| evaluation of a scheme for predicting the gram-staining reaction of organisms causing bovine mastitis. | the accuracy of a scheme for predicting the gram-staining reaction of organisms causing bovine mastitis in cows with systemic signs of disease (anorexia) was evaluated over 1 year. criteria for making the predictions included: season of year, stage of lactation, appearance of milk, detection and duration of teat injuries, and milk odor. it was possible to determine the cause by microbiologic culture of specimens from 136 of the 147 cows of the study. of 78 infections caused by gram-negative (mos ... | 1990 | 1689287 |
| the physiology of substance p in the rabbit retina. | the neuropeptide substance p (sp) has been localized to amacrine and ganglion cells in the rabbit retina. we have examined the effects of sp and related peptides on rabbit retinal neurons using bath application and intra- and extra-cellular electrophysiological methods in an in vitro retina eyecup preparation. substance p, at concentrations as low as 25 nm, moderately excited most brisk ganglion cells. sp excited some ganglion cells directly during cobalt block of synaptic transmission. intracel ... | 1990 | 1689381 |
| the effects of substance p and calcitonin gene-related peptide on the efflux of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro. | bath applied sp (2 x 10(-7) to 5 x 10(-7) m) produced a significant increase in the concentration of glutamate in the spinal slice perfusate, whereas the efflux of aspartate increased only with a higher concentration of sp (5 x 10(-6) m). the enhancement of the basal efflux of glutamate persisted in the absence of external ca2+, but the effect was blocked by (d-arg1, d-pro2, d-trp7,9, leu11)-sp, a sp analogue claimed to be an antagonist of synthetic sp. calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp 10(- ... | 1990 | 1689473 |
| homocysteic acid lesions in rat striatum spare somatostatin-neuropeptide y (nadph-diaphorase) neurons. | l-homocysteic acid (l-hca) is a sulfated amino acid which is present in mammalian striatum and is a putative excitatory striatal neurotransmitter. in the present study we examined the histologic and neurochemical effects of l-hca induced striatal lesions to determine how closely changes resemble those of huntington's disease (hd). increasing doses of l-hca injected into the anterior striatum resulted in dose-dependent reductions in both substance p-like immunoreactivity (sp-li) and gamma-aminobu ... | 1990 | 1689475 |
| autoradiographic localisation of nmda, quisqualate and kainic acid receptors in human spinal cord. | the phencyclidine (pcp) binding site of the n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, the kainic acid (ka) receptor and the quisqualate (qa) receptor were visualised, using autoradiography in the human spinal cord and the distributions compared with that of benzodiazepine (bdz) receptors and substance p (sp). all of the receptor types, and sp, were concentrated in lamina ii of the dorsal horn, consistent with physiological data indicating that glutamate is a neurotransmitter of primary afferent terminals i ... | 1990 | 1689476 |
| changes in gene expression in hyperoxia-induced neonatal lung injury. | exposure to high concentrations of oxygen (hyperoxia) can result in lung injury. the biochemical basis of this injury is poorly understood, but it is likely to include alterations in gene expression. hyperoxia-induced (h-i) cdnas have been molecularly cloned (horowitz et al. j. biol. chem. 264: 7092-7095, 1989) from the lungs of an adult rabbit exposed to toxic levels of oxygen. one of them (h-i 1) was identified as encoding the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (timp), a key regulatory pro ... | 1990 | 1689550 |
| neurokinin receptors mediating substance p-induced contraction in adult rabbit airways. | airway contractile responses to substance p (sp) were examined in isolated adult rabbit bronchial (bsm) and tracheal smooth muscle (tsm) segments. the tissues were placed in organ baths containing modified krebs-ringer solution, and isometric contractions to sp were monitored in the presence of phosphoramidon, an inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (nep). under these conditions, bsm segments were significantly more reactive and more sensitive to sp than tsm segments. removal of sps cholinergic co ... | 1990 | 1689554 |
| the reactivity of naturally sensitized human cd4 cells and igg antibodies to synthetic peptides derived from the amino terminal sequences of a 3800 mw streptococcus mutans antigen. | natural immunity to synthetic peptides (sp) derived from the sequences of a 3800 mw streptococcal antigen (sa) was found in human subjects. significant serum igg antibodies were detected both to the native sa and to peptides consisting of residues 3-13, 1-15 and 1-20. inhibition studies confirmed cross-reactivity between the native sa and sp. a series of short peptides with deletions at the amino and carboxy termini were then tested to determine the sequence of b-cell epitopes. residues 8-13 and ... | 1990 | 1689692 |
| effect of substance p on immunoglobulin and interferon-gamma secretion by cultured human duodenal mucosa. | recently, we have demonstrated a substance p (sp)-dependent modulation of in vitro igm and interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) secretion by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as lymphokine activities in supernatants of cultured duodenal mucosa. therefore we investigated other local immunoregulatory effects of sp. duodenal biopsies of 7 healthy subjects were cultured with pokeweed mitogen (pwm, 1 microgram/ml) for 4 days at 37 degrees c in 1 ml medium each. sp was added in concentrations ... | 1990 | 1689696 |
| studies on the coexistence of substance p with other putative transmitters in the nodose and petrosal ganglia. | visceral afferent neurons of the nodose and petrosal ganglia are immunoreactive (ir) for many neurotransmitters [e.g., substance p (sp), neurokinin a (nka), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), and dopamine (tyrosine hydroxylase-ir; th)]. coexistence of sp-ir with nka-, cgrp-, or th-ir was studied in individual neurons of the rat ganglia using fluorescence immunocytochemistry. sp- and nka-ir were present in equal numbers of cells and were consistently colocalized. sp- and cgrp-ir were found t ... | 1990 | 1689873 |
| opposite effects of substance p on conductance and resistance coronary vessels in conscious dogs. | the effects of substance p (sp) on epicardial coronary diameter (cd) and coronary blood flow (cbf) were examined in conscious dogs. sp (5.0 ng/kg) induced transient increases (p less than 0.01) in cbf by 139 +/- 19% from 26.5 +/- 1.5 ml/min followed by sustained decreases (p less than 0.01) averaging 22 +/- 2% when mean arterial pressure had returned to preinjection base line. cd increased (p less than 0.01) by 6.7 +/- 1.4% from 3.47 +/- 0.35 mm. after ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium (35 ... | 1990 | 1689965 |
| [antitumor drugs and potentiators aiming circumvention of drug resistance]. | we have been studying the resistance mechanisms of various antitumor drugs and screening substances from natural and synthetic products which overcome resistance. in this paper, we described compounds mainly obtained from our screening systems. i. circumvention of multidrug resistance (mdr). lactoquinomycin was discovered from the culture broth of a strain of streptomyces sp. and it showed preferential growth inhibition against multidrug-resistant l5178 y cells. the mechanism of action of lactoq ... | 1990 | 1689986 |
