| new glycosides and trypanocidal metabolites from vangueria edulis. | a new iridoid glucoside, 10-methoxy apodanthoside (1), and a new monoterpene glycoside, (3s,6s)-cis linalool-3,7-oxide o-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1"-->5')-β-d- xylofuranoside (2), were isolated from v. edulis (rubiaceae), along with eighteen known compounds (3-20), including monoterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and a lignin, which were encountered for the first time in the genus vangueria,. the structural elucidation of the isolates was based on the analysis of spectroscopic (1d and 2d nmr) and hr-esi-m ... | 2015 | 26749819 |
| metagenomics analysis of microbial communities associated with a traditional rice wine starter culture (xaj-pitha) of assam, india. | this is the first report on the microbial diversity of xaj-pitha, a rice wine fermentation starter culture through a metagenomics approach involving illumine-based whole genome shotgun (wgs) sequencing method. metagenomic dna was extracted from rice wine starter culture concocted by ahom community of assam and analyzed using a miseq(®) system. a total of 2,78,231 contigs, with an average read length of 640.13 bp, were obtained. data obtained from the use of several taxonomic profiling tools were ... | 2016 | 28330225 |
| candida nivariensis as a new emergent agent of vulvovaginal candidiasis: description of cases and review of published studies. | candida nivariensis is a new emergent agent related to human infections in the vaginal tract and other localizations, but the phenotypic characteristics are very similar to candida glabrata and can be misidentified and underdiagnosed. we described four cases of vulvovaginitis identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and confirmed the results with pcr amplification and sequencing of the entire its genomic region (its1, its2 and 5.8 rrna). we reinf ... | 2016 | 26708316 |
| the birth of a deadly yeast: tracing the evolutionary emergence of virulence traits in candida glabrata. | the yeast candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen whose incidence has increased in the last two decades. despite its name, this yeast is only distantly related to the model fungal pathogen c. albicans, and more closely related to saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts that underwent an ancient whole-genome duplication. understanding what specific traits make c. glabrata a successful opportunistic pathogen within a clade of mostly innocuous yeasts, and how these compare to v ... | 2016 | 26684722 |
| life-history strategies and carbon metabolism gene dosage in the nakaseomyces yeasts. | the nakaseomyces clade consists of a group of six hemiascomyceteous yeasts (candida glabrata, nakaseomyces delphensis, c. nivarensis, c. bracarensis, c. castelli, n. bacillisporus), phylogenetically close to the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, their representative being the well-known pathogenic yeast c. glabrata. four species had been previously examined for their carbon assimilation properties and found to have similar properties to s. cerevisiae (repression of respiration in high glucose-i.e. ... | 2016 | 26684721 |
| epidemiology and risk factors for echinocandin nonsusceptible candida glabrata bloodstream infections: data from a large multisite population-based candidemia surveillance program, 2008-2014. | background. echinocandins are first-line treatment for candida glabrata candidemia. echinocandin resistance is concerning due to limited remaining treatment options. we used data from a multisite, population-based surveillance program to describe the epidemiology and risk factors for echinocandin nonsusceptible (ns) c glabrata candidemia. methods. the centers for disease control and prevention's emerging infections program conducts population-based laboratory surveillance for candidemia in 4 m ... | 2015 | 26677456 |
| snf3 as high affinity glucose sensor and its function in supporting the viability of candida glabrata under glucose-limited environment. | candida glabrata is an emerging human fungal pathogen that has efficacious nutrient sensing and responsiveness ability. it can be seen through its ability to thrive in diverse range of nutrient limited-human anatomical sites. therefore, nutrient sensing particularly glucose sensing is thought to be crucial in contributing to the development and fitness of the pathogen. this study aimed to elucidate the role of snf3 (sucrose non fermenting 3) as a glucose sensor and its possible role in contribut ... | 2015 | 26648919 |
| the novel arylamidine t-2307 demonstrates in vitro and in vivo activity against echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata. | candida species are major causes of invasive mycoses in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. treatment options are limited in the setting of antifungal resistance and increased rates of echinocandin-resistant candida glabrata have been reported. the novel arylamidine t-2307 demonstrates potent in vitro antifungal activity against candida species. our objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo activity of t-2307 against resistant c. glabrata. | 2016 | 26620102 |
| an effective big data supervised imbalanced classification approach for ortholog detection in related yeast species. | orthology detection requires more effective scaling algorithms. in this paper, a set of gene pair features based on similarity measures (alignment scores, sequence length, gene membership to conserved regions, and physicochemical profiles) are combined in a supervised pairwise ortholog detection approach to improve effectiveness considering low ortholog ratios in relation to the possible pairwise comparison between two genomes. in this scenario, big data supervised classifiers managing imbalance ... | 2015 | 26605337 |
| a rare case of fungal endocarditis caused by candida glabrata after completion of antibiotic therapy for streptococcus endocarditis. | we present the rare case of a 76-year-old female with infective endocarditis (ie) caused by candida glabrata. immediately before developing the present infection, she developed ie with vegetation on the mitral annular calcification, which was caused by streptococcus mitis and successfully treated with penicillin-g and gentamicin. however, her fever recurred, and she developed disseminated intravascular coagulation. blood culture revealed c. glabrata, and echocardiography revealed new vegetation ... | 2015 | 26576579 |
| fungal dysbiosis in mucosa-associated microbiota of crohn's disease patients. | gut microbiota is involved in many physiological functions and its imbalance is associated with several diseases, particularly with inflammatory bowel diseases. mucosa-associated microbiota could have a key role in induction of host immunity and in inflammatory process. although the role of fungi has been suggested in inflammatory disease pathogenesis, the fungal microbiota has not yet been deeply explored. here we analysed the bacterial and fungal composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota ... | 2016 | 26574491 |
