| nsp3 of coronaviruses: structures and functions of a large multi-domain protein. | the multi-domain non-structural protein 3 (nsp3) is the largest protein encoded by the coronavirus (cov) genome, with an average molecular mass of about 200 kd. nsp3 is an essential component of the replication/transcription complex. it comprises various domains, the organization of which differs between cov genera, due to duplication or absence of some domains. however, eight domains of nsp3 exist in all known covs: the ubiquitin-like domain 1 (ubl1), the glu-rich acidic domain (also called "hy ... | 2018 | 29128390 |
| no mers-cov but positive influenza viruses in returning hajj pilgrims, china, 2013-2015. | there is global health concern that the mass movement of pilgrims to and from mecca annually could contribute to the international spread of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). in china, about 11,000 muslim pilgrims participate in the hajj gathering in mecca annually. this is the first report of mers-cov and respiratory virus molecular screening of returning pilgrims at points of entry in china from 2013 to 2015. | 2017 | 29126397 |
| design and delivery of therapeutic sirnas: application to mers-coronavirus. | the mers-cov is a novel human coronavirus causing respiratory syndrome since april 2012. the replication of mers-cov is mediated by orf 1ab and viral gene activity can be modulated by rnai approach. the inhibition of virus replication has been documented in cell culture against multiple viruses by rnai approach. currently, very few sirna against mers-cov have been computationally designed and published. | 2017 | 29119921 |
| follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with mers-cov after recovery. | to evaluate the follow-up chest radiographic findings in patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) who were discharged from the hospital following improved clinical symptoms. | 2017 | 29089687 |
| a pandemic risk assessment of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in saudi arabia. | since the initial emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012, a high incidence rate has been observed in saudi arabia. this suggests that the country is at continuous risk. the epidemic level of mers-cov infection was examined in saudi arabia by the susceptible-infectious-recovered (sir) model using a bayesian approach for estimation of time dependent reproduction number (r) across a two-year interval (may, 2013-may, 2015) in five defined clusters, followed by s ... | 2017 | 29062261 |
| retrospective, epidemiological cluster analysis of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) epidemic using open source data. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is caused by a novel coronavirus discovered in 2012. since then, 1806 cases, including 564 deaths, have been reported by the kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) and affected countries as of 1 june 2016. previous literature attributed increases in mers-cov transmission to camel breeding season as camels are likely the reservoir for the virus. however, this literature review and subsequent analysis indicate a lack of seasonality. a retrospectiv ... | 2017 | 29061208 |
| re: "assessing the detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus igg in suspected and proven cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection" by alhetheel et al. (viral immunol 2017;30:649-653.). | | 2017 | 29058554 |
| development of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines - advances and challenges. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging pathogen with the potential to pose a threat to global public health. sporadic cases and outbreaks continue to be reported in the middle east, and case fatality rates remain high at approximately 36% globally. no specific preventive or therapeutic countermeasures currently exist. a safe and effective vaccine could play an important role in protecting against the threat from mers-cov. this review discusses human vaccine candid ... | 2018 | 29048984 |
| nosocomial amplification of mers-coronavirus in south korea, 2015. | nosocomial amplification resulted in nearly 200 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) during the 2015 south korean mers-coronavirus outbreak. it remains unclear whether certain types of cases were more likely to cause secondary infections than others, and if so, why. | 2017 | 29044371 |
| molecular evolution of mers coronavirus: dromedaries as a recent intermediate host or long-time animal reservoir? | while dromedary camels are the immediate animal source of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) infection, the evolutionary origin of mers-cov remains obscure. we analyzed 219 camel and human mers-cov genome sequences available in genbank. phylogenetic analysis showed that 5 and 214 strains belong to clade a and b, respectively, with clade a further divided into lineage a1 (3 human strains) and lineage a2 (2 camel strains), and clade b divided into b1 to b6 (each containing both human and camel strains). ... | 2017 | 29035289 |
| influenza is more common than middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) among hospitalized adult saudi patients. | since the initial description of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), we adopted a systematic process of screening patients admitted with community acquired pneumonia. here, we report the result of the surveillance activity in a general hospital in saudi arabia over a four year period. | 2017 | 29031867 |
| influenza virus but not mers coronavirus circulation in iran, 2013-2016: comparison between pilgrims and general population. | the pilgrimage to mecca and karbala bring many muslims to a confined area. respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases transmitted during mass gatherings in hajj, umrah and karbala. the aim of this study was to determine and compare the prevalence of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and influenza virus infections among iranian general population and pilgrims with severe acute respiratory infections (sari) returning from mecca and karbala during 2013-2016. | 2017 | 29031546 |
| investigation of nonlinear epidemiological models for analyzing and controlling the mers outbreak in korea. | much concern has arisen regarding serious epidemics due to the middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus. the first mers case of korea was reported on 20 may 2015, and since then, the mers outbreak in korea has resulted in hundreds of confirmed cases and tens of deaths. deadly infectious diseases such as mers have significant direct and indirect social impacts, which include disease-induced mortality and economic losses. also, a delayed response to the outbreak and underestimating its ... | 2018 | 29031518 |
| occurrence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) across the gulf corporation council countries: four years update. | the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infections has become a global issue of dire concerns. mers-cov infections have been identified in many countries all over the world whereas high level occurrences have been documented in the middle east and korea. mers-cov is mainly spreading across the geographical region of the middle east, especially in the arabian peninsula, while some imported sporadic cases were reported from the europe, north america, africa, an ... | 2017 | 29028812 |