| substance p induces the expression of an endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule by microvascular endothelium. | leukocyte trafficking in normal and diseased skin appears to be initially governed by endothelial surface glycoproteins that promote adhesive interactions with circulating leukocytes. in a separate study, we have demonstrated that one of these glycoproteins, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (elam-1), is rapidly induced on postcapillary dermal venules as a direct consequence of experimentally-elicited degranulation of adjacent mast cells (proc natl acad sci usa 86:8972-8976, 1989). a pri ... | 1990 | 1690249 |
| a synthetic glycopeptide of substance p analogue (sp6-11) with enhanced nk-1 receptor specificity. | a new glycopeptide analogue of substance p (6-11) (sp6-11), namely, n1,6 (beta-d-glucopyranosyl) [glu6, pro9]sp6-11, has been synthesized and found to be water soluble. the in vitro biological activity of this glycopeptide was determined for spasmogenic activity in the guinea pig ileum and for potentiation of electrically evoked contractions in the rat vas deferens. thus, activities on nk-1, nk-2, and nk-3 receptor types have been differentiated by two assays and, in the case of nk-1 and nk-3, r ... | 1990 | 1690289 |
| differential release of substance p and somatostatin in the rat spinal cord in response to noxious cold and heat; effect of dynorphin a(1-17). | dynorphin a(1-17), the proposed endogenous ligand for the kappa receptor, has been reported to demonstrate no antinociceptive activity when tested in analgesic assays involving noxious (heat (e.g., tail-flick and hot-plate assays). by using a rat tail-flick analgesic assay that utilizes extreme cold as its noxious stimulus (an ethylene glycol-water mixture maintained at -10 degrees c), we have recently reported a dose-related and naloxone-reversible antinociceptive effect for i.c.v. administered ... | 1990 | 1690293 |
| activation of primary afferent neurons by thermal stimulation. influence of ruthenium red. | the effect of thermal stimulation on primary afferent neurons and its modulation by ruthenium red (rr) has been investigated in the isolated perfused rabbit ear with intact neuronal connection to the animal. capsaicin, k(+)-depolarization as well as increasing the temperature of the perfusate to 50 degrees c, increased the amount of substance p-like immunoreactivity (sp-ir) in the outflow in a calcium-dependent manner. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) revealed that sp-ir which was r ... | 1990 | 1690358 |
| bile salt potentiates the action of capsaicin on sensory neurones of guinea-pig ileum. | in the isolated guinea-pig ileum, exposure to the sensory stimulant drug capsaicin (1 microm) produced a contraction thought to involve substance p(sp) release from sensory nerves. bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, potentiated the capsaicin-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent (0.03-10 microm) manner, without influencing contractions produced by exogenous sp or by electrical stimulation of efferent nerves. the bile salt-induced potentiation of the capsaicin response was not modified by ... | 1990 | 1690369 |
| reinforcing effects of peripherally administered substance p and its c-terminal sequence pglu6-sp6-11 in the rat. | reinforcing effects of intraperitoneally (ip) administered substance p (sp1-11), its amino-terminal fragment sp1-7 (spn) and an analog of the carboxy terminus (pglu6-sp6-11: spc) were studied in rats. two conditioned place preference paradigms were used. after three pairings of the drug with a certain environment the effect of the treatment was evaluated in the drug-free state during a test trial. the reinforcing effects of sp (37 nmol) and the equimolar dose of spc were expressed by a significa ... | 1990 | 1690433 |
| local effects of substance p on respiratory regulation in the rat medulla oblongata. | the effect of substance p (sp) and the sp antagonist [d-pro2,d-trp7,9]-sp on basal ventilation was investigated in halothane-anesthetized rats. microinjections of sp (0.4-1.5 nmol) into the ventrolateral medulla oblongata (vlm), (nuclei gigantocellularis, facialis, ambiguus, and reticularis lateralis) or into the dorsomedial medulla oblongata (dm, nucleus tractus solitarius) and its ventral surroundings dose dependently increased tidal volume (vt) and/or minute ventilation. in sensitive areas, t ... | 1990 | 1690698 |
| origin and colocalization of cgrp- and sp-reactive nerves in cat airway epithelium. | a combination of neuroanatomic techniques was used to examine the origin and neuropeptide content of nerve fibers in the airway epithelium of adult cats. by the use of immunocytochemical methods, the peptides substance p (sp) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) were colocalized in airway epithelial nerve fibers. two days after wheat germ agglutinin (wga) was injected into the nodose ganglion, fibers containing wga immunoreactivity (ir) were detected in the airway epithelium. sp-like immun ... | 1990 | 1690700 |
| heterogeneity of binding subunits of the human 150k insulin-like growth factor binding protein. | models for the structure of the gh-dependent 150k insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (igf-bp) complex include 1) a binding subunit of 40-60k mol wt associated with a larger nonbinding component, and 2) an oligomeric structure simply made up of six 25-28k monomeric igf-bp complexes. to evaluate these alternative models we examined the igf-binding characteristics and behavior on an sp-sephadex ion exchange column of bp species identified by chemically cross-linking [125i]igf-i and [125i]ig ... | 1990 | 1690749 |
| measles virus-substance p receptor interactions. possible novel mechanism of viral fusion. | measles virus (mv) encodes the fusion protein (f) that mediates cell fusion and intercellular spread of the virus, and is homologous to the carboxy terminus of the neuropeptide substance p (sp). in addition, the oligopeptide z-d-phe-l-phe-gly, also homologous to f and sp, inhibits mv fusion with target cells. these observations raise the question of whether mv uses the sp receptor (spr) during a specific phase of its infectious cycle. in this report, we examine the structural and functional cons ... | 1990 | 1690758 |
| development of supersensitivity to substance p in the spinal cord of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. | to investigate the possible mechanisms involved in the alterations in sensitivity to pain in diabetic rats, we examined the influence of diabetes induced by streptozotocin (stz) on the functions of the neuronal systems that contain substance p (sp) within the spinal cord. the threshold for pain perception as determined by a tail-pinch test was significantly reduced in diabetic rats. the levels of sp in the spinal cord from diabetic rats (116.9 +/- 16.3 pmol/g tissue) were significantly lower tha ... | 1990 | 1690901 |
| the entopeduncular nucleus regulates muscle tone in genetically spastic rats: role of substance p and gamma-aminobutyric acid. | microinjections of the substance p (sp) antagonist (d-pro2,d-phe7,d-trp9)-sp, or the gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) agonist, muscimol, into the entopeduncular nucleus reduced muscle tone in genetically spastic rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner. similar injections into the ventral thalamus, zona incerta or amygdala had no effect on muscle tone. the muscle relaxant effect of (d-pro2,d-phe7,d-trp9)-sp injected into the entopeduncular nucleus was blocked by co-injections of sp, and that of m ... | 1990 | 1691040 |
| release of sensory neuropeptides from dural venous sinuses of guinea pig. | substance p- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities (sp-li and cgrp-li, respectively) were measured in superfusates of either superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinuses and attached dura mater or dura mater alone of guinea pig. exposure of cerebral venous sinuses to capsaicin (1 microm) evoked the release of both sp-li and cgrp-li, which was no longer observed upon second challenge with the drug. neuropeptide release was induced by 80 mm k+ either at the first or second ... | 1990 | 1691044 |
