| natural interactions between s. haematobium and s. guineensis in the republic of benin. | schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease which affects millions of people around the world, particularly in africa. in this continent, different species are able to interbreed, like schistosoma haematobium and schistosoma guineensis, two schistosome species infecting humans. the republic of benin is known to harbor s. haematobium, but its geographical situation in between nigeria, mali, and burkina faso, where s. guineensis was found, raises the question about the possible presence of s. haematobi ... | 2012 | 22645454 |
| a rare parasitic infection in turkey: schistosomiasis. case report. | schistosomiasis is a water-borne parasitic disease. it is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries mainly in africa and the eastern mediterranean region. we report a case of a 37-year-old male who attended our hospital for terminal hematuria and irritative voiding symptoms. schistosoma haematobium eggs were found in his urine sediment. he underwent transurethral resection of the bladder. pathological study confirmed the existence of vesical schistosomiasis. s. haematobium cases are rarely s ... | 2012 | 22627639 |
| time to set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. | it is time to raise global awareness to the possibility of schistosomiasis elimination and to support endemic countries in their quest to determine the most appropriate approaches to eliminate this persistent and debilitating disease. the main interventions for schistosomiasis control are reviewed, including preventive chemotherapy using praziquantel, snail control, sanitation, safe water supplies, and behaviour change strategies supported by information, education and communication (iec) materi ... | 2013 | 22580511 |
| nuclear localization of cox-2 in relation to the expression of stemness markers in urinary bladder cancer. | inflammation may activate stem cells via prostaglandin e2 (pge2) production mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2) expression. we performed an immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of stemness markers (oct3/4 and cd44v6) and cox-2 in urinary bladder tissues obtained from cystitis and cancer patients with and without schistosoma haematobium infections. immunoreactivity to oct3/4 was significantly higher in s. haematobium-associated cystitis and cancer tissues than in normal tissues. cd44v6 ... | 2012 | 22577245 |
| cytogenetic profile of locally advanced and metastatic schistosoma-related bladder cancer and response to chemotherapy. | bladder cancer is a common malignancy in developing countries in which bladder infection with the parasite schistosoma haematobium is prevalent. several epidemiological, histopathological, and clinical characteristics of schistosoma-associated bladder cancer suggest that it is distinct from bladder cancer seen in other places in the world. the aim of this study was to extend establishing the cytogenetic profile of this type of malignancy in advanced and metastatic cases, and to demonstrate its r ... | 2012 | 22559976 |
| confocal laser scanning microscopy, a new in vivo diagnostic tool for schistosomiasis. | the gold standard for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis is the detection of the parasite's characteristic eggs in urine, stool, or rectal and bladder biopsy specimens. direct detection of eggs is difficult and not always possible in patients with low egg-shedding rates. confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) permits non-invasive cell imaging in vivo and is an established way of obtaining high-resolution images and 3-dimensional reconstructions. recently, clsm was shown to be a suitable method ... | 2012 | 22529947 |
| association between micronutrients (vitamin a, d, iron) and schistosome-specific cytokine responses in zimbabweans exposed to schistosoma haematobium. | micronutrients play an important role in the development of effective immune responses. this study characterised a populations exposed to schistosome infections in terms of the relationship between micronutrients and immune responses. levels of retinol binding protein (rbp; vitamin a marker), vitamin d, ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (stfr), and c reactive protein (crp) were related to levels of schistosome specific cytokines (ifn-γ, il-4/5/10) in 40 zimbabweans (7-54 years) exposed t ... | 2012 | 22523639 |
| association of in utero sensitization to schistosoma haematobium with enhanced cord blood ige and increased frequencies of cd5- b cells in african newborns. | this study investigated in utero priming as a consequence of maternal parasitic infections. cord blood plasma samples of 63 african newborns were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for their content of total and schistosome-specific or filaria-specific ige and igg4. the frequencies of lymphocyte phenotypes in cord blood were also determined by using flow cytometry, and were compared with those of european newborns. we found significantly increased schistosome soluble egg antigen (sea) ... | 2012 | 22492145 |
