gene polymorphism in 60 donkeys reared in thrace region of turkey. a 585 bp long partial intron 6, exon 7, intron 7, and exon 8 regions of lepr gene were amplified, and polymerase chain reaction products ana ... | 2020 | 31864461 |
| new insights into chemical and mineral composition of donkey milk throughout nine months of lactation. | donkey milk is increasingly being proposed as a natural alternative milk for various categories of consumers, especially infants and the elderly population. however, its potential production, gross, and mineral composition have not been deeply investigated yet. sixty-two individual milk samples were collected monthly from nine ragusano donkeys reared in a specialized dairy farm. milk yield as well as chemical and mineral composition, including macro and micro elements, were investigated over an ... | 2019 | 31861194 |
| analysis of theileria equi diversity in the gambia using a novel genotyping method. | theileria equi, one of the primary pathogens causing equine piroplasmosis, has previously been sub-classified into a number of clades on the basis of 18s ssu rrna gene sequence diversity. this partitioning of the parasite population has potential implications for host immunity, treatment and vaccine development. to detect and identify different clade genotypes among and within individual equine blood samples, a novel pcr-based technique was designed and optimized. theileria equi has only recentl ... | 2020 | 31845493 |
| microbial diversity within the digestive tract contents of dezhou donkeys. | gastrointestinal microbiota has significant impact on the nutrition and health of monogastric herbivores animals including donkey. however, so far the microbiota in different gastrointestinal compartments of healthy donkey has not been described. therefore, we investigated the abundance and function of microbiota at different sites of the gastrointestinal tract (git) (foregut: stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum; hindgut: cecum, ventral colon, dorsal colon, and rectum) of healthy adult donkeys ... | 2019 | 31834903 |
| global donkey populations are in crisis. | demand for the chinese 'medicine' - ejiao - is now a real threat to this species, reports adele waters. | 2019 | 31831686 |
| donkeys: dying for their skin. | | 2019 | 31831678 |
| donkeys face worldwide existential threat. | | 2019 | 31831646 |
| examination of jackass (equus asinus) accessory sex glands by b-mode ultrasound and of testicular artery blood flow by colour pulsed-wave doppler ultrasound: correlations with semen production. | the accessory sex glands play a major role in the production of seminal plasma, and testicular artery blood flow seems to strongly influence testicular function. however, very little ultrasound imaging of these organs has been undertaken in donkeys. the present work reports the results of such examinations in five jackasses along the year. the accessory glands were inspected by b-mode ultrasound while the testicular artery blood flow was assessed by colour pulsed-wave doppler ultrasound. the tes ... | 2020 | 31829461 |
| design a highly specific sequence for electrochemical evaluation of meat adulteration in cooked sausages. | a specific and unique sequence probe was designed for detection of donkey adulteration in cooked sausages and its species specificity was confirmed bioinformatically in the common software and website (clustalx and ncbi). subsequently, a novel species-specific electrochemical dna probe (locked nucleic acid, lna) was synthesized and implemented in a construction of dna-based electrochemical genosensor for sensitive, convenient and selective detection of donkey adulteration. the electrochemical be ... | 2020 | 31818752 |
| genetic diversity and relationships of chinese donkeys using microsatellite markers. | donkeys are one important livestock in china because of their nourishment and medical values. to investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of chinese donkey breeds, a panel of 25 fluorescently labeled microsatellite markers was applied to genotype 504 animals from 12 chinese donkey breeds. a total of 226 alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.6315 (guanzhong) to 0.6999 (jiami). the mean value of the polymorphism information content, observed n ... | 2019 | 31807628 |
| genetic diversity of κ-casein (csn3) and lactoferrin (ltf) genes in the endangered turkish donkey (equus asinus) populations. | in this study, the κ -casein (csn3) and lactoferrin (ltf) genes which were found in association with milk production traits in different animal species were studied firstly in turkish donkey populations. a total of 108 donkeys from different regions of turkey were used in order to reveal the different genotypes of csn3 and ltf genes by using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) and dna sequencing methods. to determine the genetic polymorphism, we attemp ... | 2019 | 31807616 |
| quantitative lipidomics reveals alterations in donkey milk lipids according to lactation. | the composition of donkey milk is similar to that of human milk. however, the lipid content in donkey milk is lower than that in human milk. thus far, the lipid composition of donkey milk during lactation has not been well-studied. through mass spectroscopy-based quantitative lipidomics, we analyzed lipids in donkey colostrum (dc) and mature milk (dm). thirteen subclasses of 335 lipids were identified in both dc and dm; 60 lipids - 17 upregulated and 43 downregulated - were differentially regula ... | 2020 | 31784068 |