| echinocandin resistance in candida. | invasive fungal infections are an important infection concern for patients with underlying immunosuppression. antifungal therapy is a critical component of patient care, but therapeutic choices are limited due to few drug classes. antifungal resistance, especially among candida species, aggravates the problem. the echinocandin drugs (micafungin, anidulafungin, and caspofungin) are the preferred choice to treat a range of candidiasis. they target the fungal-specific enzyme glucan synthase, which ... | 2015 | 26567278 |
| in vitro activity of asp2397 against aspergillus isolates with or without acquired azole resistance mechanisms. | asp2397 is a new compound with a novel and as-yet-unknown target different from that of licensed antifungal agents. it has activity against aspergillus and candida glabrata. we compared its in vitro activity against wild-type and azole-resistant a. fumigatus and a. terreus isolates with that of amphotericin b, itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole. thirty-four isolates, including 4 wild-type a. fumigatus isolates, 24 a. fumigatus isolates with alterations in cyp51a tr/l98h (5 isolates), m ... | 2015 | 26552973 |
| proteomic analysis of hyperadhesive candida glabrata clinical isolates reveals a core wall proteome and differential incorporation of adhesins. | attachment to human host tissues or abiotic medical devices is a key step in the development of infections by candida glabrata. the genome of this pathogenic yeast codes for a large number of adhesins, but proteomic work using reference strains has shown incorporation of only few adhesins in the cell wall. by making inventories of the wall proteomes of hyperadhesive clinical isolates and reference strain cbs138 using mass spectrometry, we describe the cell wall proteome of c. glabrata and tested ... | 2015 | 26546455 |
| urinary tract infection with candida glabrata in a patient with spinal cord injury. | candida glabrata was thought to be a primarily non-pathogenic organism. however, with the ever-increasing population of immunocompromised individuals, it is considered to be an opportunistic pathogen. patients with spinal cord injuries often using a long-term urinary catheter and are high risk for urinary tract infections. this case report describes a patient with spinal cord injury (thoracic region) with a pure culture of candida glabrata in a urine sample. | 2015 | 26545998 |
| acquired flucytosine resistance during combination therapy with caspofungin and flucytosine for candida glabrata cystitis. | treatment of candida glabrata cystitis remains a therapeutic challenge, and an antifungal combination using flucytosine is one option. we describe two patients with refractory c. glabrata cystitis who failed flucytosine combined with caspofungin with early-acquired high-level resistance to flucytosine due to nonsense mutations in the fur1 gene. rapidly acquired flucytosine resistance with microbiological failure should discourage combination of caspofungin and flucytosine during urinary candidia ... | 2015 | 26525799 |
| ethyl acetate salix alba leaves extract-loaded chitosan-based hydrogel film for wound dressing applications. | high toxicity and multidrug resistance associated with various standard antimicrobial drugs have necessitated search for safer alternatives in plant-derived materials. in this study, we performed biological examination of chitosan-based hydrogel film loaded with ethyl acetate salix alba leaves extract against 11 standard laboratory strains. ftir showed regeneration of saccharide peak in cp1a at 1047 cm(-1) and increased in height of other peaks. dsc exothermic decomposition peaks at 112 °c, 175 ... | 2015 | 26525493 |
| intra-genomic internal transcribed spacer region sequence heterogeneity and molecular diagnosis in clinical microbiology. | internal transcribed spacer region (its) sequencing is the most extensively used technology for accurate molecular identification of fungal pathogens in clinical microbiology laboratories. intra-genomic its sequence heterogeneity, which makes fungal identification based on direct sequencing of pcr products difficult, has rarely been reported in pathogenic fungi. during the process of performing its sequencing on 71 yeast strains isolated from various clinical specimens, direct sequencing of the ... | 2015 | 26506340 |
| candida glabrata binds to glycosylated and lectinic receptors on the coronary endothelial luminal membrane and inhibits flow sense and cardiac responses to agonists. | candida glabrata (cg) is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that initiates infection by binding to host cells via specific lectin-like adhesin proteins. we have previously shown the importance of lectin-oligosaccharide binding in cardiac responses to flow and agonists. because of the lectinic-oligosaccharide nature of cg binding, we tested the ability of cg to alter the agonist- and flow-induced changes in cardiac function in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. both transmission and scanning elec ... | 2016 | 26491100 |
| candida glabrata induced infection of rat tracheal epithelial cells is mediated by tlr-2 induced activation of nf-κb. | an increasing number of reports identified candida glabrata (c. glabrata) as the important causative agent of invasive pulmonary fungal infection. however, little is known about immune responses to c. glabrata in rat tracheal epithelial cell (rtec). here, the effect of c. glabrata on rtec and the role of tlr-2 and nf-κb in the immune response were investigated by treatment with tlr-2 sirna and nf-κb inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (pdtc), respectively. our results showed that the knockdown ... | 2016 | 26477714 |
| poly(amidoamine) dendrimers show carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activity against α-, β-, γ- and η-class enzymes. | four generations of poly(amidoamine) (pamam) dendrimers incorporating benzenesulfonamide moieties were investigated as inhibitors of carbonic anhydrases (cas, ec 4.2.1.1) belonging to the α-, β-, γ- and η-classes which are present in pathogenic bacteria, fungi or protozoa. the following bacterial, fungal and protozoan organisms were included in the study: vibrio cholerae, trypanosoma cruzi, leishmania donovani chagasi, porphyromonas gingivalis, cryptococcus neoformans, candida glabrata, and plas ... | 2015 | 26476668 |
| utilising established sdl-screening methods as a tool for the functional genomic characterisation of model and non-model organisms. | the trend for large-scale genetic and phenotypic screens has revealed a wealth of information on biological systems. a major challenge is understanding how genes function and putative roles in networks. the majority of current gene knowledge is garnered from studies utilising the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. we demonstrate that synthetic dosage lethal genetic array methodologies can be used to study genetic networks in other yeasts, namely the fungal pathogen candida glabrata, which has ... | 2015 | 26472754 |
| anti-biofilm effect of nanometer scale silver (nmsag) coatings on glass and polystyrene surfaces against p. mirabilis, c. glabrata and c. tropicalis strains. | nowadays, in order to terminate biofilm associated infections, coating of particular biomaterial surfaces with particular substances, via some nanotechnological tools, is being applied. therefore, in the present study, investigation of anti-biofilm effects of nanometer scale silver (nmsag) coatings on glass and polystyrene surfaces against clinical strains of proteus mirabilis, candida glabrata and candida tropicalis was aimed. | 2015 | 26450636 |
