| atmospheric application of trace amounts of nitric oxide enhances tolerance to salt stress and improves nutritional quality in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). | the increased salinity in greenhouses has become a problem of great concern. in this study, it was observed that the salt-induced oxidative damages (indicated by mda, h2o2 and antioxidant enzymes, including pod, sod and cat) could be alleviated by application of no gas. consequently, although both photosynthesis and growth in plants were inhibited by nacl stress, they were restored by no gas application, and the fresh and dry biomasses of edible parts increased by 60% and 27% over nacl stress tr ... | 2015 | 25466105 |
| comparative efficacy of a herbal and a non-herbal dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. | dentinal hypersensitivity (dh) is a common painful condition of the teeth of adults. the present study was conducted to assess and compare the efficacy of a commercially-available novel herbal dentifrice with a non-herbal potassium nitrate in the reduction of dh. | 2016 | 25388765 |
| characterization of spinach ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase isoforms reveals hexameric assemblies with increased thermal stability. | most plants contain two isoforms of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase (rca), a chloroplast protein that maintains the activity of rubisco during photosynthesis. the longer (α-) rca isoform has previously been shown to regulate the activity of rubisco in response to both the adp:atp ratio and redox potential via thioredoxin-f. we have characterized the arrangement of the different spinach (spinacia oleracea) isoforms in solution, and show how the presence of nucle ... | 2014 | 25247706 |
| oxalate synthesis in leaves is associated with root uptake of nitrate and its assimilation in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants. | excessive accumulation of oxalate in numerous vegetables adversely affects their quality as food. while it is known that nitrate could effectively stimulate oxalate accumulation in many vegetables, little information is available about the mechanism of nitrate-induced oxalate accumulation. in this study, we examined the association of oxalate synthesis with nitrate uptake and assimilation in two genotypes of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.), heizhenzhu and weilv. | 2015 | 25243598 |
| effect of low temperature on flavonoids, oxygen radical absorbance capacity values and major components of winter sweet spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). | winter sweet treatment (wst) has been established for cultivating high-quality leafy vegetables during the winter. although it is known that chilling stress during cold acclimation induces oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species in plant tissues, knowledge about changes in antioxidant activity and compounds during wst in spinach is superficial. we investigated changes in flavonoids, total ascorbic acid, carotenoids and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (h-orac) along with compon ... | 2015 | 25243392 |
| synthesis and antimycobacterial and photosynthesis-inhibiting evaluation of 2-[(e)-2-substituted-ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazoles. | a series of twelve 2-[(e)-2-substituted-ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazoles was designed. all the synthesized compounds were tested against three mycobacterial strains. the compounds were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. 2-[(e)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazole, 2-[(e)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)ethenyl]-1,3-benzoxazole and 2-{(e)-2-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]ethenyl}-1,3-benzoxazole showed th ... | 2014 | 25197708 |
| comparative proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by hydrogen sulfide in spinacia oleracea leaves. | hydrogen sulfide (h2s), as a potential gaseous messenger molecule, has been suggested to play important roles in a wide range of physiological processes in plants. the aim of present study was to investigate which set of proteins is involved in h2s-regulated metabolism or signaling pathways. spinacia oleracea seedlings were treated with 100 µm nahs, a donor of h2s. changes in protein expression profiles were analyzed by 2-d gel electrophoresis coupled with maldi-tof ms. over 1000 protein spots w ... | 2014 | 25181351 |
| phytoextraction and dissipation of lindane by spinacia oleracea l. | remediation and management of organochlorine pesticide (ocps) contaminated soil is becoming a global priority as they are listed in the stockholm list of persistent organic pollutants (pops) for global elimination. lindane is a ocps candidate recently included in the stockholm list. however, india has an exemption to produce lindane for malaria control. because of its widespread use during the last few decades, lindane contaminated soils are found in almost all parts of india. since phytoremedia ... | 2014 | 25133347 |
| jatropha curcas leaves analysis, reveals it as mineral source for low sodium diets. | jatropha curcas is a perennial herb, belonging to the family euphorbiaceae, found in countries such as india, mexico and venezuela. in the present study, proximate composition and mineral content on the leaves of j. curcas was analysed and compared to spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) using a icp-aes. the bromatologic test (dry material) results for ashes, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates revealed 23.4%, 28.0%, 3.2% and 45.4% for j. curcas; whereas for s. oleracea values were 28.9%, 20.8%, 0.5% a ... | 2014 | 25038714 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of pathogenesis-related protein family 10 gene from spinach (sopr10). | pr10 genes encode small, intracellular proteins that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses. in this study, a cdna clone (designated as sopr10, genbank accession no. kc142174) encoding a pr10 protein from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) was isolated and characterized. sopr10 encoded a 161-amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 19.76 kda and a pi of 4.61. real-time quantitative analysis indicated that sopr10 was constitutively expressed in root and shoot. the abundance of sopr10 ... | 2014 | 25035979 |
| nanodomains of cytochrome b6f and photosystem ii complexes in spinach grana thylakoid membranes. | the cytochrome b6f (cytb6f) complex plays a central role in photosynthesis, coupling electron transport between photosystem ii (psii) and photosystem i to the generation of a transmembrane proton gradient used for the biosynthesis of atp. photosynthesis relies on rapid shuttling of electrons by plastoquinone (pq) molecules between psii and cytb6f complexes in the lipid phase of the thylakoid membrane. thus, the relative membrane location of these complexes is crucial, yet remains unknown. here, ... | 2014 | 25035407 |
| the polar auxin transport inhibitor tiba inhibits endoreduplication in dark grown spinach hypocotyls. | we addressed the question of whether an additional round of endoreduplication in dark-grown hypocotyls is a common feature in dicotyledonous plants having endopolyploid tissues. ploidy distributions of hypocotyl tissues derived from in vitro-grown spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv. atlas) seedlings grown under different light conditions were analyzed by flow cytometry. an additional round of endoreduplication (represented by 32c cells) was found in the dark-grown hypocotyl tissues. this response ... | 2014 | 25017158 |
| extraction of functional ingredients from spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) using liquid solvent and supercritical co₂ extraction. | in this work three different techniques were applied to extract dry leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea): solid-liquid extraction (sle), pressurised liquid extraction (ple) and supercritical fluid extraction (sfe) to investigate the influence of extraction solvent and technique on extracts composition and antioxidant activity. moreover, the influence of carotenoids and phenolic compounds on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of spinach extracts was also studied. | 2015 | 24930815 |
