| the 42- and 51-kilodalton mosquitocidal proteins of bacillus sphaericus 2362: construction of recombinants with enhanced expression and in vivo studies of processing and toxicity. | after site-directed mutagenesis, the genes coding for the 42- and 51-kilodalton (kda) mosquitocidal proteins of bacillus sphaericus 2362 were placed under the regulation of the apre (subtilisin) promoter of the bacillus subtilis vector pue (a derivative of pub18). the levels of expression of the gene products in b. subtilis db104 and b. sphaericus 718 were assessed by bioassays with larvae of culex pipiens and by western immunoblots. the results indicated that a higher amount of protein was prod ... | 1990 | 2110136 |
| cloning and characterization of the hema region of the bacillus subtilis chromosome. | a 3.8-kilobase dna fragment from bacillus subtilis containing the hema gene has been cloned and sequenced. four open reading frames were identified. the first is hema, encoding a protein of 50.8 kilodaltons. the primary defect of a b. subtilis 5-aminolevulinic acid-requiring mutant was identified as a cysteine-to-tyrosine substitution in the hema protein. the predicted amino acid sequence of the b. subtilis hema protein showed 34% identity with the escherichia coli hema protein, which is known t ... | 1990 | 2110138 |
| a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to cloning sigma factors from eubacteria and its application to the isolation of a sigma-70 homolog from chlamydia trachomatis. | taking advantage of the known sequence conservation of portions of bacterial sigma factor proteins, we have designed degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to these domains and used these synthetic dna sequences as primers in a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to amplify dna sequences from the chlamydial genome. the pcr products were used as a probe to recover the genomic fragments from a library of cloned murine chlamydia trachomatis dna. sequence analysis of one of these clones revealed stri ... | 1990 | 2110143 |
| characterization of pbsx, a defective prophage of bacillus subtilis. | pbsx, a defective bacillus subtilis prophage, maps to the meta-metc region of the chromosome. dna (33 kilobases) from this region of the chromosome was cloned and analyzed by insertional mutagenesis with the integrating plasmid pwd3. this plasmid had a promoterless alpha-amylase gene (amyl) that provided information on the direction and level of transcription at the site of integration. transcription under the control of the pbsx repressor proceeded in the direction meta to metc over a distance ... | 1990 | 2110147 |
| isolation and molecular genetic characterization of the bacillus subtilis gene (infb) encoding protein synthesis initiation factor 2. | western blot (immunoblot) analysis of bacillus subtilis cell extracts detected two proteins that cross-reacted with monospecific polyclonal antibody raised against escherichia coli initiation factor 2 alpha (if2 alpha). subsequent southern blot analysis of b. subtilis genomic dna identified a 1.3-kilobase (kb) hindiii fragment which cross-hybridized with both e. coli and bacillus stearothermophilus if2 gene probes. this dna was cloned from a size-selected b. subtilis plasmid library. the cloned ... | 1990 | 2110148 |
| highly repetitive dna sequences in cyanobacterial genomes. | we characterized three distinct families of repeated sequences in the genome of the cyanobacterium calothrix sp. strain pcc 7601. these repeated sequences were present at a level of about 100 copies per calothrix genome and consisted of tandemly amplified heptanucleotides. these elements were named short tandemly repeated repetitive (strr) sequences. we used the three different calothrix strr sequences as probes to perform southern hybridization experiments with dnas extracted from various cyano ... | 1990 | 2110150 |
| control of the position of rnase p-mediated transfer rna precursor processing. | two bacillus subtilis trna(his) precursors (green, c. j., and vold, b. s. (1988) j. biol. chem. 263, 652-657) were processed by escherichia coli rnase p in the presence of varying [mg2+]. the wild type precursor was processed under all conditions to afford a single trna product containing 8 base pairs in the acceptor stem. in contrast, the position of processing of a mutant trna(his) precursor (containing a g27----a27 alteration) was shown to be condition-dependent. processing occurred at a27 un ... | 1990 | 2110159 |
| improved sectioning and ultrastructure of bacteria and animal cells embedded in lowicryl. | lowicryl k4m-embedded gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria have a tendency to separate between the cell surface and the resin. this often leads to distortion of bacteria and more especially of mycobacteria. we describe attempts made to overcome this technical problem. different assays were made on bacillus subtilis, escherichia coli, and mycobacterium avium: 1) modification of the bacterial surface by coating of bacteria with proteinic compounds; 2) treatment of bacteria with metallic salts ... | 1990 | 2110246 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of seven eubacterial genes coding for the elongation factor tu: functional, structural and phylogenetic evaluations. | the nucleotide sequences of cloned genes coding for the elongation factor tu of seven eubacteria have been determined. these genes were from anacystis nidulans, bacillus subtilis, bacteroides fragilis, "deinonema" spec., pseudomonas cepacia, shewanella putrefaciens and streptococcus oralis. the primary structures of the genes were compared to the available sequences of prokaryotic elongation factors tu and eukaryotic elongation factors 1 alpha. a conservation profile was determined for homologou ... | 1990 | 2110445 |
| rhizocticin a, an antifungal phosphono-oligopeptide of bacillus subtilis atcc 6633: biological properties. | rhizocticin a, the main component of the antifungal, hydrophilic phosphono-oligopeptides of bacillus subtilis atcc 6633, was used for sensitivity testing and experiments into the molecular mechanism of the antibiotic action. budding and filamentous fungi as well as the cultivated nematode caenorhabditis elegans were found to be sensitive, whereas bacteria and the protozoon paramecium caudatum were insensitive. rhizoctonia solani was inhibited in agar dilution tests but not in diffusion tests. th ... | 1990 | 2110446 |
| antibiotic activity of natural products: 1. propolis. | material extracted from propolis (bee glue) by alkaline aqueous solvents or organic solvents showed weak inhibitory activity in vitro against certain species of gram-positive bacteria. no antimicrobial activity was detected in urine from three volunteers who had taken 500 mg propolis three times a day for 3 days. | 1990 | 2110610 |