| characterization of novel monoclonal antibodies against the mers-coronavirus spike protein and their application in species-independent antibody detection by competitive elisa. | since discovering the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) as a causative agent of severe respiratory illness in the middle east in 2012, serological testing has been conducted to assess antibody responses in patients and to investigate the zoonotic reservoir of the virus. although the virus neutralization test is the gold standard assay for mers diagnosis and for investigating the zoonotic reservoir, it uses live virus and so must be performed in high containment laboratories ... | 2018 | 28993122 |
| exploring nursing intention, stress, and professionalism in response to infectious disease emergencies: the experience of local public hospital nurses during the 2015 mers outbreak in south korea. | this study aimed to examine levels of stress and professionalism of nurses who provided nursing care during the 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome outbreak based on their experience, to investigate the nurses' intention to respond to possible future outbreaks in relation to their experience during the outbreak, and to determine the relationship between the outbreak experience and nursing intention considering stress and professionalism. | 2017 | 28991605 |
| nmr structure and localization of a large fragment of the sars-cov fusion protein: implications in viral cell fusion. | the lethal coronaviruses (covs), severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (sars-cov) and most recently middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus, (mers-cov) are serious human health hazard. a successful viral infection requires fusion between virus and host cells carried out by the surface spike glycoprotein or s protein of cov. current models propose that the s2 subunit of s protein assembled into a hexameric helical bundle exposing hydrophobic fusogenic peptides or fusion pe ... | 2018 | 28988778 |
| a study of the probable transmission routes of mers-cov during the first hospital outbreak in the republic of korea. | infections caused by the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) are a serious health issue due to their prevalence and associated mortality. however, the transmission routes of the virus remain unclear, and thus, the current recommended control strategies are not evidence based. in this study, we investigated the transmission routes of mers-cov during the first nosocomial outbreak in the republic of korea in may 2015 using a multi-agent modeling framework. we identified seven hy ... | 2018 | 28960494 |
| high reproduction number of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nosocomial outbreaks: mathematical modelling in saudi arabia and south korea. | effective countermeasures against emerging infectious diseases require an understanding of transmission rate and basic reproduction number (r0). r0for severe acute respiratory syndrome is generally considered to be >1, whereas that for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is considered to be <1. however, this does not explain the large-scale outbreaks of mers that occurred in kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa) and south korean hospitals. | 2017 | 28958834 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus transmission among health care workers: implication for infection control. | many outbreaks of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) have occurred in health care settings and involved health care workers (hcws). we describe the occurrence of an outbreak among hcws and attempt to characterize at-risk exposures to improve future infection control interventions. | 2018 | 28958446 |
| first confirmed case of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the kingdom of bahrain: in a saudi gentleman after cardiac bypass surgery. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is well known to cause severe respiratory infection and was first reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia in 2012. we report here the first confirmed mers-cov infection in the kingdom of bahrain in a saudi gentleman who was admitted electively for coronary bypass surgery, postoperatively developed an acute respiratory illness, and tested positive for mers-cov. 40 close contacts, all healthcare workers, were traced and followed with no docum ... | 2017 | 28948054 |
| structurally guided removal of deisgylase biochemical activity from papain-like protease originating from middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging human pathogen that is the causative agent for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers). with mers outbreaks resulting in over 35% fatalities and now spread to 27 countries, mers-cov poses a significant ongoing threat to global human health. as part of its viral genome, mers-cov encodes a papain-like protease (plpro) that has been observed to act as a deubiquitinase and deisgylase to antagonize type i interferon (ifn-i) immune ... | 2017 | 28931677 |
| public health network structure and collaboration effectiveness during the 2015 mers outbreak in south korea: an institutional collective action framework. | following the 2015 middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) outbreak in south korea, this research aims to examine the structural effect of public health network explaining collaboration effectiveness, which is defined as joint efforts to improve quality of service provision, cost savings, and coordination. we tested the bonding and bridging effects on collaboration effectiveness during the mers outbreak response by utilizing an institutional collective action framework. the analysis results of 1 ... | 2017 | 28914780 |
| identification of a novel inhibitor against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first isolated in 2012, and circulated worldwide with high mortality. the continual outbreaks of mers-cov highlight the importance of developing antiviral therapeutics. here, we rationally designed a novel fusion inhibitor named mers-five-helix bundle (mers-5hb) derived from the six-helix bundle (mers-6hb) which was formed by the process of membrane fusion. mers-5hb consists of three copies of heptad repeat 1 (hr1) and two copies of ... | 2017 | 28906430 |
| inclusion of mers-spike protein elisa in algorithm to determine serologic evidence of mers-cov infection. | the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) algorithm for detecting presence of serum antibodies against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in subjects with potential infections with the virus has included screening by indirect elisa against recombinant nucleocapsid (n) protein and confirmation by immunofluorescent staining of infected monolayers and/or microneutralization titration. other international groups include indirect elisa assays using the spike (s) protei ... | 2018 | 28906003 |
| structural insights into the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus 4a protein and its dsrna binding mechanism. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has evolved to navigate through the sophisticated network of a host's immune system. the immune evasion mechanism including type 1 interferon and protein kinase r-mediated antiviral stress responses has been recently attributed to the involvement of mers-cov protein 4a (p4a) that masks the viral dsrna. however, the structural mechanism of how p4a recognizes and establishes contacts with dsrna is not well explained. in this study, we report ... | 2017 | 28900197 |