| differences in proton pumping and na/h exchange at the leaf cell tonoplast between a halophyte and a glycophyte. | the tonoplast na(+)/h(+) antiporter and tonoplast h(+) pumps are essential components of salt tolerance in plants. the objective of this study was to investigate the transport activity of the tonoplast na(+)/h(+) antiporter and the tonoplast v-h(+)-atpase and v-h(+)-ppase in a highly tolerant salt-accumulating halophyte, salicornia dolichostachya, and to compare these transport activities with activities in the related glycophyte spinacia oleracea. vacuolar membrane vesicles were isolated by den ... | 2014 | 24887002 |
| assessment of antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of spinach plants grown under low oxygen availability. | in the human diet, the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables is important in maintaining good health and in preventing chronic diseases. it is known that plant-derived food is a powerful source of chemopreventive molecules, i.e. antioxidants, and spinach (spinacia oleracea l., chenopodiaceae) possesses a wide range of metabolites with such biological activity. plant stress response could lead to the production of metabolites with high value for human health and this could be a tool to enhan ... | 2015 | 24862450 |
| growing and processing conditions lead to changes in the carotenoid profile of spinach. | this study aimed to evaluate the influence of different light regimens during spinach cultivation on the isomeric composition of β-carotene. irradiation with a halogen lamp, which has a wavelength spectrum close to that of daylight, was used to mimic field-grown conditions. the additional use of optical filters was established as a model system for greenhouse cultivation. field-grown model systems led to a preferential increase of 9-cis-β-carotene, whereas 13-cis-β-carotene was just formed at th ... | 2014 | 24831992 |
| antioxidant assays - consistent findings from frap and orac reveal a negative impact of organic cultivation on antioxidant potential in spinach but not watercress or rocket leaves. | watercress (rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), wild rocket (diplotaxis tenuifolia), and spinach (spinacia oleracea) are commercial crops reported to have high concentrations of antioxidants, possibly contributing to disease prevention following human consumption. following analysis of supermarket-purchased salad leaves, we report the antioxidant content potential of these species using two comparable techniques assessing the consistency between the assays - by the ferric reducing antioxidant power ( ... | 2013 | 24804054 |
| antioxidant effects of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) supplementation in hyperlipidemic rats. | increased consumption of fresh vegetables that are high in polyphenols has been associated with a reduced risk of oxidative stress-induced disease. the present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effects of spinach in vitro and in vivo in hyperlipidemic rats. for measurement of in vitro antioxidant activity, spinach was subjected to hot water extraction (we) or ethanol extraction (ee) and examined for total polyphenol content (tpc), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (orac), cellular antioxi ... | 2014 | 24772405 |
| pre-harvest nitrogen and azoxystrobin application enhances raw product quality and post-harvest shelf-life of baby spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). | baby spinach was cultivated under spring or winter conditions to investigate the effect of azoxystrobin and, only in the winter cycle, of nitrogen fertilisation (0, 80 and 120 kg ha(-1) of n) on yield and product morphological traits at harvest and on the physical, visual, bio-physiological, nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics change during cold storage. | 2014 | 24700092 |
| study on individual and interactive effects of supplemental uv-b radiation and heavy metals on spinacea oleracea. | the effects of supplemental ultraviolet-b (suv-b) irradiation and heavy metals (cd and ni) treatment alone and in combination were evaluated on the growth, biomass and yield of spinach plants. all the stresses caused reduction in biomass yield vis-a-vis alteration in its distribution pattern with more retention in below ground parts leading to higher root shoot ratio. absolute growth rate (agr) decreased in all treated plants due to reduction in their height at successive growth stages. decrease ... | 2014 | 24665758 |
| enhanced photosynthetic activity in spinacia oleracea by spectral modification with a photoluminescent light converting material. | the spectral conversion of incident sunlight by appropriate photoluminescent materials has been a widely studied issue for improving the efficiency of photovoltaic solar energy harvesting. by using phosphors with suitable excitation/emission properties, also the light conditions for plants can be adjusted to match the absorption spectra of chlorophyll dyes, in this way increasing the photosynthetic activity of the plant. here, we report on the application of this principle to a high plant, spina ... | 2013 | 24514932 |
| genetic diversity of functional food species spinacia oleracea l. by protein markers. | exploration of genetic diversity contributes primarily towards crop improvement. spinaciaoleracea l. is a functional food species but unfortunately the genetic diversity of this vegetable is still unexplored. therefore, this research was planned to explore the genetic diversity of s. oleracea by using morphological and protein markers. protein profile of 25 accessions was generated on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel. total allelic variation of 27 bands was found. out of these, 20 were ... | 2014 | 24499432 |
| clinical efficacy of a herbal dentifrice on dentinal hypersensitivity: a randomized controlled clinical trial. | dentinal hypersensitivity is a common problem and there is a growing interest in herbal based formulations for the treatment of oral diseases. this study was conducted to assess the efficacy of a commercially available novel herbal dentifrice in reduction of dentinal hypersensitivity. | 2013 | 24320906 |
| dark-adapted spinach thylakoid protein heterogeneity offers insights into the photosystem ii repair cycle. | in higher plants, thylakoid membrane protein complexes show lateral heterogeneity in their distribution: photosystem (ps) ii complexes are mostly located in grana stacks, whereas psi and adenosine triphosphate (atp) synthase are mostly found in the stroma-exposed thylakoids. however, recent research has revealed strong dynamics in distribution of photosystems and their light harvesting antenna along the thylakoid membrane. here, the dark-adapted spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) thylakoid network w ... | 2014 | 24296034 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-hydroxy-3-[(2-aryloxyethyl)amino]propyl 4-[(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]benzoates. | a series of twenty substituted 2-hydroxy-3-[(2-aryloxyethyl)amino]propyl 4-[(alkoxycarbonyl)amino]benzoates were prepared and characterized. as similar compounds have been described as potential antimycobacterials, primary in vitro screening of the synthesized carbamates was also performed against two mycobacterial species. 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]-propyl 4-(butoxycarbonylamino)benzoate hydrochloride, 2-hydroxy-3-[2-(4-methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino]-propyl 4-(butoxycarbonylam ... | 2013 | 24288475 |