| genetic transformation and cell morphology of bacillus subtilis grown in mg+(+)-limited chemostat culture. | the rate and frequency of genetic transformation of bacillus subtilis grown in mg+(+)-limited chemostat culture are dependent on the dilution rate (d) of the system and achieved maximum values at d = 0.23 h-1. mg+(+)-limitation induced a morphological change in the cells from their normal rod shape to extended helices. although this change in shape was a transient phenomenon, under some conditions it persisted for several days and resulted in an apparent increase in the transformation frequency. | 1990 | 2110611 |
| bacillus subtilis expressing a haemolysin gene from listeria monocytogenes can grow in mammalian cells. | intracellular parasites can be classified into those that reside within a host vacuole and those which grow directly in the host cytoplasm. members of the latter group, which includes rickettsia, shigellae, trypanosoma cruzi, and listeria monocytogenes, possess haemolytic activity associated with the ability to enter the host cytoplasm. therefore mutants of l. monocytogenes lacking a pore-forming haemolysin, listeriolysin o, do not escape from the endosomal compartment and consequently fail to b ... | 1990 | 2110628 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the bacillus subtilis dnak gene. | | 1990 | 2110662 |
| the bacillus subtilis mencd promoter is responsive to extracellular ph. | activation kinetics of a bacillus subtilis menaquinone biosynthetic gene promoter (the mencd promoter) were measured during growth and sporulation, with the aid of a mencd'-lacz translational gene fusion. transient maximal activation was seen shortly after the end of exponential growth in unbuffered complex medium containing a low glucose concentration. these activation kinetics were correlated with transient acidification of the medium under conditions permitting tca cycle function during the p ... | 1990 | 2110807 |
| structural features of neutral protease from bacillus subtilis deduced from model-building and limited proteolysis experiments. | the overall folding of neutral protease from bacillus subtilis has been predicted by computer-aided modelling, taking as a basis the known three-dimensional structure of thermolysin. as expected from the 50% similarity of sequence between the two proteins, the structure of b. subtilis protease is similar to that of thermolysin, including the two-domain topology and location of elements of regular secondary structure (helices and strands), whereas specific differences were predicted in loop regio ... | 1990 | 2110895 |
| the regulation of transcription of the gera spore germination operon of bacillus subtilis. | the gera operon of bacillus subtilis 168 comprises three genes concerned with the triggering of spore germination by l-alanine and its analogues. the expression of this operon has been characterized using chromosomal lacz fusions to the gera promoter. the gera promoter is switched on 2.5-3 hours after the initiation of sporulation, in parallel with glucose dehydrogenase. a high proportion of the gera-driven beta-galactosidase detected in sporulating cells is found in the mature spore; the gera p ... | 1990 | 2110996 |
| pro-subtilisin e: purification and characterization of its autoprocessing to active subtilisin e in vitro. | the formation of active subtilisin e from pro-subtilisin e requires the removal of the n-terminal pro-sequence of 77 residues. pro-subtilisin e produced in escherichia coli using a piniii-ompa vector was first extracted with 6 m guanidine-hcl and 5 m urea and purified to homogeneity in the presence of 5 m urea. upon drop dialysis against 0.2 m sodium phosphate buffer (ph 6.2), the purified pro-subtilisin in 5 m urea was processed to active subtilisin of which the n-terminal sequence and migratio ... | 1990 | 2110997 |
| isolation of a secy homologue from bacillus subtilis: evidence for a common protein export pathway in eubacteria. | genetic and biochemical studies have shown that the product of the escherichia coli secy gene is an integral membrane protein with a central role in protein secretion. we found the bacillus subtilis secy homologue within the spc-alpha ribosomal protein operon at the same position occupied by e. coli secy. b. subtilis secy coded for a hypothetical product 41% identical to e. coli secy, a protein thought to contain 10 membrane-spanning segments and 11 hydrophilic regions, six of which are exposed ... | 1990 | 2110998 |
| specific inhibition of iturin biosynthesis by cerulenin. | cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, inhibits the biosynthesis of iturin by bacillus subtilis. with a cerulenin concentration of 2 micrograms/ml, 50% inhibition was achieved. at this concentration, cerulenin does not affect growth or total protein synthesis but does inhibit the incorporation of sodium [14c]acetate, [14c]myristic acid, and [14c]asparagine into iturin. since cerulenin is known to block the condensation of malonyl-coa subunits in the formation of fatty acids, the inhibi ... | 1990 | 2111202 |
| the apparent specificity of noti (5'-gcggccgc-3') is enhanced by m.fnudii or m.bepi methyltransferases (5'-mcgcg-3'): cutting bacterial chromosomes into a few large pieces. | the restriction endonuclease (enase) noti is blocked by methylation within its recognition sequence at 5'-gcggcmcgc-3'. this sensitivity to methylation can be used to enhance the specificity of noti in vivo and in vitro. modification by m.fnudii or m.bepi methyltransferases (mtase) (5'-mcgcg-3') will block noti (5'-gcggccgc-3') cleavage at overlapping mtase/enase sites 5'-cgcggccgc-3' (equivalent to 5'-gcggccgcg-3'), and increase the apparent cleavage specificity of noti about twofold. this 'cro ... | 1990 | 2111266 |
| a strong antibody response to the periplasmic c-terminal domain of the ompa protein of escherichia coli is produced by immunization with purified ompa or with whole e. coli or salmonella typhimurium bacteria. | we produced in bacillus subtilis the complete, as well as the n-terminal two-thirds, ompa protein of escherichia coli (called here bac-ompa and bac-ompa-dn, respectively). these bac-ompa proteins were used to examine the immunological properties of different parts of ompa, free of lipopolysaccharide and other components of the outer membrane. the full-length bac-ompa was indistinguishable from the authentic protein isolated from e. coli (coli-ompa) both as immunogen and as antigen in enzyme immu ... | 1990 | 2111285 |