| hematological and biochemical reference intervals for mules in chile. | hematological and biochemical reference intervals are an important tool for health assessment and treatment decision-making in veterinary medicine. lack of information about reference intervals (ri) in mules force professionals to apply reference intervals developed for horses or donkeys, with the risk of misinterpretation. thus, the aim of this study was to determine hematological and biochemical ri for healthy mules and compare them with those proposed in literature for horses, donkeys and mul ... | 2019 | 31781585 |
| total and specific activities of superoxide dismutase (sod) in seminal plasma are related with the cryotolerance of jackass spermatozoa. | this study investigated whether the activities of four antioxidant enzymes present in jackass seminal plasma (sp), superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx) and glutathione reductase (gsr), are related to the sperm ability to withstand cryopreservation. eighteen ejaculates from 16 healthy jackasses were collected and split into two aliquots. the first one was centrifuged (3,000×g, 4 °c for 10 min) and used to determine the activities of these four enzymes in sp, ... | 2020 | 31778669 |
| evaluation of the sedative and clinical effects of xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in miniature donkeys. | aim: to evaluate the sedative and clinical effects of i/v xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in miniature donkeys.methods: seven clinically healthy, male adult miniature donkeys with a mean age of 6 years and weight of 105 kg, were assigned to five i/v treatments in a randomised, cross-over design. they received either 1.1 mg/kg xylazine, 20 μg/kg detomidine, 10 μg/kg medetomidine, 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine or saline, with a washout period of ≥7 days. the degree of sedation was ... | 2020 | 31778611 |
| the cryoprotective effect of ficoll 70 on the post-warming survival and quality of cryotop-vitrified donkey embryos. | many domestic donkey breeds are at risk of extinction, there is a critical urgency for genome resource banking. in the present study, we examined whether the use of ficoll 70 added to the vitrification medium containing ethylene glycol (eg), dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) and sucrose improves the cryotolerance of donkey in vivo derived embryos. day 7-8, grade 1-2 donkey embryos were measured and morphologically evaluated and then vitrified-warmed using the cryotop technique. before vitrification, emb ... | 2020 | 31757484 |
| persistent homeothermy in large domestic mammals maintained under standard farming conditions. | background mammals, particularly large domestic ones, are considered to be year-round homeotherms. surprisingly, however, very few long-term studies of the stability of core temperature of large domestic mammals have been conducted. methods we monitored the auricular temperature and rectal temperature of goats, sheep, cows, and donkeys monthly for 2 years and compared their annual variation with their daily and day-to-day variations. results although ambient temperature varied from 8 °c in the w ... | 2019 | 31730521 |
| first report regarding the simultaneous molecular detection of anaplasma marginale and theileria annulata in equine blood samples collected from southern punjab in pakistan. | the present study was designed to check the molecular detection of anaplasma marginale and theileria annulata in blood samples of horses and donkeys collected from dera ghazi khan district in punjab and to document their phylogenetic origin and their association with studied epidemiological factors (sex and age) and complete blood count parameters, if any. | 2020 | 31721059 |
| intestinal ciliates (alveolata, ciliophora) in brazilian domestic horses (equus caballus l.) and a review on the ciliate communities associated with horses around the world. | the aims of this study were to identify and quantify the gastrointestinal ciliates from brazilian domestic horses, to compare the data obtained with previous studies and to review data on ciliate communities associated with horses around the world. we used eight domestic horses, kept under extensive management. fecal samples were obtained immediately after defecation of animals and fixed in 18.5% formaldehyde. we identify 24 species of endosymbiotic ciliates, distributed in two subclasses, two o ... | 2019 | 31716156 |
| in vitro evaluation of probiotic potential and safety assessment of lactobacillus mucosae strains isolated from donkey's lactation. | the study, for the first time, reports the efficacy, safety and probiotic properties of two lactobacillus mucosae strains, lact. mucosae srv5 and lact. mucosae srv10 isolated from donkey milk. all major in vitro screening assays were employed to evaluate studied strains. both strains displayed good survivability at gastric ph 2.0, 0.3% bile and simulated oro-gastrointestinal fluid (above 88%). also, cultures demonstrated good cell surface hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation ability, clearly indi ... | 2020 | 31713771 |
| relation between apgar scoring and physical parameters in 44 newborn amiata donkey foals at birth. | the assessment of the behavior and physiological parameters of neonatal foals is essential in the detection of early signs of illness. modified apgar scoring systems from human medicine exist and have been validated in foals as a guide for assessing neonatal viability after birth. this study evaluated the viability of 44 amiata donkey foals at birth, by assessing the apgar score and comparing the relationship between viability and various physical parameters. a total of 44 amiata donkey foals an ... | 2020 | 31711687 |