| molecular evidence that the genes for dioecism and monoecism in spinacia oleracea l. are located at different loci in a chromosomal region. | spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) is widely known to be dioecious. however, monoecious plants can also occur in this species. sex expression in dioecious spinach plants is controlled by a single gene pair termed x and y. our previous study showed that a single, incompletely dominant gene, which controls the monoecious condition in spinach line 03-336, should be allelic or linked to x/y. here, we developed 19 aflp markers closely linked to the monoecious gene. the aflp markers were mapped to a 38.2- ... | 2014 | 24169648 |
| human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in pakistan. | the current study was designed to investigate the potential human health risks associated with consumption of food crops contaminated with toxic heavy metals. cadmium (cd) concentration in surface soils; cd, lead (pb) and chromium (cr) in the irrigation water and food crops were above permissible limits. the accumulation factor (af) was >1 for manganese (mn) and pb in different food crops. the health risk index (hri) was >1 for pb in all food crops irrigated with wastewater and tube well water. ... | 2013 | 24075531 |
| short-term alteration of nitrogen supply prior to harvest affects quality in hydroponic-cultivated spinach (spinacia oleracea). | quality-associated problems, such as excessive in planta accumulation of oxalate, often arise in soillessly cultivated spinach (spinacia oleracea). maintaining a higher level of ammonium (nh₄⁺) compared to nitrate (no₃⁻) during the growth period can effectively decrease the oxalate content in hydroponically cultivated vegetables. however, long-term exposure to high concentrations of nh₄⁺ induces toxicity in plants, and thus decreases the biomass production. short-term application of nh₄⁺ before ... | 2014 | 24038064 |
| antimycobacterial and photosynthetic electron transport inhibiting activity of ring-substituted 4-arylamino-7-chloroquinolinium chlorides. | in this study, a series of twenty-five ring-substituted 4-arylamino-7-chloroquinolinium chlorides were prepared and characterized. the compounds were tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts and also primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against mycobacterial species. 4-[(2-bromophenyl)amino]-7-chloroquinolinium chloride showed high biological activity against m. marin ... | 2013 | 24002140 |
| understanding the cellular mechanism of recovery from freeze-thaw injury in spinach: possible role of aquaporins, heat shock proteins, dehydrin and antioxidant system. | recovery from reversible freeze-thaw injury in plants is a critical component of ultimate frost survival. however, little is known about this aspect at the cellular level. to explore possible cellular mechanism(s) for post-thaw recovery (rec), we used spinacia oleracea l. cv. bloomsdale leaves to first determine the reversible freeze-thaw injury point. freeze (-4.5°c)-thaw-injured tissues (32% injury vs <3% in unfrozen control) fully recovered during post-thaw, as assessed by an ion leakage-base ... | 2014 | 23981077 |
| photosynthetic electron transport system promotes synthesis of au-nanoparticles. | in this communication, a novel, green, efficient and economically viable light mediated protocol for generation of au-nanoparticles using most vital organelle, chloroplasts, of the plant system is portrayed. thylakoids/chloroplasts isolated from potamogeton nodosus (an aquatic plant) and spinacia oleracea (a terrestrial plant) turned au³⁺ solutions purple in presence of light of 600 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photon flux density (pfd) and the purple coloration intensified with time. uv-vis spectra of these pu ... | 2013 | 23976990 |
| effect of lead stress on mineral content and growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) and spinach (spinacia oleracea) seedlings. | lead (pb) is the most common heavy metal contaminant in the environment. pb is not an essential element for plants, but they absorb it when it is present in their environment, especially in rural areas when the soil is polluted by automotive exhaust and in fields contaminated with fertilizers containing heavy metal impurities. to investigate lead effects on nutrient uptake and metabolism, two plant species, spinach (spinacia oleracea) and wheat (triticum aestivum), were grown under hydroponic co ... | 2013 | 23961216 |
| molecular architecture of plant thylakoids under physiological and light stress conditions: a study of lipid-light-harvesting complex ii model membranes. | in this study, we analyzed multibilayer lipid-protein membranes composed of the photosynthetic light-harvesting complex ii (lhcii; isolated from spinach [spinacia oleracea]) and the plant lipids monogalcatosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol. two types of pigment-protein complexes were analyzed: those isolated from dark-adapted leaves (lhcii) and those from leaves preilluminated with high-intensity light (lhcii-hl). the lhcii-hl complexes were found to be partially phosphorylated an ... | 2013 | 23898030 |
| antibacterial and herbicidal activity of ring-substituted 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carboxanilides. | in this study, a series of twenty-two ring-substituted 3-hydroxy-n-phenylnaphthalene-2-carboxanilides were prepared and characterized. the compounds were tested for their activity related to inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was also performed against four staphylococcus strains and against two mycobacterial species. 3-hydroxy-n-(2-methoxyphenyl)naphthalene-2-carboxamide sh ... | 2013 | 23884130 |
| diversity of the spinach (spinacia oleracea) spermosphere and phyllosphere bacterial communities. | the bacterial diversity of seeds, transmission of bacteria from seed to phyllosphere, and fate of seed-transmitted bacteria on mature plants are poorly characterized. understanding the dynamics of microbial communities is important for finding bio-control or mitigation strategies for human and plant pathogens. bacterial populations colonizing spermosphere and phyllosphere of spinach (spinacia oleracea) seedlings and plants were characterized using pyrosequencing of 16s rrna gene amplicons. spina ... | 2013 | 23859062 |
| summer (subarctic) versus winter (subtropic) production affects spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaf bionutrients: vitamins (c, e, folate, k1, provitamin a), lutein, phenolics, and antioxidants. | comparison of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) cultivars lazio and samish grown during the summer solstice in the subarctic versus the winter solstice in the subtropics provided insight into interactions between production environment (light intensity), cultivar, and leaf age/maturity/position affecting bionutrient concentrations of vitamins (c, e, folate, k1, provitamin a), lutein, phenolics, and antioxidants. growing spinach during the winter solstice in the subtropics resulted in increased leaf ... | 2013 | 23834651 |
| mercury increases water permeability of a plant aquaporin through a non-cysteine-related mechanism. | water transport across cellular membranes is mediated by a family of membrane proteins known as aqps (aquaporins). aqps were first discovered on the basis of their ability to be inhibited by mercurial compounds, an experiment which has followed the aqp field ever since. although mercury inhibition is most common, many aqps are mercury insensitive. in plants, regulation of aqps is important in order to cope with environmental changes. plant plasma membrane aqps are known to be gated by phosphoryl ... | 2013 | 23819815 |
| differential sensitivity of spinach and amaranthus to enhanced uv-b at varying soil nutrient levels: association with gas exchange, uv-b-absorbing compounds and membrane damage. | the metabolic reasons associated with differential sensitivity of c3 and c4 plant species to enhanced uv-b under varying soil nutrient levels are not well understood. in the present study, spinach (spinacia oleracea l. var all green), a c3 and amaranthus (amaranthus tricolor l. var pusa badi chaulai), a c4 plant were subjected to enhanced uv-b (280-315 nm; 7.2 kj m(-2) day(-1)) over ambient under varying soil nutrient levels. the nutrient amendments were recommended nitrogen (n), phosphorus (p), ... | 2013 | 23686471 |
