| high risk for human exposure to rift valley fever virus in communities living along livestock movement routes: a cross-sectional survey in kenya. | multiple outbreaks of rift valley fever (rvf) with devastating effects have occurred in east africa. these outbreaks cause disease in both livestock and humans and affect poor households most severely. communities living in areas practicing nomadic livestock movement may be at higher risk of infection. this study sought to i) determine the human exposure to rift valley fever virus (rvfv) in populations living within nomadic animal movement routes in kenya; and ii) identify risk factors for rvfv ... | 2020 | 32084127 |
| immersion foot syndrome in 6 equids exposed to hurricane floodwaters. | prolonged exposure to water, known as immersion foot syndrome in humans, is a phenomenon first described in soldiers during world war i and characterized by dermal ischemic necrosis. in this report, we describe the pathologic findings of a condition resembling immersion foot syndrome in 5 horses and 1 donkey with prolonged floodwater exposure during hurricane harvey. at necropsy, all animals had dermal defects ventral to a sharply demarcated "water line" along the lateral trunk. in 5 animals, hi ... | 2020 | 32081085 |
| the molecular epidemiology and phylogeny of torque teno virus (ttv) in jordan. | torque teno virus (ttv) is the most common component of the human blood virobiota. little is known, however, about the prevalence of ttv in humans and the most common farm domesticates in jordan, or the history and modality of ttv transmission across species lines. we therefore tested sera from 396 jordanians and 171 farm animals for the presence of ttv dna using nested 5'-utr-pcr. we then performed phylogenetic, ordination and evolutionary diversity analyses on detected dna sequences. we detect ... | 2020 | 32023916 |
| efficacy of fda-approved anti-inflammatory drugs against venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev) is a category b select agent pathogen that can be aerosolized. infections in murine models and humans can advance to an encephalitic phenotype which may result in long-term neurological complications or death. no specific fda-approved treatments or vaccines are available for the treatment or prevention of veev infection. neurotropic viral infections have two damaging components: neuronal death caused by viral replication, and damage from the subsequent ... | 2019 | 31842327 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus genotypes 3 and 4 in donkeys in northern china. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the causative agent of acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans in developing countries. hepatitis e virus rna was first detected in donkeys in spain, but little is known about the possible presence of hev in donkeys in china. | 2020 | 31746470 |
| potential dual expansion of domesticated donkeys revealed by worldwide analysis on mitochondrial sequences. | molecular studies on donkey mitochondrial sequences have clearly defined two distinct maternal lineages involved in domestication. however, domestication histories of these two lineages remain enigmatic. we therefore compared several population characteristics between these two lineages based on global sampling, which included 171 sequences obtained in this study (including middle asian, east asian, and african samples) plus 536 published sequences (including european, asian, and african samples ... | 2020 | 31709786 |
| serological evidence of leptospirosis in iran; a systematic review and meta-analysis. | leptospirosis is a neglected infectious zoonotic disease that affects domestic animals and wildlife as well as humans. although leptospirosis is known as an endemic disease in iran, there is no accurate information on the overall prevalence of this disease in humans and animals. the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among human and domestic and wild animals in iran. a systematic review of english and persian articles (since 1998 t ... | 2020 | 31698052 |
| a study regarding bovine enterovirus type 1 infection in domestic animals and humans: an evaluation from the zoonotic aspect. | bovine enteroviruses (bev) are members of enterovirus genus of the family picornaviridae. bev1 has a broad host spectrum, including humans. the virus usually causes subclinical infection, but fatal/severe cases have also been reported in different animal species. there is quite limited data regarding bev1 in humans. the purpose of this study is to investigate human infection and to identify possible risk factors for viral exposure. for this purpose, blood serum samples (n=1,526) were collected f ... | 2019 | 31564680 |
| cloning and expression analysis of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) gene in the reproductive axis of female yaks (bos grunniens). | follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr) plays a central role in promoting follicle maturation through the follicle-stimulating hormone (fsh)-mediated camp pathway in animals. the objectives of the present study were to clone the fshr gene of yaks (bos grunniens) and compare differences in fshr mrna expression in the reproductive axis between yaks and cattle. hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, oviduct, ovary, and uterus tissue samples were collected from adult female yaks (n = 5) and cattle ( ... | 2020 | 31479928 |
| evaluation of toxoplasma gondii propagated in specific pathogen free embryonated chicken egg, for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in equids and human. | toxoplasma gondii (t. gondii) is a worldwide distribution infects a wide variety of mammals, including humans. the present study aimed to detect the efficacy of soluble and whole t. gondii antigens propagated in specific pathogen-free of embryonated chicken egg (spf-ece) used to improve the potency of serological assays for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in equids and human. total of 220 serum samples from 170 equids (90 donkeys and 55 horses and 25 mules) and 50 humans were collected from different ... | 2019 | 31406416 |
| a novel 13-plex str typing system for individual identification and parentage testing of donkeys (equus asinus). | previous studies investigating donkey parentage and genetic diversity used horse-specific multiplex systems. however, several mis-allele and null-allele issues were found with some of the horse primers when used in donkeys. in 2017, the international society for animal genetics (isag) recommended 13 dinucleotide short tandem repeats (strs) (aht4, asb23, hms2, hms3, hms6, hms7, hms18, htg7, htg10, tky297, tky312, tky337 and tky343) as a core panel that should be used to identify individuals and t ... | 2020 | 31398262 |
| a molecular analysis of sand fly blood meals in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic region of northwestern ethiopia reveals a complex host-vector system. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl, or "kala-azar") is a major cause of disability and death, especially in east africa. its vectors, sand flies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae), are poorly controlled and guarded against in these regions, owing in part to a lack of understanding about their feeding behavior. | 2019 | 31384683 |