| impact of comorbidity on fatality rate of patients with middle east respiratory syndrome. | to date, 1841 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infection have been reported worldwide, with 652 deaths. we used a publically available case line list to explore the effect of relevant factors, notably underlying comorbidities, on fatal outcome of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cases up to the end of october 2016. a bayesian weibull proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the effect of comorbidity, age, epidemic period and sex on the fatal ... | 2017 | 28900101 |
| the predictors of 3- and 30-day mortality in 660 mers-cov patients. | the mortality rate of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) patients is a major challenge in all healthcare systems worldwide. because the mers-cov risk-standardized mortality rates are currently unavailable in the literature, the author concentrated on developing a method to estimate the risk-standardized mortality rates using mers-cov 3- and 30-day mortality measures. | 2017 | 28893197 |
| clinical pearls in venovenous extracorporeal life support for adult respiratory failure. | extracorporeal life support (ecls) has been widely utilized to treat neonatal respiratory failure for two decades. however, its uptake in the case of adult respiratory failure has been slow because of a paucity of quality evidence and a sluggish tempo of ecls-related technological advances. in recent years, interest in ecls has been piqued after encouraging results were reported from its use during the 2009 h1n1 influenza pandemic. in a world constantly under threat from another influenza epidem ... | 2018 | 28885377 |
| mers-cov infection in a pregnant woman in korea. | middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is a lethal respiratory disease - caused by mers-coronavirus (mers-cov) which was first identified in 2012. especially, pregnant women can be expected as highly vulnerable candidates for this viral infection. in may 2015, this virus was spread in korea and a pregnant woman was confirmed with positive result of mers-cov polymerase chain reaction (pcr). her condition was improved only with conservative treatment. after a full recovery of mers, the patient ma ... | 2017 | 28875620 |
| assessing the detection of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus igg in suspected and proven cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes severe respiratory disease with significant mortality. two testing methods are currently used for mers-cov diagnostics: nucleic acid detection (the gold standard) and serological analysis. in this study, we evaluated the detection of mers-cov-igg in suspected and proven cases of mers-cov infection. we enrolled 174 patients: 113 had respiratory symptoms/suspected mers-cov infection, 31 had confirmed influenza a or b infection, 23 had ... | 2017 | 28873020 |
| a multi-faceted approach of a nursing led education in response to mers-cov infection. | the emergence of the middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov) resulted in multiple healthcare associated outbreaks. in response, we developed a nurse-led program to screen and triage patients with mers-cov infection. | 2017 | 28869153 |
| current treatment options and the role of peptides as potential therapeutic components for middle east respiratory syndrome (mers): a review. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a highly pathogenic respiratory virus with mechanisms that may be driven by innate immune responses. despite the effort of scientific studies related to this virus, middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) is still a public health concern. mers-cov infection has a high mortality rate, and to date, no therapeutic or vaccine has been discovered, that is effective in treating or preventing the disease. in this review, we summarize our unders ... | 2018 | 28864360 |
| one health and zoonoses: the evolution of one health and incorporation of zoonoses. | zoonotic disease outbreaks have surged in the last two decades. these include severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), hendra virus, nipah virus, influenza viruses, middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) coronavirus, and ebola. one health is the initiative of an inclusive collaboration linking human, animal, and environmental health. one health is advocated through an intersectoral coordination to combat zoonoses, and the term has evolved over centuries. the primary aim of this literature revi ... | 2015 | 29138713 |
| multicenter evaluation of the biofire filmarray respiratory panel 2 for the detection of viruses and bacteria in nasopharyngeal swab samples. | the filmarray® respiratory panel 2 (rp2) is a multiplexin vitrodiagnostic test for the simultaneous and rapid (∼45 minutes) detection of 22 pathogens directly from nasopharyngeal swab (nps) samples. it contains updated (and in some instances redesigned) assays that improve upon the filmarray® respiratory panel (rp; version 1.7), with a faster run time. the organisms identified are adenovirus, coronavirus 229e, coronavirus hku1, coronavirus nl63, coronavirus oc43, human metapneumovirus, human rhi ... | 2018 | 29593057 |
| dynamics of interorganizational public health emergency management networks: following the 2015 mers response in south korea. | we investigated public health emergency management networks during the recent outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus that affected more than 17 000 people in south korea. | 2018 | 29561166 |
| coronavirus s protein-induced fusion is blocked prior to hemifusion by abl kinase inhibitors. | enveloped viruses gain entry into host cells by fusing with cellular membranes, a step that is required for virus replication. coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and infectious bronchitis virus (ibv), fuse at the plasma membrane or use receptor-mediated endocytosis and fuse with endosomes, depending on the cell or tissue type. the virus spike (s) protein mediates fusion with the host cell ... | 2018 | 29557770 |
| hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses. | the four endemic human coronaviruses hcov-229e, -nl63, -oc43, and -hku1 contribute a considerable share of upper and lower respiratory tract infections in adults and children. while their clinical representation resembles that of many other agents of the common cold, their evolutionary histories, and host associations could provide important insights into the natural history of past human pandemics. for two of these viruses, we have strong evidence suggesting an origin in major livestock species ... | 2018 | 29551135 |
| initial performance evaluation of a spotted array mobile analysis platform (map) for the detection of influenza a/b, rsv, and mers coronavirus. | clinical samples were evaluated with the mobile analysis platform (map) to determine platform performance for detecting respiratory viruses in samples previously characterized using clinical reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays. the percent agreement between map and clinical results was 97% for influenza a (73/75), 100% (21/21) for influenza b, 100% (6/6) for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), and 80% (4/5) for negative specimens. the approximate limit of detection of the map w ... | 2018 | 29550057 |