| protective role of a methanolic extract of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) against pb toxicity in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings: beneficial effects for a plant of a nutraceutical used with animals. | spinach extracts contain powerful natural antioxidants and have been used to improve the response of animal cells to various stress factors. the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a methanolic extract of spinach (se) used at two concentrations (21.7 and 217 ppm) on the growth, certain enzymes and antioxidant systems in wheat seedlings under lead stress. when wheat seedlings were grown for 7 days in a solution containing pb(no3)2 (3 mm), germination and growth were impaired, wh ... | 2013 | 23645001 |
| major controlling factors and predictions for cadmium transfer from the soil into spinach plants. | predicting the mobility, bioavailability and transfer of cadmium (cd) in the soil-plant system is of great importance with regards to food safety and environmental management. in this study, the transfer characteristics of cd (exogenous salts) from a wide range of chinese soils to spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) were investigated. the major controlling factors and prediction equations for cd transfer in the soil-plant system were also investigated. the results showed that plant cd concentration w ... | 2013 | 23642309 |
| effect of inorganic and organic copper fertilizers on copper nutrition in spinacia oleracea and on labile copper in soil. | to ensure an optimal concentration of cu in food crops, the effectiveness of eight liquid cu fertilizers was studied in a spinach ( spinacia oleracea l.) crop grown on cu-deficient soil under greenhouse conditions. plant dry matter yields, cu concentrations in spinach plants (total and morpholino acid (mes)- and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (edds)-extractable), and cu uptakes were studied. the behavior of cu in soil was evaluated by both single and sequential extraction procedures. the highest ... | 2013 | 23638953 |
| microdissection and painting of the y chromosome in spinach (spinacia oleracea). | spinach has long been used as a model for genetic and physiological studies of sex determination and expression. although trisomic analysis from a cross between diploid and triploid plants identified the xy chromosome as the largest chromosome, no direct evidence has been provided to support this at the molecular level. in this study, the largest chromosomes of spinach from mitotic metaphase spreads were microdissected using glass needles. degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain react ... | 2013 | 23381038 |
| accumulation of heavy metals in spinacia oleracea irrigated with paper mill effluent and sewage. | the present study on heavy metal contamination in soil and their accumulation in edible part (leaves) and roots of spinacia oleracea (spinach) on irrigation with paper mill effluent (pme)/sewage revealed that there was significant increase in the nickel (ni, +227.17 %) content of the soil irrigated with pme, whereas in the soil irrigated with sewage chromium (cr, +274.84 %), iron (fe, +149.56 %), and cadmium (cd, +133.39 %), contents were increased appreciably. the value of enrichment factor (ef ... | 2013 | 23371250 |
| ascorbic acid, nitrate, and nitrite concentration relationship to the 24hour light/dark cycle for spinach grown in different conditions. | nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid (vitamin c) concentrations were determined for spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) over a 24 h period to determine if light intensity (including dark periods) at time of harvest impacts concentrations in raw vegetables. nitrate, nitrate and ascorbic acid concentrations varied significantly over the 24 h period and appeared to be related to changes in light intensity. light intensity at the time an experimental sample is collected may affect the concentration of some ... | 2013 | 23265502 |
| investigation of the biological properties of (hetero)aromatic thiosemicarbazones. | two series of thiosemicarbazone-based iron chelators (twenty-seven compounds) were designed and synthesized using a microwave-assisted approach. quinoline and halogenated phenyl were selected as parent scaffolds on the basis of a similarity search. the lipophilicity of the synthesized compounds was measured using hplc and then calculated. primary in vitro screening of the synthesized compounds was performed against eight pathogenic fungal strains. only a few compounds showed moderate activity ag ... | 2012 | 23151918 |
| anti-infective and herbicidal activity of n-substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles. | in this study, a series of n-substituted 2-aminobenzothiazoles was prepared according to a recently developed method. twelve compounds were tested for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. primary in vitro screening of the discussed compounds was also performed against fungal, bacterial and mycobacterial species. the biological activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ph ... | 2012 | 23140987 |
| assessment of natural sepiolite on cadmium stabilization, microbial communities, and enzyme activities in acidic soil. | a pot trial was conducted to assess the efficiency of sepiolite-induced cadmium (cd) immobilization in ultisoils. under cd concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg kg(-1), the available cd in the soil after the application of 1-10 % sepiolite decreased by a maximum of 44.4, 23.0, and 17.0 %, respectively, compared with no sepiolite treatments. the increase in the values of soil enzyme activities and microbial number proved that a certain metabolic recovery occurred after sepiolite treatment. the dr ... | 2013 | 23093419 |
| raman spectroscopy adds complementary detail to the high-resolution x-ray crystal structure of photosynthetic psbp from spinacia oleracea. | raman microscopy permits structural analysis of protein crystals in situ in hanging drops, allowing for comparison with raman measurements in solution. nevertheless, the two methods sometimes reveal subtle differences in structure that are often ascribed to the water layer surrounding the protein. the novel method of drop-coating deposition raman spectropscopy (dcdr) exploits an intermediate phase that, although nominally "dry," has been shown to preserve protein structural features present in s ... | 2012 | 23071614 |
| structural basis of efficient electron transport between photosynthetic membrane proteins and plastocyanin in spinach revealed using nuclear magnetic resonance. | in the photosynthetic light reactions of plants and cyanobacteria, plastocyanin (pc) plays a crucial role as an electron carrier and shuttle protein between two membrane protein complexes: cytochrome b(6)f (cyt b(6)f) and photosystem i (psi). the rapid turnover of pc between cyt b(6)f and psi enables the efficient use of light energy. in the pc-cyt b(6)f and pc-psi electron transfer complexes, the electron transfer reactions are accomplished within <10(-4) s. however, the mechanisms enabling the ... | 2012 | 23032988 |
| investigating the interaction between the violaxanthin cycle enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase and the thylakoid membrane. | in the present study the interaction between the violaxanthin cycle enzyme zeaxanthin epoxidase (zep) and the thylakoid membrane was investigated. isolated, active thylakoid membranes of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) were subjected to different salt and detergent treatments that are generally used to isolate peripheral and integral membrane proteins. these salt and detergent treatments included the use of the salts nabr, na(2)co(3) and tris and the detergents octylglucoside (og) and dodecylmalt ... | 2012 | 22705077 |