| evolution of regulatory networks in candida glabrata: learning to live with the human host. | the opportunistic human fungal pathogen candida glabrata is second only to c. albicans as the cause of candida infections and yet is more closely related to saccharomyces cerevisiae. recent advances in functional genomics technologies and computational approaches to decipher regulatory networks, and the comparison of these networks among these and other ascomycete species, have revealed both unique and shared strategies in adaptation to a human commensal/opportunistic pathogen lifestyle and anti ... | 2015 | 26449820 |
| activity of polyphenolic compounds against candida glabrata. | opportunistic mycoses increase the morbidity and mortality of immuno-compromised patients. five candida species have been shown to be responsible for 97% of worldwide cases of invasive candidiasis. resistance of c. glabrata and c. krusei to azoles has been reported, and new, improved antifungal agents are needed. the current study was designed to evaluatethe activity of various polyphenolic compounds against candida species. antifungal activity was evaluated following the m27-a3 protocol of the ... | 2015 | 26426003 |
| vacuolar proteases from candida glabrata: acid aspartic protease pra, neutral serine protease prb and serine carboxypeptidase cpy. the nitrogen source influences their level of expression. | the saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuole is actively involved in the mechanism of autophagy and is important in homeostasis, degradation, turnover, detoxification and protection under stressful conditions. in contrast, vacuolar proteases have not been fully studied in phylogenetically related candida glabrata. | 2016 | 26422323 |
| secretion of the acid trehalase encoded by the cgath1 gene allows trehalose fermentation by candida glabrata. | the emergent pathogen candida glabrata differs from other yeasts because it assimilates only two sugars, glucose and the disaccharide trehalose. since rapid identification tests are based on the ability of this yeast to rapidly hydrolyze trehalose, in this work a biochemical and molecular characterization of trehalose catabolism by this yeast was performed. our results show that c. glabrata consumes and ferments trehalose, with parameters similar to those observed during glucose fermentation. th ... | 2015 | 26411890 |
| chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils of beilschmiedia glabra. | this study was designed to examine the chemical compositions of essential oils from beilschmiedia glabra and their antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and anti-inflammatory activities. in total, 47 components were identified in the essential oils, which made up 86.8% and 89.7% of the leaf and bark oils, respectively. the leaf oil is composed mainly of β-eudesmol (15.4%), β-selinene (12.2%), caryophyllene oxide (8.1%) and γ-gurjunene (5.2%), while the bark oil contain ... | 2015 | 26411034 |
| candida and cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: a case of lead and native aortic valve endocarditis and literature review. | use of cardiovascular implantable electronic devices (cied), including permanent pacemakers (ppm) and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (icd), has increased dramatically over the past two decades. most cied infections are caused by staphylococci. fungal causes are rare and their prognosis is poor. to our knowledge, there has not been a previously reported case of multifocal candida endocarditis involving both a native left-sided heart valve and a cied lead. here, we report the case of a 70 ... | 2015 | 26403965 |
| candida glabrata susceptibility to antifungals and phagocytosis is modulated by acetate. | candida glabrata is considered a major opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. the capacity of this yeast species to cause infections is dependent on the ability to grow within the human host environment and to assimilate the carbon sources available. previous studies have suggested that c. albicans can encounter glucose-poor microenvironments during infection and that the ability to use alternative non-fermentable carbon sources, such as carboxylic acids, contributes to the virulence of this f ... | 2015 | 26388859 |
| human neutrophils dump candida glabrata after intracellular killing. | interaction between fungal pathogens and human phagocytes can lead to remarkably variable outcomes, ranging from intracellular killing to prolonged survival and replication of the pathogen in the host cell. using live cell imaging we observed primary human neutrophils that release phagocytosed candida glabrata yeast cells after intracellular killing. this process, for which we propose the name "dumping", adds a new outcome to phagocyte-fungus interaction which may be of potential immunological i ... | 2015 | 26385824 |
| growth, biofilm formation, antifungal susceptibility and oxidative stress resistance of candida glabrata are affected by different glucose concentrations. | glucose is an important fuel source to support many living organisms. its importance in the physiological fitness and pathogenicity of candida glabrata, an emerging human fungal pathogen has not been extensively studied. the present study aimed to investigate the effects of glucose on the growth, biofilm formation, antifungal susceptibility and oxidative stress resistance of c. glabrata. in addition, its effect on the expression of a putative high affinity glucose sensor gene, snf3 was also inve ... | 2016 | 26358577 |
| transcription factors asg1p and hal9p regulate ph homeostasis in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata is an important microorganism used in commercial fermentation to produce pyruvate, but very little is known about its mechanisms for surviving acid stress in culture. in this study, it was shown that transcription factors asg1p and hal9p play essential roles in c. glabrata in the tolerance of acid stress, as the deletion of cgasg1 or cghal9 resulted in the inability to survive in an acidic environment. cgasg1δ and cghal9δ mutant strains are unable to maintain ph homeostasis, as ... | 2015 | 26347728 |
| evidence of distinct channel conformations and substrate binding affinities for the mitochondrial outer membrane protein translocase pore tom40. | nearly all mitochondrial proteins are coded by the nuclear genome and must be transported into mitochondria by the translocase of the outer membrane complex. tom40 is the central subunit of the translocase complex and forms a pore in the mitochondrial outer membrane. to date, the mechanism it utilizes for protein transport remains unclear. tom40 is predicted to comprise a membrane-spanning β-barrel domain with conserved α-helical domains at both the n and c termini. to investigate tom40 function ... | 2015 | 26336107 |
| in vitro antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles against fluconazole-resistant candida species. | nowadays, current advances in nanotechnology constitute a promising alternative in the development of new antimicrobial agents. silver nanoparticles (agnps) are some very interesting products currently provided by available nanotechnology for control of microbial infection. in the present study, agnps were synthesized by eco-friendly method, using cysteine as a reducing agent. also, antifungal activity against candida species with resistance to fluconazole was evaluated through determination of ... | 2015 | 26335058 |
