| oyster is an effective transmission vehicle for cryptosporidium infection in human. | to determine the ability of oysters to trap and maintain viable cryptosporidium oocysts, and the feasibility of cryptosporidium multiplication in oysters' organs. | 2016 | 27262067 |
| effects of enterococcus faecalis cect 7121 on cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. | cryptosporidium is an opportunistic protozoan parasite of humans and animals worldwide and causes diarrheal disease that is typically self-limiting in immunocompetent hosts but often life threatening to immunocompromised individuals. however, there is a lack of completely efficient therapy available. probiotics have attracted the attention as potential antiparasite compounds against protozoa involved in intestinal infections. this study investigated the effects of administration of probiotic ent ... | 2016 | 27193238 |
| intra-species genetic diversity and clonal structure of cryptosporidium parvum in sheep farms in a confined geographical area in northeastern spain. | a multilocus fragment typing approach including eleven variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci and the gp60 gene was used to investigate the intra-farm and intra-host genetic diversity of cryptosporidium parvum in sheep farms in a confined area in northeastern spain. genomic dna samples of 113 c. parvum isolates from diarrheic pre-weaned lambs collected in 49 meat-type sheep farms were analyzed. loci exhibited various degrees of polymorphism, the finding of 7-9 alleles in the four most variabl ... | 2016 | 27176718 |
| human cryptosporidiosis in europe. | cryptosporidium has emerged as a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease worldwide, with severe health consequences for very young, malnourished children living in endemic areas and for individuals with highly impaired t-cell functions. in europe, as elsewhere, the burden of disease has been difficult to measure as a result of the lack of appropriate, standardized surveillance and monitoring systems. the recent occurrence of large water- and foodborne outbreaks in several eu countries, as well a ... | 2016 | 27172805 |
| prevalence and genetic characterization of cryptosporidium species in dairy calves in central ethiopia. | the burden of cryptosporidiosis due to cryptosporidium parvum is well documented in hiv-positive patients in ethiopia. however, the role of animals in zoonotic transmission of the disease is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genotypes of cryptosporidium species in dairy calves; to assess the role of cattle in zoonotic transmission in central ethiopia. a total of 449 fecal samples were collected and screened using modified ziehl-neelson staining method a ... | 2016 | 27135243 |
| cryptosporidium parvum among coprolites from la cueva de los muertos chiquitos (600-800 ce), rio zape valley, durango, mexico. | : in the present study, 90 coprolites from la cueva de los muertos chiquitos (cmc) were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) tests for 3 diarrhea-inducing protozoan parasites, entamoeba histolytica , giardia duodenalis , and cryptosporidium parvum , to determine whether these parasites were present among the people who utilized this cave 1,200-1,400 yr ago. these people, the loma san gabriel, developed as a culture out of the archaic los caracoles population and lived througho ... | 2016 | 27098916 |
| an easy 'one tube' method to estimate viability of cryptosporidium oocysts using real-time qpcr. | viability estimation of the highly resistant oocysts of cryptosporidium remains a key issue for the monitoring and control of this pathogen. we present here a simple 'one tube' quantitative pcr (qpcr) protocol for viability estimation using a dna extraction protocol which preferentially solubilizes excysted sporozoites rather than oocysts. parasite dna released from excysted sporozoites was quantified by real-time qpcr using a ribosomal dna marker. the qpcr signal was directly proportional to th ... | 2016 | 27095569 |
| corrigendum to "cryptosporidium parvum: from foal to veterinary students" [vet. parasitol. 219 (2016) 53-56]. | | 2016 | 27084472 |
| microfluidics for effective concentration and sorting of waterborne protozoan pathogens. | we report on an inertial focussing based microfluidics technology for concentrating waterborne protozoa, achieving a 96% recovery rate of cryptosporidium parvum and 86% for giardia lamblia at a throughput (ml/min) capable of replacing centrifugation. the approach can easily be extended to other parasites and also bacteria. | 2016 | 27074367 |
| assessment and molecular characterization of human intestinal parasites in bivalves from orchard beach, ny, usa. | bivalves have been shown to be carriers of the human intestinal parasites cryptosporidium parvum and toxoplasma gondii. the goal of this study is to determine the prevalence of protozoan parasites in mollusks of new york city using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based assay. four species of mollusks, mya arenaria, geukensia demissa, crassostrea virginica, and mytilis edulis, were collected from orchard beach, ny in the fall of 2014, totaling 159 specimens. each individual mollusk was dissecte ... | 2016 | 27043590 |
| erratum to: identification of invasion proteins of cryptosporidium parvum. | | 2016 | 27038942 |
| infection rate of giardia duodenalis, cryptosporidium spp. and enterocytozoon bieneusi in cashmere, dairy and meat goats in china. | cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, and giardiasis contribute significantly to the high burden of zoonotic diarrhea worldwide. goats constitute an important species in animal agriculture by providing cashmere wool, meat, and dairy products for human consumption. however, zoonotic pathogens with the potential to cause morbidity and to degrade production have been reported frequently in goats recently. the present study examined 629 fecal specimens from goats, including 315 cashmere goats, 170 da ... | 2016 | 27017915 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium species in children with diarrhea in north west of iran. | cryptosporidium is one of the most common causes of childhood diarrhea in developing countries. the aim of this randomized pilot study was to detect and characterize infective species and determine the genotypes of cryptosporidium parasites in pediatric patients suffering from diarrhea in north west of iran. a total of 113 fecal samples were collected from diarrheic children hospitalized in tabriz pediatric hospital. the amplification of small subunit ribosomal rna gene was performed using a nes ... | 2015 | 27014648 |
| evaluation of recombinant p23 protein as a vaccine for passive immunization of newborn calves against cryptosporidium parvum. | cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic protozoan disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract of animals and humans. diarrhoea as the most important indication of the infection leads to high economic losses in livestock industries and is a life threatening infection in immunocompromised individuals. in the absence of the effective drugs, vaccine has an effective role in the prevention of infection. for this purpose we developed a vaccine utilizing recombinant p23 protein and immunized pregnant cows ... | 2016 | 27012710 |
| intestinal and pulmonary infection by cryptosporidium parvum in two patients with hiv/aids. | we describe two patients with hiv/aids who presented pulmonary and intestinal infection caused by cryptosporidium parvum, with a fatal outcome. the lack of available description of changes in clinical signs and radiographic characteristics of this disease when it is located in the extra-intestinal region causes low prevalence of early diagnosis and a subsequent lack of treatment. | 2016 | 27007564 |