| leptospirosis, one neglected disease in rural senegal. | a serological study was carried out in two senegalese villages located in the sine-saloum region in order to estimate the presence of anti-leptospiral antibodies in humans and animals, and to identify the predominant serogroups. seven hundred and forty-nine serum samples were collected from humans (n = 545), dogs (n = 33), donkeys (n = 20), goats (n = 52), sheep (n = 43) and n'dama cattle (n = 56), all originated from dielmo and ndiop villages. all samples were tested for different serovars of p ... | 2019 | 31342674 |
| factors associated with the distribution of natural toxoplasma gondii infection among equids in northeastern brazil. | the aim of this study was to determine the frequency and factors associated with toxoplasma gondii in naturally infected equids in northeastern brazil. serum samples from 569 equids (528 horses, 8 mules and 33 donkeys) were subjected to the indirect fluorescent antibody test. generalized linear models were used to evaluate associated factors. among the 569 animals sampled, 118 (30.6%) living in rural areas and 14 (26.42%) in urban areas were seropositive (p>0.05). seropositive animals were obser ... | 2019 | 31215612 |
| the first case of botulism in a donkey. | botulism, a severe neuroparalytic disease that can affect humans, all warm-blooded animals, and some fishes, is caused by exotoxins produced by ubiquitous, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria belonging to the genus clostridium and named botulinum neurotoxin (bont)-producing clostridia. this report presents the case of a 3-year-old donkey mare referred for progressive and worsening dysphagia of four days' duration. her voluntary effort in eating and drinking was conserved, and she was able ... | 2019 | 31096593 |
| efficacy and safety of ethanolic curcuma longa extract as a treatment for sand tampan ticks in a rabbit model. | the soft tick ornithodoros savignyi is distributed throughout africa, including egypt. it primarily attacks camels, cattle, donkeys, and cows; and rarely affects humans. this study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of ethanolic curcuma longa extract (turmeric) on the second nymphs of o. savignyi and then investigated the safety of this herb in rabbits. | 2019 | 32546931 |
| human cathelicidin peptide ll-37 as a therapeutic antiviral targeting venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infections. | venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (veev), a new world alphavirus belonging to the togaviridae family, causes periodic disease outbreaks in humans and equines with high associated mortality and morbidity. veev is highly infectious via the aerosol route and so has been developed as a biological weapon (hawley and eitzen, 2001). despite its current classification as a category b select agent, there are no fda approved vaccines or therapeutics to counter veev infections. here we utilize a natural ... | 2019 | 30738837 |
| [detection of hev rna amounts and genotypes in raw milks obtained from different animals]. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is one of the major foodborne viral pathogens transmitted through the fecal-oral route. four genotypes of hev are known to infect humans and it is reported that different types of hev are active in zoonotic transitions. it is known that the hev genotype 1 and hev genotype 2 infections are generally acute and the hev genotype 3 infections are chronic. therefore, in the studies related to hev infections, it is important to determine the genotypes to monitortreatment regimen ... | 2019 | 30683038 |
| ixodid ticks on wild donkeys in a mediterranean nature reserve (asinara national park): diversity and risk factors. | the sardinian coloured donkey equus asinus (perissodactyla: equidae) and its albino colour morph represent the wildlife species most typical of the island of asinara. this mediterranean island represents a favourable context for ticks and tick-borne diseases; however, knowledge of the tick fauna on asinara is scarce. a total of 106 sardinian donkeys were inspected for tick infestation from june to november 2015. all ticks found were collected, classified by stage and sex, and identified to speci ... | 2019 | 30569463 |
| no evidence of bovine papillomavirus type 1 or 2 infection in healthy equids. | there is a large body of evidence supporting bovine papillomavirus types 1 and 2 (bpv1; bpv2) as aetiological agents of equine sarcoids. however, there is conflicting data regarding bpv1/2 infection in sarcoid-free equids. | 2019 | 30560998 |
| seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii infection and variables associated with seropositivity in donkeys in eastern china. | donkeys (equus asinus) are widely distributed throughout china; they are used for their meat, as food, and certain donkey-derived items are also important for traditional chinese medicinal purposes. however, only limited information is available on toxoplasma gondii infection in donkeys in china, especially the eastern region, which is one of the largest production areas. thus, the present study was conducted to detect specific anti-t. gondii antibodies using a commercially available indirect he ... | 2018 | 30526821 |
| cell-lineage specificity of primary cilia during postnatal epididymal development. | where are primary cilia (pc) organelles located during postnatal epididymal development? | 2018 | 30239723 |
| short communication: technological and seasonal variations of vitamin d and other nutritional components in donkey milk. | vitamin d is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism and also acts as a hormone. although several studies on the content of vitamin d in bovine milk have been conducted, little information is available regarding donkey milk. in the context of the nutritional assessment of donkey milk, the aim of this study was to assess the vitamin d content in donkey milk and its chemical profile, with particular reference to seasonal and technological modifica ... | 2018 | 30055917 |
| first genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii infection in donkey meat slaughtered for human consumption in shandong province, eastern china. | until now, limited information on the molecular epidemiology and genotypes of toxoplasma gondii infection in donkeys is available in china. thus, the present study was conducted to characterize t. gondii genotypes in donkeys, intended for human consumption in shandong province, eastern china. a total of 618 muscle tissue samples of donkeys was collected in shandong province from january 2016 to august 2017 and were used to detect the t. gondii b1 gene by a semi-nested pcr, and the positive sampl ... | 2018 | 29530661 |
| seroprevalence and epidemiology of toxoplasma gondii in farm animals in different regions of egypt. | toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan protozoan disease that has been recorded in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, including humans. in response to the paucity of available data, this study was undertaken to comprehensively establish the seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii among various farm animals in different localities of egypt. the latex agglutination test and tggra7-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to screen the investigated animals for anti-t. gondii igg antibodies. when only ... | 2016 | 31014492 |
| gammaherpesvirus infections in equids: a review. | although the first equine gammaherpesvirus was identified over 50 years ago, the isolation and characterization of other members of this virus group has been relatively recent. even so, numerous clinical syndromes have been identified in equid species in association with these viruses. equid gammaherpesviruses are a genetically heterogeneous viral subfamily, the function of which in host immune modulation and disease pathogenesis has not yet been elucidated. while they share similarities with ga ... | 2015 | 30155436 |