| histaminergic neurons receive substance p-ergic inputs in the posterior hypothalamus of the rat. | the synaptic connections between histaminergic neurons and substance p (sp) afferents in the caudal magnocellular nucleus (cm) of the hypothalamus were examined using an immunoelectron microscopic mirror method. sp-immunoreactive (sp-ir) terminals made synaptic contacts with the somata, somatic spines and dendrites of histidine decarboxylase immunoreactive (hdc-ir) neurons. this suggests that sp afferents exert monosynaptic influence on the central histaminergic neuronal system. | 1990 | 1691105 |
| glucanase-producing organisms in human dental plaques. | selective media were used to isolate a wide range of bacteria from sixty human dental plaques. glucanase activities of the isolates were determined on dextran- and starch-containing media. all sixty samples of dental plaque yielded some colonies showing amylolytic and dextranolytic activities. the glucanase-producing organisms comprised 20% of the isolates. of these 38% were gram-positive rods, 27% gram-positive cocci, 28% gram-negative rods and 7% were gram-negative cocci. the cultural groups m ... | 1990 | 1691432 |
| identification and characterization of a defective ssv1 genome integrated into a trna gene in the archaebacterium sulfolobus sp. b12. | within the chromosome of the archaebacterium sulfolobus sp. b12, a 7.4 kb region was identified which displayed extensive sequence similarities to the 15.5 kb genetic element ssv1 carried by the same strain both as a circular form and as a site-specifically integrated copy. dna sequence analysis indicated that this 7.4 kb region (designated ssv1intb) represented an ssv1-like element distinguishable from the full-length integrated copy (designated ssv1inta) by extensive deletions and point mutati ... | 1990 | 1691436 |
| substance p afferents have synaptic contacts with dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area of the rat. | synaptic contacts were found between dopaminergic neurons and substance p (sp)-immunoreactive axon terminals in the ventral tegmental area (vta), by means of the immunoelectron microscopic mirror method. sp-immunoreactive terminals were found to make synaptic contact with vta neurons exhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. | 1990 | 1691469 |
| somatostatin selectively inhibits excitatory contractile pathways of the feline lower esophageal sphincter. | intrinsic reflexes of the feline lower esophageal sphincter (les) have been shown to be mediated by specific arrangements of excitatory peptidergic interneurons. inhibition of intrinsic reflexes may also be mediated by neuropeptides. the specific aims of this study were: (1) to examine the effect of somatostatin (som) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) on basal les tone, and (2) to determine if these transmitters exert selective inhibitory effects on excitatory contractile pathways. intralu ... | 1990 | 1691517 |
| n-terminally extended substance p is released together with substance p from rat spinal cord. | the release of different forms of substance p-like immunoreactivity (sp-li) from superfused slices of rat spinal cord was studied. the released sp-li was characterized by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay with two antisera directed to the c- and n-terminal parts of sp, respectively. the sp-li detected in the superfusates with the c-terminally directed antiserum was found to consist of (undeca) sp, sp-sulfoxide and a late eluting component which was not det ... | 1990 | 1691519 |
| muscarinic supersensitivity in the rat urinary bladder after capsaicin pretreatment. | the effects of capsaicin on urinary bladder function have been investigated in adult rats. ten days after capsaicin treatment immunocytochemical investigations showed a nearly complete disappearance of substance p (sp) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) in all parts of the bladder. recordings of micturition patterns and cytometrical investigations in conscious animals revealed no functional effects of capsaicin treatment. in-vitro experiments showed that the contractile response to subst ... | 1990 | 1691575 |
| surface and tissue forces, surfactant protein a, and the phospholipid components of pulmonary surfactant in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the rat. | administration of bleomycin to animals results in an alteration of the pressure-volume relationship of the lungs with an increased elastic recoil at any given volume. we sought to evaluate the relative importance of surface forces to elastic recoil by comparing the differences between the air and saline pressure-volume curves. the difference in elastic recoil between air- and saline-filled lungs was altered in bleomycin-treated rats when elastic recoil was compared at 35% of predicted tlc or at ... | 1990 | 1691603 |
| receptors for neurokinins in human bronchus and urinary bladder are of the nk-2 type. | human tissues such as the isolated bronchus and urinary bladder respond to neurokinins with concentration-dependent contractions, which appear to be due to the activation of receptors. we characterized these receptors in the present study using agonists (the naturally occurring neurokinins and some selective agonists) as well as newly identified antagonists. the order of potency of the agonists in the two preparations was as follows: neurokinin a (nka) greater than substance p (sp) greater than ... | 1990 | 1691713 |
| characterization of adhesion zones in e. coli cells. | after plasmolysis of escherichia coli cells, the adhesion zones were characterized using the cytochemical pta and sp procedures which stain peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides (lps) respectively. a pta-stained layer was detected at the adhesion sites. this layer was visualized irrespective of the electron microscopy procedure used. also, using sp staining an outer membrane in which lps molecules were asymmetrically distributed, was observed. | 1990 | 1691728 |
| neurons of the lateral entorhinal cortex of the rhesus monkey: a golgi, histochemical, and immunocytochemical characterization. | this study identifies the neuronal types of the rhesus monkey lateral entorhinal cortex (lec) and discusses the importance of these data in the context of the connectional patterns of the lec and the possible role of these cells in neurodegenerative diseases. these neuronal types were characterized with the aid of golgi impregnation techniques. these characterizations were based upon their spine densities, dendritic arrays, and, where possible, axonal arborizations. the cells could be segregated ... | 1990 | 1691746 |
| differential effects of c- and n-terminal substance p metabolites on the release of amino acid neurotransmitters from the spinal cord: potential role in nociception. | extensive evidence implicates substance p [sp(1-11)] as a primary afferent neurotransmitter or modulator of nociceptive information, and there is increasing evidence that the excitatory amino acids aspartate (asp) and glutamate (glu) may also act as nociceptive neurotransmitters. we have previously demonstrated that nociceptive stimulation (metatarsal injection of formalin) caused a tetrodotoxin (ttx)-sensitive release of asp and a ttx-insensitive release of glu from the dorsal spinal cord. we h ... | 1990 | 1691775 |
| substance p increases rat aortic albumin permeability. | we tested the hypothesis that exogenous substance p (sp) could enhance rat aortic permeability to plasma albumin. fluorescein-labeled bovine serum albumin was used as the tracer. in vivo normalized albumin mass transfer rates (x10(-8) cm/sec) were 9.16 +/- 1.73, 14.20 +/- 2.76 (p less than 0.05) and 20.31 +/- 3.31 (p less than 0.001) for groups infused i.v. with 0.01 n acetic acid vehicle, 7.4 pmol and 0.74 pmol sp/kg/min for 5 min, respectively. no significant differences from the control group ... | 1990 | 1691812 |