| a novel mouse model of schistosoma haematobium egg-induced immunopathology. | schistosoma haematobium is the etiologic agent for urogenital schistosomiasis, a major source of morbidity and mortality for more than 112 million people worldwide. infection with s. haematobium results in a variety of immunopathologic sequelae caused by parasite oviposition within the urinary tract, which drives inflammation, hematuria, fibrosis, bladder dysfunction, and increased susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma. while humans readily develop urogenital schistosomiasis, the lack of an exp ... | 2012 | 22479181 |
| developing species-specific primers to identify bulinus truncatus and bulinus beccari, the intermediate hosts of schistosoma haematobium in saudi arabia. | this work aimed to determine the inter- and intra-specific variations in populations of bulinus truncatus and bulinus beccari, the intermediate hosts of schistosoma haematobium in saudi arabia, and to develop species-specific primers to identify these snails as a first step in the development of multiplex pcr for simultaneously identifying the snails and diagnosing its infections in a single step. two populations of b. truncatus were collected from asser and bisha (a and b), and two b. beccari p ... | 2012 | 22441124 |
| schistosoma haematobium infection levels determine the effect of praziquantel treatment on anti-schistosome and anti-mite antibodies. | field studies show an association between schistosome infection and atopy, but the effects of anti-helminthic treatment on this association have not yet been investigated in human populations with different schistosome endemicity levels. this study aimed to compare the effects of anti-helminthic treatment on responses directed against the house dust mite dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (derp1) and schistosoma haematobium in zimbabwean populations living in high and low schistosome infection areas ... | 2012 | 22429049 |
| atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in zimbabwean villages with distinct levels of schistosoma haematobium infection. | the hygiene hypothesis suggests that parasitic infections protect against allergic diseases by modulating the host's immune responses. experimental studies indicate that this protection depends on the intensity of parasitic infection, but this observation has not been tested in human populations. the aim of this study is to investigate whether the intensity of schistosoma haematobium infection is related to atopic responses and whether this relationship differs between populations with distinct ... | 2012 | 22398631 |
| dna extraction from dried schistosoma haematobium eggs isolated on nylon filters. | genetic studies on schistosoma haematobium are often carried out on dna extracted from miracidia, cercariae or adult worms. this paper presents a method for extracting dna from s. haematobium eggs collected from urine samples and stored on nylon filters at room temperature. dna was extracted from dried s. haematobium eggs using the dneasy blood & tissue kit (qiagen sample & assay technologies, copenhagen, denmark). selected genes were amplified using pcr to verify that dna extraction had been su ... | 2012 | 22381628 |
| epidemiology of mixed schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium infections in northern senegal. | due to the large overlap of schistosoma mansoni- and schistosoma haematobium-endemic regions in africa, many people are at risk of co-infection, with potential adverse effects on schistosomiasis morbidity and control. nonetheless, studies on the distribution and determinants of mixed schistosoma infections have to date been rare. we conducted a cross-sectional survey in two communities in northern senegal (n=857) to obtain further insight into the epidemiology of mixed infections and ectopic egg ... | 2012 | 22366733 |
| schistosomes induce regulatory features in human and mouse cd1d(hi) b cells: inhibition of allergic inflammation by il-10 and regulatory t cells. | chronic helminth infections, such as schistosomes, are negatively associated with allergic disorders. here, using b cell il-10-deficient mice, schistosoma mansoni-mediated protection against experimental ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation (aai) was shown to be specifically dependent on il-10-producing b cells. to study the organs involved, we transferred b cells from lungs, mesenteric lymph nodes or spleen of ova-infected mice to recipient ova-sensitized mice, and showed that both lu ... | 2012 | 22347409 |
| infection: whole genome sequencing of schistosoma haematobium. | | 2012 | 22331094 |
| the effects of schistosomiasis on hiv/aids infection, progression and transmission. | the recent findings pertaining to the public health impact of schistosomiasis on the epidemiology of hiv/aids are summarized. | 2012 | 22327410 |