| knowledge and attitude towards the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus among healthcare personnel in the southern region of saudi arabia. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) belongs to the family coronaviridae, and is named for the crown-like spikes on its surface. the clinical presentation of mers-cov infection ranges from asymptomatic to very severe disease, and the classical presentation includes fever, cough chills, sore throat, myalgia, and arthralgia. | 2018 | 29525570 |
| importance of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting multiple antigenic sites on mers-cov spike to avoid neutralization escape. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pulmonary infection with ∼35% mortality. the potential for a future pandemic originating from animal reservoirs or healthcare-associated events is a major public health concern. there are no vaccines or therapeutic agents currently available for mers-cov. using a probe-based single b cell-cloning strategy, we have identified and characterized multiple neutralizing mabs specifically binding to the receptor binding doma ... | 2018 | 29514901 |
| rapid detection of mers coronavirus-like viruses in bats: pote1ntial for tracking mers coronavirus transmission and animal origin. | recently, we developed a monoclonal antibody-based rapid nucleocapsid protein detection assay for diagnosis of mers coronavirus (mers-cov) in humans and dromedary camels. in this study, we examined the usefulness of this assay to detect other lineage c betacoronaviruses closely related to mers-cov in bats. the rapid mers-cov nucleocapsid protein detection assay was tested positive in 24 (88.9%) of 27 tylonycteris bat cov hku4 (ty-batcov-hku4) rna-positive alimentary samples of tylonycteris pachy ... | 2018 | 29511173 |
| coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (gs-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease. | emerging coronaviruses (covs) cause severe disease in humans, but no approved therapeutics are available. the cov nsp14 exoribonuclease (exon) has complicated development of antiviral nucleosides due to its proofreading activity. we recently reported that the nucleoside analogue gs-5734 (remdesivir) potently inhibits human and zoonotic covsin vitroand in a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) mouse model. however, studies with gs-5734 have not reported resistance associated w ... | 2018 | 29511076 |
| mers coronaviruses from camels in africa exhibit region-dependent genetic diversity. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a zoonotic respiratory disease of global public health concern, and dromedary camels are the only proven source of zoonotic infection. although mers-cov infection is ubiquitous in dromedaries across africa as well as in the arabian peninsula, zoonotic disease appears confined to the arabian peninsula. mers-covs from africa have hitherto been poorly studied. we genetically and phenotypically characterized mers-cov from dromedaries sam ... | 2018 | 29507189 |
| mers-cov: understanding the latest human coronavirus threat. | human coronaviruses cause both upper and lower respiratory tract infections in humans. in 2012, a sixth human coronavirus (hcov) was isolated from a patient presenting with severe respiratory illness. the 60-year-old man died as a result of renal and respiratory failure after admission to a hospital in jeddah, saudi arabia. the aetiological agent was eventually identified as a coronavirus and designated middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). mers-cov has now been reported in mo ... | 2018 | 29495250 |
| pathogenicity and viral shedding of mers-cov in immunocompromised rhesus macaques. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has recently emerged in the middle east. since 2012, there have been approximately 2,100 confirmed cases, with a 35% case fatality rate. disease severity has been linked to patient health status, as people with chronic diseases or an immunocompromised status fare worse, although the mechanisms of disease have yet to be elucidated. we used the rhesus macaque model of mild mers to investigate whether the immune response plays a role in the pa ... | 2018 | 29483914 |
| simple, rapid and sensitive portable molecular diagnosis of sfts virus using reverse transcriptional loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp). | recently, human infections caused by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (sftsv), which can lead to fatality, have dramatically increased in east asia. with the unavailability of vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent and/or treat sftsv infection, early rapid diagnosis is critical for prevention and control of the disease. here, we report the development of a simple, rapid and sensitive portable detection method for sftsv infection applying reverse transcription-loop mediated isoth ... | 2018 | 30270605 |
| research on the mechanism of cross-species infection and transmission for animal-origin emerging and re-emerging zoonosis has won support by the national key research and development program of china. | emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases caused by pathogens such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), west nile virus (wnv) or chikungunya virus (chikv) pose considerable threats to public health worldwide. research on the mechanism of cross-species infection and transmission for animal-origin emerging and re-emerging zoonosis (2016yfd0500300) has won support by the national key research and development program of china. professor wenjie tan (national institute for vira ... | 2017 | 30702832 |
| probing the effects of pyrimidine functional group switches on acyclic fleximer analogues for antiviral activity. | due to their ability to inhibit viral dna or rna replication, nucleoside analogues have been used for decades as potent antiviral therapeutics. however, one of the major limitations of nucleoside analogues is the development of antiviral resistance. in that regard, flexible nucleoside analogues known as "fleximers" have garnered attention over the years due to their ability to survey different amino acids in enzyme binding sites, thus overcoming the potential development of antiviral resistance. ... | 2019 | 31480658 |
| identification of 6'-β-fluoro-homoaristeromycin as a potent inhibitor of chikungunya virus replication. | we have reported on aristeromycin (1) and 6'-fluorinated-aristeromycin analogues (2), which are active against rna viruses such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), zika virus (zikv), and chikungunya virus (chikv). however, these exhibit substantial cytotoxicity. as this cytotoxicity may be attributed to 5'-phosphorylation, we designed and synthesized one-carbon homologated 6'-fluorinated-aristeromycin analogues. th ... | 2019 | 31841728 |