| hemicellulases of bacillus species: preliminary comparative studies on production and properties of mannanases and galactanases. | a range of bacillus subtilis strains and other bacillus species were screened for mannanase, beta-mannosidase and galactanase activities. maximum mannanase activity, 106.2 units/ml, was produced by b. subtilis nrrl 356. beta-mannosidase and galactanase activities from all strains were relatively low. the effect of carbon and nitrogen source on mannanase and galactanase production by b. brevis atcc 8186, b. licheniformis atcc 27811, b. polymyxa nrrl 842 and b. subtilis nrrl 356 was investigated. ... | 1990 | 2111303 |
| crystallization of the arginine-dependent repressor/activator ahrc from bacillus subtilis. | the arginine-dependent repressor/activator ahrc from bacillus subtilis has been crystallized in space group c222(1), with unit cell dimensions a = 229.8 a, b = 72.8 a, c = 137.7 a and one aporepressor hexamer per asymmetric unit. preliminary x-ray photographs show measurable intensities beyond 3.0 a. | 1990 | 2111409 |
| changes in the antibacterial activity of melanin-bound drugs. | affinity to melanin and changes of antibacterial activity of melanin-bound drugs were examined in 11 drugs, all of which showed an affinity for melanin. the highest melanin-binding ratio was seen in aminoglycosides. among these, sisomicin sulfate (siso) had the highest binding ratio (95.5%). the melanin-binding ratios seen in sulbenicillin sodium (sbpc), cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones were relatively low during the early phase of the reaction, but increased with time. the highest ratio seen ... | 1990 | 2111531 |
| a novel nucleoprotein complex at a replication origin. | the viral protein p6, required for the protein-primed initiation of replication of bacillus subtilis phage phi 29, forms a nucleoprotein complex at the viral replication origins that shows novel features. deoxyribonuclease i and hydroxyl radical footprinting data, as well as the induction of positive supercoiling, support a model in which a dna right-handed superhelix tightly wraps around a multimeric p6 core. the interaction occurs through the dna minor groove. the activity of p6 not only requi ... | 1990 | 2111580 |
| [studies on ultraweak luminescence of bacteria]. | ultraweak luminescence of escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis and brevibacterium ammoniagenes was measured with high sensitive single photon counting equipment (made in china). the results obtained from ultraweak luminescence of as above three bacterial strains were as follows: spectral distribution curves, photon emission kinetic curves or emission intensity and its qualitative relationship between intensity and bacterial counts. | 1990 | 2111603 |
| the use of multiple mass spectral line pairs for enhanced precision in isotope enrichment studies of 15n-labeled amino acids. | a method for enhancing the precision in the calculation of isotope enrichment for 15n-labeled amino acids is presented. the method utilizes multiple line pairs for the calculation of isotope enrichment. using multiple line pairs allows the evaluation of calibration curves for nonlinear behavior and permits differentiation among sites containing more than one labeled nitrogen. the increase in precision is related to the number of isotopically shifted line pairs used in calculating the isotopic en ... | 1990 | 2111642 |
| high-level expression of bacillus subtilis tryptophanyl-trna synthetase in escherichia coli. | the trps gene encoding bacillus subtilis tryptophanyl-trna synthetase (trprs) was prepared from the puc8-derived ptsq2 plasmid, mutagenized to introduce an ecori site immediately in front of the atg start codon, and inserted into the pkk223-3 vector downstream to the tac promoter to yield the pksw1 plasmid. upon induction with isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside, escherichia coli jm109[pksw1] cells synthesized trprs to a level corresponding to 45% of total cell proteins. this high level of ge ... | 1990 | 2111710 |
| overproduction, purification, and characterization of bacillus subtilis rna polymerase sigma a factor. | by use of a t7 expression system, large amounts of active bacillus subtilis rna polymerase sigma a factor were produced in escherichia coli cells. this overproduced protein was found in the form of inclusion bodies and constituted 40% of the total cellular protein. because of the ease of isolation of the inclusion bodies and the acidic properties of sigma a, the protein was purified to more than 99% purity and the yield was about 90 mg/liter of culture. gel mobility, antigenicity, specificity of ... | 1990 | 2111806 |
| studies of sigma d-dependent functions in bacillus subtilis. | gene expression in bacillus subtilis can be controlled by alternative forms of rna polymerase programmed by distinct sigma factors. one such factor, sigma d (sigma 28), is expressed during vegetative growth and has been implicated in the transcription of a regulon of genes expressed during exponential growth and the early stationary phase. we have studied several functions related to flagellar synthesis and chemotaxis in b. subtilis strains in which sigma d is missing or is present at reduced le ... | 1990 | 2111808 |
| characterization of an inducible oxidative stress system in bacillus subtilis. | exponentially growing cells of bacillus subtilis demonstrated inducible protection against killing by hydrogen peroxide when prechallenged with a nonlethal dose of this oxidative agent. cells deficient in a functional rece+ gene product were as much as 100 times more sensitive to the h2o2 but still exhibited an inducible protective response. exposure to hydrogen peroxide also induced the rece(+)-dependent dna damage-inducible (din) genes, the resident prophage, and the product of the rece+ gene ... | 1990 | 2111811 |
| cloning of a cdna encoding adenylosuccinate lyase by functional complementation in escherichia coli. | adenylosuccinate lyase was cloned by functional complementation of an escherichia coli purb mutant using an avian liver cdna expression library. the derived amino acid sequence is homologous to the bacterial purb-encoded adenylosuccinate lyase which catalyzes the same two steps in purine biosynthesis as the enzyme from animals. avian adenylosuccinate lyase also shows regions of extensive sequence similarity to the urea cycle enzyme, argininosuccinate lyase. this homology suggests a similar mecha ... | 1990 | 2111814 |