| comparative metabolomics analysis of donkey colostrum and mature milk using ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. | donkey milk has been widely shown to be an ideal substitute for human milk because of its similar composition. however, alterations to the composition of donkey milk during lactation have not been well studied. in this study, untargeted metabolomics with ultra-high-performance liquid tandem chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were used to analyze and compare the metabolites in donkey colostrum (dc) and mature milk (dmm). two hundred seventy metabolites were characterized i ... | 2020 | 31677837 |
| epidemiological study of equine piroplasmosis (theileria equi and babesia caballi) by microscopic examination and competitive-elisa in erbil province north-iraq. | equine piroplasmosis is a major tick-borne disease that can lead to serious health problems and economic losses in horse industry. the aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi in different species of equus namely (horse, mule, donkey and pony) by giemsa stained blood films and competitive elisa. | 2020 | 31673258 |
| key aspects of donkey and mule reproduction. | donkeys are nonseasonal, polyestrous, territorial, and nonharem breeders. although there are many similarities between horses and donkeys, there are also reproductive features that differ, from the longer cervix in the jenny to spermatogenic efficiency in the jack. mules display reproductive cyclic activity but are rarely fertile. frozen donkey semen has high pregnancy rates in mares, but lower rates in jennies. this article reviews key aspects of donkey and mule reproductive physiology, reprodu ... | 2019 | 31672204 |
| donkey and mule behavior. | donkeys and mules often are misunderstood because of their behavioral differences compared with horses. working with these animals requires more patience and ability to notice the slightest changes in behavior to diagnose disease. mules and donkeys form strong bonds and trust with familiar people and other equids. training mules and hinnies from an early age is key to modifying behavior and acceptance of unfamiliar people. reproductive behavior is different from that of horses and requires more ... | 2019 | 31672203 |
| clinical evaluation and preventative care in donkeys. | clinical evaluation and preventative care in donkeys should follow similar guidelines as for horses. there are species-specific differences due to the desert-adapted physiology of the donkey. donkeys are mainly used as pack animals, companions and for production of meat or milk - they may be kept well into old age. diseases often present late or may go unrecognized leading to poor welfare and quality of life. basic knowledge of nutrition, blood values, pharmacology and common disease recognition ... | 2019 | 31672202 |
| skin disorders of the donkey and mule. | skin disease in donkeys is less common than in horses, but is easily overlooked. little published material exists on this important area of equine medicine. skin tumors continue to challenge veterinarians working with donkeys. this article outlines the main disease entities that the author has encountered, although there are many other diseases and disorders that occur in different parts of the world that are not yet appreciated. when investigating a skin disease, a logical and comprehensive cli ... | 2019 | 31672201 |
| donkey and mule welfare. | donkeys and mules have been critical to the development of human civilization, since being domesticated some 6000 years ago. however, they suffer from being undervalued or ignored by development agencies and animal protection nongovernmental organizations. where they are recognized as affecting agriculture and the economy it is often because they are seen as being either invasive pests or an anachronism in the developing countries of the twenty-first century. even in the wealthier societies of t ... | 2019 | 31672200 |
| genetics, evolution, and physiology of donkeys and mules. | the genus equus is made up of donkeys, horses, and zebras. despite significant variation in chromosome number across these species, interspecies breeding results in healthy, although infertile, hybrid offspring. most notable among these are the horse-donkey hybrids, the mule and hinny. donkeys presently are used for everything from companion animals to beasts of burden. although closely related from an evolutionary standpoint, differences in anatomy and physiology preclude the assumption that th ... | 2019 | 31672199 |
| clinical pathology of donkeys and mules. | given the stoic nature of donkeys and their hybrids, it is important to consider the significance of diagnostic testing modalities that can provide objective health status information beyond the basic physical examination findings. however, clinical pathology assays are also fraught with significant limitations because the results for donkeys, mules, and hinnies can be difficult to interpret, and transference of data from the horse is not always applicable. this article presents considerations f ... | 2019 | 31672198 |
| comparative anti-inflammatory effects of insulin and flunixin on acute-phase responses and cardiovascular biomarkers during inflammatory phase in miniature donkeys. | the objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of intravenous administration of insulin (in different doses) and flunixin on physiological variables, acute-phase responses, and cardiovascular biomarkers during inflammatory phase which was induced by escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) serotype o55:b5 in miniature donkeys. a total of twenty-four clinically healthy male adult miniature donkeys aged 5 ± 1 year and weighing 120 ± 10 kg were studied. the ... | 2019 | 31668307 |