| a rapid and reliable multiplex pcr assay for simultaneous detection of fourteen animal species in two tubes. | a simple and rapid method for animal species identification to prevent food adulteration based on mitochondrial dna using two independent multiplex polymerase chain reactions (pcrs) and microchip electrophoresis was developed. this method was designed to identify fourteen domestic animals (group i: cattle, donkey, dog, fox, raccoon-dog, deer and horse; group ii: pig, sheep, goat, chicken, duck, cat and mouse) simultaneously using ten pairs of primers and three of which were degenerate primers. s ... | 2019 | 31174774 |
| tyrosine hydroxylase containing neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus of male equids. | here we report the unusual presence of thalamic reticular neurons immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase in equids. the diencephalons of one adult male of four equid species, domestic donkey (equus africanus asinus), domestic horse (equus caballus), cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) and plains zebra (equus quagga), were sectioned in a coronal plane with series of sections stained for nissl substance, myelin, or immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase, and the calcium-binding proteins parva ... | 2020 | 33086098 |
| the non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in african equids. | eco-immunological research is encumbered by a lack of basic research in a wild context and by the availability of few non-invasive tools to measure the internal state of wild animals. the recent development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring immunoglobulins in faecal samples from soay sheep prompted us to optimize such an assay to measure immunoglobulin a (iga: an antibody associated with parasitic nematode fecundity) in faecal samples from equids. we measured total iga in dom ... | 2020 | 32528845 |
| anthelmintic resistance in strongylids (nematoda: strongylidae) parasitizing wild and domestic equids in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine | resistance of strongylids in domestic horses to benzimidazole anthelmintics (bz) has been detected worldwide; however, information on the presence of bz-resistance in wild equids has not been published to date. the purpose of this study was to analyze the manifestations of the bz resistance in strongylids in domestic and wild equids kept in the askania nova biosphere reserve, ukraine. four species of equids: domestic horses and shetland ponies (equus caballus), donkeys (e. asinus), plains zebras ... | 2020 | 32198995 |
| effect of social organisation on interspecific differences in overmarking behaviour of foals in african equids. | overmarking remains an unstudied topic in juvenile mammals. we have previously documented a very high rate of overmarking by foals in four captive african equid species: mountain zebra (equus zebra), plains zebra (equus quagga), grévy's zebra (equus grevyi), and african wild ass (equus africanus). african equids vary interspecifically in their social organisation. since differences in social organisation affect many mammalian behaviours, in this study we investigated interspecific differences in ... | 2020 | 31728806 |
| land use, redd+ and the status of wildlife populations in yaeda valley, northern tanzania. | redd+ projects primarily focus on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. these projects are regularly evaluated against their core objective of conserving carbon stocks, but their contribution to biodiversity conservation has rarely been assessed. to assess the conservation value of the area and the relative performance of a redd+ land use plan in yaeda valley, a semi-arid savannah ecosystem in northern tanzania, we implemented an annual wild ... | 2019 | 30947305 |
| mitochondrial dna genetic variations among four horse populations in egypt. | horses are one of the early domesticated animals in the world that changed societies and civilizations on a continent-wide scale. due to the rare information about the genetic characterization of different horse populations in egypt, this study aimed to identify the genetic biodiversity and relationships between four horse populations reared in egypt. genomic dna was extracted and mtdna region was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the alignment of 384-bp amplified fragments showed ... | 2017 | 30647688 |
| molecular characterization in the toll-like receptor 9 gene of cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) from three populations. | toll-like receptors (tlr) are a family of proteins that signal activation of the innate immune response through the recognition of a variety of pathogen molecular compounds. here, we characterized the complete tlr9 gene in cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) from three populations in south africa and compared sequences to a variety of horse and donkey breeds. overall, we identified six single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). a single snp (g586s) was non-synonymous, whereas the remaining snps ... | 2020 | 31734289 |
| a new strain of taylorella asinigenitalis shows differing pathogenicity in mares and jenny donkeys. | three horse mares inadvertently inseminated with semen from a tayorella asinigenitalis-positive jack donkey developed severe, purulent endometritis whereas two jenny donkeys mated naturally to the same jack donkey did not develop clinical signs of infection. | 2020 | 33174229 |
| investigation of the cyprus donkey milk bacterial diversity by 16s rdna high-throughput sequencing on a cyprus donkey farm. | the interest in milk originating from donkeys is growing worldwide due to its claimed functional and nutritional properties, especially for sensitive population groups, such as infants with cow milk protein allergy. the current study aimed to assess the microbiological quality of donkey milk produced in a donkey farm in cyprus using culture-based and high-throughput sequencing techniques. the culture-based microbiological analysis showed very low microbial counts, whereas important food-borne pa ... | 2020 | 33162091 |
| microbial profile antibacterial properties and chemical composition of raw donkey milk. | the human interest in donkey milk is growing due to its nutritional, functional properties and excellent microbiological quality according to published reports. however, more research needs to be conducted to assess the above variables from various breeds. in the present study, milk samples were collected from 17 cypriot and six arcadian healthy greek donkeys. the microbiological quality, somatic cell counts (scc), chemical composition analysis, and antimicrobial activity of the samples was asse ... | 2020 | 33143191 |
| optimization of casa-mot analysis of donkey sperm: optimum frame rate and values of kinematic variables for different counting chamber and fields. | in order to optimize the donkey sperm motility analysis by the casa (computer assisted sperm analysis)-mot system, twelve ejaculates were collected from six jackasses. capillary loaded chamber (clc), isas®d4c depths 10 and 20 µm, isas®d4c leja 20 and drop displacement chamber (ddc), spermtrack® (spk) depths 10 and 20 µm were used. sperm kinematic variables were evaluated using each chamber and a high-resolution camera capable of capturing a maximum of 500 frames/second (fps). the optimum frame r ... | 2020 | 33138237 |