| bacterial rna isolation with one hour centrifugation in a table-top ultracentrifuge. | a procedure for the rapid preparation of cesium-chloride purified rna from e. coli and the cyanobacterium synechococcus sp. pcc7942 is described. cells are lysed in modified sucrose, triton x-100, edta, tris buffer with phenol/chloroform. the cleared lysate is extracted further with phenol/chloroform and rna is peleted by centrifugation through a 5.7 m cscl cushion. high quality rna can be prepared in three hours using this procedure. | 1990 | 1691916 |
| dual effects of capsaicin on responses of the rabbit ear artery to field stimulation. | 1. the effects of capsaicin (cap) on contractions of ring segments of rabbit ear artery induced by field stimulation were studied. 2. at low concentrations (0.3-3 microm) cap caused transient enhancement and at higher concentrations (above 3 microm) inhibition of stimulation-induced contractions, without affecting noradrenaline (na)-induced contractions. 3. in the continuous presence of high concentrations of cap, rebound facilitation was observed after inhibition, and at this stage, cap elicite ... | 1990 | 1691941 |
| lactococcus piscium sp. nov. a new lactococcus species from salmonid fish. | chemical and molecular taxonomic studies were performed on a representative strain of some lactic acid bacteria of unknown taxonomic position isolated from salmonid fish. the results demonstrate that the fish bacterium represents a new species of the genus lactococcus for which the name lactococcus piscium sp. nov. is proposed. the type strain of lactococcus piscium is ncfb 2778. | 1990 | 1692000 |
| streptococcus parasanguis sp. nov., an atypical viridans streptococcus from human clinical specimens. | molecular taxonomic studies were performed on ten strains of an unusual 'viridans streptococcus' that were originally isolated from human throats, blood and urine. on the basis of dna-dna hybridization studies the strains formed a single homology group distinct from all recognized species of oral and viridans streptococci. 16s ribosomal rna reverse transcriptase sequence studies confirmed the genealogical distinctiveness of the human strains. the results of the present study clearly demonstrate ... | 1990 | 1692001 |
| nasal mucosal permeability after methacholine, substance p, and capsaicin challenge in the rat. | nasal permeability was studied in anaesthetized rats after topical challenge with methacholine (mc), substance p (sp), or capsaicin. the drugs were applied onto strips of filter paper. after drying, they were inserted into one side of the nasal cavity while the other side received strips without drugs. the filter paper strips were used not only to stimulate secretion but also to collect the resulting fluid. fitc-albumin was given i.v. and the amount appearing in the nasal fluid was captured on t ... | 1990 | 1692009 |
| immunocytochemical study of the relations of acetylcholinesterase, enkephalin-, substance p-, choline acetyltransferase- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive structures in the ventral horn of rat spinal cord. | calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp)-like immunoreactivity was localized immunocytochemically in the large motoneurons in the ventral horn of rat spinal cord. using fluorescence double-labelling substance p (sp)-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found to surround both the cgrp-positive and negative motoneurons, whereas enkephalin (enk)-immunoreactive fibres surrounded mainly cgrp-negative cells. all cgrp-like immunoreactive motoneurons were also choline acetyltransferase (chat)- and acetylcholi ... | 1990 | 1692014 |
| effects of capsaicin, tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and bradykinin in the pig iris sphincter muscle. | capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons of the rabbit iris, by releasing tachykinins, exert a major role in the control of pupil motility in response to various noxious stimuli. however, the contribution of sensory innervation to the regulation of iris smooth muscle tone in other mammals species is not known. we have studied the effects produced by electrical field stimulation, capsaicin, substance p, neurokinin a, calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), and bradykinin in the isolated iris sphincter ... | 1990 | 1692106 |
| the neuropeptide substance p stimulates production of interleukin 1 in human blood monocytes: activated cells are preferentially influenced by the neuropeptide. | substance p (sp) has recently been reported to induce interleukin 1 (il-1) production by human monocytes. this was confirmed in our experiments with human monocytes cultivated in the presence of sp or sp together with lipopolysaccharide (lps). in addition, a wide variability of cell response to the neuropeptide was noticed. three out of twelve cell cultures were directly stimulated by sp to release il-1, while four additional cultures needed prestimulation with suboptimal doses of lps, and no ef ... | 1990 | 1692157 |
| localization of substance p mrna in cholinergic cells of the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry. | 1. in situ hybridization histochemical techniques in combination with immunocytochemistry and acetylcholinesterase (ache) histochemistry were used to study the colocalization of messenger rna (mrna) encoding the neuropeptide substance p (sp) in cholinergic cells of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ldt) of the rat pontine brain stem. 2. alternate serial sections were hybridized with a 48-base, 35s-labeled synthetic oligonucleotide probe encoding sp using in situ hybridization histochemistry an ... | 1990 | 1692261 |
| neural regulation of the pulmonary vasculature in a semi-arboreal snake, elaphe obsoleta. | the innervation of the pulmonary vasculature of the semi-arboreal rat snake, elaphe obsoleta, was examined with glyoxylic acid-induced catecholamine histochemistry, peptide immunohistochemistry, and in vitro perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature. an adrenergic innervation was present on the pulmonary artery, the smaller pulmonary arteries, the veins draining the lung, and the main pulmonary vein. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive axons were observed on the pulmonary artery a ... | 1990 | 1692333 |
| effect of icv pertussis toxin and n-ethylmaleimide on the levels of substance p and serotonin in brain and spinal cord of the rat. | the effects of single intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of either 0.5 microgram pertussis toxin or 5 micrograms n-ethylmaleimide (nem) on the levels of immunoreactive substance p (ir-sp) and serotonin (5-ht) in the brain and spinal cord of rats have been assessed. at two and six days after pertussis toxin injection, the levels of ir-sp appeared significantly diminished in the spinal cord (about 34%). this reduction was even greater at two days after nem injection (43%). these two agents d ... | 1990 | 1692601 |
| a radioimmunoassay for measuring alpha-amidating enzyme activity. | a sensitive alpha-amidating enzyme (alpha ae) assay using c-terminal glycine-extended substance p (sp-gly) as a substrate was developed. the product, substance p (sp), was measured by a radioimmunoassay with specific polyclonal antibodies which recognize sp with an affinity 10,000-fold higher than that of sp-gly. the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay was 5 fmol. enzyme activity could be readily detected with 25 ng alpha ae partially purified from the conditioned medium of rat medullary thyroid ... | 1990 | 1692669 |