| molecular investigation and phylogeny of species of the anaplasmataceae infecting animals and ticks in senegal. | our study aimed to assess the diversity of the species of anaplasmataceae in senegal that infect animals and ticks in three areas: near keur momar sarr (northern region), dielmo and diop (sine saloum, central region of senegal), and in casamance (southern region of senegal). | 2019 | 31640746 |
| comparative expression of cell adhesion molecule1 (cadm1) in the testes of experimental mice and some farm animals. | cell adhesion molecule1 (cadm1) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) that has been found in mammalian testis and plays a substantial role in cell-to-cell interaction via either hemophilic (between spermatogenic cells) or heterophilic (between spermatogenic and somatic sertoli cells) binding. the present study investigated the immunohistochemical localization of cadm1 in the testes of adult mice (mus musculus), as well as sexually mature bull (bos taurus), camel (camelus dromedari ... | 2020 | 31635798 |
| [concentrations of testosterone, estrone and estrone sulfate in peripheral blood of donkey stallions in relation to season]. | to assess testicular endocrine function in the male donkey (equus asinus) during the course of the year. | 2019 | 31634940 |
| alternatives in donkey semen cryopreservation: mare vs. jenny colostrum. | the aim of this study was to test and compare two new components in extenders for freezing donkey semen: mare colostrum and jenny colostrum. colostrum was obtained from four mares and four jennies right after the foal's birth. ejaculates were collected from five fertile donkeys. sperm samples were pooled, diluted and cryopreserved in three different experimental extender groups: lactose supplemented with egg yolk extender (20%) as the control group, lactose supplemented with jenny colostrum exte ... | 2019 | 31625242 |
| is sperm cryopreservation in absence of permeable cryoprotectants suitable for subfertile donkeys? | sperm from fertile donkeys have been successfully frozen in absence of permeable cryoprotectants. the aim of this study was to determine whether this cryopreservation method is suitable for subfertile donkeys in comparison to conventional sperm freezing with glycerol. ejaculates were collected from four andalusian donkeys: three fertile and one subfertile. semen was frozen with an extender containing glycerol (gly), or adding instead sucrose 0.25 molar and 1% bovine serum albumin (suc) as non-pe ... | 2019 | 31625237 |
| unravelling the hybrid vigor in domestic equids: the effect of hybridization on bone shape variation and covariation. | hybridization has been widely practiced in plant and animal breeding as a means to enhance the quality and fitness of the organisms. in domestic equids, this hybrid vigor takes the form of improved physical and physiological characteristics, notably for strength or endurance. because the offspring of horse and donkey is generally sterile, this widely recognized vigor is expressed in the first generation (f1). however, in the absence of recombination between the two parental genomes, f1 hybrids c ... | 2019 | 31615394 |
| the first detection of equine coronavirus in adult horses and foals in ireland. | the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of equine coronavirus (ecov) in clinical samples submitted to a diagnostic laboratory in ireland. a total of 424 clinical samples were examined from equids with enteric disease in 24 irish counties between 2011 and 2015. a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect ecov rna. nucleocapsid, spike and the region from the p4.7 to p12.7 genes of positive samples were sequenced, and sequence and phylogenetic ... | 2019 | 31615132 |
| modelling for the inheritance of multiple births and fertility in endangered equids: determining risk factors and genetic parameters in donkeys (equus asinus). | multiple births or twinning in equids are dangerous, undesirable situations that compromise the life of the dam and resulting offspring. however, embryo vitrification and freezing techniques take advantage of individuals whose multiple ovulations allow flushing more fertilised embryos from the oviduct to be collected, increasing the productivity and profitability of reproductive techniques. embryo preservation is especially important in highly endangered populations such as certain donkey (equus ... | 2019 | 31610472 |
| long-term treatment with naproxen changes the chemical coding of the porcine intramural duodenum neurons. | due to numerous therapeutic applications and high availability, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) are the most widely used drugs worldwide. however, long-term use of these drugs can lead to damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa. the enteric nervous system (ens), which is part of the autonomic nervous system, controls most aspects of gastrointestinal activity. enteric neurons are characterized by considerable chemical plasticity and the appearance of a pathological factor results in ... | 2020 | 31610253 |
| effect of a short pre-anesthetic fast on arterial blood gas values in isoflurane-anesthetized donkeys. | this study compared arterial blood gas parameters in anesthetized adult donkeys after a 5-hour fast (n = 22) or no fast (n = 21). donkeys were premedicated with xylazine, induced to anesthesia with ketamine and diazepam or midazolam, and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen while breathing spontaneously and positioned in lateral recumbency. sampling occurred approximately 25 minutes after induction. arterial ph, bicarbonate concentration, and base excess were higher in fasted donkeys compared to ... | 2019 | 31597989 |