| collagen and eosinophils in jenny's endometrium: do they differ with endometrial classification? | collagen fibers and inflammatory cells are the basis for jenny endometrium kenney and doig's classification developed for the mare. the infiltration of a large number of eosinophils in the jenny endometrium is intriguing. eosinophil and fibroblast produced il33, which has been related to fibrosis development and chronicity. this work on the endometrium consisted of (i) quantification of collagen type i (col1a2), type iii (col3a1), and il33 transcripts; (ii) histological localization and quantifi ... | 2020 | 33134338 |
| designing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anti-penicillin antibodies levels in various species of animals in khuzestan province, iran. | the penicillin allergy is being increasingly recognized as a significant public health problem. immunological responses to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics are classified as immediate and non-immediate responses. this research aimed to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of the reactive antibody value against penicillin in various species of animals. the serum samples were collected from nine species (forty mature animals in each species) including h ... | 2020 | 33133467 |
| the prevalence and risk factors associated with leptospira in donkeys in ngaka modiri molema district, north west province, south africa. | leptospirosis is one of the major emerging global economic and health problems affecting donkeys, thereby reducing their work output. furthermore, the disease has public health importance because of its zoonotic nature. despite the significant contribution donkeys make to the national economy, less attention is given to diseases that afflict donkeys and reduce their productivity and performance. a cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the seroprevalence of leptospira and identify ri ... | 2020 | 33132620 |
| assessment of phenotypic characteristics and work suitability for working donkeys in the central highlands in kenya. | the study aimed to assess the phenotypic characteristics of donkeys and their suitability for work. data were collected on age, sex, coat color, height at withers, body length, and heart girth from 360 randomly sampled donkeys raised in a highland agroecological system in kenya between the months of june and september 2018. data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and anova with the sex of the donkey and age group treated as sources of variation. the weight of donkeys was estimated using ... | 2020 | 33123337 |
| phylogenetic relationships of turkish indigenous donkey populations determined by mitochondrial dna d-loop region. | in this study, to analyze the mtdna d-loop region and the origin of the maternal lineages of 16 different donkey populations, and to assess the domestication of turkish indigenous donkeys in seven geographical regions, we investigated the dna sequences of the d-loop region of 315 indigenous donkeys from turkey. a total of 54 haplotypes, resulting from 35 polymorphic regions (27 parsimoniously informative and 6 singleton sites), were defined. twenty-eight of these haplotypes are unique (51.85%), ... | 2020 | 33120938 |
| quantifying poor working equid welfare in nepalese brick kilns using a welfare assessment tool. | across asia the brick-kiln industry is expanding. in nepal, urban dwelling has increased in recent years, raising requirement for low-cost, mass produced bricks to meet the population needs. working equids (wes) play a key role in non-mechanised kilns. assessing the welfare of these equids is the starting point to addressing concerns. in line with one welfare principles, the health and welfare of animals, people and the kiln environment are interlinked. | 2020 | 33115919 |
| factors affecting embryo recovery rate, quality, and diameter in andalusian donkey jennies. | embryo transfer and the vitrification of embryos could be used for the conservation and recovery of endangered donkey breeds. it is important to develop techniques that optimize recovery rates and the cryotolerance of donkey embryos. this study evaluates factors affecting the recovery rate, quality, and diameter of embryos obtained from donor jennies as a starting point for the use of vitrification and embryo transfer in the conservation of the andalusian donkey. a total of 100 embryos were reco ... | 2020 | 33114673 |
| policy-gradient and actor-critic based state representation learning for safe driving of autonomous vehicles. | in this paper, we propose an environment perception framework for autonomous driving using state representation learning (srl). unlike existing q-learning based methods for efficient environment perception and object detection, our proposed method takes the learning loss into account under deterministic as well as stochastic policy gradient. through a combination of variational autoencoder (vae), deep deterministic policy gradient (ddpg), and soft actor-critic (sac), we focus on uninterrupted an ... | 2020 | 33105863 |
| expression of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia and its neurochemical characterization in reference to sensory neuron subpopulations. | huntingtin-associated protein 1 (hap1) is a polyglutamine (polyq) length-dependent interactor with causal agents in several neurodegenerative diseases and has been regarded as a protective factor against neurodegeneration. in normal rodent brain and spinal cord, hap1 is abundantly expressed in the areas that are spared from neurodegeneration while those areas with little hap1 are frequent targets of neurodegeneration. we have recently showed that hap1 is highly expressed in the spinal dorsal hor ... | 2020 | 33089002 |
| high exposure to toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. in donkeys in israel: serological survey and case reports. | toxoplasma gondii and neospora spp. are closely related cyst-forming coccidian parasites, which infect various animal species and have considerable zoonotic and economic implications, respectively. both parasites are endemic in israel and have been reported to infect wild and domestic animals. this study was conceived to evaluate the serologic exposure of donkeys to these parasites. serum samples were collected from 98 donkeys. half of them (n = 49) were from animal shelters in israel, and the r ... | 2020 | 33086723 |
| effect of age and of reproductive status on reproductive indices in horse mares carrying mule pregnancies. | mules (equus mulus) are interspecific hybrids derived from crossing horse (equus caballus) mares with jackasses (equus asinus). in italy, the production of mules is very important for the special environmental areas, where they are used as working animals, instead of the forbidden agricultural machines. although many horse mares carry mule pregnancy successfully at term, low fertility of mares used for producing mules was reported, but limited data about reproductive efficiency in mares carrying ... | 2020 | 33083622 |
| phylogenetic characterization of setaria equina and its association with other filarids. | molecular characterization studies on setaria equina are limited. the present study aimed to characterize s. equina at the cytochrome c oxidase gene and to examine its phylogenetic relationships with other filarid species. sequence analysis showed 100% nucleotide homology with an s. equina sequence from italy (aj544873). however, both sequences exhibited 7 nucleotide substitutions from a s. equina donkey isolate from egypt (mk541847). overall, s. equina formed a monophyletic sister group to seta ... | 2020 | 33079270 |