| sympathoadrenal mechanisms underlying cardiovascular responses to intrathecal substance p in conscious rats. | the sympathoadrenal mechanisms underlying cardiovascular responses to intrathecal (i.th.) injection of substance p (sp), at the t-9 spinal level, were investigated in conscious rats. release of norepinephrine (ne), and epinephrine (epi) could be induced by 6.5, 16.25, and 32.5 nmol sp correlated with a pressor and a positive chronotropic response. release of neuropeptide y (npy) was evoked also by 32.5 nmol sp, and released npy appears to derive from the adrenal medulla. the initial pressor resp ... | 1990 | 1692933 |
| human isolated ileum: motor responses of the circular muscle to electrical field stimulation and exogenous neuropeptides. | (1) circularly-oriented muscle strips from the human ileum responded to electrical field stimulation (1-50 hz) with frequency-related primary relaxation at low frequency and primary contractions at high frequencies of stimulation. both responses were abolished or markedly reduced by tetrodotoxin (1 microm). (2) atropine (3 microm) or omega conotoxin (0.1 microm) reduced but dit not abolish contraction to electrical field stimulation and enhanced the relaxation. omega conotoxin (0.1 microm) did n ... | 1990 | 1692976 |
| substance p-immunoreactive nerve fibers in tracheobronchial lymph nodes of the guinea pig: origin, ultrastructure and coexistence with other peptides. | double-labeling immunofluorescence of guinea pig tracheobronchial lymph nodes revealed complete coincidence of sp and cgrp immunoreactivities in perivascular nerves and axons of the medullary lymphatic tissue. additional dynorphin a or cholecystokinin immunoreactivity was seen only in some of the medullary fibers. ultrastructurally, all sp-immunoreactive axons were unmyelinated and displayed vesicle-containing varicosities. retrograde neuronal tracing combined with immunohistochemistry revealed ... | 1990 | 1692990 |
| substance p enhancement of inhibitory avoidance learning: mediation by the n-terminal sequence. | experiments were performed to investigate the effects of intraperitoneally administered undecapeptide substance p (sp), its n-terminal fragment sp(1-7) (spn) and the c-terminal analog [pglu6]-sp(6-11) (spc) on inhibitory avoidance learning, using a one-trial up-hill avoidance task. in experiment 1 rats were injected with either sp (50 micrograms/kg), spn (3.3, 33, 167, 333 micrograms/kg) or spc (2.7, 27, 134, 268 micrograms/kg) immediately after the training trial. controls received the diluent ... | 1990 | 1692991 |
| antagonism by grp(18-27) and substance p analogues on insulin release stimulated by grp(18-27). | the antagonistic effects of [d-phe25]gastrin-releasing peptide (grp)(18-27) and [d-arg1,d-pro2,d-trp7,9,leu11]substance p (sp) on the stimulation of insulin release by grp(18-27) from isolated canine pancreas were compared with that of [ala23]grp(18-27). the stimulation of insulin release by 1 nm grp(18-27) was reduced to 24.1% and 15.4% by the prior infusion of 1 microm of [d-arg1,d-pro2,d-trp7,9,leu11]sp and 10 microm of [d-phe25]grp(18-27), respectively. glucagon release by grp(18-27) was not ... | 1990 | 1692992 |
| neuropeptide substance p improves water maze performance in aged rats. | the effects of the peripherally administered neuropeptide substance p (sp) on spatial learning capacities were investigated in 27-month-old rats using a water-maze task. old rats were injected intraperitoneally once daily for 6 days with 50 or 250 micrograms/kg sp or vehicle 30 min prior to acquisition trials. improvement in maze performance was observed following injections of 250 micrograms/kg sp only. furthermore, vehicle-treated old rats showed significantly poorer acquisition rates than veh ... | 1990 | 1693002 |
| corticotropin releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin stimulation of acth and substance p in human mononuclear leukocytes. | bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) and corticotropin releasing hormone (crh) plus arginine vasopressin (avp) induce immunoassayable (1-13)acth (alpha msh) from mononuclear leukocytes. we studied the ability of lps and crh + avp to in vitro stimulate native acth (not alpha msh) and substance p (sp) production and thymidine incorporation in human mononuclear leukocytes. neither crh + avp nor lps stimulated detectable amounts of intracellular or extracellular acth (less than 15 pg/8 x 10(6) cells o ... | 1990 | 1693118 |
| cloning and sequencing of cdnas coding for the human intra-acrosomal antigen sp-10. | cdnas coding for the intra-acrosomal protein sp-10 were cloned and characterized as a first step in understanding the expression of this antigen during spermatogenesis. three overlapping sp-10-specific cdnas were isolated from a human testes cdna expression library. these cdnas hybridized to a 1.35-kb mrna that was present in human testes but was not found in liver or placenta. complete sequencing of these cdnas, designated sp-10-5, sp-10-8, and sp-10-10, produced an 1117-bp sequence containing ... | 1990 | 1693291 |
| postnatal development of substance p in the inner ear of the guinea pig. | appreciable amounts of substance p (sp) were found in guinea pig cochleas. the highest values were found in the postnatal period. data presented favor the assumption of sp acting as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter in the inner ear. | 1990 | 1693520 |
| extensive co-occurrence of substance p and dynorphin in striatal projection neurons: an evolutionarily conserved feature of basal ganglia organization. | a number of different neuroactive substances have been found in striatal projection neurons and in fibers and terminals in their target areas, including substance p (sp), enkephalin (enk), and dynorphin (dyn). in a preliminary report on birds and reptiles, we have suggested that sp and dyn are to a large extent found in the same striatal projection neurons and that enk is found in a separate population of striatal projection neurons. in the present study, we have examined this issue in more deta ... | 1990 | 1693632 |
| 16s ribosomal rna sequence analysis for determination of phylogenetic relationship among methylotrophs. | 16s ribosomal rnas (rrna) of 12 methylotrophic bacteria have been almost completely sequenced to establish their phylogenetic relationships. methylotrophs that are physiologically related are phylogenetically diverse and are scattered among the purple eubacteria (class proteobacteria). group i methylotrophs can be classified in the beta- and the gamma-subdivisions and group ii methylotrophs in the alpha-subdivision of the purple eubacteria, respectively. pink-pigmented facultative and non-pigmen ... | 1990 | 1693657 |
| 5s rrna sequences of representatives of the genera chlorobium, prosthecochloris, thermomicrobium, cytophaga, flavobacterium, flexibacter and saprospira and a discussion of the evolution of eubacteria in general. | 5s rrna sequences were determined for the green sulphur bacteria chlorobium limicola, chlorobium phaeobacteroides and prosthecochloris aestuarii, for thermomicrobium roseum, which is a relative of the green non-sulphur bacteria, and for cytophaga aquatilis, cytophaga heparina, cytophaga johnsonae, flavobacterium breve, flexibacter sp. and saprospira grandis, organisms allotted to the phylum 'bacteroides-cytophaga-flavobacterium' and relatives as determined by 16s rrna analyses. by using a cluste ... | 1990 | 1693658 |
| ultrastructure of a bacillus sp. strain kl8 isolated from indoor dust. | a motile gram-positive bacterial strain (kl8) was isolated from indoor dust. it was identified by api-test50 chb as a species of bacillus. this bacillus sp. strain kl8 was described using different electron microscopic techniques: negative staining, thin sectioning, metal shadowing and freeze-etching. an additional surface layer (s-layer) was the outermost layer of the cell wall of this flagellated bacterium. the hexagonally arranged protein lattice covering the cells had a lattice constant abou ... | 1990 | 1693679 |