| detecting emerging infectious diseases: an overview of the laboratory response network for biological threats. | the laboratory response network (lrn) was established in 1999 to ensure an effective laboratory response to high-priority public health threats. the lrn for biological threats (lrn-b) provides a laboratory infrastructure to respond to emerging infectious diseases. since 2012, the lrn-b has been involved in 3 emerging infectious disease outbreak responses. we evaluated the lrn-b role in these responses and identified areas for improvement. lrn-b laboratories tested 1097 specimens during the 2014 ... | 2020 | 31682559 |
| the hajj 2019 vaccine requirements and possible new challenges. | each year millions of pilgrims perform the annual hajj from more than 180 countries around the world. this is one of the largest mass gathering events and may result in the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases. as such, there are mandatory vaccinations for the pilgrims such as meningococcal vaccines. the 2019 annual hajj will take place during august 8-13, 2019. thus, we review the recommended and mandated vaccinations for the 2019 hajj and umrah. the mandatory vaccines required to secur ... | 2019 | 31529930 |
| precision mouse models with expanded tropism for human pathogens. | a major limitation of current humanized mouse models is that they primarily enable the analysis of human-specific pathogens that infect hematopoietic cells. however, most human pathogens target other cell types, including epithelial, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. here, we show that implantation of human lung tissue, which contains up to 40 cell types, including nonhematopoietic cells, into immunodeficient mice (lung-only mice) resulted in the development of a highly vascularized lung implan ... | 2019 | 31451733 |
| design, synthesis, and anti-rna virus activity of 6'-fluorinated-aristeromycin analogues. | the 6'-fluorinated aristeromycins were designed as dual-target antiviral compounds aimed at inhibiting both the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) and the host cell s-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (sah) hydrolase, which would indirectly target capping of viral rna. the introduction of a fluorine at the 6'-position enhanced the inhibition of sah hydrolase and the activity against rna viruses. the adenosine and n6-methyladenosine analogues 2a-e showed potent inhibition against sah hydrolase, whil ... | 2019 | 31244113 |
| recent advances in aiv biosensors composed of nanobio hybrid material. | since the beginning of the 2000s, globalization has accelerated because of the development of transportation systems that allow for human and material exchanges throughout the world. however, this globalization has brought with it the rise of various pathogenic viral agents, such as middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), zika virus, and dengue virus. in particular, avian influenza virus (aiv) is highly infectious and cau ... | 2018 | 30544883 |
| international health threats and global early warning and response mechanisms. | the global community continues to incur the high costs of crisis mitigation and emergency response to outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as those caused by the h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, ebola virus, nipah virus, zika virus or the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. these viruses are particularly dangerous in regions associated with poor development indicators and high vulnerability. the drivers of these disease crises include failures in the way that an ... | 2017 | 30152454 |
| world health organization methodology to prioritize emerging infectious diseases in need of research and development. | the world health organization r&d blueprint aims to accelerate the availability of medical technologies during epidemics by focusing on a list of prioritized emerging diseases for which medical countermeasures are insufficient or nonexistent. the prioritization process has 3 components: a delphi process to narrow down a list of potential priority diseases, a multicriteria decision analysis to rank the short list of diseases, and a final delphi round to arrive at a final list of 10 diseases. a gr ... | 2018 | 30124424 |
| identification of a novel betacoronavirus (merbecovirus) in amur hedgehogs from china. | while dromedaries are the immediate animal source of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) epidemic, viruses related to mers coronavirus (mers-cov) have also been found in bats as well as hedgehogs. to elucidate the evolution of mers-cov-related viruses and their interspecies transmission pathway, samples were collected from different mammals in china. a novel coronavirus related to mers-cov, erinaceus amurensis hedgehog coronavirus hku31 (ea-hedcov hku31), was identified from two amur hedgeho ... | 2019 | 31653070 |
| a potent postentry restriction to primate lentiviruses in a yinpterochiropteran bat. | bats are primary reservoirs for multiple lethal human viruses, such as ebola, nipah, hendra, rabies, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (mers-cov), and, most recently, sars-cov-2. the innate immune systems of these immensely abundant, anciently diverged mammals remain insufficiently characterized. while bat genomes contain many endogenous retroviral elements indicative of past exogenous infections, little is known about ... | 2020 | 32934084 |
| adaptive evolution of mers-cov to species variation in dpp4. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) likely originated in bats and passed to humans through dromedary camels; however, the genetic mechanisms underlying cross-species adaptation remain poorly understood. variation in the host receptor, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (dpp4), can block the interaction with the mers-cov spike protein and form a species barrier to infection. to better understand the species adaptability of mers-cov, we identified a suboptimal species-derived variant of dp ... | 2018 | 30110630 |
| a systematic review of therapeutic agents for the treatment of the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first described in 2012 and attracted a great international attention due to multiple healthcare associated outbreaks. the disease carries a high case fatality rate of 34.5%, and there is no internationally or nationally recommended therapy. | 2020 | 31252170 |
| [advances in the animal models of mers-cov]. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was first isolated in 2012 from patients that died from severe pneumonia. it was another coronavirus which resulted in severe infection of humans, apart from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. the development of an appropriate animal model is necessary to study the pathogenesis and to evaluate the intervening measures against mers-cov infection. to date, several small animals(e.g., mice, syrian hamsters, and ferrets) hav ... | 2016 | 29963837 |
| small particle aerosol exposure of african green monkeys to mers-cov as a model for highly pathogenic coronavirus infection. | emerging coronaviruses are a global public health threat because of the potential for person-to-person transmission and high mortality rates. middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged in 2012, causing lethal respiratory disease in »35% of cases. primate models of coronavirus disease are needed to support development of therapeutics, but few models exist that recapitulate severe disease. for initial development of a mers-cov primate model, 12 african green monkeys were expos ... | 2020 | 32744989 |