| [unusual structure of the regulatory region of the riboflavin biosynthesis operon in bacillus subtilis]. | in vitro mutagenesis with methylhydroxylamine and nitrosomethylurea was used to obtain a number of bacillus subtilis mutants impaired in flavin-dependent response. mutants displayed varying degree of flavin-dependent repression of riboflavin synthase and of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityl-lumasine accumulation. single nucleotide substitutions were detected by dna sequencing in all of the mutants, affecting the 48 b.p. target area between the mrna start and the aug of the first gene. | 1990 | 2112225 |
| a conjugation-specific gene (cnjc) from tetrahymena encodes a protein homologous to yeast rna polymerase subunits (rpb3, rpc40) and similar to a portion of the prokaryotic rna polymerase alpha subunit (rpoa). | the cnjc gene from the protozoan tetrahymena thermophila was completely sequenced. the deduced gene product was found to have significant sequence similarity to the yeast and prokaryotic rna polymerase subunits involved with subunit assembly. since cnjc is active only during the sexual stage (conjugation) of tetrahymena's life cycle, these results indicate it may be part of a novel type of transcriptional control. the yeast proteins to which the tetrahymena cnjc is homologous are the 40 kd prote ... | 1990 | 2112240 |
| genetic regulatory hierarchy in caulobacter development. | | 1990 | 2112299 |
| bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase signal sequence fused in frame with human proinsulin is properly processed by bacillus subtilis cells. | the plasmid pbins1, containing the promoter, sd and leader peptide sequences of bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase gene and 267 bp long sequence coding for human proinsulin directs the efficient synthesis of hybrid preproinsulin, as well as quantitative secretion of proinsulin outside of protease-deficient bacillus subtilis aj73 cells. the recombinant proinsulin has been isolated from the culture medium and its n-terminal sequence shown to be identical with that of natural human prohormone ... | 1990 | 2112381 |
| modified method for testing the quality of albumin-containing enrichments used in growth media for mycobacteria. | many commercially available media for cultivation of mycobacteria have failed to support the growth of these organisms. this is especially true of media prepared with albumin-containing enrichments. earlier, we developed a method for rapid identification of good albumin enrichments for agar-based media used to test the susceptibility of tubercle bacilli to pyrazinamide. the method was modified to make testing of the acceptability of albumin enrichments for primary isolation media for mycobacteri ... | 1990 | 2112560 |
| differential gene expression during sporulation in bacillus subtilis: structure and regulation of the spoiiid gene. | the gene spoiiid, which is essential for spore formation in bacillus subtilis, was cloned and sequenced. it consists of one open reading frame which would encode a 93-amino-acid protein with a classic helix-turn-helix motif, characteristic of sequence-specific dna-binding proteins. spoiiid protein is a previously identified transcription factor, capable of altering the specificity of rna polymerase containing sigma k in vitro (kroos et al., 1989). the spoiiid83 mutation (by which the locus was o ... | 1990 | 2112673 |
| [the surface membrane charge of bacteria and its role in serine proteinase secretion by bacillus subtilis cells]. | univalent, bivalent and trivalent metal cations increase the fluorescence yield of 9-aminoacridine in the suspensions of chromatophores of the purple nonsulfur bacterium rhodospirillum rubrum isolated thylakoid membranes and cells of cyanobacterium anabaena variabilis, cells bacillus subtilis. the active cation concentrations increase about in 10 times with the decrease of their valency by one. it points to the fact that the changes in 9-aminoacridine fluorescence serve for the monitoring of the ... | 1990 | 2112959 |
| stoichiometry of dna binding by the bacteriophage sp01-encoded type ii dna-binding protein tf1. | the stoichiometry of dna binding by the bacteriophage sp01-encoded type ii dna-binding protein tf1 has been determined. 3h-labeled tf1 was allowed to bind to a 32p-labeled dna fragment containing a tf1 binding site. multiple tf1-dna complexes were resolved from each other and from unbound dna by native gel electrophoresis. dna-protein complexes were cut from polyacrylamide gels, and the amounts of 3h and 32p contained in each slice were measured. a ratio of 1.12 +/- 0.06 tf1 dimer/dna molecule w ... | 1990 | 2113049 |
| hydrophobic characterisation of helicobacter (campylobacter) pylori. | cell-surface hydrophobicity of helicobacter (formerly campylobacter) pylori was tested by aqueous two-phase partitioning and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. the hydrophobicity of h. pylori greatly exceeded that of campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus, c. jejuni and bacillus subtilis. a partition coefficient (pc) of hydrophobicity in the two-phase system was determined for h. pylori. pc was dependent on ph and the pc value was increased by greater than 20-fold at ph 2.5. lithium cations incre ... | 1990 | 2113100 |
| the life-cycle proteins roda of escherichia coli and spove of bacillus subtilis have very similar primary structures. | comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the cell-cycle roda protein with the national research foundation protein sequence database shows that the 370-amino-acid roda, a protein that is essential for wall elongation in escherichia coli and maintenance of the rod shape of the cell, is highly analogous, in terms of primary structure, with the bacillus subtilis spove protein involved in stage v of sporulation. | 1990 | 2113157 |
| a highly structured model for simulation of batch and continuous cultures of b. subtilis and examination of cellular differentiation. | | 1990 | 2113373 |
| mm 45289, a potent glycopeptide antibiotic which interacts weakly with diacetyl-l-lysyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine. | mm 45289 (a82846a, eremomycin), a glycopeptide antibiotic of the vancomycin type, was confirmed to have improved antibacterial activity over vancomycin. however its affinity (ka) for the target site peptide mimetic diacetyl-l-lysyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine (dalaa) was 23-fold lower. concentrations of dalaa required to reverse the antibacterial activity of mm 45289 were in the order of 10 to 50-fold higher than for vancomycin. these results have implications for both mode of action studies and mechanis ... | 1990 | 2113517 |