| stimulatory role of substance p on gonadotropin release in ovariectomized rats. | substance p (sp) has been shown to be present in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. to evaluate a possible physiological role of endogenous sp in the control of luteinizing hormone (lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh) release, specific antiserum against sp (anti-sp) was injected intraventricularly (3 microliters into the third ventricle) or intravenously (50 or 200 microliters) into conscious, ovariectomized (ovx) rats. third ventricular injection of the antiserum induced a signific ... | 1990 | 1693756 |
| time course of the alteration in dorsal horn substance p levels following formalin: blockade by naloxone. | substance p (sp) found in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord has been proposed as a mediator of nociception. formalin injected into the hind paw of a rat as a nociceptive stimulus has been shown to increase the amount of immunoreactive sp in the dorsal horn, perhaps by decreasing sp release from primary afferent neurons. these sp changes may be due to the actions of endogenous opiates which can block sp release from primary afferent neurons. in order to determine the time course of sp changes in ... | 1990 | 1693764 |
| effect of the anti-asthmatic agent kc-404 on the contractile responses of rabbit airway smooth muscle to tachykinins. | to characterize the antagonistic action of kc-404, an anti-asthmatic agent, against the tachykinin-mediated bronchoconstriction, we studied the effect of this drug on the contractile responses of rabbit tracheal smooth muscle to neurokinin a (nka) and substance p (sp) under isometric conditions in vitro. addition of kc-404 relaxed the tracheal rings precontracted with nka and sp in a dose-dependent fashion but had only a small effect on the contractile responses to acetylcholine and histamine. t ... | 1990 | 1693847 |
| peptidergic granule cell populations in the rat main and accessory olfactory bulb. | the distribution and incidence of substance p (sp)- and met-enkephalin-arg6-gly7-leu8 (enk-8)-like immunoreactive granule cells in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs of male rats was studied immunohistochemically. in the granule cell layer of the main olfactory bulb, numerous enk-8-like immunoreactive granule cells were observed but sp-like immunoreactive ones were rare (less than 1%). on the other hand, in the granule cell layer of the accessory olfactory bulb, both sp-like immunoreactive a ... | 1990 | 1693871 |
| tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide enhance release of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from the rat spinal dorsal horn slice. | the effects of dorsal root stimulation and of substance p (sp), neurokinin a (nka), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp) on the basal release of 9 endogenous amino acids, including glutamate (glu) and aspartate (asp), have been investigated using the rat spinal cord slice-dorsal root ganglion preparation and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric detection. high-intensity repetitive electrical stimulation of a lumbar dorsal root produced a ca2(+)-dependent increase in the ... | 1990 | 1693954 |
| innervation of lower airways and neuropeptide effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the pig. | the occurrence and distribution of peptide-containing nerve fibres [substance p (sp), calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), peptide histidine isoleucine (phi), neuropeptide y (npy)] and noradrenergic nerve fibres [tyrosine hydroxylase (th)- and dopamine beta hydroxylase (dbh)-positive] in the airways of the pig were studied by means of immunohistochemistry. sp- and cgrp-immunoreactive (-ir) nerve fibres were present close to and within the lining respir ... | 1990 | 1694104 |
| peptide regulation of adrenal medullary function. | the discovery of peptides in the splanchnic nerve and adrenal gland, and their co-existence with conventional neurotransmitters raises questions about their possible functional roles in catecholamine (ca) secretion and gene transcription in the adrenal gland. short-term, stress-induced ca secretion is regulated biphasically by substance p (sp) which inhibits acetylcholine (ach) action at sp greater than 10(-6) m and facilitates ca secretion in response to metabolic and physical stressors, ach or ... | 1990 | 1694230 |
| conditioned medium from activated splenocytes increases substance p in sympathetic ganglia. | following removal of the presynaptic input to the superior cervical ganglion (scg) of the neonatal rat, there is an increase in substance p (kessler et al.: science 214:335-336, 1981; kessler and black: brain res 234:182-187, 1982) and the mrna coding for its prohormone precursor (roach et al.: proc natl acad sci usa 84:5078-5081, 1987). however, the functional significance of this increase has been unclear. we report here that sp increases dramatically in cultures of scg grown in the presence o ... | 1990 | 1694249 |
| a novel substance p binding site in bovine adrenal medulla. | radioligand binding techniques were used to characterize the substance p (sp) binding site on membranes prepared from bovine adrenal medullae. 125i-labelled bolton-hunter substance p (bhsp), which recognises the c-terminally directed, sp-preferring nk1 receptor, showed no specific binding. in contrast, binding of [3h]sp was saturable (at 6 nm) and reversible, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (kd) 1.46 +/- 0.73 nm, bmax 0.73 +/- 0.06 pmol/g wet weight and hill coefficient 0.98 +/- 0.01. ... | 1990 | 1694286 |
| duodenal sp-like immunoreactivity is decreased in experimentally-induced duodenal ulcers. | substance p-like immunoreactivity (sp-li) is decreased in duodenal samples of animals treated with a single dose of an ulcerogen such as dulcerozine, mepirizole or cysteamine. unlike dulcerozine- or mepirizole-induced ulcers the degree of cysteamine-induced duodenal lesions is inversely correlated with the levels of duodenal sp-li. a significant decrease in duodenal sp-li was observed at 24 h, but not at 6 h after a single oral dose of cysteamine. these findings show that endogenous sp may play ... | 1990 | 1694287 |
| pharmacological analysis of [3h]-senktide binding to nk3 tachykinin receptors in guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus and cerebral cortex membranes. | 1. the binding properties and pharmacological specificity of the selective nk3 tachykinin receptor agonist [3h))-senktide [( 3h]-succinyl[asp6,mephe8] substance p (6-11] have been examined in homogenates of guinea-pig ileum longitudinal muscle-myenteric plexus (lm/mp) and cerebral cortex. 2. scatchard analysis of saturation binding studies in guinea-pig ileum lm/mp and cerebral cortex membranes indicated that [3h]-senktide bound to a single site with apparent high affinity, kd = 2.21 +/- 0.65 nm ... | 1990 | 1694464 |
| possible role of substance p on regulation of pituitary-adrenal axis. | the effects of chronic immobilization stress on the physiological responses of male rats were studied. the results indicate that the sp-like immunoreactivity (splir) is diminished in the adrenals and pituitary after chronic stress. in vitro noradrenaline (na) release from adrenals was increased. the i.p. administration of sp during the stress procedure normalized the increased na release in vitro indicating that the catecholamine secretion may be influenced by sp. on the other hand, in demedulla ... | 1990 | 1694489 |