| a single dose of chadox1 mers provides protective immunity in rhesus macaques. | developing a vaccine to protect against the lethal effects of the many strains of coronavirus is critical given the current global pandemic. for middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), we show that rhesus macaques seroconverted rapidly after a single intramuscular vaccination with chadox1 mers. the vaccine protected against respiratory injury and pneumonia and reduced viral load in lung tissue by several orders of magnitude. mers-cov replication in type i and ii pneumocytes of c ... | 2020 | 32577525 |
| clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with sars-cov-2. | effective therapies to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) are urgently needed. while many investigational, approved, and repurposed drugs have been suggested as potential treatments, preclinical data from animal models can guide the search for effective treatments by ruling out those that lack efficacy in vivo. remdesivir (gs-5734) is a nucleotide analogue prodrug with broad antiviral activity1,2 that is currently being investigated in covid-19 clinical trials and recently received emerge ... | 2020 | 32516797 |
| prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (gs-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of mers-cov infection. | the continued emergence of middle east respiratory syndrome (mers) cases with a high case fatality rate stresses the need for the availability of effective antiviral treatments. remdesivir (gs-5734) effectively inhibited mers coronavirus (mers-cov) replication in vitro, and showed efficacy against severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-cov in a mouse model. here, we tested the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir treatment in a nonhuman primate model of mers-cov infection, the r ... | 2020 | 32054787 |
| a spike-modified middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) infectious clone elicits mild respiratory disease in infected rhesus macaques. | the recurrence of new human cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) underscores the need for effective therapeutic countermeasures. nonhuman primate models are considered the gold standard for preclinical evaluation of therapeutic countermeasures. however, mers-cov-induced severe respiratory disease in humans is associated with high viral loads in the lower respiratory tract, which may be difficult to achieve in nonhuman primate models. considering this limitation, we wa ... | 2018 | 30013082 |
| effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) on the nervous system. what can we expect from sars -cov-2? | coronaviruses cause respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders in animals and humans. the current sars-cov-2, the covid-19 infectious agent, belongs to a subgroup called betacoronavirus including the sars-cov and mers-cov responsible for epidemics in 2002 and 2012, respectively.these viruses can also infect the nervous system due to their affinity for the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2) expressed in neurons and glial cells. infections with sars-cov, mers-cov, and now sars-cov-2 also ... | 2020 | 33152201 |
| middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus gene 5 modulates pathogenesis in mice. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes a highly lethal pneumonia that emerged in 2012. there is limited information on mers-cov pathogenesis, as data from patients are scarce and the generation of animal models reproducing mers clinical manifestations has been challenging. human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 knock-in (hdpp4-ki) mice and a mouse-adapted mers-cov (mersma-6-1-2) were recently described. hdpp4-ki mice infected with mersma-6-1-2 show pathological signs of respiratory ... | 2020 | 33144319 |
| anti-s1 mers-cov igy specific antibodies decreases lung inflammation and viral antigen positive cells in the human transgenic mouse model. | the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) was identified in 2012 and causes severe and often fatal acute respiratory illness in humans. no approved prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are currently available. in this study, we have developed egg yolk antibodies (immunoglobulin y (igy)) specific for mers-cov spike protein (s1) in order to evaluate their neutralizing efficiency against mers-cov infection. s1-specific immunoglobulins were produced by injecting chickens with ... | 2020 | 33139631 |
| molecular diversity of coronavirus host cell entry receptors. | coronaviruses are a group of viruses causing disease in a wide range of animals including humans. since 2002, the successive emergence of bat-borne severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (sads-cov) and sars-cov-2 have reinforced efforts in uncovering the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms governing coronavirus cell tropism and interspecies transmission. decades of studies have ... | 2020 | 33118022 |
| neutralizing and binding activities against sars-cov-1/2, mers-cov, and human coronaviruses 229e and oc43 by normal human intravenous immunoglobulin derived from healthy donors in japan. | there are several types of coronaviruses that infect humans and cause disease. the latest is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2), which is an emerging global threat with no current effective treatment. normal intravenous immunoglobulin (n-ivig) has been administered to coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) patients to control severe inflammation and the cellular immune response. however, the neutralizing activity of n-ivig against sars-cov-2 has not yet been fully evaluate ... | 2020 | 33104267 |
| utility of proteomics in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases caused by rna viruses. | emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to rna viruses cause major negative consequences for the quality of life, public health, and overall economic development. most of the rna viruses causing illnesses in humans are of zoonotic origin. zoonotic viruses can directly be transferred from animals to humans through adaptation, followed by human-to-human transmission, such as in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respir ... | 2020 | 33095583 |
| inhibition of coronavirus entry in vitro and ex vivo by a lipid-conjugated peptide derived from the sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein hrc domain. | the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (sars-cov-2), the etiological agent of the 2019 coronavirus disease (covid-19), has erupted into a global pandemic that has led to tens of millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. the development of therapeutics to treat infection or as prophylactics to halt viral transmission and spread is urgently needed. sars-cov-2 relies on structural rearrangements within a spike (s) glycoprotein to mediate fu ... | 2020 | 33082259 |