| the case control studies of hiv and intestinal parasitic infections rate in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in woldia general hospital and health center in north wollo, amhara region, ethiopia. | tuberculosis remains a major health problem worldwide in the era of hiv/aids. co-infection with intestinal parasites has been suggested to worsen the outcome of infection in addition to hiv infection. hence, adequate information on tb patients with hiv and intestinal parasites infection is being needed to tackle the problem, undertake the integrated prevention and control program. this study was aimed to assess the prevalence of hiv and intestinal parasitic infections in active pulmonary tubercu ... | 2017 | 26998497 |
| mussels (perna perna) as bioindicator of environmental contamination by cryptosporidium species with zoonotic potential. | sources of contamination such as animal feces runoff, organic fertilizer application, and the release of partially treated or untreated sewage can lead to the contamination of aquatic environments by cryptosporidium spp. the quality of mussels as food is closely related to the sanitary conditions of the marine environment where these bivalves are found. marine mollusks are filter feeders that are able to retain cryptosporidium oocysts in their tissue, thus functioning as bioindicators. a total o ... | 2016 | 26977402 |
| viability and fate of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia in tubular anaerobic digesters. | in many developing countries where pathogenic diseases of animal waste origin, such as giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis, are often prevalent, facilities are limited to treat livestock waste. however, household-scale anaerobic digesters are currently being promoted for bioenergy production from livestock manure. since the effluent is often used as a fertilizer for food crops, it is critical to understand the effect of environmental conditions within household-scale digesters on the viability of c ... | 2016 | 26950630 |
| antiparasitic activity of silver and copper oxide nanoparticles against entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium parvum cysts. | nanoparticles (nps) have received more attention as antiparasitic agents. in the present study, silver and copper nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using scanning electron microscopy (sem), transmission electron microscope (tem) and x-ray fluorescence (xrf). the antiparasitic activity of ag and cuo nanoparticles were tested against two of the most environmentally spread parasites in egypt (entamoeba histolytica and cryptosporidium parvum). the average sizes of synthesized ag nps a ... | 2015 | 26939237 |
| the efficacy of three medicinal plants: garlic, ginger and mirazid and a chemical drug metronidazole against cryptosporidium parvum. i-immunological response. | cryptosporidisis parvum is a zoonotic protozoan parasite infects intestinal epithelial cells causing a major health problem for man and animals. experimentally the immunologic mediated elimination of c. parvum requires cd4+ t cells and ifn-gamma. but, the innate immune responses also have a significant protective role in both man and animals. the mucosal immune response to c. parvum in c57bl/6 neonatal and gko mice shows a concomitant thl and th2 cytokine mrna expression, with a crucial role for ... | 2015 | 26939233 |
| beg, borrow and steal: three aspects of horizontal gene transfer in the protozoan parasite, cryptosporidium parvum. | | 2016 | 26938451 |
| the fine structure of sexual stage development and sporogony of cryptosporidium parvum in cell-free culture. | the sexual stages and new oocysts development of cryptosporidium parvum were investigated in a cell-free culture system using transmission electron microscopy (tem). sexual development was extremely rapid after inoculation of oocysts into the medium. the process began within 1/2-12 h and was completed with new oocyst formation 120 h post-inoculation. the macrogamonts were bounded by two membranes and had amylopectin granules and two distinct types of wall-forming bodies. the microgamonts had a l ... | 2016 | 26935529 |
| pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in an immunocompetent host treated successfully with nitazoxanide. | cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular spore-forming protozoa which predominantly causes intestinal diseases. it causes severe and life-threatening diarrheal diseases in immunocompromised hosts and usually self-limiting disease in immunocompetent hosts. extra-intestinal manifestations of cryptosporidium infection are very rare. herein, we report a case of pulmonary cryptosporidiosis in a 35-yrs-old immunocompetent host, who presented with fever, cough and breathlessness which was soon follow ... | 2017 | 26933311 |
| cryptosporidium parvum: from foal to veterinary students. | this paper describes the transmission of a zoonotic subtype of cryptosporidium parvum between two foals hospitalized in an equine perinatology unit (epu) linked to an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in veterinary students. fecal specimens of 36 mares (105 samples) and 28 foals (122 samples) were subjected to ziehl-neelsen staining, nested pcr of 18s rdna. two foals tested positive for cryptosporidium; pcr restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis and subtyping by nested pcr of t ... | 2016 | 26921039 |
| intra-species diversity and panmictic structure of cryptosporidium parvum populations in cattle farms in northern spain. | the intra-herd and intra-host genetic variability of 123 cryptosporidium parvum isolates was investigated using a multilocus fragment typing approach with eleven variable-number tandem-repeat (vntr) loci and the gp60 gene. isolates were collected from intensively farmed diarrheic pre-weaned calves originating from 31 dairy farms in three adjoining regions in northern spain (país vasco, cantabria and asturias). the multilocus tool demonstrated an acceptable typeability, with 104/123 samples ampli ... | 2016 | 26848837 |
| assessing protozoan risks for surface drinking water supplies in nova scotia, canada. | protozoa, such as cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia, pose a human health risk when present in drinking water. to minimize health risks, the nova scotia treatment standards for surface water and groundwater under the direct influence of surface water require a 3-log reduction for giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts. this study determined the protozoan risk of municipal surface source waters in nova scotia, through the use of a pre-screening risk analysis of water supplies, followed ... | 2016 | 26837839 |
| suitability of loci for multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis of cryptosporidium parvum for inter-laboratory surveillance and outbreak investigations. | cryptosporidium parvum is the major cause of livestock and zoonotically-acquired human cryptosporidiosis. the ability to track sources of contamination and routes of transmission by further differentiation of isolates would assist risk assessment and outbreak investigations. multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats (vntr) analysis provides a means for rapid characterization by fragment sizing and estimation of copy numbers, but structured, harmonized development has been lacking for cryp ... | 2017 | 26831252 |