| cloning and characterization of a bacillus subtilis gene homologous to e. coli secy. | a 3.5-kb hindiii dna fragment containing the secy gene of bacillus subtilis has been cloned into plasmid puc13 using the escherichia coli secy gene as a probe. the complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned dna indicated that it contained five open reading frames, and their order in the region, given by the gene product, was suggested to be l30-l15-secy-adk-map by their similarity to the products of the e. coli genes. the region was similar to a part of the spc operon of the e. coli chromosome, ... | 1990 | 2113521 |
| [properties of two bacillus subtilis bacteriophages]. | two lytic bacteriophages of bacillus subtilis bf7658 were isolated. their morphology, biological properties and physiochemical characteristics of their dnas were compared. electromicroscopic observation indicated that bs31 has a hexagonal head and contracted tail sheath, bs32 is a complex short-tailed phage and similar to phi 29 but differs from phi 29 in size and other properties. two phages have a narrow spectrum of host range. the molecular weight of bs31 and bs32 dnas are 62kb and 17kb respe ... | 1990 | 2113744 |
| lysis and aberrant morphology of bacillus subtilis cells caused by surfactants and their relation to autolysin activity. | the surfactants tested in this study lysed bacillus subtilis 168 cells at the logarithmic growth phase. results obtained with inhibitors and a mutant that had defective autolytic enzymes suggested that cell lysis resulted from the deregulation of autolysin activity. the addition of surfactants at sublytic concentrations produced twisted cells, filamented cells, or both. autolysins extracted with 5 m licl from the cell wall fraction and lysozyme added to cells that were treated with surfactants r ... | 1990 | 2113794 |
| bacitracin-induced proteins in bacillus subtilis and bacillus thuringiensis and their relationship with resistance. | bacitracin induced one protein (bacitracin-induced protein [bip]) in bacillus thuringiensis and two proteins (bip1 and bip2) in bacillus subtilis that were localized in the membrane. divalent cations acted as cofactors for induction in all three cases. growth was initially inhibited by the antibiotic, but following induction of proteins growth resumed. b. subtilis cells possessing bips were able to duplicate at a normal rate in the presence of bacitracin. the amount of b. subtilis bips diminishe ... | 1990 | 2113795 |
| strategies for the chemoenzymatic preparation of optically active 1-alkyn-3-ols. | a series of (r)- and (s)-1-alkyn-3-ols, chiral building units for the synthesis of leukotrienes and pheromones, were prepared via enantioselective hydrolysis of their racemic esters. while the majority of biocatalysts employed (lipases, fermenting or freeze-dried microorganisms) failed in discriminating between enantiomers, lyophilized cells of baker's yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae hansen) gave (s)-1-alkyn-3-ols and their corresponding (r)-esters with greater than 90% e.e. | 1990 | 2113835 |
| identification of cis-acting sequences required for translational autoregulation of the ermc methylase. | ermc methylase gene expression has been shown to be limited by translational autorepression, presumably due to methylase binding to ermc mrna. it was found that this repression occurs in trans, yielding a 50% reduction in translation of an ermc-lacz fusion mrna. we investigated the ermc mrna sequences required for translational repression in vivo. a series of deletions identified sequences in the 5' regulatory region that were required for translational repression. these included sequences of th ... | 1990 | 2113909 |
| the bacillus subtilis 168 alkaline phosphatase iii gene: impact of a phoaiii mutation on total alkaline phosphatase synthesis. | the first alkaline phosphatase (apase) structural gene mutant of bacillus subtilis 168 was constructed by using a clone identified by hybridization to a synthetic degenerative oligonucleotide. the design of the probe was based on the first 29 amino acids of the sequenced mature apase iii protein, which had been isolated from the secreted fraction of vegetative, phosphate-starved cells. dna sequencing of the clone revealed the first 80 amino acids of the apase iii protein, including a typical pro ... | 1990 | 2113910 |
| the ermc leader peptide: amino acid alterations leading to differential efficiency of induction by macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b antibiotics. | the inducibility of ermc by erythromycin, megalomicin, and celesticetin was tested with both wild-type ermc and several regulatory mutants altered in the 19-amino-acid-residue leader peptide, mgifsifvistvhyqp nkk. in the model test system that was used, the ermc methylase was translationally fused to beta-galactosidase. mutational alterations that mapped in the interval encoding phe-4 through ile-9 of the leader peptide not only affected induction by individual antibiotics, but did so differenti ... | 1990 | 2113911 |
| construction by site-directed mutagenesis of a 39-kilodalton mosquitocidal protein similar to the larva-processed toxin of bacillus sphaericus 2362. | after ingestion of the parasporal crystals of bacillus sphaericus, mosquito larvae process the 42-kilodalton (kda) toxin to a protein of 39 kda, which has an increased toxicity (a. h. broadwell and p. baumann, appl. environ. microbiol. 53:1333-1337, 1987). a similar activation is performed by trypsin and chymotrypsin. using site-directed mutagenesis, we have constructed derivatives of the 42-kda toxin with a deletion of 10 amino acids at the n terminus and deletions of 7, 17, or 20 amino acids a ... | 1990 | 2113918 |
| growth medium-independent genetic competence mutants of bacillus subtilis. | the development of competence in bacillus subtilis is normally dependent on the growth medium. expression of late competence genes occurs in glucose-minimal salts-based media but not in complex media. expression is also inhibited when glutamine is added to competence medium and when glycerol is substituted for glucose. mutations have been identified in two regulatory loci, meca and mecb, which render competence development independent of these variables. although in mec mutants the expression of ... | 1990 | 2113919 |
| suppression of early competence mutations in bacillus subtilis by mec mutations. | although competence normally develops only in glucose-minimal salts media, meca and mecb mutations permit the expression of competence and of late competence genes in complex media as well (d. dubnau and m. roggiani, j. bacteriol. 172:4048-4055, 1990). the expression of late competence genes is dependent on the products of the regulatory genes coma, comb, comp, sin, abrb, spo0h, and spo0a. we show here that this list must be extended to include degu, csh-293, and spo0k. meca and -b mutations byp ... | 1990 | 2113920 |