| resorptive clearance and transepithelial potential difference in capsaicin-treated f344 rats. | the long-term effects of substance p (sp) depletion on epithelial integrity were assessed by measurements of airway transepithelial potential difference (pd) and resorptive clearance. both techniques are highly sensitive to differences in epithelial permeability. pd (mv) was assayed with a kcl-saturated agar bridge technique in the lower trachea of fischer 344 rats depleted of sp by neonatal capsaicin treatment. capsaicin treatment is known to ablate a subpopulation of primary afferent fibers co ... | 1990 | 1694520 |
| neuro-endocrine interaction on lymphocytes. testosterone-induced modulation of the lymphocyte substance p receptor. | human im-9 b-lymphoblasts have been shown to express the receptor for the neuropeptide substance p (sp). the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of sex hormones on this receptor. testosterone inhibited [125i]sp binding in a dose-dependent manner with an ic50 of approximately 100 nm, while both estradiol and progesterone failed to inhibit sp binding even at concentrations as high as 1 microm. furthermore, scatchard analysis indicated that the dissociation constant (kd) of the sp r ... | 1990 | 1694535 |
| calcium mediated neurohumoral inhibition of chicken enterocyte na influx: role of phosphatidylinositol metabolites. | carbachol (cch), serotonin (5ht), divalent ionophore a23187, camp, and certain neuropeptides, i.e. substance p (sp), inhibit the initial rate of uptake (influx) of 22na into isolated chicken villus enterocytes. all these agents also increase cytosolic ca. however, the increases stimulated by cch, 5ht, and camp are not blocked by chelation of extracellular ca, whereas those of a23187 and sp are. only cch and 5ht stimulate hydrolysis of membrane phosphoinositides to form inositol phosphates. cch a ... | 1990 | 1694550 |
| role of substance p in the medial preoptic area in the regulation of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in normal or orchidectomized rats. | the present studies were designed to evaluate the role of substance p (sp) in the control of the release of luteinizing hormone (lh), follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) and prolactin (prl). sp was microinjected into the medial preoptic area (mpoa) of conscious, freely moving intact or orchidectomized (orcx; 21 days post-orcx) adult male rats. microinjection of sp into the mpoa induced a significant decrease in plasma lh and fsh concentrations, effects which were accompanied by an elevation in pl ... | 1990 | 1694573 |
| [the inhibitory effect of disodium cromoglycate on substance p sensory nerve fibres]. | electrical field stimulation of sensitized guinea pig hilus bronchi induced a long lasting contractile response which was insensitive to atropine, but could be antagonized by a substance p (sp) antagonist. antigen challenge of sensitized guinea pig main and hilus bronchi evoked a double-phase contractile response which consisted of a rapid contraction and a slow contraction. both of them were sensitive to sp-antagonist, especially its slow contraction. disodium cromoglycate (dscg) inhibited the ... | 1990 | 1694625 |
| calcitonin gene-related peptide containing sensory neurons innervating tooth pulp and buccal mucosa of the rat: an immunohistochemical analysis. | differential peptidergic innervation of the rat buccal mucosa and incisor tooth pulp was demonstrated by experimental immunohistochemistry. in the buccal mucosa, calcitonin gene-related peptide (cgrp)-like immunoreactive (ir) nerve fibres were observed in both the epithelium and submucosal layer. most of these fibres were also immunoreactive to substance p (sp). on the other hand, sp-ir fibres were less numerous than cgrp-ir fibres in the incisor tooth pulp. fast blue (fb) was applied to the buc ... | 1990 | 1694670 |
| degradation of airway neuropeptides by human lung tryptase. | several lines of evidence suggest a possible role for mast cell proteases in modulating the biologic effects of neuropeptides. to explore the potential of such interactions in human airway, we examined the activity of human tryptase, the major secretory protease of human lung mast cells, against several neuropeptides with proposed regulatory functions in human airway. using highly purified tryptase obtained from extracts of human lung, we determined the sites and rats of hydrolysis of vasoactive ... | 1990 | 1694672 |
| [changes in the activity of the taste receptor apparatus and the preference for a sodium chloride solution in newborn rats receiving capsaicin]. | taste receptor organ activity and preference of sodium chloride solution in rats with deficit of substance p (sp) were studied. total impulse activity of chorda tympani nerve of 7-8 week old rats was recorded under nembutal anesthesia. the taste responses to four solutions (sucrose, quinine sulfate, sodium chloride and citric acid) were decreased in rats injected with capsaicin in comparison with rats injected with vehicle. the rats injected with capsaicin preferred water to sodium chloride (two ... | 1990 | 1694697 |
| neuropeptide y- and substance p-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in the retina of the developing xenopus laevis. | the development of neuropeptide y-like (npy-li) and substance p-like (sp-li) immunoreactive neurons was studied in retinas of xenopus laevis from young tadpole through to adult animals. in adult retina these neuropeptides are present in wide-field amacrine cells located in the inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer of the retina. retinal wholemount preparations and sectioned material showed that immunoreactive cells appeared during early larval life and npy-li occurred earlier than sp-l ... | 1990 | 1694741 |
| appearance of substance p-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat superior colliculus after neonatal eye enucleation. | the possibility that eye enucleation within one day after birth has an effect on the postnatal development of substance p (sp)-like-immunoreactive (sp-i) structures in the superior colliculus (sc) was investigated in the rat. results were compared with those in animals enucleated at postnatal day 15. all the animals were allowed to survive until postnatal day 90, after which changes in sp-i neurons and fibers were identified immunohistochemically. in colchicine-treated rats, the most remarkable ... | 1990 | 1694742 |
| difference between substance p- and acetylcholine-induced currents in mammalian smooth muscle cells. | the effects of substance p (sp) and acetylcholine (ach) on membrane currents were compared using freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from guinea-pig ileum. both sp (100 nm) and ach (10 microm) induced inward currents at negative holding potentials. the ach-induced current, but not the sp-induced current, showed relaxation upon voltage-stepping. the sp-induced current was increased by hyperpolarization more negative than -50 mv whereas the ach-induced current was decreased by hyperpolarization. ... | 1990 | 1694769 |
| release of substance p-like immunoreactivity from the vascularly perfused rat stomach. | the release of gastric substance p-like immunoreactivity (sp-li) has been studied in the vascularly perfused rat stomach. in the presence of 20 microm bacitracin and captopril, basal release of sp-li was sustained throughout the experiments. gastric sp-li release was stimulated in a concentration-dependent manner by increasing the concentration of kcl in the perfusion medium. this stimulated release was reduced by the omission of ca2+, indicating that a ca2(+)-dependent mechanism was involved. n ... | 1990 | 1694773 |