| equid herpesvirus 8 isolated from an adult donkey in israel. | we report the isolation of equid herpesvirus 8 from a rescued donkey that suffered severe postcastration complications. despite intensive treatment, the donkey deteriorated and was euthanized. postmortem virologic analysis revealed the isolation of a herpesvirus that is closely related to herpesviruses reported from donkeys and horses in australia, china, and ireland, causing respiratory disease in donkeys and abortion in mares. to our knowledge, this is the first report of this equid herpesviru ... | 2020 | 33077102 |
| ultrasonographic appearance of elbow joints in a population of amiata donkeys. | ultrasound (us) is a well-established technique for investigating joint diseases in horses, complementary to radiography. few studies have been performed on the ultrasonographic aspect of the elbow joint in horses and no reports are available on donkeys. the aim of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow joint in healthy donkeys. descriptive cohort study included 34 elbow joints, which were evaluated in 17 donkeys. inclusion criteria included no lameness or musculo ... | 2020 | 33077086 |
| multivariate models for estimating jackass semen production and quality. | the purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of season, age, gonad and accessory sex glands on semen characteristics of jackass and to construct multivariate regression models to predict semen quality. in autumn, spring and summer, semen characteristics of 30 sexually mature donkeys (1014 ejaculations) were analyzed to investigate the effect of seasons on semen quality, and gonad and accessory sex gland parameters of 12 jackasses were measured immediately after ejaculation by ultrasonogr ... | 2020 | 33068490 |
| pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of minocycline against salmonella abortus equi in donkey plasma and tissue cage fluid. | tissue cage (tc) model was used to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of minocycline (mino) after intramuscular (im) administration to donkeys at 4 mg/kg body-weight. the cmax of mino with 1.79 and 2.63 μg ml-1 was obtained at 2.96 and 1.41 h in tcf (tissue cage fluid) and plasma respectively. the absorption half-lives (t1/2ka) of mino were calculated to be 0.71 h in tcf and 0.32 h in plasma, whereas the elimination half-lives (t1/2ke) were 10.46 h in tcf and 5.95 h in pl ... | 2020 | 33066989 |
| ethological and physiological parameters assessment in donkeys used in animal assisted interventions. | few studies have been performed to identify objective indicators for the selection of therapeutic donkeys or to assess their welfare during animal-assisted interventions (aais) objective: this study aimed to evaluate the response to the ethological test and the modifications of physiological parameters in donkeys subjected to aai sessions. | 2020 | 33066258 |
| variability analyses of the maternal lineage of horses and donkeys. | equid breeds originating from the iberian peninsula and north africa are believed to have genetically contributed to the formation of breeds and ecotypes from brazil. the country has numerous breeds and ecotypes of horses and donkeys but there are no extensive studies on maternal genetic diversity and their origins. this study reports the results of the first genetic analysis of all horse and donkey breeds/ecotypes from brazil based on sequences of the mitochondrial dna control region (d-loop) w ... | 2020 | 33065240 |
| antibacterial potential of donkey's milk disclosed by untargeted proteomics. | donkey's milk (dm) has been extensively investigated as a valuable substitute of breast milk, often suitable to manage cow's milk protein allergy in infants. dm exhibits potent inhibitory properties against numerous microbial species. although oligosaccharides and lipids might contribute to the antimicrobial potential, the current inventory of proteins is not able to justify the low count of microorganisms generally observed in dm. the shotgun proteomic analysis of fractionated dm disclosed a se ... | 2020 | 33038512 |
| detection of selection signatures underlying production and adaptive traits based on whole-genome sequencing of six donkey populations. | donkeys (equus asinus) are an important farm animal. after long-term natural and artificial selection, donkeys now exhibit a variety of body sizes and production performance values. in this study, six donkey breeds, representing different regions and phenotypes, were used for second-generation resequencing. the sequencing results revealed more than seven million single nucleotide variants (snvs), with an average of more than four million snvs per species. we combined two methods, z-transformed h ... | 2020 | 33036357 |
| anthelmintic efficacy of strongyle nematodes to ivermectin and fenbendazole on working donkeys (equus asinus) in and around hosaena town, southern ethiopia. | gastrointestinal helminth parasite infection is a major influencing factor against profitability of working equines all over the world. | 2020 | 33029340 |
| a pilot serosurvey for selected pathogens in feral donkeys (equus asinus). | recent removal and relocation of feral donkeys from vast public lands to more concentrated holding pens, training facilities, and offsite adoption locations raises several health and welfare concerns. very little is known regarding the common equid pathogens that are circulating within the feral donkey population in and around death valley national park, california, usa. the aim of this study was to utilize serologic assays to assess previous exposure of these donkeys to equine herpesvirus 1 (eh ... | 2020 | 33023217 |
| flesh id: nanopore sequencing combined with offline blast search for the identification of meat source. | detection of animal species in meat product is crucial to prevent adulterated and unnecessary contamination during processing, in addition to avoid allergy and religious consequences. gold standard is the real-time pcr assays, which has a limited target capability. in this study, we have established a rapid sequencing protocol to identify animal species within hours. sequencing was achieved by nanopore sequencing and data analysis via offline blast search. the whole procedure was conducted in a ... | 2020 | 33019679 |
| the prevalence and risk factors of liver fluke infection in mexican horses, donkeys and mules in tropical and temperate regions. | the objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of fasciola hepatica infection in horses, donkeys and mules from different climate regions in two states of mexico. a total of 594 serum samples were analysed for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), with excretory-secretory (e/s) products as the antigen. the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of serum igg elisa were 100% and 97.2%, respectively. we collected data using a ques ... | 2020 | 33006039 |
| infection of hard ticks in the caspian sea littoral of iran with lyme borreliosis and relapsing fever borreliae. | the caspian sea littoral of iran is home to various hard tick species, including ixodes ricinus, the notorious vector of lyme borreliosis (lb) in eurasia. here, in this area, we examined i. ricinus and other hard ticks, along with common rodents and small mammals for lb and relapsing fever (rf) borreliae infection. ticks were collected from various mammalian hosts, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, dogs, donkeys, rodents, and hedgehogs. rodents and small mammals were live-captured ... | 2020 | 32993956 |