| [schistosoma-induced granulomatous panniculitis. an unusual presentation of cutaneous schistosomiasis]. | cutaneous schistosomiasis is extremely rare, even in endemic regions. it usually leads to non-specific papulonodular lesions in the perigenital area. we report a case of cutaneous schistosomiasis presenting as panniculitis. | 2012 | 22325753 |
| a pilot study on cytotoxic t lymphocyte-4 gene polymorphisms in urinary schistosomiasis. | urinary schistosomiasis is caused by the digenetic trematode schistosoma haematobium, characterized by accumulation of eggs in the genitourinary tract. cytotoxic t-lymphocyte antigen 4 (ctla-4) can play an important role in parasitic infection due to its major role as a negative regulator of t-cell activation and proliferation. this study was performed in patients with schistosomiasis and healthy controls to analyze the allele and genotype frequencies of four ctla-4 gene polymorphisms. the ctla- ... | 2012 | 22288822 |
| the genome of a blood fluke associated with human cancer. | the sequencing of the genome and transcriptome of schistosoma haematobium, a highly prevalent blood fluke and human parasite with a proven link to malignant bladder cancer, marks the 160(th) anniversary of its discovery as the first schistosome known to infect humans. comparative genomic analyses of s. haematobium and the more prevalent human-schistosomiasis pathogens (schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma japonicum) identified both shared and distinct genomic features. | 2012 | 22281765 |
| urine heme dipsticks are useful in monitoring the impact of praziquantel treatment on schistosoma haematobium in sentinel communities of delta state, nigeria. | nigeria is highly endemic for infection with schistosoma haematobium, which most commonly manifests itself with blood in urine. to monitor the impact of annual mass drug administration (mda) with praziquantel for s. haematobium in delta state, nigeria, cross-sectional hematuria surveys of school children were conducted in 8 sentinel villages (svs) at baseline (n=240) and after two annual doses (n=402). we assessed the comparability of three assessments of hematuria (child's reported history, nur ... | 2012 | 22245148 |
| a review of female genital schistosomiasis. | in a review of the studies on genital schistosomiasis, the cervix, the fallopian tubes, and the vagina are the most common gynaecological sites to harbour schistosoma haematobium. lesions are caused by host responses to dead or viable schistosomiasis eggs and may render women with genital schistosomiasis susceptible to hiv. the typical genital changes, such as sandy patches and pathological blood vessels may make women susceptible to super-infection, cause contact bleeding, decreased fertility, ... | 2012 | 22245065 |
| photo quiz. a diagnosis made in vein. schistosoma haematobium infection (bilharzias). | | 2011 | 21865194 |
| urinary schistosomiasis transmission in epe, an urban community of southwest nigeria. | a survey of schistosoma haematobium infection in epe, an urban community in lagos state, southwest nigeria, was carried out to ascertain the possibility that schistosomiasis, otherwise considered a rural disease, could reach urban populations. | 2011 | 23507989 |
| a rare case of hematuria. | the infestation by schistosoma haematobium is common in african countries and west asia. its chronic phase is characterized by the deposition of eggs of the parasite in various tissues of the body causing inflammatory response, formation of granulomas and fibrosis. the disease often affects the urinary tract, presenting with hematuria and, in the terminal stage, renal failure by urinary obstruction and bladder squamous neoplasia. since chronic infection can lead to significant morbidity, it is i ... | 2011 | 26760559 |
| scrotal swelling and testicular atrophy due to schistosomiasis in a 9-year-old boy: a case report. | schistosomiasis is a communicable disease which commonly involves urinary bladder causing hematuria, or large bowel causing bloody stool. the common species encountered in this lake region surrounding lake victoria in tanzania are schistosoma haematobium and schistosoma mansoni. complications can lead to portal hypertension due portal fibrosis in liver, and fibrosis in lung can lead to pulmonary hypertension; this commonly seen with s. mansoni. major complications of s. maeametobium are chronic ... | 2011 | 22567478 |
| urinary schistosomiasis around oyan reservoir, nigeria: twenty years after the first outbreak. | oyan reservoir, south-west nigeria was constructed in 1984 to generate electricity but has altered the existing physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the people. this study, carried out between october 2006 and march 2008, aimed at investigating the current status of schistosoma haematobium infection around the reservoir. | 2010 | 23112995 |