| genome-wide replication landscape of candida glabrata. | the opportunistic pathogen candida glabrata is a member of the saccharomycetaceae yeasts. like its close relative saccharomyces cerevisiae, it underwent a whole-genome duplication followed by an extensive loss of genes. its genome contains a large number of very long tandem repeats, called megasatellites. in order to determine the whole replication program of the c. glabrata genome and its general chromosomal organization, we used deep-sequencing and chromosome conformation capture experiments. | 2015 | 26329162 |
| dose escalation studies with caspofungin against candida glabrata. | echinocandins are recommended as first-line agents against invasive fungal infections caused by candida glabrata, which still carry a high mortality rate. dose escalation of echinocandins has been suggested to improve the clinical outcome against c. glabrata. to address this possibility, we performed in vitro and in vivo experiments with caspofungin against four wt c. glabrata clinical isolates, a drug-susceptible atcc 90030 reference strain and two echinocandin-resistant strains with known fks ... | 2015 | 26296340 |
| esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis of the residual esophagus after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. | a 91-year-old man was referred to our hospital with intermittent dysphagia. he had undergone esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (t3n2m0 stage iii) 11 years earlier. endoscopic examination revealed an anastomotic stricture; signs of inflammation, including redness, erosion, edema, bleeding, friability, and exudate with white plaques; and multiple depressions in the residual esophagus. radiographical examination revealed numerous fine, gastrografin-filled projections and an anastomotic stricture. ... | 2015 | 26290650 |
| in vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive candida glabrata. | in the present study, the antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from origanum vulgare (oregano), cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), lippia graveolens (mexican oregano), thymus vulgaris (thyme), salvia officinalis (sage), rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), ocimum basilicum (basil) and zingiber officinale (ginger) were assessed against candida glabrata isolates. one group contained 30 fluconazole-susceptible c. glabrata isolates, and the second group contained fluconazole-resistant isolate ... | 2015 | 26281965 |
| a paralogue of the phosphomutase-like gene family in candida glabrata, cgpmu2, gained broad-range phosphatase activity due to a small number of clustered substitutions. | inorganic phosphate is required for a range of cellular processes, such as dna/rna synthesis and intracellular signalling. the phosphate starvation-inducible phosphatase activity of candida glabrata is encoded by the gene cgpmu2 (c. glabrata phosphomutase-like protein). cgpmu2 is part of a three-gene family (∼75% identical) created through gene duplication in the c. glabrata clade; only cgpmu2 is a pho-regulated broad range acid phosphatase. we identified amino acids that confer broad range phos ... | 2015 | 26268557 |
| new mechanisms of flucytosine resistance in c. glabrata unveiled by a chemogenomics analysis in s. cerevisiae. | 5-flucytosine is currently used as an antifungal drug in combination therapy, but fungal pathogens are rapidly able to develop resistance against this drug, compromising its therapeutic action. the understanding of the underlying resistance mechanisms is crucial to deal with this problem. in this work, the s. cerevisiae deletion mutant collection was screened for increased resistance to flucytosine. through this chemogenomics analysis, 183 genes were found to confer resistance to this antifungal ... | 2015 | 26267134 |
| an antifungal benzimidazole derivative inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis and reveals novel sterols. | fungal infections are a leading cause of morbidity and death for hospitalized patients, mainly because they remain difficult to diagnose and to treat. diseases range from widespread superficial infections such as vulvovaginal infections to life-threatening systemic candidiasis. for systemic mycoses, only a restricted arsenal of antifungal agents is available. commonly used classes of antifungal compounds include azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. due to emerging resistance to standard therapie ... | 2015 | 26248360 |
| synergistic effects of tacrolimus and azole antifungal compounds in fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata isolates. | in vitro interaction between tacrolimus (fk506) and four azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole and voriconazole) against thirty clinical isolates of both fluconazole susceptible and -resistant candida glabrata were evaluated by the checkerboard microdilution method. synergistic, indifferent or antagonism interactions were found for combinations of the antifungal agents and fk506. a larger synergistic effect was observed for the combinations of fk506 with itraconazole and voriconazole ( ... | 2015 | 26221097 |
| new eugenol glucoside-based derivative shows fungistatic and fungicidal activity against opportunistic candida glabrata. | a new series of glucosides modified in their saccharide units were synthesized, evaluated against candida sp., and compared to prototype 1, an eugenol tetracetyl glucoside previously synthesized and shown to be active against candida glabrata. among the new glucosides, benzyl derivative 5 was the most promising, showing fungistatic activity at ic50 18.1 μm against candida glabrata (threefold higher than fluconazole) and fungicidal activity with a low ic90 value of 36.2 μm. moreover, the cytotoxi ... | 2016 | 26215123 |
| candida glabrata--unique features and challenges in the clinical management of invasive infections. | candida glabrata is a pathogenic yeast with several unique biological features. this article provides an up-to-date review on current data and reasoning aspects of this clinically problematic organism. haploidy, absence of pseudohyphae, facultative anaerobe growth of c. glabrata, as well as its intrinsically low susceptibility to azole antifungals require specific consideration in diagnosis and treatment approaches. as c. glabrata today represents a sizeable percentage of pathogens in candidaemi ... | 2015 | 26207423 |
| candida glabrata: new tools and technologies-expanding the toolkit. | in recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in fungal infections related to non-albicans candida species, including candida glabrata which has both intrinsic resistance to and commonly acquired resistance to azole antifungals. phylogenetically, c. glabrata is more closely related to the mostly non-pathogenic model organism saccharomyces cerevisiae than to other candida species. despite c. glabrata's designation as a pathogen by wickham in 1957, relatively little is known about its mechanis ... | 2015 | 26205243 |