| detection and molecular characterisation of cryptosporidium parvum in british european hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus). | surveillance was conducted for the occurrence of protozoan parasites of the genus cryptosporidium in european hedgehogs (erinaceus europaeus) in great britain. in total, 108 voided faecal samples were collected from hedgehogs newly admitted to eight wildlife casualty treatment and rehabilitation centres. terminal large intestinal (li) contents from three hedgehog carcasses were also analysed. information on host and location variables, including faecal appearance, body weight, and apparent healt ... | 2016 | 26827859 |
| diarrheagenic pathogens in adults attending a hospital in singapore. | singapore's diarrhoeal notification system is based on specific pathogens. official data may thus be skewed towards notifiable diseases. limited information is available on the profiles of aetiological agents responsible for acute gastroenteritis (age) cases, especially among the adult population. to understand the frequency and distribution of potential causative agents of diarrheal disease in singapore, we screened adults' stool samples collected from a large public hospital. | 2016 | 26822615 |
| presence of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia in water samples from southeast asia: towards an integrated water detection system. | access to clean and safe drinking water that is free from pathogenic protozoan parasites, especially cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia that cause gastrointestinal illness in humans, is still an issue in southeast asia (sea). this study is the first attempt to detect the aforementioned protozoan parasites in water samples from countries in sea, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assays. | 2016 | 26763230 |
| intestinal parasitic infections in relation to cd4(+) t cell counts and diarrhea in hiv/aids patients with or without antiretroviral therapy in cameroon. | intestinal parasitic infections (ipi) are a major public health concern in hiv/aids patients particularly in resource-limited settings of sub-saharan africa. studies investigating the relationship between intestinal parasitic infections and cd4(+) t cell counts and diarrhea in hiv/aids patients with or without antiretroviral therapy in the region are not readily available hence the need to perform this study. | 2016 | 26754404 |
| etiology and epidemiology of diarrhea in hospitalized children from low income country: a matched case-control study in central african republic. | in sub-saharan africa, infectious diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. a case-control study was conducted to identify the etiology of diarrhea and to describe its main epidemiologic risk factors among hospitalized children under five years old in bangui, central african republic. | 2016 | 26731629 |
| cryptosporidium parvum and enterocytozoon bieneusi in american mustangs and chincoteague ponies. | the prevalence of cryptosporidium and microsporidia in feral horses, which have minimal contact with livestock and humans, is not currently known. we report the findings of a study on cryptosporidium and microsporidia in 34 mustangs and 50 chincoteague ponies in the usa. fecal samples were screened for presence of cryptosporidium spp. by analysis of the small-subunit rrna (ssu) and 60-kda glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon spp. by analysis of the ribosomal ... | 2016 | 26688100 |
| preassembled single-stranded rna-argonaute complexes: a novel method to silence genes in cryptosporidium. | cryptosporidiosis is a common cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality worldwide. research progress on this infection has been slowed by lack of methods to genetically manipulate cryptosporidium parasites. small interfering rna (sirna) is widely used to study gene function, but cryptosporidium species lack the enzymes necessary to process sirna. by preassembling complexes with the human enzyme argonaute 2 (hago2) and cryptosporidium single-stranded rna (ssrna), we induced specific slicing in cr ... | 2016 | 26656125 |
| gastrointestinal parasites and the neural control of gut functions. | gastrointestinal motility and transport of water and electrolytes play key roles in the pathophysiology of diarrhea upon exposure to enteric parasites. these processes are actively modulated by the enteric nervous system (ens), which includes efferent, and afferent neurons, as well as interneurons. ens integrity is essential to the maintenance of homeostatic gut responses. a number of gastrointestinal parasites are known to cause disease by altering the ens. the mechanisms remain incompletely un ... | 2015 | 26635531 |
| pilot-scale pulsed uv light irradiation of experimentally infected raspberries suppresses cryptosporidium parvum infectivity in immunocompetent suckling mice. | cryptosporidium spp., a significant cause of foodborne infection, have been shown to be resistant to most chemical food disinfectant agents and infective for weeks in irrigation waters and stored fresh vegetal produce. pulsed uv light (pl) has the potential to inactivate cryptosporidium spp. on surfaces of raw or minimally processed foods or both. the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of pl on viability and in vivo infectivity of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts present on raspberries, ... | 2015 | 26613921 |
| the application of computational fluid dynamics and small-scale physical models to assess the effects of operational practices on the risk to public health within large indoor swimming pools. | swimming pools provide an excellent facility for exercise and leisure but are also prone to contamination from microbial pathogens. the study modelled a 50-m × 20-m swimming pool using both a small-scale physical model and computational fluid dynamics to investigate how water and pathogens move around a pool in order to identify potential risk spots. our study revealed a number of lessons for pool operators, designers and policy-makers: disinfection reaches the majority of a full-scale pool in a ... | 2015 | 26608756 |
| electron microscopic observation of the early stages of cryptosporidium parvum asexual multiplication and development in in vitro axenic culture. | the stages of cryptosporidium parvum asexual exogenous development were investigated at high ultra-structural resolution in cell-free culture using transmission electron microscopy (tem). early c. parvum trophozoites were ovoid in shape, 1.07 × 1.47 μm(2) in size, and contained a large nucleus and adjacent golgi complex. dividing and mature meronts containing four to eight developing merozoites, 2.34 × 2.7 μm(2) in size, were observed within the first 24h of cultivation. an obvious peculiarity w ... | 2016 | 26587578 |
| isolation and proteomic analysis of rhoptry-enriched fractions from cryptosporidium parvum. | rhoptries are unique secretory/excretory organelles that are found exclusively in the apicomplexa, and their contents are discharged at the time of invasion and are critical in the establishment of productive infection. several rhoptry proteins have been identified in toxoplasma gondii, plasmodium falciparum and neospora caninum and have been linked not only with the parasites' adhesion and invasion processes but also with their intracellular pathways. to date, only one cryptosporidium parvum rh ... | 2015 | 26587492 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum under laboratory conditions. | the aim of the present study was to evaluate alternatives for inactivating cryptosporidium parvum under experimental conditions. disinfectants against this protozoan are usually based on cresols and often difficult to handle in laboratories. four different substances (ethanol, denatured ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and peroxide) at different concentrations were tested for several exposure times (30 min, 2 h, 4 h, 12 h and 24 h). the results show an inactivation over 99% by using 10% h2o2 at an e ... | 2016 | 26566617 |