| effect of sulfur and nitrogen fertilization on the content of nutritionally relevant carotenoids in spinach ( spinacia oleracea ). | spinach is an important dietary source of lutein and β-carotene. their synthesis is closely linked to chlorophyll synthesis and dependent upon an adequate supply of sulfur and nitrogen. soils may become sulfur-deficient during winter because microorganisms convert atmospheric so2 less efficiently to sulfate. the influence of sulfur and nitrogen fertilization on the carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of spinach grown in summer or winter was investigated. carotenoid and chlorophyll levels were po ... | 2012 | 22607490 |
| toxicity effects of olive-mill wastewater on growth, photosynthesis and pollen morphology of spinach plants. | olive mill-wastewater (omw), a by-product of the olive oil extraction process, represents a significant environmental problem in mediterranean areas. we studied the impact of omw dilutions (1:10 and 1:20) on growth, photosynthesis, proline and sugar accumulation as well as on pollen morphology of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants, to evaluate the application of omw dilutions as pretreatment technique, prior to land disposal. biomass, height, total chlorophyll and leaf area of spinach decline ... | 2012 | 22455663 |
| effect of organic and conventional cropping systems on ascorbic acid, vitamin c, flavonoids, nitrate, and oxalate in 27 varieties of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). | this study was undertaken to compare the levels of ascorbic acid, vitamin c, flavonoids, nitrate, and oxalate in 27 spinach varieties grown in certified organic and conventional cropping systems. liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-(esi)ms/ms) of methanolic extracts of spinach demonstrated 17 flavonoids, including glucuronides and acylated di- and triglycosides of methylated and methylenedioxyderivatives of 6-oxygenated flavonoids. the mean levels of ascorb ... | 2012 | 22393895 |
| amino acid residues critical for the specificity for betaine aldehyde of the plant aldh10 isoenzyme involved in the synthesis of glycine betaine. | plant aldehyde dehydrogenase10 (aldh10) enzymes catalyze the oxidation of ω-primary or ω-quaternary aminoaldehydes, but, intriguingly, only some of them, such as the spinach (spinacia oleracea) betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (sobadh), efficiently oxidize betaine aldehyde (bal) forming the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (gb), which confers tolerance to osmotic stress. the crystal structure of sobadh reported here shows tyrosine (tyr)-160, tryptophan (trp)-167, trp-285, and trp-456 in an arrangeme ... | 2012 | 22345508 |
| n photo-cidnp mas nmr to reveal functional heterogeneity in electron donor of different plant organisms. | in plants and cyanobacteria, two light-driven electron pumps, photosystems i and ii (psi, psii), facilitate electron transfer from water to carbon dioxide with quantum efficiency close to unity. while similar in structure and function, the reaction centers of psi and psii operate at widely different potentials with psi being the strongest reducing agent known in living nature. photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-cidnp) in magic-angle spinning (mas) nuclear magnetic resona ... | 2012 | 22303078 |
| protective effect of aqueous extract of spinacia oleracea leaves in experimental paradigms of inflammatory bowel disease. | the present study was aimed to assess the protective effect of aqueous extract of spinacia oleracea leaves (aeso 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg, p.o.) in inflammatory bowel disease using acetic acid- and ethanol-induced colitis in mice and indomethacin-induced enterocolitis in rats. the preliminary phytochemical analysis and further high performance thin layer chromatographic (hptlc) analysis and phytochemical tests of hptlc bands confirmed the presence of flavonoids and tannins in aeso. in acute ora ... | 2012 | 22234676 |
| in situ stabilization remediation of cadmium contaminated soils of wastewater irrigation region using sepiolite. | the effects of immobilization remediation of cd-contaminated soils using sepiolite on soil ph, enzyme activities and microbial communities, tclp-cd (toxicity characteristic leaching procedure-cd) concentration, and spinach (spinacia oleracea) growth and cd uptake and accumulation were investigated. results showed that the addition of sepiolite could increase soil ph, while the tclp-cd concentration in soil was decreased with increasing sepiolite. the changes of soil enzyme activities and bacteri ... | 2012 | 23520850 |
| dehydrin metabolism is altered during seed osmopriming and subsequent germination under chilling and desiccation in spinacia oleracea l. cv. bloomsdale: possible role in stress tolerance. | osmopriming improves seed germination performance as well as stress tolerance. to understand the biochemistry of osmopriming-induced seed stress tolerance, we investigated dehydrin (dhn) accumulation patterns at protein and transcript level (determined by immunoblotting and qpcr) during priming, and subsequent germination under optimal and stress conditions (i.e. chilling and desiccation) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l. cv. bloomsdale) seeds. our data indicate enhanced germination performance o ... | 2012 | 22195574 |
| natural variation of folate content and composition in spinach (spinacia oleracea) germplasm. | breeding to increase folate levels in edible parts of plants, termed folate biofortification, is an economical approach to fight against folate deficiency in humans, especially in the developing world. germplasm with elevated folates are a useful genetic source for both breeding and direct use. spinach is one of the well-know vegetables that contains a relatively high amount of folate. currently, little is known about how much folate, and their composition varies in different spinach accessions. ... | 2011 | 22004472 |
| the need to re-investigate the nature of homoplastic characters: an ontogenetic case study of the 'bracteoles' in atripliceae (chenopodiaceae). | within chenopodioideae, atripliceae have been distinguished by two bracteoles enveloping the female flowers/fruits, whereas in other tribes flowers are described as ebracteolate with persistent perianth. molecular phylogenetic hypotheses suggest 'bracteoles' to be homoplastic. the origin of the bracteoles was explained by successive inflorescence reductions. flower reduction was used to explain sex determination. therefore, floral ontogeny was studied to evaluate the nature of the bracteoles and ... | 2011 | 21852278 |
| combined application of a laser ablation-icp-ms assay for screening and esi-fticr-ms for identification of a cd-binding protein in spinacia oleracea l. after exposure to cd. | we have studied the binding of the toxic element cd to plant proteins and have used for this purpose spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants treated with 50 μm cd(ii) as a model system. laser ablation icp-ms has been applied for the screening of cd-binding proteins after separation by native anodal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (an-page) and electroblotting onto membranes. the main cd-carrying protein band was isolated and investigated by nano-electrospray ionization-fourier transform ion cyc ... | 2011 | 21850305 |
| photosynthesis-inhibiting efficiency of 4-chloro-2-(chlorophenylcarbamoyl)phenyl alkylcarbamates. | a series of photosynthetic electron transport (pet) inhibitors from the group of salicylanilide alkylcarbamates was investigated. the compounds were analyzed using rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity, and their pet inhibition was determined in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. the site of action of the studied compounds is situated at the donor site of photosystem 2 (ps 2). compounds substituted by chlorine in c'-3 and c'-4 of the aniline ring and the optimal length of the alkyl chain ... | 2011 | 21724391 |
| synthesis and characterization of (z)-5-arylmethylidene-rhodanines with photosynthesis-inhibiting properties. | a series of rhodanine derivatives was prepared. the synthetic approach, analytical and spectroscopic data of all synthesized compounds are presented. lipophilicity of all the discussed rhodanine derivatives was analyzed using the rp-hplc method. the compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport (pet) in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts and reduce chlorophyll content in freshwater alga chlorella vulgaris. structure-activity relationships between t ... | 2011 | 21697777 |