| [genome polymorphism in dissociative variants of bacillus subtilis (mesentericus) 76. identification of dissociants using genome fingerprinting]. | dna fingerprinting procedure with m13 repeat probe as we have shown earlier makes it possible to apply a new approach in theoretical and applied fields of microbiology and bacteriology. in this work, using the method described we have revealed genomic polymorphism of dissociative variants of bac. subtilis (mesentericus) 76. the data obtained may be referred as strong evidence that bacterial dissociation do has genetic nature. | 1990 | 2113993 |
| [expression of staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin a gene in heterologous systems]. | the genomic library of staphylococcus aureus genes on the plasmid vector psl5 has been constructed. the library contains a 2.5 kb hindiii dna fragment including the gene for enterotoxin a. the enta gene on the high copy number plasmids in the escherichia coli cells deficient in proteolysis determines the synthesis of enterotoxin a in the amounts comparable to the ones in the parent strain staphylococcus aureus fri 722(h). | 1990 | 2113994 |
| the surface stress theory for the case of escherichia coli: the paradoxes of gram-negative growth. | | 1990 | 2114031 |
| machinery for cell growth and division: penicillin-binding proteins and other proteins. | | 1990 | 2114032 |
| [survey of microbes in hospital environment]. | bacterial count and species distribution in hospital ward was investigated. it was shown that the in air total bacterial count was maximum in the second season of the year and the number of streptococcus above the standard was in the first season. bacteria in the air of the ward by number was in this order: micrococcus tetragenus, staphylococcus, bacillus subtilis, streptococcus and corynebacterium. according to the number of bacteria on the equipment and door handle of the ward, the order, was ... | 1990 | 2114272 |
| [cloning of the streptococcus thermophilus beta-galactosidase gene and its expression in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis cells]. | the beta-galactosidase gene from the chromosome of streptococcus thermophilus, strain 6 kb, has been cloned on a vector plasmid pbr322. the corresponding gene has been found to be located on the pst1 dna fragment. the restriction map of this 6 kb fragment has been constructed. the shortening of the dna fragment carrying the beta-galactosidase gene has been achieved by digestion of the recombinant derivative of pbr322 by the restriction endonuclease sau3a under the conditions of incomplete hydrol ... | 1990 | 2114530 |
| the relative rotation of the ends of bacillus subtilis during growth. | observation of long single filaments of bacillus subtilis 168 in depression slide cultures demonstrated that one end rotated relative to the other during growth. this was observed with suspended filaments, filaments attached to glass surfaces and single stranded filaments folded back on themselves growing as a double stranded helix. this extends mendelson's 1976 conclusion to cases with no alternative interpretation to the hypothesis that as each cell grows, the structure of the peptidoglycan ch ... | 1990 | 2114863 |
| identification of the replication terminator protein binding sites in the terminus region of the bacillus subtilis chromosome and stoichiometry of the binding. | dnase i footprinting of the interaction between the replication terminator protein (rtp) of bacillus subtilis and the inverted repeat region (irr) at the chromosome terminus, to which it binds to block the clockwise replication fork, showed that two major regions of 41 base pairs (bp) were protected from cleavage. these regions corresponded approximately to the imperfect inverted repeats (iri and irii) identified previously. band retardation analyses of the interaction between rtp and portions o ... | 1990 | 2115089 |
| mycosubtilins b and c: minor antibiotics from mycosubtilin-producer bacillus subtilis. | mycosubtilins b and c were isolated from the culture medium of bacillus subtilis. the acid hydrolysates of these new antifungal antibiotics, like mycosubtilin, contain alpha-amino acids (asp3, glu1, pro1, ser1 and tyr1) and a mixture of iso-c16, n-c16, iso-c17 and anteiso-c17 beta-amino acids. mycosubtilins b and c differ by the presence of a carboxyl group and of a carboxymethyl group, respectively, instead of a carboxamide group in previously described mycosubtilin. | 1990 | 2115097 |
| translational coupling in a penp-lacz gene fusion in bacillus subtilis and escherichia coli: use of aua as a restart codon. | an out-of-frame fusion between the penicillinase gene (penp) of bacillus licheniformis and the beta-galactosidase gene (lacz) of escherichia coli was shown to direct the synthesis of an active beta-galactosidase with the same electrophoretic mobility as the wild-type protein, both in b. subtilis and e. coli. this synthesis was dependent on translation of the truncated penp gene and appeared to result from translational coupling. the fusion point between penp and lacz contained the sequence auag, ... | 1990 | 2115112 |
| a forespore checkpoint for mother cell gene expression during development in b. subtilis. | gene expression in the mother cell compartment of sporulating cells of b. subtilis is partly governed by the mother cell rna polymerase sigma factor sigma k. paradoxically, sigma k-directed gene expression also depends on sigma g, the product of the forespore compartment regulatory gene spoiiig, and on other forespore regulatory proteins. we now identify mutations in the genes bofa and bofb that relieve the dependence of mother cell gene expression on forespore regulatory proteins but not on sig ... | 1990 | 2115401 |
| the lumazine synthase-riboflavin synthase complex of bacillus subtilis. crystallization of reconstituted icosahedral beta-subunit capsids. | the lumazine synthase-riboflavin synthase complex (heavy riboflavin synthase) of bacillus subtilis consists of an icosahedral capsid of 60 beta-subunits containing a core of three alpha-subunits. the enzyme has been purified from the derepressed mutant h 94 of b. subtilis by a novel efficient procedure using column chromatography and preparative crystallization. beta-subunits were isolated after dissociation of the enzyme at ph 8.0. ligand-driven renaturation of beta-subunits yields hollow icosa ... | 1990 | 2115523 |
| revised nucleotide sequence of the sporulation gene spove from bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2115675 |