| cryptosporidium lactate dehydrogenase is associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and is a potential target for developing therapeutics. | the apicomplexan, cryptosporidium parvum, possesses a bacterial-type lactate dehydrogenase (cpldh). this is considered to be an essential enzyme, as this parasite lacks the krebs cycle and cytochrome-based respiration, and mainly-if not solely, relies on glycolysis to produce atp. here, we provide evidence that in extracellular parasites (e.g., sporozoites and merozoites), cpldh is localized in the cytosol. however, it becomes associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (pvm) during the ... | 2015 | 26562790 |
| shp-2 mediates cryptosporidium parvum infectivity in human intestinal epithelial cells. | the parasite, cryptosporidium parvum, induces human gastroenteritis through infection of host epithelial cells in the small intestine. during the initial stage of infection, c. parvum is reported to engage host mechanisms at the host cell-parasite interface to form a parasitophorous vacuole. we determined that upon infection, the larger molecular weight proteins in human small intestinal epithelial host cells (fhs 74 int) appeared to globally undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation. in parallel, expr ... | 2015 | 26556238 |
| inhibition of calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (cdpk1) in vitro by pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives does not correlate with sensitivity of cryptosporidium parvum growth in cell culture. | cryptosporidiosis is a serious diarrheal disease in immunocompromised patients and malnourished children, and treatment is complicated by a lack of adequate drugs. recent studies suggest that the natural occurrence of a small gatekeeper residue in serine threonine calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (cdpk1) of cryptosporidium parvum might be exploited to target this enzyme and block parasite growth. here were explored the potency with which a series of pyrazolopyrimidine analogs, which are select ... | 2015 | 26552986 |
| revisiting the reference genomes of human pathogenic cryptosporidium species: reannotation of c. parvum iowa and a new c. hominis reference. | cryptosporidium parvum and c. hominis are the most relevant species of this genus for human health. both cause a self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals, but cause potentially life-threatening disease in the immunocompromised. despite the importance of these pathogens, only one reference genome of each has been analyzed and published. these two reference genomes were sequenced using automated capillary sequencing; as of yet, no next generation sequencing technology has been applied ... | 2015 | 26549794 |
| silver nanoparticles decrease the viability of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. | oocysts of the waterborne protozoan parasite cryptosporidium parvum are highly resistant to chlorine disinfection. we show here that both silver nanoparticles (agnps) and silver ions significantly decrease oocyst viability, in a dose-dependent manner, between concentrations of 0.005 and 500 μg/ml, as assessed by an excystation assay and the shell/sporozoite ratio. for percent excystation, the results are statistically significant for 500 μg/ml of agnps, with reductions from 83% for the control t ... | 2015 | 26497464 |
| identification of invasion proteins of cryptosporidium parvum. | host cell interactions and invasion by cryptosporidium is a complex process mediated by zoites ligand-host cell receptors. knowledge of proteins involved in this process will enable entry level inhibitors to be tried as therapeutic agents. in the present study, invasion proteins of cryptosporidium parvum were studied in vitro. cryptosporidium sporozoites membrane proteins were isolated and cy5 dye labelled. they were then allowed to interact with the intact host cells. the interacting proteins w ... | 2015 | 26492887 |
| intestinal parasites in diabetic patients in sohag university hospitals, egypt. | intestinal parasites usually create benign diseases, though they may induce complications with high morbidity and mortality to the immunocompromised, including diabetic patients. the study detected the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in diabetic patients, comparing to non-diabetic controls and other parameters. a total of 100 fecal samples were collected from diabetic patients at the outpatient clinic of sohag university hospitals and another 100 from cross matched controls. the sa ... | 2015 | 26485865 |
| impact of nitazoxanide on sustained virologic response in egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis c genotype 4: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. | nitazoxanide, approved for the treatment of cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia, was found to inhibit hepatitis c virus replication. | 2016 | 26473300 |
| [cryptosporidium parvum gastroenteritis in a patient with renal transplantation]. | in this study, a case who starting abundant watery diarrhea on the 14th day of renal transplantation is presented. stool sample was analyzed for cryptosporidium spp. by carbol fuchsin staining method, copro-elisa and nested polimeraze chain reaction (pcr). from sample found positive by carbol-fuchsin staining method and copro-elisa, dna sequence analysis was performed, gel-purified from amplicon obtained by nested pcr. as a result of dna sequence analysis was determined to be cryptosporidium par ... | 2015 | 26470932 |
| prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia among young children with and without diarrhea in dar es salaam, tanzania. | although enteroparasites are common causes of diarrheal illness, few studies have been performed among children in tanzania. this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum/hominis, entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia among young children in dar es salaam, tanzania, and identify risk factors for infection. | 2015 | 26452235 |
| quantitative rt-pcr assay for high-throughput screening (hts) of drugs against the growth of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. | our laboratory has previously developed a qrt-pcr assay to assess drug efficacy on the growth of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro by detecting the levels of parasite 18s rrna. this approach displayed up to four orders of magnitude of linear dynamic range and was much less labor-intensive than the traditional microscopic methods. however, conventional qrt-pcr protocol is not very amendable to high-throughput analysis when total rna needs to be purified by lengthy, multi-step procedures. recently, ... | 2015 | 26441920 |
| oleylphosphocholine (olpc) arrests cryptosporidium parvum growth in vitro and prevents lethal infection in interferon gamma receptor knock-out mice. | cryptosporidium parvum is a species of protozoa that causes cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal disease affecting many mammals including humans. typically, in healthy individuals, cryptosporidiosis is a self-limiting disease. however, c. parvum can cause a severe and persistent infection that can be life-threatening for immunocompromised individuals, such as aids patients. as there are no available treatments for these patients that can cure the disease, there is an urgent need to identify treatmen ... | 2015 | 26441906 |