| hydrogen sulphide enhances photosynthesis through promoting chloroplast biogenesis, photosynthetic enzyme expression, and thiol redox modification in spinacia oleracea seedlings. | hydrogen sulphide (h(2)s) is emerging as a potential messenger molecule involved in modulation of physiological processes in animals and plants. in this report, the role of h(2)s in modulating photosynthesis of spinacia oleracea seedlings was investigated. the main results are as follows. (i) nahs, a donor of h(2)s, was found to increase the chlorophyll content in leaves. (ii) seedlings treated with different concentrations of nahs for 30 d exhibited a significant increase in seedling growth, so ... | 2011 | 21624977 |
| resource partitioning to male and female flowers of spinacia oleracea l. in relation to whole-plant monocarpic senescence. | male plants of spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) senesce following flowering. it has been suggested that nutrient drain by male flowers is insufficient to trigger senescence. the partitioning of radiolabelled photosynthate between vegetative and reproductive tissue was compared in male (staminate) versus female (pistillate) plants. after the start of flowering staminate plants senesce 3 weeks earlier than pistillate plants. soon after the start of flowering, staminate plants allocated several times ... | 2011 | 21565983 |
| nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is phosphorylated in wheat endosperm at serine-404 by an snf1-related protein kinase allosterically inhibited by ribose-5-phosphate. | nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (np-ga3pdhase) is a cytosolic unconventional glycolytic enzyme of plant cells regulated by phosphorylation in heterotrophic tissues. after interaction with 14-3-3 proteins, the phosphorylated enzyme becomes less active and more sensitive to regulation by adenylates and inorganic pyrophosphate. here, we acknowledge that in wheat (triticum aestivum), np-ga3pdhase is specifically phosphorylated by the snrk (snf1-related) protein kinase fam ... | 2011 | 21546456 |
| photoprotective energy dissipation involves the reorganization of photosystem ii light-harvesting complexes in the grana membranes of spinach chloroplasts. | plants must regulate their use of absorbed light energy on a minute-by-minute basis to maximize the efficiency of photosynthesis and to protect photosystem ii (psii) reaction centers from photooxidative damage. the regulation of light harvesting involves the photoprotective dissipation of excess absorbed light energy in the light-harvesting antenna complexes (lhcs) as heat. here, we report an investigation into the structural basis of light-harvesting regulation in intact spinach (spinacia olera ... | 2011 | 21498680 |
| cyanidioschyzon merolae ferredoxin: a high resolution crystal structure analysis and its thermal stability. | cyanidioschyzon merolae (cm) is a single-cell red alga that grows under moderately thermophilic (40-50°c), acidic (ph 1-3) conditions. we purified a cm ferredoxin (fd) that was characterized as a plant-type [2fe-2s] fd by physicochemical techniques. x-ray crystallography revealed that the overall three-dimensional structure of cmfd was highly similar to, but slightly different from, the [2fe-2s] fd from spinacia oleracea, whose growth temperature is 15-20°c. therefore, slight structural differen ... | 2011 | 21443874 |
| mapping of the genes for dioecism and monoecism in spinacia oleracea l.: evidence that both genes are closely linked. | spinach is basically a dioecious species, with occasional monoecious plants in some populations. sexual dimorphism in dioecious spinach plants is controlled by an allelic pair termed x and y located on the short arm of the longest chromosome (x = 6). ten aflp markers, closely linked to the x/y locus, were identified using bulked segregant analysis, four of which were revealed to co-segregate with y in the present mapping population. we mapped the aflp markers and two known male-specific dnas to ... | 2011 | 21301852 |
| purification and enzymatic properties of a peroxidase from leaves of phytolacca dioica l. (ombú tree). | a peroxidase (pd-cp; 0.47 mg/100 g leaves) was purified from autumn leaves of phytolacca dioica l. and characterized. pd-cp was obtained by acid precipitation followed by gel-filtration and cation exchange chromatography. amino acid composition and n-terminal sequence of pd-cp up to residue 15 were similar to that of spinacia oleracea (n-terminal pairwise comparison showing four amino acid differences). pd-cp showed a molecular mass of approx. 36 kda by sds-page, ph and temperature optima at 3.0 ... | 2011 | 21266109 |
| ferredoxin:nadp+ oxidoreductase bound to cytochrome b₆f complex is active in plastoquinone reduction: implications for cyclic electron transport. | in this study, we have compared three isolation methods of cytochrome b₆f complex, obtained from spinach (spinacia oleracea), differing in the preservation of the cytochrome b₆f-associated ferredoxin:nadp+ oxidoreductase (fnr). although the complexes isolated by all the methods showed the presence of the fnr peptide(s), when incorporated into liposome membranes, the nadph-pq (plastoquinone) oxidoreductase activity was not detected for the cytochrome b₆f complex isolated with the original method ... | 2011 | 21114674 |
| popeye strikes again: the deep proteome of spinach leaves. | the cytoplasmic proteome of spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l) has been investigated with the help of commercially available (proteominer) combinatorial peptide ligand libraries and with home-made ligand beads as prepared in our laboratory. the protein capture had been performed at three ph values (4.0, 7.0 and 9.3) and elution performed in 4% boiling sds, 20mm dtt. the total number of unique gene products identified amounts to 322 proteins, of which 114 are in common with the control, untreat ... | 2011 | 21056706 |
| quantitating carbon monoxide production from heme by vascular plant preparations in vitro. | heme in animals is mainly degraded enzymatically, producing a predictable amount of carbon monoxide (co). under some conditions, alternative sources of co production are important, such as lipid peroxidation and photo-oxidation. less is known about co production in plants as a reflection of enzymatic activity or coupled oxidation, but a sensitive assay for co production in plants would be a valuable tool to explore the various sources in plants as the conditions of the reactions and mechanisms a ... | 2011 | 21055958 |
| biochemical and molecular characterization of senescence-related cysteine protease-cystatin complex from spinach leaf. | cysteine proteases (cps) with n-succinyl-leu-tyr-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (suc-ly-mca) cleavage activity were investigated in green and senescent leaves of spinach. the enzyme activity was separated into two major and several faint minor peaks by hydrophobic chromatography. these peaks were conventionally designated as cp1, cp2 and cp3, according to their order of elution. from the analyses of molecular mass, subunit structure, amino acid sequences and cdna cloning, cp2 was a monomer complex (so ... | 2011 | 21044083 |
| studies on the movements of ionic selectivity, compatible solutes, and intracellular ions caused in the leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants cultured in a nutrient solution with seawater. | analyses of ionic selectivity, compatible solutes, and intracellular ions in the leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) plants cultured in the hoagland's nutrient solution with or.without seawater (40%) were carried out using two cultivars--the helan no.3 (seawater tolerant) and the yuanye (seawater sensitive). when both cultivars were subjected to seawater stress, the leaves of the helan no. 3 spinach preferred potassium (k+), calcium (ca2+), magnesium (mg2+), and sulfate (so4(2-)) over sodiu ... | 2010 | 20942340 |