| anti-inflammatory potential of cow, donkey and goat milk extracellular vesicles as revealed by metabolomic profile. | in recent years, extracellular vesicles (evs), cell-derived micro and nano-sized structures enclosed in a double-layer membrane, have been in the spotlight for their high potential in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. indeed, they act as signal mediators between cells and/or tissues through different mechanisms involving their complex cargo and exert a number of biological effects depending upon evs subtype and cell source. being produced by almost all cell types, they are found in every ... | 2020 | 32977543 |
| vitrification of donkey sperm using straws as an alternative to conventional slow freezing. | cryoprotectant-free vitrification of donkey sperm using 0.25 ml straws has been recently developed, but the obtained results have not been directly compared to conventional slow freezing yet. the aim of this study was to compare sperm quality parameters after cryopreservation using both methods. semen samples were collected from three andalusian donkeys. semen was centrifuged and pellets resuspended with an extender with glycerol for conventional freezing or the same extender without glycerol, b ... | 2020 | 32974983 |
| fetal lesions of ehv-1 in equine. | ehv-1 infection is responsible for huge economic losses in equines due to abortion and neonatal mortality. in this study, we describe 4 cases of abortion and neonatal deaths from pregnant mares and a she-donkey from different localities in egypt during the period from may 2015 to october 2017. attempts were made to isolate and identify ehv-1, in addition to compare the different pathological lesions in various tissues of the necropsied cases. ehv-1 was successfully isolated from two aborted fetu ... | 2020 | 32965312 |
| children's road-crossing behavior: emotional decision making and emotion-based temperamental fear and anger. | child pedestrian injuries represent a global public health burden. to date, most research on psychosocial factors affecting children's risk of pedestrian injury focused on cognitive aspects of children's functioning in traffic. recent evidence suggests, however, that emotional aspects such as temperament-based fear and anger/frustration, as well as executive function-based emotional decision making, may also affect children's safety in traffic. this study examined the role of emotions on childre ... | 2020 | 32951057 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors associated with equine piroplasmosis in north egypt. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is caused by theileria equi and/or babesia caballi and has economic importance particularly in equines reared in poor management systems. this study is based on celisa test to study the seroprevalence of ep among 370 horses and 150 donkeys in four governorates north egypt. additionally, its risk factors were studied for the first time. the seroprevalence rates 36.5 %, 20 %, and 5.6 % for t. equi, b. caballi, and mixed infections, respectively. the highest antibody level ... | 2020 | 32950955 |
| insights on health and food applications of equus asinus (donkey) milk bioactive proteins and peptides-an overview. | due to its similarity with human milk and its low allergenic properties, donkey milk has long been used as an alternative for infants and patients with cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa). in addition, this milk is attracting growing interest in human nutrition because of presumed health benefits. it has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumoral, antiproliferative and antidiabetic activity. in addition, it stimulates the immune system, regulates the gastrointestinal flora, and prevents inflammatory ... | 2020 | 32942687 |
| occurrence of anti-toxoplasma gondii antibodies and risk factors associated with infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in brazil. | toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by toxoplasma gondii. ingestion of raw/undercooked meat is considering an important route of infection. consumption of meat from equids is common in european and asian countries and an increase in brazil has been observed. the aim of this study was to evaluate occurrences of anti-t. gondii antibodies and risk factors relating to infection in equids slaughtered for human consumption in minas gerais, brazil. blood samples from 192 horses and 208 donkeys ... | 2020 | 32935768 |
| effects of long-distance transportation on blood constituents and composition of the nasal microbiota in healthy donkeys. | this study aims to determine the effects of transportation on the nasal microbiota of healthy donkeys using 16s rrna sequencing. | 2020 | 32933535 |
| neospora caninum infection in iran (2004-2020): a review. | knowledge on neosporosis and associated risk factors in different species of animals are so important for designing the control programs and reduce the economic losses globally. this literature review targeted for evaluating the infection rate of neospora caninum in animals in iran. until april 2020, all of published documents in the main english and persian-language databases were searched. a total number of 110 documents (english = 85 and persian = 25) were extracted. most of reports were sero ... | 2020 | 32929312 |
| comparison of carcass and meat quality obtained from mule and donkey. | the aim of this study was to compare the carcass characteristics and the chemical and physical parameters of the meat produced by 10 male crossbred donkeys and 10 male mules slaughtered at 16 ± 1 years of age. the carcass weight and dressing percentage were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mules. samples of the muscle longissimus thoracis (lt) were analyzed. donkey meat showed a higher fat content, while the glycogen content was higher in the mule lt. the total collagen content was higher in t ... | 2020 | 32927781 |
| comparison of working equid welfare across three regions of mexico. | factors affecting working equid welfare are wide-ranging and reflect cultural, economic and climatic conditions, the type of work equids are used for, and individual differences in the practices of their handlers. in mexico working equids are widely used for facilitating agricultural activities, however, welfare issues are common. | 2020 | 32920907 |
| welfare assessment and identification of the associated risk factors compromising the welfare of working donkeys (equus asinus) in egyptian brick kilns. | donkeys are a cornerstone in human existence, having played an important role throughout history in different economic activities, such as working in brick kilns in egypt. this study was conducted from january 2017 to the end of april 2017 in the el-saf brick kilns, which are located to the south of the giza governorate and 57 km away from cairo. physical clinical health and behavior data were collected from 179 donkeys spanning over a random sample of 20 brick kilns selected from the el-saf bri ... | 2020 | 32917031 |
| equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in fasciola hepatica-infected mules. | fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by freshwater lymnaeid snails. donkey and horse reservoir roles have been highlighted in human endemic areas. liver fluke infection in mules has received very limited research. their role in disease transmission, epidemiological importance and fasciola hepatica pathogenicity are studied for the first time. prevalence was 39.5% in 81 mules from aconcagua, and 24.4% in 127 from uspallata, in high-altitude areas of mendoza provin ... | 2020 | 32907643 |