| molecular epidemiological analyses of cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (cspv1), a symbiotic virus of cryptosporidium parvum, in japan. | we show that cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (cspv1), a member of the family partitiviridae, genus cryspovirus that can infect cryptosporidium parvum, is a new candidate for high-resolution tool for tracing c. parvum. cspv1 was detected in all c. parvum-positive samples tested. phylogenetic analysis of dsrna1 sequence from cspv1 can distinguish infected areas of c. parvum on the national level. sequences detected in samples from iwate prefecture and other islands (tanegashima, and okinawa) belong ... | 2016 | 26439535 |
| quantitative analysis of cryptosporidium growth in in vitro culture--the impact of parasite density on the success of infection. | cryptosporidium is an important waterborne pathogen for which no treatment or vaccination is available. this study set out to quantify dna replication of cryptosporidium parvum in vitro. cryptosporidium dna could be detected at up to 60 % of input level in both host-cell-free and host cell containing cultures 6 days after infection with living sporozoites, but was lost within 2 days in cultures inoculated with uv-inactivated sporozoites. total dna increased between days 2 and 6, evidence of succ ... | 2016 | 26435485 |
| development of a framework for genotyping bovine-derived cryptosporidium parvum, using a multilocus fragment typing tool. | there is a need for an integrated genotyping approach for c. parvum; no sufficiently discriminatory scheme to date has been fully validated or widely adopted by veterinary or public health researchers. multilocus fragment typing (mlft) can provide good differentiation and is relatively quick and cheap to perform. a mlft tool was assessed in terms of its typeability, specificity, precision (repeatability and reproducibility), accuracy and ability to genotypically discriminate bovine-derived crypt ... | 2015 | 26427625 |
| cryptosporidiosis outbreak in visitors of a uk industry-compliant petting farm caused by a rare cryptosporidium parvum subtype: a case-control study. | a case-control study was conducted to investigate an outbreak of 46 cases of cryptosporidiosis in visitors to a petting farm in england. details of exposures on the farm were collected for 38 cases and 39 controls, recruited through snowball sampling. multivariable logistic regression identified that cases were 5·5 times more likely than controls to have eaten without washing their hands [95% confidence interval (ci) 1·51-19·9, p = 0·01] and 10 times less likely to report being informed of risk ... | 2016 | 26424385 |
| differential gene expression and protein localization of cryptosporidium parvum fatty acyl-coa synthetase isoforms. | cryptosporidium parvum is unable to synthesize fatty acids de novo, but possesses three long-chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase (cpacs) isoforms for activating fatty acids. we have recently shown that these enzymes could be targeted to kill the parasite in vitro and in vivo. here, we demonstrated that the cpacs genes were differentially expressed during the parasite life cycle, and their proteins were localized to different subcellular structures by immunofluorescence and immuno-electron microscopi ... | 2017 | 26411755 |
| point-of-use removal of cryptosporidium parvum from water: independent effects of disinfection by silver nanoparticles and silver ions and by physical filtration in ceramic porous media. | ceramic water filters (cwfs) impregnated with silver nanoparticles are a means of household-level water treatment. cwfs remove/deactivate microbial pathogens by employing two mechanisms: metallic disinfection and physical filtration. herein we report on the independent effects of silver salt and nanoparticles on cryptosporidium parvum and the removal of c. parvum by physical filtration in porous ceramic filter media. using a murine (mouse) model, we observed that treatment of oocysts with silver ... | 2015 | 26398590 |
| household socioeconomic and demographic correlates of cryptosporidium seropositivity in the united states. | cryptosporidium are parasitic protozoa that infect humans, domestic animals, and wildlife globally. in the united states, cryptosporidiosis occurs in an estimated 750,000 persons annually, and is primarily caused by either of the cryptosporidium parvum genotypes 1 and 2, exposure to which occurs through ingestion of food or water contaminated with oocytes shed from infected hosts. although most cryptosporidiosis cases are caused by genotype 1 and are of human origin, the zoonotic sources of geno ... | 2015 | 26368018 |
| the development and implementation of a method using blue mussels (mytilus spp.) as biosentinels of cryptosporidium spp. and toxoplasma gondii contamination in marine aquatic environments. | surveillance monitoring for microbial water quality typically involves collecting single discrete grab samples for analyzing only one contaminant. while informative, current approaches suffer from poor recoveries and only provide a limited snapshot of the microbial contaminants only at the time of collection. to overcome these limitations, bivalves have been proposed as effective biosentinels of water quality particularly for their ability to efficiently concentrate and retain microbial contamin ... | 2015 | 26358104 |
| emergence of novel subtypes of cryptosporidium parvum in calves in poland. | the aim of the study was to identify the cryptosporidium parvum subtypes circulating in polish cattle and their distribution in relation to the age and health status of tested animals. in total, 779 fecal samples were obtained from young cattle originating from 237 farms. c. parvum strains were identified at the 18 small-subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna), cowp, and lib13 loci and were subsequently analyzed by sequencing at the 60-kda glycoprotein (gp60) locus for subtype determination. the presen ... | 2015 | 26358098 |
| first genetic identification of cryptosporidium parvum subtype iiaa14g2r1in beef cattle in brazil. | the presence of cryptosporidium spp. in a cattle herd registered with an outbreak of diarrhea was investigated and the the molecular subtyping of cryptosporidium parvum was characterized. fecal samples from 85 nellore beef cattle (bos indicus) were collected and examined with ziehl-neelsen modified staining method. fifty-four cattle (63.52%) had cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in their feces. fragments of genes encoding the 18s ribosomal rna subunit and a 60-kda glycoprotein (gp60) were amplified b ... | 2015 | 26342791 |
| continuous culture of cryptosporidium parvum using hollow fiber technology. | diarrheal disease is a leading cause of pediatric death in economically low resource countries. cryptosporidium spp. are the second largest member of this group and the only member for which no treatment exists. one of the handicaps to developing chemotherapy is the lack of a reproducible long-term culture method permitting in vitro drug screening beyond 48 h. we have adapted the well-established hollow fiber technology to provide an environment that mimics the gut by delivering nutrients and ox ... | 2016 | 26341006 |