| stress response and potential biomarkers in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) seedlings exposed to soil lead. | oxidative stress and biochemical responses of spinach seedlings to soil pb stress were investigated by pot experiments. the seedlings were exposed to 0-500 mg kg(-1) extraneous pb. after 30 days of germination, production of o(2)(-), hsp 70, hsp 60, superoxide dismutase (sod) activities, carbonyl groups and lipid peroxidation was significantly induced by soil pb. after 50 days, hsp 70 and hsp 60 decreased, and hsp 60 was significantly inhibited at 500 mg kg(-1). the results indicated that pb pro ... | 2011 | 20933285 |
| interactions between iron and titanium metabolism in spinach: a chlorophyll fluorescence study in hydropony. | one of the elements showing strong beneficial effect on plants at low concentrations and toxic effects at higher concentrations is titanium (ti). we investigated the interconnection between the fe uptake and the ti intoxication in model experiment on fe-deficient spinach (spinacia oleracea) plants to help to elucidate the mechanism of the biological activity of titanium in plants. the two different ti (0 and 20 mg l⁻¹) and two different fe (0 and 1.35 mg l⁻¹) concentrations in hydroponic medium ... | 2010 | 20708819 |
| the effect of arsenic contamination on amino acids metabolism in spinacia oleracea l. | changes of amino acid concentrations (proline, glutamate, asparagine, aspartate, alanine) and glutamate kinase activity (gka) in plants under arsenic chronic stress reported here reveal their role in plant arsenic stress adaptation. results of the pot experiment confirmed the toxic effect of arsenic at tested levels (as1=25 mg as kg(-1) soil, as2=50 mg as kg(-1) soil, as3=75 mg as kg(-1) soil) for spinach. growing available arsenic contents in soil were associated with the strong inhibition of a ... | 2010 | 20655589 |
| evaluation of spinacia oleracea l. leaves mucilage as an innovative suspending agent. | the present study was undertaken to evaluate the mucilage isolated from spinacia oleracea l. leaves, commonly named spinach (family: amaranthaceae) as an innovative suspending agent. zinc oxide suspensions (20% w/v) were prepared using the mucilage of s. oleracea l. leaves as a suspending agent, and it was evaluated for its stability by using parameters like, sedimentation profile, degree of flocculation, and redispersibility. the effect of the tested mucilage on the suspension was compared with ... | 2010 | 22247868 |
| evidence that ph can drive state transitions in isolated thylakoid membranes from spinach. | our observation that the f735/f685 ratio at 77 k increased when the lumenal ph decreased led us to investigate the role of ph in explaining the mechanism of state transitions in spinach (spinacea oleracea l.) thylakoid membranes. as the lumenal ph was changed from ph 7.5 to 5.5, the quantum yield of ps ii decreased, while that of ps i increased. in the presence of an uncoupler, nh(4)cl, which sequesters protons, a reversal of the effects observed at ph 5.5 were noticed. the thylakoid membranes t ... | 2010 | 20480090 |
| visualizing the mobility and distribution of chlorophyll proteins in higher plant thylakoid membranes: effects of photoinhibition and protein phosphorylation. | the diffusion of proteins in chloroplast thylakoid membranes is believed to be important for processes including the photosystem-ii repair cycle and the regulation of light harvesting. however, to date there is very little direct information on the mobility of thylakoid proteins. we have used fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in a laser-scanning confocal microscope to visualize in real time the exchange of chlorophyll proteins between grana in intact spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) and a ... | 2010 | 20230505 |
| functional analysis of b and c class floral organ genes in spinach demonstrates their role in sexual dimorphism. | evolution of unisexual flowers entails one of the most extreme changes in plant development. cultivated spinach, spinacia oleracea l., is uniquely suited for the study of unisexual flower development as it is dioecious and it achieves unisexually by the absence of organ development, rather than by organ abortion or suppression. male staminate flowers lack fourth whorl primordia and female pistillate flowers lack third whorl primordia. based on theoretical considerations, early inflorescence or f ... | 2010 | 20226063 |
| effect of protein modification by malondialdehyde on the interaction between the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kda protein and photosystem ii core proteins. | previously we observed that the oxygen-evolving complex 33 kda protein (oec33) which stabilizes the mn cluster in photosystem ii (psii), was modified with malondialdehyde (mda), an end-product of peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the modification increased in heat-stressed plants (yamauchi et al. 2008). in this study, we examined whether the modification of oec33 with mda affects its binding to the psii complex and causes inactivation of the oxygen-evolving complex. purified oec33 and ... | 2010 | 20157726 |
| influences of major nutrient elements on pb accumulation of two crops from a pb-contaminated soil. | to know about the effect of major nutrient elements on various forms of pb and metal extraction, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to assess the effects of various major nutrient elements on pb accumulation in two crops (spinacia oleracea, so and sonchus arvensis, sa) in changchun, china. results indicated that, for so, the pb concentrations in both shoots and roots had no difference with increasing nutrients except for low nutrient treatment (1/2h). for sa, high nutrient treatments (2h and ... | 2010 | 19854574 |
| phytoecdysteroid c2-hydroxylase is microsomal in spinach, spinacia oleracea l. | an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroids, the c2-hydroxylase, has been investigated in spinach, spinacia oleracea. this enzyme is microsomal and its k(m) has been determined using 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone as substrate (k(m)=3.72 microm). it is much more efficient with 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone than with 2-deoxyecdysone and, conversely, the c20-hydroxylase is more active on 2-deoxyecdysone than on ecdysone. these data support the conclusion that c20-hydroxylation precedes c2 ... | 2009 | 19750551 |
| investigating the foliar uptake and within-leaf migration of phenanthrene by moss (hypnum cupressiforme) using two-photon excitation microscopy with autofluorescence. | mosses have the potential to play a significant role in the global cycling and fate of semivolatile organic compounds (svocs), due to their extensive distribution at high latitudes and the long-range atmospheric transport of svocs. unlike vascular plants mosses lack a substantial cuticle, vascular system, or root structure, taking up water, nutrients and svocs primarily from the atmosphere. mosses have thus been effectively used as passive air samplers for many svocs in urban and rural locations ... | 2009 | 19731673 |
| evaluation of the toxicity of stress-related aldehydes to photosynthesis in chloroplasts. | aldehydes produced under various environmental stresses can cause cellular injury in plants, but their toxicology in photosynthesis has been scarcely investigated. we here evaluated their effects on photosynthetic reactions in chloroplasts isolated from spinacia oleracea l. leaves. aldehydes that are known to stem from lipid peroxides inactivated the co(2) photoreduction to various extents, while their corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids did not affect photosynthesis. alpha,beta-unsatura ... | 2009 | 19578873 |