| [isolation of candida spp. from ascites in cirrhotic patients]. | the isolation of candida spp. in ascites of cirrhotic patients is an uncommon situation in clinical practice. factors that have been associated with increased susceptibility to primary fungal peritonitis are exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics and immunosuppression, a typical situation of these patients. we report seven episodes of candida spp. isolation in ascites of cirrhotic patients detected in our hospital during the past 15years. | 2016 | 26195346 |
| differentially expressed proteins in fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant isolates of candida glabrata. | the current study aimed to identify the differences presented in the proteome of fluconazole-susceptible isolates of candida glabrata compared to those with fluconazole-resistant ones. two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis was applied to identify proteins that were differentially expressed in fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant isolates of c. glabrata. eight proteins including aspartyl-trna synthetase, translation elongation factor 3, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, ribosomal ... | 2015 | 26193941 |
| mechanisms of echinocandin antifungal drug resistance. | fungal infections due to candida and aspergillus species cause extensive morbidity and mortality, especially among immunosuppressed patients, and antifungal therapy is critical to patient management. yet only a few drug classes are available to treat invasive fungal diseases, and this problem is compounded by the emergence of antifungal resistance. echinocandin drugs are the preferred choice to treat candidiasis. they are the first cell wall-active agents and target the fungal-specific enzyme gl ... | 2015 | 26190298 |
| genetic transformation of candida glabrata by electroporation. | here, we report a method for the transformation by electroporation of the human fungal pathogen candida glabrata (c. glabrata). the protocol can be used for transformations in single well or in 96-well microtiter plates. it has been extensively used to generate a genome-scale gene deletion library using the c. glabrata background recipient strain atcc2001 (schwarzmüller et al., 2014). | 2015 | 27774499 |
| large-scale phenotypic profiling of gene deletion mutants in candida glabrata. | here, we describe a method enabling the phenotypic profiling of genome-scale deletion collections of fungal mutants to detect phenotypes for various stress conditions. these stress conditions include among many others antifungal drug susceptibility, temperature-induced and osmotic as well as heavy metal or oxidative stress. the protocol was extensively used to phenotype a collection of gene deletion mutants in the human fungal pathogen candida glabrata (c. glabrata) (schwarzmüller et al., 2014). | 2015 | 27774498 |
| genetic transformation of candida glabrata by heat shock. | here, we report a method for the transformation of candida glabrata using a heat shock method. the protocol can be used for transformations in single well or in 96-well scale. it has been employed as an alternative method to the electroporation protocol to construct a genome-scale gene deletion collection in the human fungal pathogen candida glabrata atcc2001 and related strains. furthermore, the protocol can be used to generate gene deletions in clinical isolates of candida glabrata (c. glabrat ... | 2015 | 27766280 |
| amylase crystalloids in nonneoplastic salivary gland: a distinct finding. | | 2015 | 26183433 |
| in vitro efficacy of liposomal amphotericin b, micafungin and fluconazole against non-albicans candida species biofilms. | non-albicans candida species are being isolated with increasing frequency. in this study, biofilm formation by candida tropicalis, candida parapsilosis and candida glabrata was evaluated and the activities of liposomal amphotericin b (lab), micafungin (mfg) and fluconazole (flc) against these biofilms were assessed using a clinically relevant in vitro model system. lab exhibited strong activities against the three non-albicans candida species and showed dose-dependent efficacy. mfg displayed a p ... | 2015 | 26141813 |
| improved antifungal activity of amphotericin b-loaded tpgs-b-(pcl-ran-pga) nanoparticles. | to develop amphotericin b-loaded biodegradable tpgs-b-(pcl-ran-pga) nanoparticles (plga-tpgs-amb nps) for fungal infection treatment, plga-tpgs nps and plga nps were synthesized by a modified double emulsion method and characterized in terms of size and size distribution, morphology and zeta potential. drug encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, and in vitro/vivo tests against candida glabrata were completed. the data showed that both of the two amb-loaded nps (plga-amb nps, plga-tpgs- ... | 2015 | 26131089 |
| biological chromodynamics: a general method for measuring protein occupancy across the genome by calibrating chip-seq. | sequencing dna fragments associated with proteins following in vivo cross-linking with formaldehyde (known as chip-seq) has been used extensively to describe the distribution of proteins across genomes. it is not widely appreciated that this method merely estimates a protein's distribution and cannot reveal changes in occupancy between samples. to do this, we tagged with the same epitope orthologous proteins in saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida glabrata, whose sequences have diverged to a deg ... | 2015 | 26130708 |
| local and regional chromatin silencing in candida glabrata: consequences for adhesion and the response to stress. | candida glabrata is a fungal pathogen frequently found as a commensal in humans. to colonize and disseminate successfully in the mammalian host, c. glabrata must detect signals within the host and reprogram gene expression to respond appropriately to hostile environmental conditions. one of the layers of regulation of expression of many virulence-related genes (adhesin-encoding genes, genes involved in response to oxidative stress and xenobiotics) is achieved through epigenetic mechanisms. local ... | 2015 | 26122277 |
| structural hot spots determine functional diversity of the candida glabrata epithelial adhesin family. | for host colonization, the human fungal pathogen candida glabrata is known to utilize a large family of highly related surface-exposed cell wall proteins, the lectin-like epithelial adhesins (epas). to reveal the structure-function relationships within the entire epa family, we have performed a large scale functional analysis of the adhesion (a) domains of 17 epa paralogs in combination with three-dimensional structural studies of selected members with cognate ligands. our study shows that most ... | 2015 | 26105055 |
| innate inflammatory response and immunopharmacologic activity of micafungin, caspofungin, and voriconazole against wild-type and fks mutant candida glabrata isolates. | the direct or indirect interactions that antifungals have with the host immune response may play a significant role in defining their activity in vivo. however, the impact that acquired antifungal resistance has on the immunopharmacologic activity of antifungals is not well described. we assessed the immunopharmacologic activity of caspofungin, micafungin, and voriconazole among isolates of candida glabrata with or without fks-mediated echinocandin resistance. clinical bloodstream isolates of c. ... | 2015 | 26100700 |