| comparison of oxidative status of human milk, human milk fortifiers and preterm infant formulas. | preterm and low birth weight infants require specific nutrition to overcome the accumulated growth deficit, and to prevent morbidities related to postnatal growth failure. in order to guarantee an adequate nutrient-intake, mother's own milk, when available, or donor human milk, are usually fortified with additional nutrients, in particular proteins. fortification with processed ingredients may result in additional intake in oxidative compounds, deriving from extensive heat treatments, that are a ... | 2019 | 31597386 |
| gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules. | a review of common gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules is presented. clinically relevant aspects of donkey behavior, anatomy, and physiology are highlighted. diagnosis, management, and treatment of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum, including liver and pancreas, are discussed. | 2019 | 31587977 |
| metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys. | the donkey evolved under harsh and arid environmental conditions, developing unique energy-efficiency traits, with an efficiency to rapidly mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands or when food is scarce. this evolution has led to an inherent predisposition of donkeys to obesity, dyslipidemias, insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis. marked differences have been described in hormone dynamics and testing protoco ... | 2019 | 31587976 |
| dental disorders of donkeys. | research and clinical understanding of equine dentistry has progressed in recent years; however, specific knowledge about donkey dentistry is lacking. this article intends to revise unique anatomic features of the head and oral cavity of donkeys, as well as how to correctly examine, diagnose, prevent, and/or treat dental pathology, allowing for a better comprehension of oral and dental disorders affecting these animals throughout their life. it also emphasizes that these disorders need to be tak ... | 2019 | 31587975 |
| clinical pharmacology in donkeys and mules. | donkeys and mules show several pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic idiosyncrasies that have to be fully considered by any clinician dealing with these species. because they possess an increased metabolic rate and cellular water content compared with horses, higher doses (or shorter dosing intervals) are usually recommended for those drugs where pharmacologic studies have been performed. nonetheless, owing to the lack of species-specific information, this assumption cannot be arbitrarily applied. ... | 2019 | 31587974 |
| anesthesia, sedation, and pain management of donkeys and mules. | the number of donkeys in the world may not be increasing but awareness of their use and concern for welfare and pain recognition and treatment are receiving increasing veterinary interest. therefore, accurate information about anesthesia and analgesia in donkeys and mules is important to more equine practitioners. this review highlights the current knowledge on various anesthetic and analgesic approaches in donkey and mules. the authors emphasize that there is still much information that is not ... | 2019 | 31587973 |
| donkey nutrition and malnutrition. | the domestic donkey is a unique equid species with specific nutritional requirements. this article examines the importance of feeding strategies that mimic the donkey's natural environment using poor nutritional quality fibers and access to browsing materials. the relationship between nutrition and health is examined and practical approaches to the healthy and sick donkey are discussed. | 2019 | 31587972 |
| respiratory disorders of the donkey. | donkeys suffer from the same respiratory diseases as horses; however, owing to their nonathletic nature many conditions can present in a more advanced state before becoming clinically apparent. anatomically, their respiratory tract is similar to the horse, with certain species-specific differences that are important to be aware of. often donkeys do not receive the same level of routine care as horses, so many are not vaccinated against respiratory pathogens such as influenza or herpesviruses. do ... | 2019 | 31587971 |
| hoof disorders and farriery in the donkey. | this article provides a review of hoof anatomy and care in donkeys and mules. hoof disease is a major cause of poor welfare and mortality globally. problems associated with hoof disease are discussed in the context of behavior, diet, treatment, and prevention. the most common conditions encountered are discussed, including laminitis, the overgrown unbalanced hoof, white line disease, flexural deformities, and other significant issues. differences between donkey and horse hoof anatomy are describ ... | 2019 | 31587970 |
| establishment and application of a 10-plex liquid bead array for the simultaneous rapid detection of animal species. | meat fraud and adulteration incidents occur frequently in almost all regions of the globe, especially with the increase in the world's population. to ensure the authenticity of meat products, we developed a 10-plex xmap assay to simultaneously detect ten animal materials: bovine, caprine, poultry, swine, donkey, deer, horse, dog, fox and mink. | 2020 | 31584699 |