| detection of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts on fresh produce using dna aptamers. | there are currently no standard methods for the detection of cryptosporidium spp., or other protozoan parasites, in foods, and existing methods are often inadequate, with low and variable recovery efficiencies. food testing is difficult due to the low concentrations of parasites, the difficulty in eluting parasites from some foods, the lack of enrichment methods, and the presence of pcr inhibitors. the main objectives of the present study were to obtain dna aptamers binding to the oocyst wall of ... | 2015 | 26334529 |
| cryptosporidiosis: a neglected infection and its association with nutritional status in schoolchildren in northwestern mexico. | undernutrition is a recognized public health problem in mexican children and cryptosporidiosis is probably a factor contributing to this problem. however, it remains a neglected and poorly attended infection in mexico. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of cryptosporidium parvum and to establish its association with the nutritional status in schoolchildren of northwestern mexico. | 2015 | 26322881 |
| nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide based therapeutics, update. | about 500 nad (p)-dependent enzymes in the cell use nad (p) as a cofactor or a substrate. this family of broadly diversified enzymes is crucial for maintaining homeostasis of all living organisms. the nad binding domain of these enzymes is conserved and it was believed that nad mimics would not be of therapeutic value due to lack of selectivity. consequently, only mycophenolic acid which selectively binds at the cofactor pocket of nad-dependent imp-dehydrogenase (impdh) has been approved as an i ... | 2015 | 26295463 |
| occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia spp. in a public water-treatment system, paraná, southern brazil. | the purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia spp. in a public water-treatment system. samples of raw and treated water were collected and concentrated using the membrane filtration technique. direct immunofluorescence test was performed on the samples. dna extraction using a commercial kit was performed and the dna extracted was submitted to a nested-pcr reaction (n-pcr) and sequencing. in the immunofluorescence, 2/24 (8.33%) samples of raw wate ... | 2015 | 26291147 |
| communitywide cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with a surface water-supplied municipal water system--baker city, oregon, 2013. | cryptosporidium, a parasite known to cause large drinking and recreational water outbreaks, is tolerant of chlorine concentrations used for drinking water treatment. human laboratory-based surveillance for enteric pathogens detected a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in baker city, oregon during july 2013 associated with municipal drinking water. objectives of the investigation were to confirm the outbreak source and assess outbreak extent. the watershed was inspected and city water was tested for con ... | 2016 | 26264893 |
| novel cryptosporidium bat genotypes iii and iv in bats from the usa and czech republic. | bats from the families rhinolophidae (n = 90) and vespertilionidae (n = 191) in the usa and czech republic were screened for the presence of cryptosporidium by microscopic and molecular analysis of faecal samples collected from rectum of dissected animals and from the ground beneath roosting sites. cryptosporidium oocysts were not detected in any of the 281 faecal specimens examined using the aniline-carbol-methyl violet staining method. nested pcr amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic anal ... | 2015 | 26255170 |
| cryptosporidium species and subtype analysis in diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs and goat kids from north-western spain. | faecal specimens from diarrhoeic pre-weaned lambs (n = 171) and goat kids (n = 118) were collected in 37 sheep and 23 goat flocks, respectively, from nw spain and microscopically examined for the presence of cryptosporidium oocysts. positive specimens were selected for molecular characterization. presence of cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly higher in specimens from goat kids (62.7%) than from lambs (31.6%). pcr products of the ssu rrna locus were obtained for 108 isolates, and three cr ... | 2015 | 26212102 |
| a hybrid dielectrophoretic system for trapping of microorganisms from water. | assessment of the microbial safety of water resources is among the most critical issues in global water safety. as the current detection methods have limitations such as high cost and long process time, new detection techniques have transpired among which microfluidics is the most attractive alternative. here, we show a novel hybrid dielectrophoretic (dep) system to separate and detect two common waterborne pathogens, escherichia coli (e. coli), a bacterium, and cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum ... | 2015 | 26180567 |
| genetic modification of the diarrhoeal pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. | recent studies into the global causes of severe diarrhoea in young children have identified the protozoan parasite cryptosporidium as the second most important diarrhoeal pathogen after rotavirus. diarrhoeal disease is estimated to be responsible for 10.5% of overall child mortality. cryptosporidium is also an opportunistic pathogen in the contexts of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-caused aids and organ transplantation. there is no vaccine and only a single approved drug that provides no ben ... | 2015 | 26176919 |
| the ultra-structural similarities between cryptosporidium parvum and the gregarines. | using a transmission electron microscopy-based approach, this study details the striking similarities between cryptosporidium parvum and the gregarines during in vitro axenic development at high ultra-structural resolution. c. parvum zoites displayed three unusual regions within uninucleated parasites: epimerite-like, protomerite-like, and the cell body; these regions exhibited a high degree of morphological similarity to gregarine-like trophozoites. the presence of a mucron-like bulging structu ... | 2016 | 26173708 |
| heparin interacts with elongation factor 1α of cryptosporidium parvum and inhibits invasion. | cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that can cause serious watery diarrhea, cryptosporidiosis, in human and other mammals. c. parvum invades gastrointestinal epithelial cells, which have abundant glycosaminoglycans on their cell surface. however, little is known about the interaction between c. parvum and glycosaminoglycans. in this study, we assessed the inhibitory effect of sulfated polysaccharides on c. parvum invasion of host cells and identified the parasite ligands that inte ... | 2015 | 26129968 |
| cryptosporidium and giardia in humans, domestic animals, and village water sources in rural india. | cryptosporidium parvum and giardia lamblia are zoonotic enteric protozoa of significant health concern where sanitation, hygiene, and water supplies are inadequate. we examined 85 stool samples from diarrhea patients, 111 pooled fecal samples by species across seven domestic animal types, and water from tube wells (n = 207) and ponds (n = 94) across 60 villages in coastal odisha, india, for cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts to measure occurrence, concentration/shedding, and environmental ... | 2015 | 26123963 |