| β-aescin at subinhibitory concentration (sub-mic) enhances susceptibility of candida glabrata clinical isolates to nystatin. | aescin (escin) derived from the seeds of horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum l.) is a natural mixture of triterpene saponins exhibiting a wide variety of pharmacological properties, including antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. however, data concerning antifungal activities of these compounds are limited. this study aims to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility of candida glabrata clinical isolates to α-aescin sodium, β-aescin crystalline and β-aescin sodium usi ... | 2015 | 26092104 |
| current recommendations and importance of antifungal stewardship for the management of invasive candidiasis. | invasive candidiasis can have a major effect on patient prognosis and medical economics. quickly eliminating the focus of the infection and administering appropriate antifungal therapy are important. clinical guidelines for invasive candidiasis have been issued in the usa, europe and recently in japan. the purpose of this review is to summarize the current recommendations on how to diagnose and treat invasive candidiasis based on the evidence gathered to date and by referencing guidelines from v ... | 2015 | 26089168 |
| candida glabrata chorioamnionitis following in vitro fertilization: review of the literature. | to review all past reports of candida glabrata chorioamnionitis in the literature while noting their correlation with in vitro fertilization (ivf). | 2015 | 26087702 |
| [anti-attachment effect of ethyl acetate extract of huanglian jiedu decoction on candida glabrata]. | to investigate anti-attachment effect of ethyl acetate extract of huanglian jiedu decoction (eahd) on candida glabrata. | 2015 | 26084180 |
| intracellular survival of candida glabrata in macrophages: immune evasion and persistence. | candida glabrata is a successful human opportunistic pathogen which causes superficial but also life-threatening systemic infections. during infection, c. glabrata has to cope with cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages, which belong to the first line of defense against invading pathogens. candida glabrata is able to survive and even replicate inside macrophages while causing surprisingly low damage and cytokine release. here, we present an overview of recent studies dealing with ... | 2015 | 26066553 |
| positive peritoneal fluid fungal cultures in postoperative peritonitis after bariatric surgery. | postoperative peritonitis (pop) is a common surgical complication after bariatric surgery (bs). we assessed the importance of positive fungal cultures in these cases of pop admitted to the intensive care unit. clinical features and outcome were compared in 25 (41%) candida-positive patients (6 (22%) fluconazole-resistant candida glabrata) and 36 patients without candida infection. candida infections were more commonly isolated in late-onset peritonitis and were often associated with multidrug-re ... | 2015 | 26033667 |
| in vitro modulation of probiotic bacteria on the biofilm of candida glabrata. | a conspicuous new concept of pathogens living as the microbial societies in the human host rather than free planktonic cells has raised considerable concerns among scientists and clinicians. fungal biofilms are communities of cells that possess distinct characteristic such as increased resistance to the immune defence and antimycotic agents in comparison to their planktonic cells counterpart. therefore, inhibition of the biofilm may represent a new paradigm for antifungal development. in this st ... | 2015 | 26028405 |
| sulfated phenolic compounds from limonium caspium: isolation, structural elucidation, and biological evaluation. | three new compounds, (2s,3s)-5-methyldihydromyricetin (1), (2s,3s)-5-methyldihydromyricetin-3'-o-sulfate (2) and β-d-glucopyranoside, 3-methyl, but-3-en-1-yl 4-o-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl (3) have been isolated from the limonium caspium, together with dihydromyricetin (4), dihydromyricetin-3'-o-sulfate (5), myricetin-3'-o-sulfate (6), 5-methylmyricetin (7), myricetin (8), myricetin-3-o-β-glucoside (9), as well as phloridzin (10), and tyramine (11). compounds 5 and 6 were isolated for the first time as ... | 2015 | 26025854 |
| fungal sterol c22-desaturase is not an antimycotic target as shown by selective inhibitors and testing on clinical isolates. | inhibition of concise enzymes in ergosterol biosynthesis is one of the most prominent strategies for antifungal chemotherapy. nevertheless, the enzymes sterol c5-desaturase and sterol c22-desaturase, which introduce double bonds into the sterol core and side chain, have not been fully investigated yet for their potential as antifungal drug targets. lathosterol side chain amides bearing n-alkyl groups of proper length are known as potent inhibitors of the enzymes sterol c5-desaturase and sterol δ ... | 2015 | 26022150 |
| susceptibility to echinocandins of candida spp. strains isolated in italy assessed by european committee for antimicrobial susceptibility testing and clinical laboratory standards institute broth microdilution methods. | the echinocandins are recommended as first-line therapy for candida species infections, but drug resistance, especially among candida glabrata, is becoming more frequent. we investigated the antifungal susceptibility of anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin against 584 isolates of candida spp. (bloodstream, other sterile sites) collected from patients admitted to an italian university hospital between 2000 and 2013. the susceptibility was evaluated using the broth microdilution method accor ... | 2015 | 25990252 |
| expression vectors for c-terminal fusions with fluorescent proteins and epitope tags in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata is a haploid yeast considered the second most common of the candida species found in nosocomial infections, accounting for approximately 18% of candidemias worldwide. even though molecular biology methods are easily adapted to study this organism, there are not enough vectors that will allow probing the transcriptional and translational activity of any gene of interest in c. glabrata. in this work we have generated a set of expression vectors to systematically tag any gene of in ... | 2015 | 25986172 |
| comments on "candida glabrata candidemia; an emerging threat in critically ill patients". | | 2015 | 25983444 |
| tipping the balance both ways: drug resistance and virulence in candida glabrata. | among existing fungal pathogens, candida glabrata is outstanding in its capacity to rapidly develop resistance to currently used antifungal agents. resistance to the class of azoles, which are still widely used agents, varies in proportion (from 5 to 20%) depending on geographical area. moreover, resistance to the class of echinocandins, which was introduced in the late 1990s, is rising in several institutions. the recent emergence of isolates with acquired resistance to both classes of agents i ... | 2015 | 25979690 |