| molecular detection of bartonella spp. in china and st. kitts. | bartonella are vector-borne hemotropic bacteria that infect a wide variety of hosts, including people. while there are pcr assays that can identify individual or groups of bartonella, there is no reliable molecular method to simultaneously detect all species while maintaining genus specificity and sensitivity. by comparing highly conserved 16s rrna sequences of the better-recognized bartonella spp. on genbank, we selected primers and probes for a genus-specific pan-bartonella fret-qpcr. then, a ... | 2019 | 31565105 |
| production of cheese from donkey milk as influenced by addition of transglutaminase. | donkey milk is characterized by low contents of total solids, fat, and caseins, especially κ-casein, which results in formation of a very weak gel upon renneting. the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fortification of donkey milk with microbial transglutaminase (mtgase) for cheesemaking in relation to different enzyme addition protocols (patterns, pat). four independent trials were performed using mtgase (5.0 u/g of milk protein) according to the following experimental patter ... | 2019 | 31563318 |
| anthelmintic activity of crude powder and crude aqueous extract of trachyspermum ammi on gastrointestinal nematodes in donkey (equus asinus): an in vivo study. | trachyspermum ammi has been used traditionally as a popular ethnobotanical plant in human and animal parasitic infestations. few scientific studies have been conducted on in vitro anthelmintic activity of t. ammi against various helminths and there is no study on its in vivo/in vitro anthelmintic properties against equine helminths. | 2020 | 31557509 |
| prevalence of skin wounds in working donkeys in bukombe, tanzania. | preventable wounds are a common welfare issue in working donkeys in many countries. in the bukombe district of tanzania, there are estimated to be 3000 working donkeys, used primarily to transport loads for direct income generation. for historical reasons, oxen-yoke carts are used; their design is inappropriate for donkeys and results in serious neck wounds. the project aim was to assess the prevalence and nature of wounds in working donkeys. | 2020 | 31554710 |
| a novel 13 bp deletion within the nr6a1 gene is significantly associated with growth traits in donkeys. | nuclear receptor subfamily 6, group a, member 1 (nr6a1), as an important member of the nuclear receptor family, plays an important role in regulating growth, metabolism, and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. for this reason, the nr6a1 gene is considered to be a promising candidate for economic traits and was found to be associated with body size traits in many livestock. however, no studies have been conducted on nr6a1 in donkeys so far. thus, in this research, we focused on donkeys and i ... | 2019 | 31540006 |
| genetic characteristics of theileria equi in zebras, wild and domestic donkeys in israel and the palestinian authority. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is an important tick-borne disease of equids, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. it is endemic in most parts of the world, including israel, and has clinical and economic consequences. this study was set to evaluate the presence of ep parasites in domestic donkeys and in wild equids in israel and the palestinian authority (pa). to assess subclinical ep infection in 98 domestic donkeys (equus africanus asinus), 9 asiatic wild donkeys (equus hemionus), 8 zebras ... | 2020 | 31537490 |
| dezhou donkey (equus asinus) milk a potential treatment strategy for type 2 diabetes. | donkey (equus asinus) milk has become a medical and nutrient product since ancient times. in addition, donkey milk was regarded as a medicinal food and substitute product for infant formula in some ancient western countries. chinese ancient medical books documented the medicinal value of donkey milk, using donkey milk to treat diabetes, cough and jaundice. | 2020 | 31494203 |
| dear donkey and mule: you deserve more appreciation and better medicine. | | 2019 | 31492447 |
| activities of antioxidant seminal plasma enzymes (sod, cat, gpx and gsr) are higher in jackasses than in stallions and are correlated with sperm motility in jackasses. | this study compared the activities of four antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, sod; catalase, cat; glutathione peroxidase, gpx; and glutathione reductase, gsr) in the seminal plasma of stallions and jackasses. eighteen stallion ejaculates and 24 jack ejaculates were collected through an artificial vagina. seminal plasma was obtained by several centrifugations at 3000×g and 4 °c for 10 min, and activities of sod, cat, gpx and gsr were subsequently determined. we also evaluated whether the ... | 2019 | 31479834 |
| the immunolocalization of galectin-1 and progesterone-induced blocking factor (pibf) in equine trophoblast: possible roles in trophoblast invasion and the immunological protection of pregnancy. | the proteins galectin-1 and progesterone induced blocking factor (pibf) are present on human and murine trophoblast and are thought to influence both immunomodulation and trophoblast invasion. in equids, the invasive component of the placenta, the endometrial cups, stimulate maternal cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. it was therefore of interest to know if galectin-1 or pibf could be immunolocalised to the invasive and/or non-invasive components of the equine placenta. | 2019 | 31445347 |
| nutritional status of protein intake in severe pneumonia patients based on dietary nutrition information system. | in order to explore the effect of protein intake on the nutritional status of patients with severe pneumonia (sp) based on a dietary nutrition information system, 108 cases of sp patients of the first people's hospital of fuyang were selected as the research objects. nutrition score of these patients was made by using dietary nutrition information system and then the patients were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. both groups were treated with basic treatment combined n ... | 2019 | 31422039 |