| biochemical characterization of fikk8--a unique protein kinase from the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans. | fikks are protein kinases with distinctive sequence motifs found exclusively in apicomplexa. here, we report on the biochemical characterization of plasmodium falciparum fikk8 (pffikk8) and its cryptosporidium parvum orthologue (cpfikk) - the only member of the family predicted to be cytosolic and conserved amongst non-plasmodium parasites. recombinant protein samples of both were catalytically active. we characterized their phosphorylation ability using an enzymatic assay and substrate specific ... | 2015 | 26112892 |
| burden of major diarrheagenic protozoan parasitic co-infection among amoebic dysentery cases from north east india: a case report. | intestinal diarrheagenic polyparasitic infections are among the major public health concerns in developing countries. here we examined stool specimens by microscopy, dna dot blot and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to evaluate the co-infection of four principal protozoans among amoebic dysentery cases from northeast indian population. the multiplex pcr confirmed entamoeba histolytica (8.1%), entamoeba dispar (4.8%) and mixed infection of both the parasites (3.4%) in 68 of 356 stool specimens tha ... | 2015 | 26099490 |
| prevalence and molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis in diarrhoeic patients in the qikiqtani region, nunavut, canada. | although the prevalences of infection with the protozoan parasites cryptosporidium spp. and giardia duodenalis in humans appear to be relatively high in the canadian north, their transmission patterns are poorly understood. | 2015 | 26095244 |
| cryptosporidium infections in denmark, 2010-2014. | the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in denmark is unknown. here, we present the number of cases detected in the 2010-2014 period along with data on species and subtypes. | 2015 | 26050832 |
| bovine tlr2 and tlr4 mediate cryptosporidium parvum recognition in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. | cryptosporidium parvum (c. parvum) is an intestinal parasite that causes diarrhea in neonatal calves. it results in significant morbidity of neonatal calves and economic losses for producers worldwide. innate resistance against c. parvum is thought to depend on engagement of pattern recognition receptors. however, the role of innate responses to c. parvum has not been elucidated in bovine. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of tlrs in host-cell responses during c. parvum infection of ... | 2015 | 26048276 |
| effect of cyanuric acid on the inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum under hyperchlorination conditions. | cyanuric acid (cya) is a chlorine stabilizer used in swimming pools to limit uv degradation of chlorine, thus reducing chlorine use and cost. however, cya has been shown to decrease the efficacy of chlorine disinfection. in the event of a diarrheal incident, cdc recommends implementing 3-log10 inactivation conditions for cryptosporidium (ct value = 15 300 mg·min/l) to remediate pools. currently, cya's impact on cryptosporidium inactivation is not fully determined. we investigated the impact of m ... | 2015 | 26042636 |
| nadph oxidase, mpo, ne, erk1/2, p38 mapk and ca2+ influx are essential for cryptosporidium parvum-induced net formation. | cryptosporidium parvum causes a zoonotic infection with worldwide distribution. besides humans, cryptosporidiosis affects a wide range of animals leading to significant economic losses due to severe enteritis in neonatal livestock. neutrophil extracellular trap (net) formation has been demonstrated as an important host effector mechanism of pmn acting against several invading pathogens. in the present study, c. parvum-mediated net formation was investigated in human and bovine pmn in vitro. we h ... | 2015 | 26026247 |
| [evaluation of the new immunocard stat!® cge test for the diagnosis of amebiasis]. | for many years, microscopic examination of stool samples has been considered to be the "gold standard" for diagnosis of intestinal parasites although the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis is increasingly utilized due to its high accuracy. recently, pcr has been approved by the world health organization as the current method of choice for the diagnosis of entamoeba histolytica infection. in this study we evaluated a novel immunochromatographic antigen detection rapid test, immunocardstat c ... | 2015 | 26018388 |
| an outbreak of cryptosporidium parvum across england & scotland associated with consumption of fresh pre-cut salad leaves, may 2012. | we report a widespread foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidium parvum in england and scotland in may 2012. cases were more common in female adults, and had no history of foreign travel. over 300 excess cases were identified during the period of the outbreak. speciation and microbiological typing revealed the outbreak strain to be c. parvum gp60 subtype iiaa15g2r1. | 2015 | 26017538 |
| cryptosporidium parvum infection among egyptian school children. | the present study determined cryptosporidiosis among 120 randomly chosen school children aged 4-16 years. medical sheets were filled out on each child. the fresh stool samples were examined by using sheather's sugar flotation stained with modified ziehl neelsen stain. blood samples were examined by elisa and ifa techniques. the results revealed that, the prevalence rate was 13.51% with a peak among the age group (5-10) and. significant relation between males and females. there was a significant ... | 2015 | 26012227 |
| enhancing cryptosporidium parvum recovery rates for improved water monitoring. | water monitoring is essential to ensure safe drinking water for consumers. however existing methods have several drawbacks, particularly with regard to the poor recovery of cryptosporidium due to the inability to efficiently elute cryptosporidium oocysts during the established detection process used by water utilities. thus the development of new inexpensive materials that could be incorporated into the concentration and release stage that would control cryptosporidium oocysts adhesion would be ... | 2016 | 26009471 |
| zoonotic cryptosporidium spp. and enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet chinchillas (chinchilla lanigera) in china. | cryptosporidium and enterocytozoon bieneusi are the most prevalent protist pathogens responsible for inducing human and animal diseases worldwide. the aim of the present work was to determine the occurrence of cryptosporidium spp. and e. bieneusi in pet chinchillas in china. one hundred forty fecal samples were collected from four cities: beijing, zhengzhou, anyang and guiyang. they were then examined with pcr amplification of the small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) of cryptosporidium spp. an ... | 2015 | 25988830 |
| binding mode of inhibitors and cryptosporidium parvum imp dehydrogenase: a combined ligand- and receptor-based study. | a combined ligand- and target-based approach was used to analyse the interaction models of cryptosporidium parvum inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (cpimpdh) with selective inhibitors. first, a ligand-based pharmacophore model was generated from 20 nad(+) competitive cpimpdh inhibitors with the hiphop module. the characteristic of the nad(+) binding site of cpimpdh was then described, and the binding modes of the representative inhibitors were studied by molecular docking. the combination o ... | 2015 | 25978645 |