| anti-vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium and e. faecalis activities of (-)-gossypol and derivatives from thespesia garckeana. | the root extract of thespesia garckeana yielded three known oxidatively coupled sesquiterpenoids, namely (-)-gossypol (1) and two of its derivatives (-)-6-methoxygossypol (2) and (+)-6,6'-dimethoxygossypol (3), and the stem bark afforded (e)-docosyl-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (4), stigmasterol (5) and betulinic acid (6). the structures of the isolated compounds were determined on the basis of full spectral data (1d and 2d nmr and hrms) and comparison with literature values. compound 1 show ... | 2015 | 25973489 |
| stress response and expression of fluconazole resistance associated genes in the pathogenic yeast candida glabrata deleted in the cgpdr16 gene. | in yeasts, the pdr16 gene encodes a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein which belongs to the sec14 homologue (sfh) family and localizes to lipid droplets, microsomes and at the cell periphery. the loss of its function alters the lipid droplet metabolism and plasma membrane properties, and renders yeast cells more sensitive to azole antimycotics. in this study, the entire chromosomal cgpdr16 orf was replaced by the scura3 gene both in azole sensitive and azole resistant strains of candida glabr ... | 2015 | 25946325 |
| induction of ros generation by fluconazole in candida glabrata: activation of antioxidant enzymes and oxidative dna damage. | in this study, we assessed the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) induced by subinhibitory concentration of fluconazole in susceptible and resistant candida glabrata strains at stationary growth phase and measured their oxidative responses parameters: glutathione peroxidase (gpx), superoxide dismutase (sod), glutathione-s-transferase (gst), consumption of hydrogen peroxide, and total glutathione, as well as oxidative damage in lipids, proteins, and dna. data showed that fluconazole incr ... | 2015 | 25935629 |
| exogenous folates stimulate growth and budding of candida glabrata. | folate, vitamin b9, is well recognized as being essential for cell growth. the utilization of folate is common to all cells, but the source of it may be quite different. for example, mammalian cells depend on exogenous uptake of folates, while plants and microbes can synthesize them. there has been little consideration of uptake of folate in microbial cells, and studies on the effects of folates in mammalian cells, where conditions are restricted. this study shows that exogenous folates (folic a ... | 2015 | 28357288 |
| antifungal activity of ellagic acid in vitro and in vivo. | ellagic acid (ea) has been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. in uighur traditional medicine, euphorbia humifusa willd is used to treat fungal diseases, and recent studies suggest that it is the ea content which is responsible for its therapeutic effect. however, the effects of ea on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. this study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of ea on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. the minimal inhibitor ... | 2015 | 25919446 |
| phytase-producing capacity of yeasts isolated from traditional african fermented food products and phypk gene expression of pichia kudriavzevii strains. | phytate is known as a strong chelate of minerals causing their reduced uptake by the human intestine. ninety-three yeast isolates from traditional african fermented food products, belonging to nine species (pichia kudriavzevii, saccharomyces cerevisiae, clavispora lusitaniae, kluyveromyces marxianus, millerozyma farinosa, candida glabrata, wickerhamomyces anomalus, hanseniaspora guilliermondii and debaryomyces nepalensis) were screened for phytase production on solid and liquid media. 95% were a ... | 2015 | 25910031 |
| candida glabrata fungaemia at an australian cancer centre: epidemiology, risk factors and therapy. | | 2015 | 25907425 |
| the ever-evolving landscape of candidaemia in patients with acute leukaemia: non-susceptibility to caspofungin and multidrug resistance are associated with increased mortality. | the epidemiology and clinical course of candidaemia in patients with acute leukaemia, a population frequently exposed to antifungals, have not been extensively studied. in the present contemporary series of acute leukaemia patients, we describe patient characteristics, candida species and mic distributions and investigate the association between antifungal resistance and all-cause mortality. | 2015 | 25855759 |
| maldi-tof typing highlights geographical and fluconazole resistance clusters in candida glabrata. | utilizing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (maldi-tof) mass spectra for candida glabrata typing would be a cost-effective and easy-to-use alternative to classical dna-based typing methods. this study aimed to use maldi-tof for the typing of c. glabrata clinical isolates from various geographical origins and test its capacity to differentiate between fluconazole-sensitive and -resistant strains.both microsatellite length polymorphism (mlp) and maldi-tof mass spectra of 5 ... | 2015 | 25841053 |
| early-onset candida glabrata interface keratitis after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. | fungal interface keratitis by candida species can occur several weeks to several months after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (dalk). here, we report a case of early-onset fungal interface keratitis by candida glabrata after dalk. | 2015 | 25822017 |
| candida glabrata candidemia: an emerging threat in critically ill patients. | candidemia is an important nosocomial blood stream infection in critically ill patients. although several studies have addressed candidemia, very few have reviewed the impact of candida glabrata candidemia in intensive care unit (icu) patients. | 2015 | 25810610 |
| candida glabrata candidemia. | | 2015 | 25810607 |
| significantly improved thermostability of a reductase cgkr1 from candida glabrata with a key mutation at asp 138 for enhancing bioreduction of aromatic α-keto esters. | the keto ester reductase from candida glabrata, designated as cgkr1, is a highly versatile biocatalyst with a broad substrate spectrum. its substrate preference was altered by rational design of the active pocket for bioreduction of aromatic α-keto esters in our previous work. however, its practical application is still hindered by its poor thermostability and high biocatalyst loading. in this work, random mutagenesis followed by a saturation mutagenesis was performed aiming to improve its therm ... | 2015 | 25795440 |
| of mice, flies--and men? comparing fungal infection models for large-scale screening efforts. | studying infectious diseases requires suitable hosts for experimental in vivo infections. recent years have seen the advent of many alternatives to murine infection models. however, the use of non-mammalian models is still controversial because it is often unclear how well findings from these systems predict virulence potential in humans or other mammals. here, we compare the commonly used models, fruit fly and mouse (representing invertebrate and mammalian hosts), for their similarities and deg ... | 2015 | 25786415 |
| the mitogen-activated protein kinase cghog1 is required for iron homeostasis, adherence and virulence in candida glabrata. | candida glabrata has emerged as a major fungal pathogen over the last two decades, although our understanding of its survival strategies inside the mammalian host remains rudimentary. an important requirement for survival in vivo is the ability to acquire critical nutrients such as iron from host niches of varied iron content. in the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that c. glabrata cells respond to high external iron levels via activation of two stress-responsive mitogen-activat ... | 2015 | 25772226 |