| donkey's milk in the management of children with cow's milk protein allergy: nutritional and hygienic aspects. | the therapeutic strategy for children with cow's milk allergy (cma) consists in the elimination of cow's milk (cm) from their diet. donkey's milk (dm) has been reported to be an adequate alternative, mainly to his nutritional similarities with human milk (hm) and excellent palatability. the aim of present prospective study was to evaluate the nutritional impact of dm on the diet of children with cma in term of children growth. | 2019 | 31420060 |
| salmonella spp. and shigella spp. detection via multiplex real-time pcr and discrimination via maldi-tof ms in different animal raw milk samples. | the aim of this study was to provide epidemiological data about the presence of salmonella spp. and shigella spp. in raw milk samples collected from different animals. | 2019 | 31417051 |
| evaluation of two handheld point-of-care blood gas analyzers in healthy donkeys. | there has been increasing interest in blood gas analysis in donkeys. "point-of-care (poc) testing" is a diagnostic testing performed on or immediately next to the patient. this study assesses the agreement between two poc blood gas analyzers in donkeys. arterial and venous blood samples were collected from 17 donkeys and analyzed using a fully automated blood gas analyzer (abl 700 series radiometer, denmark) (rad) and two poc blood gas analyzers (i-stat system; vetstat, idexx). the parameters re ... | 2019 | 31405509 |
| estimation of live weight by body measurements in the miranda donkey breed. | the use of the measurement of heart girth (hg), in locations where a scale is not available, with the application of weight estimation formulas or special weight tapes, is well established as a practical and accurate way to estimate the live weight (lw). although several studies were performed to correlate donkey body measurements and lw, none of these was done in the large frame european donkey breeds. when using smaller frame breeds formulas, the tendency was to underestimate the live weight o ... | 2019 | 31405496 |
| cryopreservation of andalusian donkey (equus asinus) spermatozoa: use of alternative energy sources in the freezing extender affects post-thaw sperm motility patterns but not dna stability. | the aim of this study was to compare the effect of three sugars and equex paste in a freezing extender for donkey sperm cryopreservation. ejaculates (n = 18) were collected from six andalusian donkeys of proven fertility were pooled (two ejaculates per pool) and cryopreserved using a freezing extender containing three different sugars (glucose, fructose and sorbitol), with or without the addition of equex paste. sperm quality was assessed before and after freezing-thawing for motility, morpholog ... | 2019 | 31405480 |
| new simplified protocols for timed artificial insemination (tai) in milk-producing donkeys. | this study compared the outcome of two new timed artificial insemination (tai) protocols in a milk-producing donkey farm. ninety amiata jennies were inseminated at the moment of ovulation induction with hcg, with fresh-transported semen that had been stored at room temperature from 3 up to 6 h, with an approximate average storage time of 4 h and a half. in both protocols, on day 0 jennies were treated with alfaprostol (pgf2α), and on day 7 they were checked by ultrasound (us) and, if in estrus, ... | 2019 | 31401478 |
| molecular detection of theileria ovis and theleiria equi in livestock from palestine. | theileria and babesia are intracellular protozoan parasites infecting a wide range of animals. in palestine, there is limited information on the prevalence of theileria and babesia spp. in livestock. we used pcr of the 18s ribosomal rna gene followed by dna sequencing to detect and identify parasite dna in blood samples from sheep (n = 49), goats (n = 48), horses (n = 40), camels (n = 34), donkeys (n = 28) and mules (n = 2) from four districts of palestine. dna of t. ovis and t. equi was detecte ... | 2019 | 31399617 |
| comparing and contrasting knowledge on mules and hinnies as a tool to comprehend their behavior and improve their welfare. | mules and hinnies are the hybrids between donkeys (equus asinus) and horses (equus caballus). for centuries, mankind has used them for agrarian purposes, the military, or recreation. contrasting literature with behavioral observations, we seek a better behavioral understanding andthus comprehensive solutions for their welfare enhancement. over the past 6 years, we have assessed physical and behavioral welfare in over 900 mules by surveying owners from egypt, peru, portugal, spain, mexico, and th ... | 2019 | 31357421 |
| surveillance of the equine infectious anemia virus in eastern and central saudi arabia during 2014-2016. | equine infectious anemia virus (eiav) is one of the most important threats to the equine industry globally. this is due to the poor performance of the affected horses, which requires euthanization of the infected animals upon the infection confirmation. infected animals remain carriers throughout their life. eiav infection has been reported in many parts of the world, including north america, europe, asia, and africa. however, the eiav status is never assessed in horses in the gulf area, especia ... | 2019 | 31327910 |