| first report of genetic diversity and risk factor analysis of equine piroplasm infection in equids in jilin, china. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan disease of equids, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. equine piroplasmosis represents a serious challenge to the equine industry due to important economic losses worldwide. the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in equids from jilin province, china. | 2020 | 32907616 |
| tissue expression profile, polymorphism of igf1 gene and its effect on body size traits of dezhou donkey. | insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1) is a multifunctional cell proliferation regulator that plays a critical role in regulating animal growth and development. in this study, the expression level of igf1 gene in different tissues of dezhou donkey in different periods was investigated by rt-qpcr. meanwhile, two mutation sites were identified within the igf1 gene and its effect on body size traits of dezhou donkey was analysed. the results showed that the expression level of the adult donkey igf1 ge ... | 2021 | 32896588 |
| fatal multiple outbreaks of equine influenza h3n8 in nigeria, 2019: the first introduction of florida clade 1 to west africa. | in december 2018, suspected outbreaks of equine influenza (ei) were observed in donkeys in sokoto state, in the extreme northwest of nigeria bordering the republic of the niger. equine influenza virus (eiv) subtype h3n8 was the etiologic agent identified in the outbreaks using real-time rt-qpcr and sequencing of both the partial haemagglutinin (ha) gene and the complete genome. since then the h3n8 virus spread to 7 of the 19 northern states of nigeria, where it affected both donkeys and horses. ... | 2020 | 32891950 |
| fatal donkey bite in children: a case report. | although animal-inflicted injuries are a worldwide major public health problem, lethal donkey bites have very rarely been reported. we describe the case of a 21-month-old girl that was found dead in a farmyard next to a donkey that belonged to the family. examination of the body showed bite marks on the right side of the neck and the upper part of the shoulder. death was attributed to cervical trauma and spine injuries from a donkey attack. | 2020 | 32889631 |
| therapeutic efficacy of phage piz sae-01e2 against abortion caused by salmonella enterica serovar abortusequi in mice. | salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar abortusequi is a frequently reported pathogen causing abortion in mares. in this study, the preventive and therapeutic effects of phage piz sae-01e2 against s abortusequi in a mouse model of abortion were investigated. phage piz sae-01e2 was stable at different temperatures (4 to 70°c) and ph values (ph 4 to 10) and could lyse the majority of the salmonella serogroup o:4 and o:9 strains tested (25/28). there was no lysogeny-related, toxin, or antibioti ... | 2020 | 32887718 |
| an epidemiological survey of theileria equi parasite in donkeys (equus asinus) in egypt. | in the present study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of theileria equi, with sequencing analysis of the pcr product using blood-dna samples collected from donkeys (n = 149) reared in different egyptian provinces in lower egypt (menoufia and mersa matruh) and middle egypt (giza). all animals were tested for the presence of t. equi parasite using species-specific pcr assay targeting the equi merozoite antigen-1 (ema-1). nine- (6.04%) samples were positive for t. equi. the highest positive ... | 2020 | 32862920 |
| multiplex pcr and 12s rrna gene sequencing for detection of meat adulteration: a case study in the egyptian markets. | recently, dna-based methods have proved to be accurate, fast and sensitive for meat authentication. according to the european union, the food safety standards require accurate and detailed composition information of the meat products. therefore, an accurate, fast and cost-effective identification methodology is needed. in this study, multiplex pcr coupled with 12s rdna sequencing was employed for the detection of meat adulteration in two red meat products (frozen beef liver and cold cut samples, ... | 2021 | 32860900 |
| genetic characterization of hydatid cysts of different intermediate hosts. | cystic echinococcosis is an important cosmopolitan parasitic zoonosis that causes public health and economic problems in egypt. the present study was undertaken to identify genotypes of hydatid cyst (hc) dna isolated from different animal isolates and to identify the genotype of secondary hydatid cysts (hcs) developed in rabbits experimentally infected with camel hc for detection of any genetic mutation. in the present study, we extracted dna from the germinal layers of 8 hcs collected from 3 ca ... | 2020 | 32855606 |
| surgical castration versus chemical castration in donkeys: response of stress, lipid profile and redox potential biomarkers. | castration is a husbandry practice raising important questions on the welfare and physiological status of farm animals. searching for effective castration methods that minimally compromise the body physiology is worthy of attention. therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the differential response of biological systems in donkeys to surgical castration versus the chemical one by cacl2 with special emphasis on stress, lipid profile, and oxidative stress biomarkers. donkeys were divided randomly a ... | 2020 | 32847551 |
| peste des petits ruminants virus transmission scaling and husbandry practices that contribute to increased transmission risk: an investigation among sheep, goats, and cattle in northern tanzania. | peste des petits ruminants virus (pprv) causes an infectious disease of high morbidity and mortality among sheep and goats which impacts millions of livestock keepers globally. pprv transmission risk varies by production system, but a deeper understanding of how transmission scales in these systems and which husbandry practices impact risk is needed. to investigate transmission scaling and husbandry practice-associated risk, this study combined 395 household questionnaires with over 7115 cross-s ... | 2020 | 32847058 |
| vitrification of donkey sperm: is it better using permeable cryoprotectants? | vitrification by direct exposure of sperm to liquid nitrogen is increasing in popularity as an alternative to conventional freezing. in this study, the effect of permeable cryoprotectant agents for donkey sperm vitrification was compared to an extender containing non-permeable cryoprotectants. first, three different concentrations of sucrose (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 molar, m) and bovine serum albumin, bsa (1, 5, and 10%) were compared. secondly, the concentration of non-permeable agents producing the ... | 2020 | 32825370 |
| development of a donkey grimace scale to recognize pain in donkeys (equus asinus) post castration. | the objectives of this study were to establish a donkey ethogram, followed by a donkey grimace scale to be applied to donkeys pre- and post-castration and to test if there was a notable difference in scores based on observer knowledge, gender, and experience, which could reveal possible discomfort/pain. nine healthy male adult donkeys were surgically castrated. fifty-four photos were selected from frontal, lateral, and body views taken pre- and post-castration. observers ranging from minimal to ... | 2020 | 32823676 |