| energy and calcium ion dependence of proteolysis during sporulation of bacillus subtilis cells. | bacterial cells degrade intracellular proteins at elevated rates during starvation and can selectively degrade proteins by energy-dependent processes. sporulating bacteria can degrade protein with apparent first-order rate constants of over 0.20 h-1. we have shown, with an optimized [14c]leucine-labeling and chasing procedure, in a chemically defined sporulation medium, that intracellular protein degradation in sporulating cells of bacillus subtilis 168 (trpc2) is apparently energy dependent. so ... | 1990 | 2115863 |
| phenotypes of bacillus subtilis mutants altered in the precursor-specific region of sigma e. | sigma e is a sporulation-specific sigma factor of bacillus subtilis that is synthesized from an inactive precursor protein (p31). the structural gene (sige) for p31 was reengineered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to encode sigma e directly. the sequence specifying the first amino acid of sigma e (ggc) was placed immediately downstream of the initiating codon (atg) of p31. the resulting sige allele (sige delta 84) encodes a sigma e-like protein which differs from the "processed product" ... | 1990 | 2115864 |
| independent genes for two threonyl-trna synthetases in bacillus subtilis. | with the exception of escherichia coli lysyl-trna synthetase, the genes coding for the different aminoacyl-trna synthetases in procaryotes are always unique. here we report on the occurrence and cloning of two genes (thrsv and thrs2), both encoding functional threonyl-trna synthetase in bacillus subtilis. the two proteins share only 51.5% identical residues, which makes them almost as distinct from each other as each is from e. coli threonyl-trna synthetase (42 and 47%). both proteins complement ... | 1990 | 2115870 |
| effects of antibiotics on synthesis and persistence of sigma e in sporulating bacillus subtilis. | a potential regulatory link between the activation of a sporulation-specific sigma factor (sigma e) and forespore septum formation was investigated by treating bacillus subtilis with inhibitors of protein or peptidoglycan synthesis and monitoring the consequences of these treatments on sigma e activation and septation. western blot (immunoblot) and electron microscopic analyses revealed that both the formation of sigma e and septation were inhibited to a similar degree when either rifampin or ch ... | 1990 | 2115871 |
| construction and properties of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the gene for the bacteriophage spo1 dna-binding protein tf1. | the bacillus subtilis bacteriophage spo1 encodes the dna-binding protein tf1, a homolog of the ubiquitous type ii dna-binding proteins that are components of bacterial chromatin. the known three-dimensional structure of a related protein was used in devising a scheme of site-directed mutagenesis that led to the creation of a temperature-sensitive mutation in the tf1 gene. at the nonpermissive temperature, this mutation disrupted the temporal regulation of viral protein synthesis and processing, ... | 1990 | 2115873 |
| erythromycin induces expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene cat-86. | the plasmid gene cat-86 specifies chloramphenicol-inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in bacillus subtilis. this gene, like the erythromycin-inducible erm genes, is regulated by translational attenuation. here we show that cat-86 is also inducibly regulated by erythromycin. cat-86 does not confer resistance to erythromycin. | 1990 | 2115875 |
| the nucleotide sequence of the rece+ gene of bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2115993 |
| a bacillus subtilis regulatory gene product for genetic competence and sporulation resembles sensor protein members of the bacterial two-component signal-transduction systems. | a bacillus subtilis gene, required for genetic competence, was identified immediately upstream from the previously characterized gene coma. the coma gene product has been found to exhibit amino acid sequence similarity to the so-called effector class of signal-transduction proteins. dna sequencing of the new determinant, named comp, revealed that the carboxy-terminal domain of the predicted comp protein is similar in amino acid sequence to that of several sensor members of the bacterial two-comp ... | 1990 | 2116363 |
| nucleotide sequence of the sacs locus of bacillus subtilis reveals the presence of two regulatory genes. | the nucleotide sequence of 3 kb of bacillus subtilis chromosomal dna, including sacs, reveals that the regulatory locus for levansucrase synthesis consists of two genes, sacx and sacy. the sacx gene product is remarkably similar to sucrose-specific enzyme ii of the b. subtilis phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. the product of sacy is similar, both in amino acid sequence and most probably in its function, to bglg, an escherichia coli transcriptional antitermination factor. | 1990 | 2116367 |
| enzymatic synthesis of actinomycin d and analogues containing n-methylalanine from synthetic pentapeptide lactone precursors. | | 1990 | 2116403 |
| use of a novel cassette to label phenotypically a cryptic plasmid of bacillus subtilis and map loci involved in its stable maintenance. | in order to facilitate studies on the maintenance of cryptic plasmids from gram-positive bacteria we have constructed a novel cassette capg1000 (5.0 kb) which carries both a selectable marker (chloramphenicol resistance from staphylococcus aureus plasmid pc194) and a screenable marker (the xyle gene from the tol plasmid of pseudomonas putida expressed from a cloned promoter of bacillus phage spo2) and which is flanked by terminators to prevent transcription from the cassette activating or inhibi ... | 1990 | 2116498 |
| ribosomal rna terminal maturase: ribonuclease m5 from bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2116570 |
| expression of heterologous genes in bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2116571 |
| regulated promoter for high-level expression of heterologous genes in bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2116572 |
| system for secretion of heterologous proteins in bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2116573 |
| inducible expression of regulatory genes in bacillus subtilis. | | 1990 | 2116574 |
| systems for heterologous gene expression. | | 1990 | 2116575 |
| structure of the archaebacterial 7s rna molecule. | the genes encoding the 7s rnas of the archaebacteria archaeoglobus fulgidus, methanosarcina acetivorans, sulfolobus, solfataricus, and thermococcus celer have been isolated. all four genes occur as single genomic copies and are flanked by sequences containing potential signals for transcriptional promotion and termination. the genes encode rna molecules approximately 300 nucleotides in length which conform strictly to a model of secondary structure common to all described archaebacterial 7s rnas ... | 1990 | 2116588 |