| effects of thermized donkey milk with lysozyme activity on altered gut barrier in mice exposed to water-avoidance stress. | nutrition plays a crucial role in human gut health through the improvement of gut barrier functionality. donkey milk represents an interesting source of natural antimicrobial factors such as lysozyme. recently, anti-inflammatory properties of donkey milk lysozyme activity were described in a mouse model of ileitis. the current increase of donkey milk consumption highlights the necessity to propose a healthy milk compliant with microbiological standards. this study aims to define a heat treatment ... | 2019 | 31326167 |
| determining factors and interspecific modeling for serum amyloid a concentrations in working horses, donkeys, and mules. | serum amyloid a (saa) is an acute phase protein and α-globulin that is produced in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. considered a major acute phase protein in most domestic species, its concentrations rapidly decrease after resolution of inflammation, making saa measurement a useful tool for monitoring the course of inflammation in an individual animal. the objective of this study was to compare saa values in working equids including mules, donkeys and horses as well as values for ... | 2019 | 31325640 |
| serological and molecular findings of leishmania infection in healthy donkeys (equus asinus) from a canine leishmaniosis endemic focus in tuscany, italy: a preliminary report. | leishmania parasites are considered to be emergent zoonotic pathogens, which is a new concept regarding their epidemiology and the identification of novel animal hosts. the present study is the first in italy to evaluate anti leishmania seroprevalence, and the first in europe to detect parasite dna in donkeys' blood. the study was performed on jennies living in a leishmania infantum endemic area of central italy. one hundred and ten blood samples were obtained from 67 healthy lactating amiatina ... | 2019 | 31323973 |
| donkey milk oligosaccharides influence the growth-related characteristics of intestinal cells and induce g2/m growth arrest via the p38 pathway in ht-29 cells. | donkey milk is considered to be a valuable nutritional source. deeper knowledge of the constituents of donkey milk is necessary. as multifunctional components of milk, oligosaccharides have been reported to have the potential to support intestine development. we studied the composition and content of donkey milk oligosaccharides (dmos). sialylated oligosaccharides were found to be the primary oligosaccharides in dmos, consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (sl) and 6'-sl. the amount of 3'-sl and 6'-sl i ... | 2019 | 31318010 |
| different distribution of cryptosporidium species between horses and donkeys. | few studies have been conducted on the distribution of cryptosporidium species and subtypes in equine animals. in this study, 878 stool specimens were collected during 2015-2019 from 551 donkeys and 327 horses in shandong, xinjiang, and inner mongolia, china and screened for cryptosporidium spp. by pcr analysis of the small subunit rrna gene. the cryptosporidium species presented were identified by sequence analysis of the pcr products and subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kda glycoprotein ... | 2019 | 31295579 |
| factors associated with the prevalence of antibodies against theileria equi in equids of western pará, brazil. | the state of pará has one of the largest herds of equids (horse, donkey and mule) in brazil, most of these animals are found on cattle farms. equine theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by the parasite theileria equi and is characterized by fever, anaemia, icterus, intravascular haemolysis, haemoglobinuria, spleen and hepatomegaly, and even death. the present study aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against t. equi in equids in the western region of the state of pará, brazil, ... | 2020 | 31286674 |
| comprehensive report of the caseload of donkeys and mules presented to a veterinary medical teaching hospital over a ten-year period. | comprehensive reports of the caseload of donkeys and mules in veterinary hospitals in the united states are lacking. we compiled the information of the caseload of donkeys and mules at the veterinary medical teaching hospital at the university of california, davis for a ten-year period, from 2008 to 2017. the overall equid caseload was 94,147, of which 996 (1.06%) were donkeys and mules. most of the neonates seen were mules. most miniature donkeys were between 2 and 10 years of age, and standard ... | 2019 | 31277260 |
| potential hazards associated with raw donkey milk consumption: a review. | donkey milk can be used as a substitute for infants and children who suffer from cow milk proteins intolerance and multiple food hypersensitivity. up to date, this is one of the main reasons why donkey milk has become a substantial area for reasearch, with an increase over the the last fifteen years. in donkey milk chain, risk analysis should be the object of particular attention because children are the main consumers of this food. in fact, this process is one of the main tool to achieve a high ... | 2019 | 31275956 |
| quantitative proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane (mfgm) proteins from donkey colostrum and mature milk. | the composition and functions of milk fat globule membrane (mfgm) proteins are important indicators of the nutritional quality of milk. however, these characteristics of mfgm proteins in donkey milk are unknown at different lactation periods. we characterized and identified mfgm proteins in donkey milk at two lactation periods using label-free proteomics. a total of 947 mfgm proteins were found. there were 902 and 913 mfgm proteins in donkey colostrum and mature milk, respectively. the different ... | 2019 | 31259333 |