| characterizing the serum proteome of donkeys (equus asinus). | serum and plasma are commonly used in clinical practice considering the widely accepted fact that the "normal" protein expression pattern of a healthy animal changes under disease conditions. we herein used a label-free mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach to characterize the serum proteome of donkeys. a total of 277 unique proteins were identified from 2,388 unique peptides. gene ontology analyses showed that the most frequent processes were related to metabolic activities a ... | 2020 | 32797796 |
| evaluation of brix refractometry for the estimation of colostrum quality in jennies. | donkey placenta does not allow the passage of immunoglobulins; thus, foals are born hypogammaglobulinemic and an adequate intake of high-quality colostrum in the first 24 hours of life is crucial for the surviving. the study aims to assess the relation between colostrum immunoglobulin g (igg) concentration evaluated by the single radial immunodiffusion (srid) test and the brix refractometer in donkeys to establish a cutoff value for high quality of colostrum based on brix refractometry. colostru ... | 2020 | 32797794 |
| molecular analysis and risk factors associated with theileria equi infection in domestic donkeys and mules of punjab, pakistan. | theileriosis is an important disease of economic significance which badly affects the equine husbandry of developing countries. the present study was planned to investigate the molecular prevalence of theileriosis, associated risk factors, and alterations in hematological parameters of donkeys and mules from district mianwali, punjab, pakistan. blood samples from 150 equids (n = 75 donkeys; n = 75 mules) were examined microscopically, and the genomic dna from each sample was processed for the am ... | 2020 | 32797787 |
| reference values and repeatability of transabdominal ultrasonographic gastrointestinal tract thickness and motility in healthy donkeys (equus asinus). | the present study aimed to provide reference ranges for the wall thickness and motility pattern of the gastrointestinal tract from a sample of donkeys (equus asinus) population using b-mode ultrasonography. in the present study, 30 clinically healthy donkeys (equus asinus) (15 males and 15 females), aged 2-20 year old and weighed 100-280 kg were randomly selected for b-mode ultrasonographic scanning of the abdomen. the wall thickness of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, left colon, right colon, an ... | 2020 | 32797781 |
| effect of the depth of insertion of the thermometer on the rectal temperature of donkeys during the hot-dry season in a tropical savannah. | the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the depth of insertion and environmental parameters on the rectal temperature (rt) in donkeys during the hot-dry season in a tropical savannah zone of nigeria. the experimental subjects were comprised of thirty donkeys divided into three groups based on age: group i, 10 foals (40.67 ± 2.20 kg; 1.50 ± 0.02 months); group ii, 10 yearlings (91.53 ± 0.54 kg; 1.51 ± 0.01 years); and group iii, 10 adults (140 ± 0.71 kg; 8.03 ± 0.06 years ... | 2020 | 32797777 |
| comparative efficacy of histrelin acetate and hcg for inducing ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus africanus asinus). | the goal of this study was to compare the efficiency of histrelin acetate (gnrh analog) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) to hasten ovulation in brazilian northeastern jennies (equus africanus asinus). thirty cycles of ten jennies were randomly assigned in one of the three groups: g0 (control group), saline; g1, 250 μg of histrelin acetate; g2, 2500 iu of hcg. jennies were evaluated by transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, and had the administration of an ovulation-inducing agent when ... | 2020 | 32797776 |
| evaluation of jennies' colostrum: igg concentrations and absorption in the donkey foals. a preliminary study. | immunoglobulin type g (igg) concentration both in jennies' colostrum and in serum of donkey foals are mostly unknown in the first 24 h after delivery. the aims of the present study were to evaluate the igg concentrations of colostrum during the first 24 h of lactation of amiata jennies, the absorption of colostrum and the weekly body weight gain of the donkey foals. igg concentrations were assessed in the jennies' colostrum and in the serum of donkey foals. colostrum was collected in 9 jennies r ... | 2020 | 32775752 |
| domestic donkey bite of genitalia: an unusual etiology of penile glans amputation in burkina faso (case report and literature review). | a 15-years-old boy was admitted in our hospital emergency unit with complaints of injured and hemorrhagic penile glans after donkey bites. the accident occurred during domestic activity with the animal when the boy attempted to guide the donkey. after thorough physical examination, the patient presented a penile glans amputation. tetanic prophylaxis was started. the patient benefited from hemostatic suturing, stump regularization and penile glans reconstructive surgery and there was no complicat ... | 2020 | 32774590 |
| analysis of morphofunctional variables associated with performance in crossfit® competitors. | crossfit® is a competitive sport and fitness modality characterized by multiple physical capabilities and multi-joint movements. this study aimed to analyse and classify variables related to crossfit® competitors' specific performance. fifteen male crossfit® competitors were selected (n = 15; 30.57 ± 5.5 years; 1.76 ± 0.06 m; 78.55 ± 9.12 kg). mean values were obtained for body mass index (25.3 ± 2.14 kg/m2), 4 skinfolds, 1 repetition maximum in the squat (137.60 ± 19.65 kg) and the bench press ... | 2020 | 32774540 |
| transboundary spread of equine influenza viruses (h3n8) in west and central africa: molecular characterization of identified viruses during outbreaks in niger and senegal, in 2019. | since november 2018, several countries in west and central africa have reported mortalities in donkeys and horses. specifically, more than 66,000 horses and donkeys have succumbed to disease in burkina faso, chad, cameroon, the gambia, ghana, mali, niger, nigeria, and senegal. strangles caused by streptococcus equi subsp equi, african horse sickness (ahs) virus, and equine influenza virus (eiv) were all suspected as potential causative agents. this study reports the identification of eiv in fiel ... | 2020 | 32770642 |
| quantitative detection of donkey hide gelatin (colla corii asini) adulteration by real-time pcr based on single-copy nuclear genes. | donkey hide gelatin (colla corii asini) is highly recognized for its high nutritional value, especially the medicinal value. however, it is also a potential candidate for adulteration because of its low yield and high price. in order to quantitatively detect adulterated donkey-hide gelatin with all possible adulterated animal species, a real-time pcr approach based on single-copy housekeeping nuclear reference primers was proposed in this study. for the system establishment, mixtures containing ... | 2020 | 32766834 |
| preference by donkeys and goats among five mediterranean forest species: implications for reducing fire hazard. | during the second half of the 20th century, european countries experienced an increase in their forest area due to the global change. consequently, there has been an increase in large forest fires, mainly in the mediterranean basin, and this has forced the development of several types of prevention programs. one of them is the control of the understory by livestock. in this sense, browsing with a combination of donkeys and goats could be a good option, as both animals usually feed on forest spec ... | 2020 | 32751439 |