| guanine nucleotides decrease the affinity of substance p binding to its receptor. | the inhibitory effect of guanine nucleotides on the binding of 125i-bolton-hunter conjugated substance p (125i-bhsp) to rat submaxillary gland membranes has been confirmed and further explored. the evidence presented here indicates that this is due to a marked loss of binding affinity. in the presence of 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate (gppnhp) there is (1) a greater than or equal to 20-fold increase in the kd as determined by scatchard analysis and (2) the concentration of sp required to inhibit h ... | 1990 | 1694776 |
| corpuscular bodies in the palate of the rat. 2. innervation and central projection. | the source of innervation of the corpuscular bodies in the palate and the central projections of the afferent fibres of the entire palate was studied in rats by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (wga-hrp) and with substance p (sp) immunohistochemistry. wga-hrp injected into the incisal papilla was taken up by the nerve fibres that terminated in the corpuscles. retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the trigeminal ganglion as well as a ... | 1990 | 1695055 |
| molecular taxonomic studies on streptococcus uberis types i and ii. description of streptococcus parauberis sp. nov. | the nucleotide sequences of 16s ribosomal-rna of streptococcus uberis types i and ii were determined by reverse transcriptase. comparative analysis of the sequence data showed that the two types are phylogenetically distinct and worthy of separate species status. a new species streptococcus parauberis is proposed for the type ii strains. the type strain of strep. parauberis is ncdo 2020. | 1990 | 1695217 |
| effect of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa) on substance p-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. | 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (tpa, 1 to 30 ng/ml) produced a dose-related inhibition of substance p (sp)-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. tpa itself induced some histamine release over this concentration range (maximum release about 20% of total). maximum inhibition of sp-induced release by tpa required preincubation with tpa for at least 10 min. the inhibitory action of tpa was observed in the absence as well as in the presence of extracellular calcium (0.4 mm). ... | 1990 | 1695435 |
| effects of substance p on [ca2+]i and force in intact guinea pig ileal smooth muscle. | in intact sheets of the guinea pig ileal longitudinal muscle, loaded with fura-2, both substance p (sp)- and k(+)-induced contractile responses are preceded by cytoplasmic free ca2+ ([ca2+]i) variations. in response to sp (10(-10)-10(-7) m), [ca2+]i and force increased concentration dependently. from 10(-9) m on, the response was biphasic: an initial ca2+ spike and force transient were followed by a tonic component. the [ca2+]i and force vs. log [sp] curves were sigmoidal for the initial phasic ... | 1990 | 1695485 |
| nk1-receptors mediate the proliferative response of human fibroblasts to tachykinins. | 1. the effect of synthetic tachykinin selective receptor agonists was studied on the growth of cultured human skin fibroblasts (hf). 2. human fibroblasts were grown in serum-free conditions in the presence of natural tachykinins (substance p and neurokinin a) and of three synthetic agonists, [beta-ala4, sar9, met(o2)11]-sp(4-11), [beta-ala8]-nka(4-10) and [mephe7]-nkb selective for nk1-, nk2- and nk3-receptors respectively. cell proliferation was measured by percentage increase in cell number an ... | 1990 | 1695530 |
| modulation of cholinergic neurotransmission in guinea-pig airways by opioids. | 1. opioid receptors have been localised on sensory fibres in the vagus nerve and opioids have previously been shown to inhibit non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (nanc) neurotransmission in guinea-pig bronchi in vitro and in vivo. we have now investigated whether an inhibitory effect could be demonstrated on cholinergic neurotransmission. 2. electrical field stimulation (efs) (8 hz, 0.5 ms, 40 v for 20 s) produced only a rapid, cholinergic response in the upper trachea but in the lower trachea and ... | 1990 | 1695531 |
| effects of aerosolised substance p on lung resistance in guinea-pigs: a comparison between inhibition of neutral endopeptidase and angiotensin-converting enzyme. | 1. we have examined in guinea-pigs, in vivo, the effects of inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (nep) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) on the airway response to aerosolised substance p (sp). we aerosolised captopril (4.6 mm, 60 breaths; 210 nmol) to inhibit ace and acetorphan (0.3, 1 and 3 mm, 60 breaths; 9 nmol, 33 nmol and 110 nmol respectively) to inhibit nep. we also examined the effect of the highest dose of acetorphan (110 nmol) on the response to aerosolised acetylcholine (ach). 2. ... | 1990 | 1695534 |
| the effect of substance p on the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs. | the effect of substance p (sp) on the antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in vitro and in vivo was investigated in guinea pigs. sp caused the contraction of isolated non-sensitized guinea pig tracheal muscle at concentrations between 10(-9) to 10(-7) g/ml. the elimination of epithelium in the tracheal muscle produced a slight enhancement of sp response as compared to control. antigen-induced contraction of isolated sensitized guinea pig tracheal muscle was slightly enhanced by the pretreatment w ... | 1990 | 1695677 |
| structure, expression, and some regulatory mechanisms of the rat preprotachykinin gene encoding substance p, neurokinin a, neuropeptide k, and neuropeptide gamma. | the rat preprotachykinin (ppt) gene encoding the neuropeptides substance p (sp), neurokinin a (nka), neuropeptide k (npk), and neuropeptide gamma was isolated from a lambda charon 4a genomic library. two overlapping clones contained all of the exons present in beta-ppt, including some 7 and 9 kb 5' and 3' flanking sequence, respectively. the presence of 1 major and 2 minor transcription initiation sites was determined from primer extension and nuclease protection experiments. analysis of the nuc ... | 1990 | 1695945 |
| regional distribution of neuropeptide gamma and other tachykinin peptides derived from the substance p gene in the rat. | substance p (sp) and multiple neurokinin a (nka)-related peptides can be derived from alpha-, beta- and/or gamma-preprotachykinin (ppt) mrnas. in this study, the relative concentrations of the tachykinin peptides derived from the sp gene in rat brain, duodenum, jejunum, submandibular gland, parotid gland, urinary bladder and vas deferens was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimmunoassays (rias). in all tissues, sp levels were the highest. the relative abunda ... | 1990 | 1696018 |
| effect of transplantation on tissue levels of substance p, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and serotonin in rat small intestine. | denervation of the gut, resulting in altered bowel function, has been viewed as an impediment to the clinical success of small intestinal transplantation. this study examined the effect of complete extrinsic denervation of the jejunum and ileum on tissue levels of vip, sp, and 5-ht in a rat model of small intestinal transplantation. orthotopic total small bowel isograft transplants were performed in 18 lewis inbred rats. sham operations consisted of occluding the superior mesenteric artery of 18 ... | 1990 | 1696079 |
| immunomodulation by tachykinin neuropeptides. | substance p (sp) is an 11-amino-acid neuropeptide found in sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system. in addition to having well-characterized functions as a peptide neurotransmitter, it also plays a major role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses. sp can alter the proliferative and physiological responses of both lymphocytes and macrophages. these effects are mediated by specific high-affinity sp receptors which have been characterized both kinetically and biochemically. the p ... | 1990 | 1696081 |