| multiple active forms of a novel serine protease from bacillus subtilis. | we have cloned and sequenced a gene (epr) encoding a novel serine protease from bacillus subtilis. several active forms of the enzyme with molecular masses between 40 and 34 kda were found in the medium of b. subtilis cultures containing the epr gene cloned on a plasmid. deletions at the 3' end of the gene, removing up to 240 amino acids of the reading frame, abolished the expression of the larger species but did not affect the expression of the 34 kda enzyme. the c-terminal third of the protein ... | 1990 | 2116590 |
| synthesis and antimicrobial effect of some pyrimidine derivatives. | | 1990 | 2116630 |
| [protoplast reversion in bacillus subtilis]. | the reversion of the protoplasts of two strains bac. subtilis on 3 nutritive media: dp of elliott et al., dm3 of chang and cohen and mrg of bourne and dancer, is studied. special attention is devoted to the role of the components gelatin, bovine serum albumin and osmotic stabilizer. in relation to the conclusions drawn in the study a new medium for reversion of protoplasts is suggested--the glucitole reversion agar gra ensuring continuous 20-40% reversion of the sown protoplasts. | 1990 | 2116715 |
| [streptonigron--a minor component of bruneomycin complex]. | a mutant strain of the bruneomycin-producing culture which produced up to 10% of the minor component was selected. the component was identified as streptonigrone. it was isolated and its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity were investigated. trimethylsilyl derivatives of streptonigrone and bruneomycin were prepared. their pmr spectra and electron impulse mass spectra were studied. streptonigrone was shown to have antibacterial and cytotoxic activities which was 1 to 2 orders of ... | 1990 | 2116780 |
| binding of bacillus subtilis ermc' methyltransferase to 23s rrna. | ermc 23s rrna methyltransferase dimethylates adenine 2085 in bacillus subtilis 23s rrna and also regulates its own synthesis by autogenous translational repression. we have characterized the binding of ermc' methyltransferase to 23s rrna. this protein differs in only five amino acid residues from the ermc product and was chosen for study because of its greater stability and ease of isolation. a filter binding assay was used to study the physical aspects of binding in the absence of methylation. ... | 1990 | 2116903 |
| expression of levansucrase-beta-galactosidase hybrids inhibits secretion and is lethal in bacillus subtilis. | the lacz gene of escherichia coli was fused to several positions downstream from the 5' end of the bacillus subtilis sacb gene, which encodes levansucrase (ls), a sucrose-inducible extracellular enzyme. effects of hybrid protein expression in b. subtilis were studied. several fusions were tested, and two significantly interfered with growth of cells and with ls secretion when induced with sucrose. chromosomal amplification of the fusions, leading to strong expression of the hybrid proteins, comp ... | 1990 | 2117042 |
| site-directed mutagenesis of a catabolite repression operator sequence in bacillus subtilis. | catabolite repression of the bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase gene (amye) involves an operator sequence located just downstream of the promoter (amyr), overlapping the transcription start site. oligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis of this sequence identified bases required for catabolite repression. two mutations increased both the 2-fold symmetry of the operator and the repression ratio. although many mutations reduced the repression ratio 3- to 11-fold, some also caused a 2-fold or greater ... | 1990 | 2117276 |
| levanase operon of bacillus subtilis includes a fructose-specific phosphotransferase system regulating the expression of the operon. | the levanase gene (sacc) of bacillus subtilis is the distal gene of a fructose-inducible operon containing five genes. the complete nucleotide sequence of this operon was determined. the first four genes levd, leve, levf and levg encode polypeptides that are similar to proteins of the mannose phosphotransferase system of escherichia coli. the levd and leve gene products are homologous to the n and c-terminal part of the enzyme iiiman, respectively, whereas the levf and levg gene products have si ... | 1990 | 2117666 |
| nucleotide sequence of the bacillus subtilis argf gene encoding ornithine carbamoyltransferase. | | 1990 | 2117745 |
| nucleotide sequence of the bacillus subtilis argc gene encoding n-acetylglutamate-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. | | 1990 | 2117746 |
| the blasticidin s resistance gene (bsr) selectable in a single copy state in the bacillus subtilis chromosome. | the blasticidin s resistance gene (bsr), originally isolated from bacillus cereus, was studied in bacillus subtilis. it was found that a 617 bp fragment including the intact bsr gene and its 5' flanking region could confer bs resistance on b. subtilis when integrated in its chromosome, even in a single copy state. the construction of a bsr gene cassette and its practical application as a novel selection marker for b. subtilis are reported. | 1990 | 2118136 |
| induction of the sos response in escherichia coli by azidothymidine and dideoxynucleosides. | a number of nucleosides with anti-human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) activity were evaluated in two colorimetric (beta-galactosidase) assays for induction of the sos response in escherichia coli. 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (azidothymidine; azt), 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (dda), 2',3'-dideoxyguanosine (ddg), and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddi) induced cell filamentation (sula) and prophage lambda in well-agar diffusion and liquid microsuspension assays. azt was approximately 100 times more potent than th ... | 1990 | 2118327 |
| inhibition by capsaicin of nadh-quinone oxidoreductases is correlated with the presence of energy-coupling site 1 in various organisms. | the nadh-ubiquinone reductase activity of the respiratory chains of several organisms was inhibited by capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which are the pungent principles of red pepper. this inhibition was correlated with the presence of an energy transducing site in this segment of the respiratory chain. where the nadh-quinone oxidoreductase segment involved an energy coupling site (e.g., in paracoccus denitrificans, escherichia coli, and thermus thermophilus hb-8 membranes and bovine heart mitoch ... | 1990 | 2118334 |