| immune events associated with protection in c57bl/6 mice immunized with anti-idiotypic antibodies mimicking protective antigens shared between gamma-irradiated cercariae vaccine and human resistance model of schistosoma haematobium. | immunoregulation is central for successful manipulation of schistosomiasis. unlike schistosome vaccine development strategies that relied on direct selection of antigens from crude responses leading to selection of mildly protective antigens, the present study tested the utility of selection of potentially protective antigens encompassed rounds of immunoregulation via idiotypic network. anti-idiotypic antibodies (ab2) were purified from sera of new zealand white rabbits multiply immunized with g ... | 2010 | 23082491 |
| urothelial carcinoma and its variants. | bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, and the most common malignancy affecting the urinary tract, with approximately 330,000 new cases and more than 130,000 deaths per year. bladder cancer is primarily attributable to smoking, which accounts for 65% of male and 30% of female cases in some developed countries. other major risk factors include analgesic abuse, some types of chemotherapy, occupational exposure to chemicals, and in egypt and some asian regions, endemic infection ... | 2008 | 26837906 |
| [schistosomiasis visceral schistosoma haematobium]. | | 1954 | 13173904 |
| schistosoma mansoni cercarial elastase (smce): differences in immunogenic properties of native and recombinant forms. | the schistosoma mansoni cercarial elastase (smce) has previously been shown to be poorly immunogenic in mice. however, a minority of mice were able to produce antibodies against smce after multiple immunizations with crude preparations containing the enzyme. these mice were partially protected against challenge infections of s. mansoni. in the present study, we show that in contrast to the poor immunogenicity of the enzymatically active native form of smce derived from a crude preparation (cerca ... | 2017 | 28777067 |
| point-of-care mobile digital microscopy and deep learning for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths and schistosoma haematobium. | microscopy remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of neglected tropical diseases. as resource limited, rural areas often lack laboratory equipment and trained personnel, new diagnostic techniques are needed. low-cost, point-of-care imaging devices show potential in the diagnosis of these diseases. novel, digital image analysis algorithms can be utilized to automate sample analysis. | 2017 | 28838305 |
| prevalence of strongyloides stercoralis and other intestinal parasite infections in school children in a rural area of angola: a cross-sectional study. | strongyloides stercoralis is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of s. stercoralis and other intestinal parasites and identify the risk factors for infection with s. stercoralis in a rural area of angola. a cross-sectional study was conducted in school-age children (sac) in cubal, angola. a questionnaire collecting clinical and epidemiological variables was used, and two stool samples were collected. a concentration technique (r ... | 2017 | 28820707 |
| why does infection with some helminths cause cancer? | infections with opisthorchis viverrini, clonorchis sinensis, and schistosoma haematobium are classified as group 1 biological carcinogens: definitive causes of cancer. these worms are metazoan eukaryotes, unlike the other group 1 carcinogens including human papilloma virus, hepatitis c virus, and helicobacter pylori. by contrast, infections with phylogenetic relatives of these helminths, also trematodes of the phylum platyhelminthes and major human pathogens, are not carcinogenic. these inconsis ... | 2015 | 28741473 |
| parasitic infections in pregnancy decrease placental transfer of antipneumococcus antibodies. | many factors can influence maternal placental antibody transfer to the fetus, which confers important immune protection to the newborn infant. however, little is known about the effect of maternal parasitic infection on placental antibody transfer. to investigate this, we selected from a parent study of 576 pregnant kenyan women four groups of women with term deliveries (≥37 weeks), including uninfected women (n = 30) and women with solo infections with malaria (n = 30), hookworm (n = 30), or sc ... | 2017 | 28404574 |
| anemia and growth retardation associated with schistosoma haematobium infection in mali: a possible subtle impact of a neglected tropical disease. | the aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate a possible association of schistosoma haematobium with child growth development and describe a plausible schistosomiasis-related anemia in children and adults in a highly schistosomiasis endemic area of mali. | 2017 | 28673023 |
| the substructure of three repetitive dna regions of schistosoma haematobium group species as a potential marker for species recognition and interbreeding detection. | schistosoma haematobium is the causative agent of human urogenital schistosomiasis affecting ~112 million people in africa and the middle east. the parasite is transmitted by snails of the genus bulinus, which also transmit other closely related human and animal schistosomes. the accurate discrimination of s. haematobium from species infecting animals will aid effective control and elimination programs. previously we have shown the utility of different repetitive nuclear dna sequences (drai, sh7 ... | 2017 | 28764739 |