| update of the current knowledge on genetics, evolution, immunopathogenesis, and transmission for coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19). | in december 2019, an acute respiratory disease caused by novel species of coronavirus (sars-cov-2), emerged in china and has spread throughout the world. on 11th march 2020, the world health organization (who) officially declared coronavirus disease 19 (covid-19) a pandemic, severe coronavirus-mediated human disease. based on genomic and phylogenetic studies, sars-cov-2 might originate from bat coronaviruses and infects humans directly or through intermediate zoonotic hosts. however, the exact o ... | 2020 | 33061805 |
| immunopathogenesis of coronavirus-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards): potential infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. | the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) in december 2019 in wuhan, china, introduced the third highly pathogenic coronavirus into humans in the 21st century. scientific advance after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) epidemic and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emergence enabled clinicians to understand the epidemiology and pathophysiology of sars-cov-2. in this review, we summarize and discuss the epidemiology, clinical features, an ... | 2020 | 33055229 |
| the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the breath of some infected dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius). | dromedary camels remain the currently identified reservoir for the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the virus is released in the secretions of the infected camels, especially the nasal tract. the virus shedding curve through the nasal secretions was studied. although human transmission of the virus through the respiratory tract of close contact people with dromedary reported previously, the exact mechanism of transmission is still largely unknown. the main goal of this st ... | 2020 | 33050973 |
| immunosuppressive drugs and covid-19: a review. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). it is currently unknown whether immunosuppressive drugs are advantageous or detrimental in patients with covid-19. immunosuppressive drugs could be harmful in the initial phase of covid-19. in this phase, the host immune response is necessary to inhibit viral replication. however, immunosuppressive drugs might have a beneficial effect in the later, more severe phase of covid-19. in this ... | 2020 | 32982743 |
| middle east respiratory coronavirus (mers-cov) spike (s) protein vesicular stomatitis virus pseudoparticle neutralization assays offer a reliable alternative to the conventional neutralization assay in human seroepidemiological studies. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is a novel zoonotic coronavirus that was identified in 2012. mers-cov infection in humans can result in an acute, severe respiratory disease and in some cases multi-organ failure; the global mortality rate is approximately 35 %. the mers-cov spike (s) protein is a major target for neutralizing antibodies in infected patients. the mers-cov microneutralization test (mnt) is the gold standard method for demonstrating prior infection. however, ... | 2019 | 32974558 |
| targeting polyamines inhibits coronavirus infection by reducing cellular attachment and entry. | coronaviruses first garnered widespread attention in 2002 when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) emerged from bats in china and rapidly spread in human populations. since then, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) emerged and still actively infects humans. the recent sars-cov-2 outbreak and the resulting disease (coronavirus disease 2019, covid19) have rapidly and catastrophically spread and highlighted significant limitations to our ability to contr ... | 2020 | 32966040 |
| stability of mers-cov rna on spin columns of rna extraction kit at room temperature. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) is an emerging virus causing a highly fatal respiratory disease in humans. confirmation of mers-cov infection and molecular study on the virus may require transportation of samples to specialized laboratories. while freezing at -80 °c is the gold standard method for rna preservation, maintaining the integrity of viral rna during transport will require additional precautions and, as a result, increase transport costs. we aimed at testing the ... | 2020 | 32947111 |
| molecular basis of pathogenesis of coronaviruses: a comparative genomics approach to planetary health to prevent zoonotic outbreaks in the 21st century. | in the first quarter of the 21st century, we are already facing the third emergence of a coronavirus outbreak, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic. comparative genomics can inform a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of covid-19. previous strains of coronavirus, sars-cov, and middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (mers-cov), have been known to cause acute lung injuries in humans. sars-cov-2 ... | 2020 | 32940573 |
| coronavirus infections in children: from sars and mers to covid-19, a narrative review of epidemiological and clinical features. | emerging and re-emerging viruses represent an important challenge for global public health. in the 1960s, coronaviruses (covs) were recognized as disease agents in humans. in only two decades, three strains of covs have crossed species barriers rapidly emerging as human pathogens resulting in life-threatening disease with a pandemic potential: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) in 2002, middle-east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) in 2012 and the recently emerged ... | 2020 | 32921726 |
| structural basis of sars-cov-2 main protease inhibition by a broad-spectrum anti-coronaviral drug. | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-ncov), took tens of thousands of lives and caused tremendous economic losses. the main protease (mpro) of sars-cov-2 is a potential target for treatment of covid-19 due to its critical role in maturation of viral proteins and subsequent viral replication. conceptually and technically, targeting therapy against mpro is similar to target therapy t ... | 2020 | 32905393 |
| predicting the recombination potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus. | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) recently emerged to cause widespread infections in humans. sars-cov-2 infections have been reported in the kingdom of saudi arabia, where middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes seasonal outbreaks with a case fatality rate of ~37 %. here we show that there exists a theoretical possibility of future recombination events between sars-cov-2 and mers-cov rna. through computational analyses, we have identified homolog ... | 2020 | 32902372 |
| current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for covid-19: impact of basic science discoveries. | coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). sars-cov-2 is closely related to two other coronaviruses that caused disease epidemic breakouts in humans in the last 2 decades, namely, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the similarities have enabled the scientists to apply the basic scientific discoveries garnered from studying the structure and ... | 2020 | 32889088 |
| coronaviruses and endocrine system: a systematic review on evidences and shadows. | coronaviruses are a big family of viruses that can infect mammalians and birds. in humans they mainly cause respiratory tract infections, with a large spectrum of severity, from mild, self-limited infections to highly lethal forms as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) and coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). scanty data are reported for the involvement of endocrine glands by human coronaviruses, in particular sars-cov ... | 2020 | 32888287 |