| molecular characterisation of cryptosporidium (apicomplexa) in children and cattle in romania. | to investigate the transmission of species of cryptosporidium tyzzer, 1907 in timis county, romania, 48 isolates of cryptosporidium coccidia from 11 children, 29 calves and eight pigs were characterised by molecular analysis of two loci (ssu rrna and 60-kda glycoprotein gene). overall, 22 isolates were amplified and sequence analyses revealed that all isolates were cryptosporidium parvum tyzzer, 1912. two subtype families were identified, iia and iid. subtype iida22g1 (n = 4) was the single c. p ... | 2015 | 25960546 |
| first molecular characterization of cryptosporidium spp. infecting buffalo calves in brazil. | with the aim of determining the occurrence of cryptosporidium spp., 222 fecal samples were collected from murrah buffalo calves aged up to 6 mo. fecal dna was genotyped with a nested polymerase chain reaction targeting the 18s rrna gene and sequencing of the amplified fragment. nested 18s pcr was positive for 48.2% of the samples. sequence analysis showed that the most frequent species in these animals was cryptosporidium ryanae, which was present in buffalo calves as young as 5 d. the zoonotic ... | 2015 | 25941018 |
| perturbation of the intestinal microbiota of mice infected with cryptosporidium parvum. | understanding the interaction between the intestinal microbiota (microbiome) and enteric pathogens is of interest in the development of alternative treatments that do not rely on chemotherapy and do not lead to drug resistance. we undertook research in a rodent model of cryptosporidiosis to assess whether the bacterial gut microbiota is impacted by infection with the protozoan pathogen cryptosporidium parvum. the profile of the faecal bacterial microbiota in infected and uninfected animals was c ... | 2015 | 25913477 |
| cross sectional study of prevalence, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium parvum cycling in new zealand dairy farms. | the estimation of the prevalence and zoonotic potential of cryptosporidium parvum cycling in bovine populations requires the use of genotyping, as several morphologically similar non-parvum genetic variants of unproven clinical and public health impact are found in cattle. however, robust c. parvum prevalence estimates in cattle are lacking and comparative data of bovine and human isolates collected from the same regions are scarce. thus, the relative contribution of the c. parvum oocysts releas ... | 2015 | 25896433 |
| a comparison of sequence and length polymorphism for genotyping cryptosporidium isolates. | simple sequence repeat markers have played an important role in elucidating the epidemiology of human and animal cryptosporidiosis. the drawback of sequence length polymorphisms is that nucleotide substitutions remain undetected. as some laboratories have opted for using length polymorphisms, while others have relied on sequencing, there is a need to compare both methods. we used a diversified set of unique length polymorphisms and matching nucleotide sequences to assess the ability of each geno ... | 2015 | 25891949 |
| the early intestinal immune response in experimental neonatal ovine cryptosporidiosis is characterized by an increased frequency of perforin expressing ncr1(+) nk cells and by ncr1(-) cd8(+) cell recruitment. | cryptosporidium parvum, a zoonotic protozoan parasite, causes important losses in neonatal ruminants. innate immunity plays a key role in controlling the acute phase of this infection. the participation of ncr1+ natural killer (nk) cells in the early intestinal innate immune response to the parasite was investigated in neonatal lambs inoculated at birth. the observed increase in the lymphocyte infiltration was further studied by immunohistology and flow cytometry with focus on distribution, dens ... | 2015 | 25890354 |
| survey for protozoan parasites in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) from the gulf of maine using pcr-based assays. | protozoan pathogens represent a serious threat to oyster aquaculture, since they can lead to significant production loses. moreover, oysters can concentrate human pathogens through filter feeding, thus putting at risk raw oyster consumers' health. using pcr-based assays in oysters (crassostrea virginica) from maine, we expand the northeast range in the usa for the protozoans perkinsus marinus, perkinsus chesapeaki, and haplosporidium nelsoni, and report for the first time the detection of the hu ... | 2015 | 25889457 |
| biotin- and glycoprotein-coated microspheres as surrogates for studying filtration removal of cryptosporidium parvum in a granular limestone aquifer medium. | members of the genus cryptosporidium are waterborne protozoa of great health concern. many studies have attempted to find appropriate surrogates for assessing cryptosporidium filtration removal in porous media. in this study, we evaluated the filtration of cryptosporidium parvum in granular limestone medium by the use of biotin- and glycoprotein-coated carboxylated polystyrene microspheres (cpms) as surrogates. column experiments were carried out with core material taken from a managed aquifer r ... | 2015 | 25888174 |
| epidemiological survey on cryptosporidium in an equine perinatology unit. | the present study aims to evaluate the prevalence, pattern of spread and risk factors for the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in foals and mares hospitalized in a university equine perinatology unit, where a new subtype family of cryptosporidium horse genotype was described by caffara et al. (2013). mares (36) and foals (37) hospitalized during the 2012 foaling season were included. multiple sampling from each animal was performed (a total of 305 stool samples were collected). one hundred and ... | 2015 | 25868850 |
| ccl20 displays antimicrobial activity against cryptosporidium parvum, but its expression is reduced during infection in the intestine of neonatal mice. | ccl20 is a chemokine with antimicrobial activity. we investigated its expression and role during neonatal cryptosporidiosis, a worldwide protozoan enteric disease leading to severe diarrhea. surprisingly, during infection by cryptosporidium parvum, ccl20 production by the intestine of neonatal mice is reduced by a mechanism independent both of the enteric flora and of interferon γ, a key cytokine for the resolution of this infection. however, oral administration of recombinant ccl20 to neonatal ... | 2015 | 25838265 |
| efficient reduction of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms from apple cider by combining microfiltration with uv treatment. | thermal pasteurization can achieve the u. s. food and drug administration-required 5-log reduction of pathogenic escherichia coli o157:h7 and cryptosporidium parvum in apple juice and cider, but it can also negatively affect the nutritional and organoleptic properties of the treated products. in addition, thermal pasteurization is only marginally effective against the acidophilic, thermophilic, and spore-forming bacteria alicyclobacillus spp., which is known to cause off-flavors in juice product ... | 2015 | 25836396 |
| molecular characterization of cryptosporidium parvum detected in japanese black and holstein calves in iwate prefecture and tanegashima island, kagoshima prefecture, japan. | cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 43 out of 77 calves from two farms in iwate prefecture and nine farms on tanegashima island, kagoshima prefecture, japan. the dna fragments of 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) gene were amplified by a nested pcr from 43 oocyst-positive as well as one oocyst-negative samples. all of them were precisely identified as c. parvum by analyzing the nucleotide sequences of the 18s rrna gene. c. parvum oocyst-positive calves ranged in age from 6 to 13 days old and signif ... | 2015 | 25819544 |