| prevalence and molecular characterisation of schistosoma haematobium among primary school children in kebbi state, nigeria | schistosomiasis is the major source of morbidity in sub-saharan africa and asia. it is estimated that 207 million people are infected, of which 97% are in africa. the aim of this study was the determining of prevalence as well as the phylogeny of s. haematobium among school children in argungu emirate, kebbi state nigeria. a total of 325 urine samples was collected from school children between 7 to 14 years. s. heamatobium eggs was examined under dissecting microscope and dna was extracted from ... | 2017 | 28822206 |
| schistosomiasis: drugs used and treatment strategies. | neglected tropical diseases (ntds) affect millions of people in different geographic regions, especially the poorest and most vulnerable. currently ntds are prevalent in 149 countries, seventeen of these neglected tropical parasitic diseases are classified as endemic. one of the most important of these diseases is schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, a disease caused by the genus schistosoma. it presents several species, such as schistosoma haematobium, schistosoma japonicum and schistosoma ... | 2017 | 28803725 |
| the microbiome in urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. | human schistosomiasis is a highly prevalent neglected tropical disease (ntd) caused by schistosoma species. research on the molecular mechanisms influencing the outcomes of bladder infection by schistosoma haematobium is urgently needed to develop new diagnostics, therapeutics and infection prevention strategies. the objective of the research study was to determine the microbiome features and changes in urine during urogenital schistosomiasis and induced bladder pathologies. | 2017 | 28793309 |
| in vitro and in vivo activity of r- and s- praziquantel enantiomers and the main human metabolite trans-4-hydroxy-praziquantel against schistosoma haematobium. | praziquantel (pzq) is the mainstay of schistosomiasis control and has been successfully used for decades. however, its mechanism of action is not fully understood. while the majority of studies have been conducted on schistosoma mansoni, it is not known which enantiomer, r- or s-praziquantel (r-/s-pzq), is responsible for the activity on schistosoma haematobium. | 2017 | 28764732 |
| prevalence and seasonal transmission of schistosoma haematobium infection among school-aged children in kaedi town, southern mauritania. | mauritania is at the fringe of transmission of human schistosomiasis, which mainly occurs in the southern and southeastern parts of the country. this study aimed to assess the influence of rainfall seasonality on the prevalence of schistosoma haematobium infection among school-aged children in kaedi, southern mauritania. | 2017 | 28747222 |
| schistosomiasis in european travelers and migrants: analysis of 14 years tropnet surveillance data. | schistosomiasis remains one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide and the infection is frequently found in travelers and migrants. the european network for tropical medicine and travel health conducted a sentinel surveillance study on imported schistosomiasis between 1997 and 2010. this report summarizes epidemiological and clinical data from 1,465 cases of imported schistosomiasis. direct pathogen detection and serology were the main diagnostic tools applied. of these, 486 (33%) ca ... | 2017 | 28722637 |
| evaluation of a mobile phone-based microscope for screening of schistosoma haematobium infection in rural ghana. | abstractschistosomiasis affects over 170 million people in africa. here we compare a novel, low-cost mobile phone microscope to a conventional light microscope for the label-free diagnosis of schistosoma haematobium infections in a rural ghanaian school setting. we tested the performance of our handheld microscope using 60 slides that were randomly chosen from an ongoing epidemiologic study in school-aged children. the mobile phone microscope had a sensitivity of 72.1% (95% confidence interval [ ... | 2017 | 28719262 |
| haematological profile and intensity of urogenital schistosomiasis in ghanaian children. | urogenital schistosomiasis is a widely contracted parasitic helminth infection often associated with haematological abnormalities. | 2017 | 28713432 |
| ferrocenyl, ruthenocenyl, and benzyl oxamniquine derivatives with cross-species activity against schistosoma mansoni and schistosoma haematobium. | schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects more than 250 million people annually, mostly children in poor, tropical, rural areas. only one treatment (praziquantel) is available, putting control efforts at risk should resistance occur. in pursuit of treatment alternatives, we derivatized an old antischistosomal agent, oxamniquine (oxa). four organometallic derivatives of oxa were synthesized and tested against schistosoma mansoni in vitro and in vivo. of these, a ferrocenyl derivative, 1 ... | 2017 | 28686009 |