| in silico structure modelling of sars-cov-2 nsp13 helicase and nsp14 and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs as dual inhibitors. | the high mortality rate from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) infections in humans and the lack of effective therapeutic regime for its treatment necessitates the identification of new antivirals. sars-cov-2 relies on non-structural proteins such as nsp13 helicase and nsp14 which are the key components of the replication-transcription complex (rtc) to complete its infectious life cycle. therefore, targeting these essential viral proteins with small molecules will ... | 2020 | 32875166 |
| an overview of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines in preclinical studies. | middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) causes high mortality in humans. no vaccines are approved for use in humans; therefore, a consistent effort to develop safe and effective mers vaccines is needed. | 2020 | 32842811 |
| severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview. | coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) is a viral pneumonia, responsible for the recent pandemic, and originated from wuhan, china, in december 2019. the causative agent of the outbreak was identified as coronavirus and designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars- cov-2). few years back, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars- cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) were reported to be highly pathogenic and caused severe infectio ... | 2020 | 32840560 |
| approach to childhood asthma in the era of covid-19: the official statement endorsed by the saudi pediatric pulmonology association (sppa). | coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that infect humans, which may result in mild symptoms similar to those of the common cold. covid-19 is most recent subtype similar or even worse than the two previous pandemic strains which were the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). the first cases of covid-19 emerged in december 2019. since then, the virus causing the disease has infected more than four million peo ... | 2020 | 32838011 |
| structure-based virtual screening of phytochemicals and repurposing of fda approved antiviral drugs unravels lead molecules as potential inhibitors of coronavirus 3c-like protease enzyme. | coronaviruses are enveloped positive-strand rna viruses belonging to family coronaviridae and order nidovirales which cause infections in birds and mammals. among the human coronaviruses, highly pathogenic ones are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) which have been implicated in severe respiratory syndrome in humans. there are no approved antiviral drugs or vaccines for the treatment of human cov infection to d ... | 2020 | 32837113 |
| covid-19 vaccines: a race against time in the middle of death and devastation! | the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) has turned into a global human tragedy and economic devastation. governments have implemented lockdown measures, blocked international travel, and enforced other public containment measures to mitigate the virus morbidity and mortality. as of today, no drug has the power to fight the infection and bring normalcy to the utter chaos. this leaves us with only one choice namely an effective and safe vaccine that shall be manufactured as soon as possible and av ... | 2020 | 32837093 |
| antiviral potential of garlic (allium sativum) and its organosulfur compounds: a systematic update of pre-clinical and clinical data. | garlic (allium sativum l.) is a common herb consumed worldwide as functional food and traditional remedy for the prevention of infectious diseases since ancient time. garlic and its active organosulfur compounds (oscs) have been reported to alleviate a number of viral infections in pre-clinical and clinical investigations. however, so far no systematic review on its antiviral effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms exists. | 2020 | 32836826 |
| neurological manifestations of covid-19 and other coronaviruses: a systematic review. | to describe the main neurological manifestations related to coronavirus infection in humans. | 2020 | 32834527 |
| susceptibility to sars, mers, and covid-19 from animal health perspective. | viruses are having great time as they seem to have bogged humans down. severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars), middle east respiratory syndrome (mers), and novel coronavirus (covid-19) are the three major coronaviruses of present-day global human and animal health concern. covid-19 caused by sars-cov-2 is identified as the newest disease, presumably of bat origin. different theories on the evolution of viruses are in circulation, yet there is no denying the fact that the animal source is the s ... | 2020 | 32821661 |
| role of probiotics to combat viral infections with emphasis on covid-19. | interspecies transmissions of viruses between animals and humans may result in unpredictable pathogenic potential and new transmissible diseases. this mechanism has recently been exemplified by the discovery of new pathogenic viruses, such as the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic, middle-east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus epidemic in saudi arabia, and the deadly outbreak of ebola in west africa. the. sars-cov-2 causes coronavirus disease-19 (covid-19 ... | 2020 | 32813065 |
| the global emergency of novel coronavirus (sars-cov-2): an update of the current status and forecasting. | over the past two decades, there have been two major outbreaks where the crossover of animal betacoronaviruses to humans has resulted in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov). in december 2019, a global public health concern started with the emergence of a new strain of coronavirus (sars-cov-2 or 2019 novel coronavirus, 2019-ncov) which has rapidly spread all over the world from its origin in wuhan, china. sars-cov-2 ... | 2020 | 32764417 |
| [replication and transmission mechanisms of highly pathogenic human coronavirus]. | the three known highly pathogenic human coronaviruses are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). human highly pathogenic coronaviruses are composed of non-structural proteins, structural proteins, accessory proteins and ribonucleic acid. viral particles recognize host receptors via spike glycoprotein (s protein), enter host cells by membrane fusion, replic ... | 2020 | 32762165 |
| approaches and advances in the development of potential therapeutic targets and antiviral agents for the management of sars-cov-2 infection. | virus onslaughts continue to spread fear and cause rampage across the world every now and then. the twenty first century is yet again witnessing a gross global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2). globally no vaccines or drug specific to covid-19 is available. corona viruses have been in mutual relationship with humans and other hosts over many decades though aggressive zoonotic strains have caused havoc. zoonotic e ... | 2020 | 32739174 |