| structural and mechanistic analysis of the slx1-slx4 endonuclease. | the slx1-slx4 endonuclease required for homologous recombination and dna repair in eukaryotic cells cleaves a variety of branched dna structures. the nuclease subunit slx1 is activated by association with a scaffolding protein slx4. at the present time, little is known about the structure of slx1-slx4 or its mechanism of action. here, we report the structural insights into slx1-slx4 by detailing the crystal structure of candida glabrata (cg) slx1 alone and in combination with the c-terminal regi ... | 2015 | 25753413 |
| avoiding the ends: internal epitope tagging of proteins using transposon tn7. | peptide tags fused to proteins are used in a variety of applications, including as affinity tags for purification, epitope tags for immunodetection, or fluorescent protein tags for visualization. however, the peptide tags can disrupt the target protein function. when function is disrupted by fusing a peptide to either the n or c terminus of the protein of interest, identifying alternative ways to create functional tagged fusion proteins can be difficult. here, we describe a method to introduce p ... | 2015 | 25745023 |
| yap7 is a transcriptional repressor of nitric oxide oxidase in yeasts, which arose from neofunctionalization after whole genome duplication. | flavohemoglobins are the main detoxifiers of nitric oxide (no) in bacteria and fungi and are induced in response to nitrosative stress. in fungi, the flavohemoglobin encoding gene yhb1 is positively regulated by transcription factors which are activated upon no exposure. in this study, we show that in the model yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and in the human pathogen candida glabrata, the transcription factor yap7 constitutively represses yhb1 by binding its promoter. consequently, yap7 deletion ... | 2015 | 25732006 |
| mitochondrial engineering of the tca cycle for fumarate production. | microbial fumarate production from renewable feedstock is a promising and sustainable alternative to petroleum-based chemical synthesis. here, mitochondrial engineering was used to construct the oxidative pathway for fumarate production starting from the tca cycle intermediate α-ketoglutarate in candida glabrata. accordingly, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (kgd), succinyl-coa synthetase (suclg), and succinate dehydrogenase (sdh) were selected to be manipulated for strengthening the oxidat ... | 2015 | 25708514 |
| terminal-stage prognostic analysis in candidemia. | candidemia has an extremely high mortality rate but is not always the direct cause of death. therefore, determining the effect of candidemia on death is extremely difficult. | 2015 | 25697387 |
| [evaluation of the rapid trehalose test for the identification of the candida glabrata]. | to explore a rapid and cost-effective method for identification of candida glabrata through the comparison of two different methods, using molecular methods of sequencing as gold standard. | 2015 | 25686354 |
| early initiation of appropriate treatment is associated with increased survival in cancer patients with candida glabrata fungaemia: a potential benefit from infectious disease consultation. | in patients with malignancies, candida glabrata is one of the most frequent non-albicans candida clinical isolates. as antifungal resistance in c. glabrata is common, we investigated the relationship between early appropriate antifungal treatment, infectious disease (id) consultation and mortality in a contemporary cohort of cancer patients with c. glabrata fungaemia. we included patients with at least one c. glabrata-positive blood culture and symptoms or signs of infection seen at the md ander ... | 2015 | 25636931 |
| force nanoscopy of hydrophobic interactions in the fungal pathogen candida glabrata. | candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen which binds to surfaces mainly through the epa family of cell adhesion proteins. while some epa proteins mediate specific lectin-like interactions with human epithelial cells, others promote adhesion and biofilm formation on plastic surfaces via nonspecific interactions that are not yet elucidated. we report the measurement of hydrophobic forces engaged in epa6-mediated cell adhesion by means of atomic force microscopy (afm). using singl ... | 2015 | 25621738 |
| determination of micing: a new assay for assessing minimal inhibitory concentration for invasive growth. | our work was focused on a new assay for characterising clinically important yeast. this assay was developed due to the need for new diagnostic methods for recognising potentially virulent strains of increasingly important non-albicans yeast pathogens, such as saccharomyces cerevisiae and candida glabrata. with the great diversity among strains for virulence and virulence factors, identification to the species level is not sufficient; therefore, testing for specific virulent traits remains the be ... | 2015 | 25620781 |
| a novel candida glabrata cell wall associated serine protease. | we set out to identify the candida glabrata cell wall attached proteases which may play a role as virulence factors in candidosis, particularly in the immunocompromized host. we studied a clinical c. glabrata strain t-1639, which was isolated from a patient from the helsinki university central hospital. with non-reducing 2-d electrophoresis using parallel fluorogenic gels and mass spectrometry we identified a novel appr. 25 kda (192 aa in length) cell wall located protease with an estimated pi o ... | 2015 | 25617734 |
| detection and quantification of fluconazole within candida glabrata biofilms. | candida infections are often associated with biofilms and consequent high resistance to most common drugs (e.g. azoles). these resistance mechanisms are not only associated with the biofilm yeast physiology, but also with the presence of a diffusional barrier imposed by the biofilm matrix; however, the real biochemical role of the biofilm components remains very unclear. so, in order to further clarify this issue, we intend to determine, for the first time, fluconazole in biofilms within both su ... | 2015 | 25614085 |
| candida glabrata and candida tropicalis in an immunocompetent patient: a case report. | to report a case of candida glabrata and tropicalis pneumonia in an immunocompetent patient. | 2015 | 25613052 |
| the epa2 adhesin encoding gene is responsive to oxidative stress in the opportunistic fungal pathogen candida glabrata. | candida glabrata has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in both mucosal and bloodstream infections. c. glabrata contains 67 adhesin-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol-cell-wall proteins (gpi-cwps), which are classified into seven groups and the largest is the epa family. epa proteins are very diverse and their expression is differentially regulated. like many of the epa genes, epa2 is localized in a subtelomeric region where it is subject to chromatin-based transcriptional silencing a ... | 2015 | 25586543 |