| variability of urine parameters in children infected with schistosoma haematobium in ukawu community, onicha local government area, ebonyi state, nigeria. | schistosomiasis, a chronic, debilitating and neglected tropical and sub-tropical water-borne ailment, is highly endemic in nigeria, especially among primary school children in rural communities. the study on the variability of urine parameters in children infected with schistosomahaematobium in ukawu community, onicha local government area of ebonyi state, was undertaken. | 2017 | 28670635 |
| schistosoma haematobium: a delayed cause of hematuria. | a 22-year-old african american man with recurrent episodes of gross hematuria for 6 months presented to the clinic for evaluation. a thorough history revealed that the patient emigrated from mozambique to the united states 12 years ago. urine culture was negative for a urinary tract infection. cystoscopy revealed 4 lesions in the bladder. biopsy of the bladder lesion revealed severe cystitis and schistosoma haematobium. the patient later confirmed that he used to swim in rivers and streams back ... | 2017 | 28652164 |
| high burden of schistosoma mansoni infection in school-aged children in marolambo district, madagascar. | a school-based survey was undertaken to assess prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis in school-aged children in the marolambo district of madagascar. | 2017 | 28646926 |
| schistosoma haematobium, a rare aetiology of spinal cord compression. | | 2017 | 28637112 |
| prevalence and distribution of schistosoma haematobium infection among school children living in southwestern shores of lake malawi. | the prevalence of schistosoma haematobium infection has been shown to be about 23.7% among children living in the lakeshore areas of malawi, with reinfection rates of about 30% to 40%. this study aimed to determine the current prevalence and distribution of s. haematobium infection in school children along the southwestern shores of lake malawi and examine the control interventions present in the area. | 2017 | 28567191 |
| the hidden epidemic of schistosomiasis in recent african immigrants and asylum seekers to italy. | the prevalence of schistosomiasis among recent refugees from sub-saharan africa in italy is unknown. this is a retrospective review of african immigrants screened at centre for tropical diseases of negrar from march 2014 to february 2016. of the 373 immigrants tested, 34% were positive at least at one schistosomiasis test. the proportion of positive elisa serology was 103/373 (27.6%). at microscopy, infected subjects were 65/373 (17.4%), (51% schistosoma haematobium, 38% schistosoma mansoni, 11% ... | 2017 | 28560535 |
| comparison of the spatial patterns of schistosomiasis in zimbabwe at two points in time, spaced twenty-nine years apart: is climate variability of importance? | temperature, precipitation and humidity are known to be important factors for the development of schistosome parasites as well as their intermediate snail hosts. climate therefore plays an important role in determining the geographical distribution of schistosomiasis and it is expected that climate change will alter distribution and transmission patterns. reliable predictions of distribution changes and likely transmission scenarios are key to efficient schistosomiasis intervention-planning. how ... | 2017 | 28555471 |
| epidemiology of urothelial carcinoma. | the epithelium lining is defined as the mucosal surfaces of the renal collecting tubules, calyces and pelvis, as well as the ureter, bladder and urethra. the term "urothelium" is used to refer to these surfaces. upper tract urothelial carcinoma is a rare subset of urothelial cancers with a poor prognosis. urinary bladder cancer is the most common malignancy involving the urinary system. upper tract urothelial carcinoma is more common in men than in women, with a male-to-female ratio of 2:1. the ... | 2017 | 28543959 |
| dynamics of freshwater snails and schistosoma infection prevalence in schoolchildren during the construction and operation of a multipurpose dam in central côte d'ivoire. | the construction and operation of small multipurpose dams in africa have a history of altering the transmission of water-based diseases, including schistosomiasis. the current study was designed to investigate the abundance and dynamics of schistosomiasis intermediate host snails and schistosoma infections in humans during the construction and the first years of operation of a small multipurpose dam in côte d'ivoire. | 2017 | 28468667 |
| effect of temperature on the bulinus globosus - schistosoma haematobium system. | given that increase in temperature may alter host-parasite relationships, the anticipated rise in temperature due to global warming might change transmission patterns of certain diseases. however, the extent to which this will happen is not well understood. | 2017 | 28457230 |