| increase of ascorbic acid content and nutritional quality in spinach leaves during physiological acclimation to low temperature. | the effect of acclimation to 10 degrees c on the leaf content of ascorbic and oxalic acids, was investigated in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.). at 10 degrees c the content of ascorbic acid in leaves increased and after 7 days it was about 41% higher than in plants remaining under a 25 degrees c/20 degrees c day/night temperature regime. in contrast, the content of oxalate, remained unchanged. transfer to 10 degrees c increased the ascorbic but not the oxalic acid content of the leaf intercellula ... | 2009 | 19376730 |
| ring-substituted 4-hydroxy-1h-quinolin-2-ones: preparation and biological activity. | in the study, a series of twelve ring-substituted 4-hydroxy-1h-quinolin-2-one derivatives were prepared. the procedures for synthesis of the compounds are presented. the compounds were analyzed using rp-hplc to determine lipophilicity and tested for their photosynthesis-inhibiting activity using spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) chloroplasts. all the synthesized compounds were also evaluated for antifungal activity using in vitro screening with eight fungal strains. for all the compounds, the relat ... | 2009 | 19305366 |
| does the different proteomic profile found in apical and basal leaves of spinach reveal a strategy of this plant toward cadmium pollution response? | chlorosis develops in spinacia oleracea l. plants exposed to cd and is prevalently localized in the basal leaves. a proteomic comparison of basal and apical leaves from cd-treated plants showed modified profiles that are different and complementary in the two locations. total chlorophyll increased in apical leaves as did photosynthetic complexes and enzymes involved in co2 fixation and carbohydrate metabolism. thus, apical leaves seem to supply the plant's energy requirements and, consistent wit ... | 2009 | 19290619 |
| kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor with high stability from spinacia oleracea l. seeds. | the trypsin inhibitor soti was isolated from spinacia oleracea l. seeds through ammonium sulfate precipitation, sepharose 4b-trypsin affinity chromatography, and sephadex g-75 chromatography. this typical kunitz inhibitor showed remarkable stability to heat, ph, and denaturant. it retained 80% of its activity against trypsin after boiling for 20 min, and more than 90% activity when treated with 6 m guanidine hydrochloride. the formation of stable soti-trypsin complex (k(i) = 2.3x10(-6) m) is con ... | 2009 | 19232057 |
| transcriptional control of two ribosome-inactivating protein genes expressed in spinach (spinacia oleracea) embryos. | sorip1 and sorip2 are ribosome-inactivating protein (rip: ec 3.2.2.22) genes identified in spinach (spinacia oleracea). they are differentially expressed in a development-dependent manner during spinach somatic embryogenesis. here, we isolated genomic clones of sorip1 and sorip2. these two rip genes have different genomic organization. phylogenetic analysis of predicted amino acid sequences of rips in caryophyllales plants revealed that they are divided into two major subfamilies, corresponding ... | 2009 | 19195903 |
| proteomic analysis of multiprotein complexes in the thylakoid membrane upon cadmium treatment. | the time course of the thylakoid membranes proteomic profile changes upon cadmium (cd) addition to hydroponic spinacia oleracea l. plants has been investigated. two different proteomic approaches have been used: blue native gel electrophoresis followed by sds-page (2d bn-sds-page) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by rp-hplc. chlorophyll (chl) and xanthophylls concentrations, together with esr and real time pcr measurements, were also performed to get a complete overview ... | 2009 | 19035790 |
| accumulation of 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in illuminated plant leaves at supraoptimal temperatures reveals a bottleneck of the prokaryotic methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. | metabolic profiling using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)p-nmr) revealed that the leaves of different herbs and trees accumulate 2-c-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (mecdp), an intermediate of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (mep) pathway, during bright and hot days. in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.) leaves, its accumulation closely depended on irradiance and temperature. mecdp was the only (31)p-nmr-detected mep pathway intermediate. it remained in chloroplasts and was a s ... | 2009 | 19021881 |
| duplication of ap1 within the spinacia oleracea l. ap1/ful clade is followed by rapid amino acid and regulatory evolution. | the ap1/ful clade of mads box genes have undergone multiple duplication events among angiosperm species. while initially identified as having floral meristem identity and floral organ identity function in arabidopsis, the role of ap1 homologs does not appear to be universally conserved even among eudicots. in comparison, the role of fruitfull has not been extensively explored in non-model species. we report on the isolation of three ap1/ful genes from cultivated spinach, spinacia oleracea l. two ... | 2009 | 19005675 |
| a novel amperometric biosensor based on spinach (spinacia oleracea) tissue homogenate for urinary oxalate determination. | in this study, a novel spinach (spinacia oleracea) tissue homogenate-based biosensor for determination of oxalate in urine was developed. the biosensor was constructed by immobilizing tissue homogenate of spinach (s. oleracea) onto a high-sensitive teflon membrane of a dissolved oxygen (do) probe. for the stability of the biosensor, general immobilization techniques were used to secure the spinach tissue homogenate in gelatin-glutaraldehyde cross-linking matrix. in the optimization and character ... | 2003 | 18968939 |
| comparative metabolism and pharmacokinetics of seven neonicotinoid insecticides in spinach. | the metabolism of seven commercial neonicotinoid insecticides was compared in spinach seedlings (spinacia oleracea) using hplc-dad and lc-msd to analyze the large number and great variety of metabolites. the parent neonicotinoid levels in the foliage following hydroponic treatment varied from differences in uptake and persistence. the metabolic reactions included nitro reduction, cyano hydrolysis, demethylation, sulfoxidation, imidazolidine and thiazolidine hydroxylation and olefin formation, ox ... | 2008 | 18922014 |
| ecdysteroids in spinach (spinacia oleracea l.): biosynthesis, transport and regulation of levels. | many plant species produce phytoecdysteroids (pes: i.e. analogues of insect steroid hormones). there is increasing evidence that pes are used as a chemical defence by plants against non-adapted insects and nematodes. pes are good candidates for the development of an environmentally safe approach to crop protection. most crop species do not accumulate pes. however, many arguments support the idea that most, if not all, plant species have the genetic ability to produce pes, but the biosynthetic pa ... | 2008 | 18653353 |
| response of spinach (spinacea oleracea) to the added fluoride in an alkaline soil. | the influence of soil contamination by inorganic fluoride (naf) on the uptake and accumulation of fluoride in the shoot and root of spinach (spinacea oleracea) was investigated in pot experiment under controlled conditions. the soluble fluoride in soil varied between 2.57 mgkg(-1) soil and 16.44 mgkg(-1) soil in the treatment range of 0-800 mgnaf kg(-1) soil. it was found that the concentration of the total fluoride in shoot and root varied between 23.5 mgkg(-1) dry wt. (control) and 219.8 mgkg( ... | 2008 | 18639373 |
| effect of polyamines on glutathione reductase activity in spinach. | the effects of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) on glutathione reductase (glutathione: nadp+ oxidoreductase, ec 1.8.1.7; gr) activity of spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea l. cv. gladiator) were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. spinach was grown in sand culture under controlled conditions for 30 d. in in vivo assays 30-day-old plants were sprayed with polyamines once, and leaves were harvested 1, 5, 10 and 15 d after treatment. the three polyamines decreased the ... | 2013 | 18533471 |